1. The document discusses how the symmetry requirement on the spatial wavefunction of identical particles leads to an effective interaction or "force" between them.
2. It describes how the symmetry properties of electrons explain the stability of covalent bonds. Electrons in a covalent bond form a spin singlet state, which has an antisymmetric spatial wavefunction that overcomes the natural repulsion between identical fermions.
3. This allows the electrons in a covalent bond to remain close together due to an effective attraction from the symmetric spatial and antisymmetric spin wavefunctions combined.
1. The document discusses how the symmetry requirement on the spatial wavefunction of identical particles leads to an effective interaction or "force" between them.
2. It describes how the symmetry properties of electrons explain the stability of covalent bonds. Electrons in a covalent bond form a spin singlet state, which has an antisymmetric spatial wavefunction that overcomes the natural repulsion between identical fermions.
3. This allows the electrons in a covalent bond to remain close together due to an effective attraction from the symmetric spatial and antisymmetric spin wavefunctions combined.
1. The document discusses how the symmetry requirement on the spatial wavefunction of identical particles leads to an effective interaction or "force" between them.
2. It describes how the symmetry properties of electrons explain the stability of covalent bonds. Electrons in a covalent bond form a spin singlet state, which has an antisymmetric spatial wavefunction that overcomes the natural repulsion between identical fermions.
3. This allows the electrons in a covalent bond to remain close together due to an effective attraction from the symmetric spatial and antisymmetric spin wavefunctions combined.
1. The document discusses how the symmetry requirement on the spatial wavefunction of identical particles leads to an effective interaction or "force" between them.
2. It describes how the symmetry properties of electrons explain the stability of covalent bonds. Electrons in a covalent bond form a spin singlet state, which has an antisymmetric spatial wavefunction that overcomes the natural repulsion between identical fermions.
3. This allows the electrons in a covalent bond to remain close together due to an effective attraction from the symmetric spatial and antisymmetric spin wavefunctions combined.
1. understand how the symmetry requirement on the spatial wavefunction leads to an effective interaction or force. 2. describe the stability of a covalent bond using the symmetry properties of electrons.
Questions to start with:
Fermions: Pauli principle two non-interacting particles cannot occupy the same single- particle state. 1. Is it repulsion in real space? 2. What about bosons?
Exchange Force another justification of repulsion between two non-interacting
identical particles if their combined spatial wavefunction is odd under exchange.
x2
x1
Qualitatively:
even mean separation larger for odd x1 x2 function tend to stay apart
odd
Analytically: Suppose two non-interacting particles in two orthonormal states, a b = ab Look at ( x1 x2 ) 2 = x12 + x22 2 x1 x2 Note: f = * f dx1dx2
PHYS3036 Spring 17 Ch. 5 Identical Particles (26/4/17) 1
Distinguishable ( x1 , x2 ) = a ( x1 ) b ( x2 ) x12 = a* ( x1 ) b* ( x2 ) x12 a ( x1 ) b ( x2 )dx1dx2
= b* ( x2 ) b ( x2 )dx2 a* ( x1 )x12 a ( x1 )dx1
= x2 a x2 a a
x22 = x 2 b x2 b b
x1 x2 = a* ( x1 ) b* ( x2 ) x1 x2 a ( x1 ) b ( x2 )dx1dx2 = a xa b xb x a x b
( x ) = x + x2 2 x 2 2 a x b a b
Indistinguishable 1 ( x1 , x2 ) = [ a ( x1 ) b ( x2 ) a ( x2 ) b ( x1 )] 2 * 1 a ( x1 ) b ( x2 ) x1 a ( x1 ) b ( x2 )dx1dx2 a ( x1 ) b ( x2 ) x1 a ( x2 ) b ( x1 )dx1dx2 * 2 * * 2
x = 2 1 2 a* ( x2 ) b* ( x1 ) x12 a ( x1 ) b ( x2 )dx1dx2 + a* ( x2 ) b* ( x1 ) x12 a ( x2 ) b ( x1 )dx1dx2
1 = x2 + x2 2 a b
1 x22 = x 2 + x 2 2 b a
* 1 a ( x1 ) b ( x2 ) x1 x2 a ( x1 ) b ( x2 )dx1dx2 a ( x1 ) b ( x2 ) x1 x2 a ( x2 ) b ( x1 )dx1dx2 * * *
1 = x a x b a x b b x a b x a a x b + x b x a 2 ( x ) 2 = x2 + x2 2 x a x b m 2 a x b 2
a 14444 b 24444 3 14243 same as distinguishable due to symmetry particles requirement
if spatial wavefunction is symmetric + : ( x ) 2 smaller like a real space attraction +
antisymmetric : ( x ) 2 larger like a real space repulsion
PHYS3036 Spring 17 Ch. 5 Identical Particles (26/4/17) 2
Note: if
no overlap
x1 x2
| | = = 0 as if they are distinguishable (we can distinguish them not based on their intrinsic properties but in terms of their positions) Interpretation: we need to worry about the indistinguishability of particles only when the overlap of wavefunctions become significant.
In a covalent bond, e.g. HH, we know from high school chemistry that it is stable because of electrostatic attraction: electrostatic attraction
e- + e- +
high e density
Nave thinking: e are fermions, wave function is antisymmetric, real space repulsion then why would e in a covalent bond stay close to each other? Something is missing!
We have missed out the ________________________
Total two-e wavefunction =
orbital (or spatial) spinor
means AND
PHYS3036 Spring 17 Ch. 5 Identical Particles (26/4/17) 3
symmetric (even) antisymmetric (odd)
antisymmetric antisymmetric (odd) symmetric (even) 1 Already know ( r1 , r2 ) = [ a (r1 ) b (r2 ) a ( r2 ) b ( r1 )] 2
What about spinors?
triplet, symmetric
1 2 ( + )
1 2 ( ) singlet, antisymmetric
Back to covalent bond
e- + e- +
e form singlet antisymmetric
symmetric 2 e close together e in covalent bond always form singlet
PHYS3036 Spring 17 Ch. 5 Identical Particles (26/4/17) 4
Biography from Eric Weisstein's World of Science http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/
PHYS3036 Spring 17 Ch. 5 Identical Particles (26/4/17) 5
Where can buy (Ebook) Fundamentals of Physics, Extended, 12th Edition by David Halliday & Robert Resnick & Jearl Walker ISBN 9781119773511, 1119773512 ebook with cheap price
Where can buy (Ebook) Fundamentals of Physics, Extended, 12th Edition by David Halliday & Robert Resnick & Jearl Walker ISBN 9781119773511, 1119773512 ebook with cheap price
