Series 6000结构物

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROAD AND BRIDGE WORKS SERIES 6000 - STRUCTURES
SERIES 6000
STRUCTURES
SECTION PAGE
6100 FOUNDATIONS FOR STRUCTURES
2
6200 FALSEWORK, FORMWORK AND
CONCRETE FINISH
6300 STEEL REINFORCEMENTS FOR
STRUCTURES
6400 CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURES
6500 PRESTRESSING
6600 NO-FINES CONCRETE; JOINTS;
BEARINGS; PARAPETS AND DRAINAGE
FOR STRUCTURES
6700 STRUCTURAL STEELWORK
6800 CONSTRUCTION TOLERANCES FOR
STRUCTURES
6900 PAINTING
CONTENTS OF THE STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS:

SERIES 1000 GENERAL
SERIES 2000 DRAINAGE
SERIES 3000 EARTHWORKS AND PAVEMENT LAYERS OF GRAVEL OR CRUSHED STONE
SERIES 4000 BITUMINOUS LAYERS AND SEALS
SERIES 5000 ANCILLARY ROADWORKS
SERIES 6000 STRUCTURES
SERIES 7000 TOLERANCES, TESTING AND QUALITY CONTROL
APPENDICES
THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF W ORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 1
THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF W ORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 2
SERIES 6000: STRUCTURES Granular material used for constructing the compacted
granular fill shall be approved granular material of at
least gravel subbase quality.
SECTION 6100: FOUNDATIONS (e) Sand fill
Sand used for filling the caissons shall be clean, hard
FOR STRUCTURES sand free from lumps of clay or organic or other
deleterious matter.
CONTENTS:
(f) Structural steel
CLAUSE PAGE Steel in the steel piles shall comply with the
611 SCOPE requirements of BS 7613:1994, BS 7668:1994, BS EN
612 MATERIALS 10029:1991, Parts 1 to 3 of BS EN 10113:1993, BS EN
613 GENERAL 10155:1993 and BS EN 10210-1:1994 or equivalent for
614 ACCESS AND DRAINAGE the grade of steel specified on the Drawings. I and H
615 EXCAVATION sections shall comply with the requirements of BS 4-
616 FOUNDING 1:1993 and BS EN 10034:1993.
617 UTILISATION OF EXCAVATED MATERIAL
Fabricated sections shall comply with the details shown
618 BACKFILL AND FILL NEAR STRUCTURES on the Drawings and the requirements of SECTION
6700.
619 FOUNDATION FILL
6110 GROUTING OF ROCK FISSURES (g) Permanent pile casings
6111 FOUNDATION DOWELS Permanent pile casings shall be sufficiently rigid so as
6112 FOUNDATION LINING not to deform permanently or damage during handling
6113 FOUNDATION PILING PRELIMINARY and construction. The casings and their joints shall be
ITEMS sufficiently watertight to prevent the fluid components of
6114 TYPES OF PILES the concrete from leaking during the placing of the
6115 DRIVING OF PILES concrete or from the ingress of groundwater prior to
6116 TESTING OF PILES concreting. Where steel casings contribute to the
6117 CAISSONS strength of the pile, the casings shall have a minimum
6118 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT wall thickness of 4.5 mm and shall comply with the
requirements of ASTM A 252-98:2002. Welded joints
shall comply with the requirements of SECTION 6700.
(h) Driven pile casings

6101 SCOPE Driven pile casings shall have sufficient strength to
This Section covers all foundation work which, for the permit their being driven and not being distorted by the
purposes of these Specifications, shall comprise those driving of adjacent piles. They shall be sufficiently
elements of construction below the level of the bottom watertight to prevent water leaking through the casing
surface of the footings, the pile-capping slabs or the walls, prior to during the placing of concrete.
caisson cover slabs, collectively hereinafter referred to
as base or bases, which shall include all the associated (i) Grouting
temporary works. Foundations for prefabricated culverts
are not included but are specified in SECTION 2200. (i) Cement grout
Cement grout shall meet the appropriate
requirements of SUBCLAUSE 6503(g).
6102 MATERIALS
(ii) Proprietary-brand grout
(a) General Proprietary-brand grout shall be prepared and used
Material used in the permanent foundation work shall strictly in accordance with the instructions of the
comply with the requirements specified for the particular manufacturer.
material in SERIES 6000.
(b) Rock (for rock fill) 6103 GENERAL

Stones shall be hard, angular, natural or quarry stones
of such quality that they will not disintegrate on (a) Subsurface data
exposure to water or weathering. The stones shall be The provisions of CLAUSE 1216 shall apply in regard to
free from soil, clay or organic material. any information supplied regarding any subsurface
conditions likely to be encountered.
Neither the breadth nor thickness of a single stone shall
be less than one-third its length. Not more than 10% of If it is found during the course of excavating, founding-
the total volume of rock fill shall consist of stones with a pile or caisson work that the soil or founding conditions
mass of less than 0.5 times the specified mass and not differ greatly from those shown on the Drawings, the
more than 10% of the total volume of rock fill shall Contractor shall immediately notify the Engineer.
consist of stones with a mass of more than 5 times the
specified mass. The Engineer shall, as often as he/she may deem
necessary during the course of excavation, be entitled
At least 50% of the total volume of rock fill shall consist to call on the Contractor to conduct additional
of stones the mass of which exceeds the specified foundation investigations and/or tests at or below the
mass. respective founding levels in view of establishing safe
bearing pressures and founding depths.
(c) Crushed stone
Crushed stone used for the construction of crushed- (b) Channel preservation
stone fill shall originate from sound unweathered rock The flow of the watercourse and the conservation of
approved by the Engineer. marine and freshwater life shall be maintained at all
times. Access to cofferdams, artificial islands and piling
(d) Granular fill platforms shall be effected without unnecessarily
REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 3

disrupting the flow of the watercourses at the point of

crossing, unless otherwise specified. 6105 EXCAVATION
Precautions shall be taken by the Contractor to (a) General
maintain water quality standards. Water contaminated This work shall include excavations not provided for
with silt shall be settled in ponds before being pumped elsewhere in these Specifications, which are required
into streams. Water contaminated with chemicals shall for founding the structures as well as for the excavating
be purified before being returned to the stream or required in respect of the demolition, extension or
disposed of in an appropriate manner as directed by the modification of existing bridges and culverts.
Engineer.
Excavation required for diverting, channelling or
Precautions shall be taken by the Contractor to ensure widening streams within 5 m of concrete structures shall
that the natural pH, electrical conductivity and other be measured and paid for under ITEM 61.02.
indicators as prescribed of the water are not raised or Excavations beyond the 5 m limit shall be measured
lowered. and paid for under the appropriate Items of SECTIONS
2100 and 3600.
On completion of the work, surplus excavated materials
including materials excavated from caisson (b) Surface levels agreed on for excavations
compartments and holes for piles, materials used in Prior to commencing with any excavation, the
cofferdams and other temporary works, as well as in- Contractor shall notify the Engineer in good time to
situ material, shall be removed and disposed of by the ensure that levels be taken of the undisturbed ground
Contractor to the level of the original bed or such surface for determining the ground surface from where
elevation as agreed to by the Engineer or required for the excavation can be measured, and this datum shall
stream channelisation. be agreed on by the Engineer and the Contractor.
(c) Excavation
6104 ACCESS AND DRAINAGE Where in the opinion of the Engineer the casting of
concrete against the excavated earth faces is not
(a) General permissible, or where formwork has to be provided, the
This Clause covers the provision of access, including extremities of the excavation, for purposes of
the construction of cofferdams, and draining the measurement and payment, shall be deemed to be the
excavations. Where it is unnecessary to provide access vertical planes parallel to and 0.5 m outside the
in terms of SUBCLAUSE 6104(b), the Contractor shall be perimeter of the member for which formwork is to be
paid separately for draining the excavations. provided.
After completion of the permanent works, all temporary Where suitable, stable material is encountered during
works shall be completely removed, the ground levelled excavating, that part of the trench or foundation pit shall
and the site left neat. Where this is impracticable, such be excavated to the neat dimensions of the base unless
portions as have not been removed, shall be dealt with otherwise directed by the Engineer. Over-excavation
in accordance with the Engineer's instructions. (overbreak) in hard material shall be backfilled with the
same class of concrete as that in the base or with mass
(b) Access concrete fill as specified or as directed by the Engineer.
Where temporary banks or artificial islands are
constructed in view of affording access to the location Where blasting is required, the Contractor shall
where structural members, piles or caissons are to be complete the entire foundation excavation before the
constructed, the banks or islands shall be adequately construction of any permanent concrete work is
compacted in view of supporting any equipment and commenced, unless otherwise approved by the
material without any undue settling which may have a Engineer.
harmful effect on the works.
Boulders, logs or any other unsuitable material
The Contractor may use any material, with the approval excavated shall be removed from the site.
of the Engineer, deemed by him/her to be suitable for
constructing the islands, but no separate payment will When hard material suitable for founding is
be made for any obstructions, hard or unsuitable encountered at the founding level, it shall be cut and
material occurring in the material used for constructing trimmed to a firm surface, either level, stepped or
temporary banks or artificial islands. serrated, as may be required.
Designing and constructing any cofferdams shall Where, in the opinion of the Engineer, unsuitable
comply with the requirements of BS 8004:1986. Before material is encountered at founding level, such material
starting with construction, the Contractor shall submit shall be removed and replaced with foundation fill in
drawings to the Engineer, which show details of the accordance with CLAUSE 6109 and as directed by the
cofferdams and the method of construction proposed. Engineer.
(c) Drainage (d) Classification of excavated material

The Contractor shall apply suitable, effective drainage For payment purposes distinction shall be made
methods for preventing the ingress of water into between common excavation in soft material and rock
excavations and to keep them dry. excavation. All excavation for the foundations of
structures shall be classified in accordance with CLAUSE
The drainage measures, with the exception of pumping, 3603, which definitions are summarised as follows:
shall be maintained until the backfilling has been
completed. Between the various construction stages (i) Rock excavation:
pumping may be interrupted in consultation with the Rock excavation shall be excavation in material
Engineer. which requires drilling and blasting or the use of
hydraulic or pneumatic jackhammers to be
Any draining or pumping of water shall be done in a loosened.
manner that will preclude the concrete or materials or
any part thereof from being carried away. (ii) Common excavation:

Common excavation shall be excavation in all 6107 UTILISATION OF EXCAVATED MATERIAL

material other than rock as defined above. Excavated material and material recovered from
temporary works shall, if suitable, be utilised for backfill.
(e) Blasting Material unsuitable for use as backfill or in excess of the
Where blasting is permitted, it shall be carried out in required quantity, shall be removed from the site or
accordance with the requirements of CLAUSE 1222. utilised as directed by the Engineer.
(f) Deterioration of foundation excavations Excavated material not used for backfill or not taken to
Where soft material, or hard material which quickly spoil but used in the construction of embankments or
deteriorates when exposed, is found at foundation level, other parts of the work, as directed by the Engineer, will
the excavation shall be excavated to the final slope and be paid for under foundation excavation as well as
level immediately before the blinding is placed. under the relevant item for the purpose for which it is
used.
Where the bottoms or sides of excavations, in which
bases are to be cast, are softened on account of The free haul distance on excavated material and
negligence on the part of the Contractor in allowing imported material for backfill shall be determined
storm or other water to enter the excavations, the according to Subclause 1602 (c).
softened material shall be removed and replaced with
foundation fill as directed by the Engineer, at the Excavated and stockpiled material shall be so placed as
Contractor's expense. not to endanger the uncompleted structure either by
direct pressure or indirectly by overloading the fills
(g) The safety of excavations contiguous to the structure, or in any other way.
The Contractor shall take the necessary precautions to
safeguard the stability and safety of the excavations
and adjacent structures.
6108 BACKFILL AND FILL NEAR
No persons safety shall be jeopardised neither shall STRUCTURES
any situation be allowed to arise which may result in
damage of whatsoever nature. (a) General
When backfill and fill are placed, the following
Precautionary measures taken by the Contractor shall precautionary measures shall be taken:
comply with the appropriate legal provisions.
(i) The material shall be placed simultaneously, in so
(h) Inspection far as is possible to approximately the same
No concrete shall be placed before the excavation has elevation on both sides of an abutment, pier, or wall
been properly cleaned by the Contractor and inspected where appropriate. If conditions require the backfill
and approved by the Engineer. or fill to be placed appreciably higher on one side
than on the other the additional material on the
(i) Excavation by hand higher side shall not be placed until authorised by
In cases where mechanical excavators are not able to the Engineer, and preferably not until the concrete
be used, the Engineer shall authorise supplementary has been in place for 14 days, or until tests show
payment to the Contractor for excavation by hand at the that the concrete has attained sufficient strength to
bid rates, provided that the Engineer is satisfied that the safely withstand any pressure extended by the
Contractor had done everything possible to ensure that backfill or fill or by the method of construction.
hand excavation was the only possible solution. The
supplementary rate for excavation by hand shall not (ii) The material behind abutments directly restrained
apply to minor finishing or clearing jobs in excavations at the top by the superstructure e.g. portal type of
which are otherwise being done by mass excavation structures, shall be placed as shown on the
equipment. Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
(iii) The material behind the portal walls of portal

structures shall not be placed until the top slab has
6106 FOUNDING
been placed and cured for the specified length of
As a consequence of possible variations of the
time, unless otherwise authorised by the Engineer.
anticipated founding conditions, the dimensions and
founding levels specified or shown on the Drawings
(b) Backfill
may have to be varied during construction.
Excavated areas around structures shall be backfilled
with approved material in horizontal layers not
The Contractor shall make such variations in the actual
exceeding 150 mm in thickness after compaction to the
founding level for each foundation fill, base or caisson
level of the original ground surface. Each layer shall be
during construction as instructed by the Engineer.
moistened or dried to the optimum moisture content for
the material and then compacted to a density of not
The Contractor shall not be entitled to any additional
less than 90% of BS-Heavy density for soils and
payment as a consequence of any such variation in the
gravels, and not less than 100% of BS-Heavy density
dimensions or founding depths over and above that
for cohesionless sands, or the density of the
provided for in CLAUSE 6118, irrespective of the stage of
surrounding soil whichever is the least, except that, in
construction at the time the instruction to make the
the road prism, the material shall be compacted to a
variation is given. However, if as a consequence of
density of not less than 93% of BS-Heavy density.
such an instruction being given, the Contractor is
compelled to substitute which were otherwise suitable
(c) Fill
machines or equipment, then the Engineer may
Before the space either between the structure and the
reimburse the Contractor at a fair price for the relevant
approach fill, or between the structure and the faces of
costs incurred.
the surrounding excavation is backfilled, the slope of
the approach fill, or the faces of the excavation shall be
No bases, caissons or piles shall be founded unless
shaped by benching or serrations to prevent wedge
authorised by the Engineer. Each founding level shall
action from occurring between the structure and the
be accurately measured and recorded and agreed on.
approach fill or the excavation faces.

The distance between the exposed face of the structure accurately to the final levels of the underside of the
and the toe of the approach fill or the excavation face base.
shall not under any circumstances be less than the
height of the exposed face of the structure.
6110 GROUTING OF ROCK FISSURES
(d) Fill within restricted area Where specified, fissures in the rock below and around
That part of the fill within a horizontal distance of 3 m the bases shall be sealed by pressure grouting with a
from the vertical and inclined concrete faces of the neat cement grout or sand-cement grout or with a
structure and that part between the pillars of the spill- proprietary brand grout as specified.
through abutments or that part shown on the Drawings,
shall be termed fill within restricted area". The cement water ratio of the grout shall be approved in
advance by the Engineer.
Fill within the restricted area shall comply with the
requirements of SECTION 3600 except that it shall be The extent of the fissuring shall be established by
compacted to a density of not less than 93% of BS- means of water testing under pressure.
Heavy density. In order to achieve the specified density
the Contractor shall, where necessary, import material Holes of at least 40 mm in diameter shall be drilled at
of suitable quality. places indicated by the Engineer and grout shall then
be pumped into these holes under suitable pressures.
Unless otherwise directed by the Engineer, only Grouting shall be done in 3 m stages to the maximum
mechanical compaction equipment that is pushed or depth ordered. Care shall be taken to avoid further
drawn by hand shall be used to achieve the required fracturing of the rock strata by excessive grouting
density within a horizontal distance of 3 m from any pressures.
concrete structure. Fill in spaces below concrete soffits
that are inaccessible for mechanical compaction Grouting of the rock fissures shall be done by
equipment shall be constructed by methods specified or specialised operators with adequate experience in this
as approved by the Engineer. class of work.
Where a base is required to be constructed on mass

concrete fill, the mass concrete fill shall be constructed
6111 FOUNDATION DOWELS
accurately to the final levels of the underside of the
Where required, foundation dowels of specified
base.
material, diameter and length shall be installed at the
positions and to the dimensions shown on the Drawings
or as directed by the Engineer. After exposing, clearing
6109 FOUNDATION FILL and trimming the rock formation, holes with specified
If it is found during the course of excavation that the diameters and depths shall be drilled in the rock. After
material at the indicated founding depth does not have the holes have been cleared and prewetted, they shall
the required bearing capacity as specified on the be filled with grout. Within 15 minutes of having been
Drawings, the excavations shall be extended at the filled with grout, the dowels shall be carefully driven into
discretion of the Engineer until satisfactory founding the holes. The cement and water in the grout shall be
material is encountered. The Engineer may order the mixed in the ratio of 50 kg of cement to 20 litres of
Contractor to make up the difference in levels with water, and an approved expanding additive which
foundation fill. complies with the requirements of SUBCLAUSE 6402(e)
shall be added.
Where the foundation fill consists of rock or crushed
stone, it shall be constructed in accordance with the The dowels shall comply with the requirements of
requirements of the Special Specifications or as CLAUSE 6305.
directed by the Engineer. Foundation fill consisting of
granular material shall be constructed in layers not
exceeding 150 mm in thickness after compaction. Each
6112 FOUNDATION LINING
layer shall be moistened or dried to the optimum
Where specified or directed by the Engineer, foundation
moisture content for the material and compacted to a
linings shall be installed as described hereafter. The
density of not less than 95% of BS-Heavy density for
Engineer shall have the right to order the use of linings
soils and gravels, and not less than 100% BS-Heavy
against the sides of excavations and the undersides of
density for cohesionless sands. Mass concrete fill to be
bases and slabs in lieu of formwork and concrete
used shall be of the class or mix of concrete fill as
blinding.
specified or directed by the Engineer.
All surfaces to be lined shall be covered with an
Unless otherwise specified or directed by the Engineer,
approved sheeting to provide a clean impervious layer.
the foundation fill constructed from rock, crushed stone
The material shall be of sufficient strength to provide a
or compacted granular material shall be defined by a
durable working surface and to support the concrete
prism with vertical sides. The base of the prism lies in
and reinforcement without tearing. The joints of the
the founding plane and coincides with the base of a
material between strips shall have a 150 mm overlap
prismoid with trapezium-shaped inclined sides which
and the lining shall be held firmly in position by nails,
extend downwards and outwards at an angle of 60 0 with
pegs, etc.
the horizontal from each outer edge of the underside of
the footing down to the founding level. The upper plane
Polyethylene sheeting with a thickness of 0.150 mm is
of the prism lies in the plane of the underside of the
generally considered to be adequate for use below
footing.
bridge approach slabs and bases.
Concrete blinding which complies with the requirements
shown on the Drawings shall be placed underneath all
bases except where mass concrete fill is used or where 6113 FOUNDATION PILING PRELIMINARY
authorised by the Engineer that this need not be done. ITEMS
Where a base is required to be constructed on mass (a) General
concrete fill, the mass concrete fill shall be constructed

This Clause covers the construction of bearing piles of No work of whatsoever nature shall be commenced
concrete, steel, timber or a combination of these on the piling until the Drawings have been
materials. submitted to, and have been approved by, the
Engineer, in writing.
(b) Piling layout After approval of the Drawings, no departure
The piling layout, the minimum pile size and/or bearing therefrom shall be made without the authorisation of
capacity and type together with the steel reinforcement the Engineer.
and class of concrete required for concrete piles shall
be as detailed and specified on the Drawings unless Final working drawings shall comply with the
otherwise specified in the Special Specifications. provisions of CLAUSE 1221.
(c) Alternative designs for piling and piling layouts Where the alternative piles fail in regard to the load
test specified in SUBCLAUSE 6116(a), the Contractor
(i) Submission shall be responsible for the cost of the work
The priced Bill of Quantities submitted for required for improving the piles and pile layout so
alternative designs shall be compiled strictly in as to comply with the design requirements.
accordance with the relevant measurement and
payment clauses of these Specifications. (iii) Basis of payment
Where the quantities in the Bill of Quantities
Where pay items defined in these Specifications referred to in SUBCLAUSE 6113(c), differ from the
have been omitted, it shall mean either that the number of piles and the average pile length given in
items do not apply, or that where the Engineer the submission for the alternative pile design, the
requires work falling under such items to be done, it Engineer shall accept the sum in the Bill of
shall be done without any cost to the Employer. The Quantities, correct the quantities, and adjust the
inclusion of 'rate-only" items will not be permitted. rates for the applicable pay items accordingly.
Where pay items not defined in these Specifications (d) Details to be furnished by the Contractor
are used, the measurement and payment In all cases where the choice of the type of pile to be
requirements for such items shall be specified in used is left to the Contractor, full particulars,
detail by the Contractor. In the absence of such specifications, calculations and drawings of the piles
definitions, or in the case of any ambiguity, the proposed for use by the Contractor shall be submitted
interpretation of the Engineer shall be final and with the bid. The Contractor shall submit the following
binding. information to the Engineer, two weeks before any piles
are driven or holes are formed:
Except in piling-only Contracts or where otherwise
provided in the Special Specifications, the (i) How the piles and casings will be installed or the
Contractor shall price the Bill of Quantities for the holes will be formed;
original design irrespective of whether or not an
alternative design is offered. (ii) How the piles and casings will be installed or the
holes will be made through identified obstructions;
(ii) Design
The critical design-load combinations acting upon (iii) The weight of the piling hammer;
the underside and the centre of gravity of the pile-
capping slab, the maximum permissible set of the (iv) The set during the last ten blows;
pile-capping slab, and the technical data required
for designing alternative piles and or piling layouts (v) The expected size of the bulbous base, underream.
will be indicated on the Drawings. Alternative rock socket, etc, if any;
designs shall comply with the provisions of CLAUSE
1212 and the prescriptions set out below. (vi) How concrete is to be placed and compacted in the
case of cast in situ piles;
For alternative designs submitted the Contractor
shall submit with his/her bid a detailed description (vii) How reinforcing steel is to be placed and held in
of the method of analysis used in the design of the place during the placing and compaction of the
piles and the pilegroup layouts. The average length concrete in cast in situ piles;
of pile and/or of the piles per group on which the
quantities in the Bill of Quantities for the alternative (viii) Details of permanent casing, if any;
designs are based shall be stated in each case.
The type of pile offered shall be defined in terms of (ix) The mix design for the concrete together with an
size, materials, working and breaking load. adequate quantity of cement and aggregate to
enable the Engineer to conduct the necessary tests.
The Contractor shall be responsible for and shall
bear the cost for redesigning, drafting and (e) Pile-installation frames and equipment
submitting the detail drawings for any structural The pile-installation frames and equipment used for
element affected by the alternative pile design. Any driving the piles or forming the holes or for other
economy or incidental caused by constructing such methods of sinking the piles shall be in a good working
element as compared to the original design shall be condition and to the prior approval of the Engineer and
for the account of the Contractor. shall comply with the relevant legal provisions.
The Contractor shall, as specified in CLAUSE 1212 The Contractor shall supply the necessary equipment,
for alternative designs, submit to the Engineer at gear and instruments required for the prescribed
least three months prior to work being commenced, investigations and inspections.
drawings detailing the piling-group layout and piles,
incorporating such amendments to his/her original The installation frames shall be so designed as to
design as may be required by the Engineer, and ensure that piles can be installed in their proper
drawings detailing the amendments required to the positions and true to line and slope.
pile-capping slab dimensions and reinforcement as
a result of the layout of the piles, all as applicable. (f) Piling platforms

Piling platforms shall include the prepared in situ steel reinforcing so that an additional length of pile
material or artificial islands or any structure (excluding reinforcing can be assembled whenever necessary.
the piling equipment) constructed for gaining access to
the position where the pile is to be installed and for The assembly of this additional reinforcing shall be
carrying out the piling operations. carried out expeditiously and before any concreting
Structural piling platforms shall be rigid. Floating barges of any specific pile commences. If splices have to
used for piling operations shall afford sufficient stability be provided, the longitudinal bars shall overlap for a
to enable piles to be properly installed. distance of 40 bar diameters, or as required by the
Engineer.
On completion of the piling, the Contractor shall remove
all the artificial, constructed platforms and reinstate the (ii) The concreting of piles
site to the satisfaction of the Engineer. The concreting of the piles shall not be commenced
before the Engineer's permission has been given.
(g) Setting out Except in self-supporting pile holes, a temporary or
The Contractor shall set out the pile positions and shall permanent casing shall be installed for the full
stake these positions with a durable marker. Where the depth of the hole to prevent lumps of material from
level from which the piling is undertaken is above the falling from the sides of the hole into the concrete.
underside of the pile capping slab, due allowance shall Where concrete is to be placed under the drilling
be made for the offset of raking piles so that the pile at mud, the temporary casing may be omitted, except
the underside of the pile-capping slab will be in the at the top end of the hole.
correct position.
The concrete shall be so proportioned as to be of
(h) Ground surface for foundation piling sufficient strength, but shall be sufficiently workable
Before starting any piling work, the Contractor shall to enable it being properly placed, and, where self-
notify the Engineer in good time to ensure that levels of compacting concrete is not used, it shall be
the ground surface be taken in order that an average thoroughly compacted by approved means.
ground surface from which the piling is to be measured Extraction of the temporary casing during
can be established and agreed on by the Engineer and placement of the concrete shall be such that no
the Contractor. Where foundation piling at a site is damage is caused to the pile and the advancing
preceded by excavation or the construction of fill, the concrete level is at all times kept considerably
surface from which the piling is to be done shall be above the temporary casing's trailing edge.
formed as near as possible to the underside of the pile- Concrete shall generally be placed in the dry, but
capping slab as directed by the Engineer. where this is impracticable; it shall be placed by
tremie.
6114 TYPES OF PILES The requirements of SUBCLAUSE 6407(c) together

with the following requirements shall apply when
(a) Cast in situ concrete piles concrete is placed under water by tremie:
(i) Reinforcement (1) The cement content shall be not less than 400
Reinforcement shall not be placed in the pile holes kg/m3 and the slump shall be such that the
until immediately before concreting. Before the concrete of the specified strength and desired
reinforcement is placed in position, all mud, water, density can be obtained.
and any loose or soft material shall be removed
from the hole. (2) The hopper and tremie shall be a closed unit
which cannot be penetrated by water.
Steel reinforcing shall be accurately maintained in
position without damage being done to the sides of (3) The tremie shall be at least 150 mm in diameter
the hole or the reinforcing itself. Spacers shall be for 20 mm aggregate and of greater diameter
used to keep the reinforcing steel at the required for larger aggregates.
distance from the inside face of the pile casing and
wall of the pile hole but shall not cause zones (4) The concrete shall be so placed as to prevent
through which aggressive ground water may the mixing of water and concrete. The tremie
penetrate to the reinforcement. shall at all times penetrate into the concrete.
Pile reinforcement will not be shown in the bending (5) Placing the concrete in that part of the pile
schedules. Only the number, diameter and type of below the water level in the casing shall be
bars and their arrangement will be shown on the done in one operation, and the same method of
Drawings. The Contractor, with the permission of placing the concrete shall be maintained
the Engineer, may replace the bars shown on the throughout.
Drawings with bars with different diameters and
spacing and of different types, on a basis of (6) All tremies shall be scrupulously cleaned before
equivalent strength. and after use.
The reinforcement shall be assembled in cages, (7) Before placing the concrete in the water, the
which shall be sufficiently robust to prevent their Contractor shall ensure that no silt or other
permanent deformation during handling. In the case materials have collected at the bottom of the
of cast in situ piles, the inner sides of the cages hole, and where drilling mud is used, the
shall be left unrestricted for the placing of the Contractor shall ensure that no drilling mud
concrete. suspension with a relative density exceeding
1.3 has collected at the bottom of the hole.
The longitudinal bars shall project above the cut-off Concrete shall be placed in a manner that
point by the distance shown on the Drawings, or by prevents segregation.
40 times the bar diameter if no dimension has been
given. (b) Precast concrete piles
Splicing the reinforcing may be ordered, and the (i) General

Contractor shall keep available on the site sufficient

The piles shall be of reinforced or prestressed Steel piles shall be used only where permitted by the
concrete and shall be manufactured, handled, Engineer.
stored and installed in accordance with BS
8004:1986, unless otherwise specified. (d) Timber piles
(ii) Manufacture (i) General

The piles may be manufactured in a factory or a Timber piles shall be of pressure treated round
casting yard on the site of the Works. The timber approved by the Engineer and shall be
Contractor shall ensure that the factory or casting manufactured, handled and installed in accordance
yard will at all reasonable times be accessible for with BS 5268-2:2002 unless otherwise specified.
inspection by the Engineer.
Tropical hardwoods shall be used for all permanent
The relevant requirements of SECTION 6400 shall piles. Softwoods may be used for temporary
apply to the concrete work. structures subject to the approval of the Engineer.
Reinforcement shall comply with the requirements (ii) Manufacture and testing
of BS 8004:1986. The piles may be manufactured in a factory or
treated on the site of the Works in accordance with
The piles shall be cast on a rigid horizontal platform BS 5268-5:1989, unless otherwise specified.
in approved moulds. Particular care shall be taken
to keep the reinforcement, coupler sockets and pile When required, the Engineer will order and the
shoes accurately in position. Adequate provision Contractor shall carry out tests on the timber piles
shall be made for lifting the piles. in accordance with BS 5268-5:1989 to satisfy
himself/herself that the timber is fit for the purpose
Each pile shall be clearly marked with the date of for which it is to be used.
casting, a reference number, and from the tip of the
pile at 1.0m intervals, with distance marks. The Contractor shall ensure that the factory or
treatment yard will at all reasonable times be
Piles shall be cured for a period sufficient to accessible for inspection by the Engineer.
develop the strength required to withstand, without
damage to the pile the stresses caused by The piles shall be treated and stored in a horizontal
handling, transporting, storing and driving. The piles position and protected from the weather.
shall not be driven before the concrete in the pile
has attained the specified 28-day strength. Each pile shall be clearly marked with the date of
manufacture, type of tree, date of treatment, a
(iii) Handling, transport and storage reference number, and from the tip of the pile at 1.0
Care shall be taken at all stages of lifting, handling m intervals, with distance marks.
and transporting to ensure that the piles are not
damaged or cracked. Piles shall be seasoned for a period sufficient to
develop the strength required to withstand, without
Piles shall be stored on firm ground which will not damage to the pile, the stresses caused by
settle unequally under the weight of the stack of handling, transporting, storing and driving. The piles
piles. The piles shall be placed on timber supports shall not be driven before they have attained the
which are truly level and spaced so as to avoid specified strength.
undue bending in the piles. The supports in the
stack shall be located vertically above one another. (iii) Handling, transport and storage
Care shall be taken at all stages of lifting, handling
(iv) Lengthening of precast piles and transporting to ensure that the piles are not
Piles shall be lengthened where required by such damaged or cracked.
means and methods as approved by the Engineer.
Care shall be taken to ensure that the additional Piles shall be stored on firm ground which will not
length of pile joined is truly axially in line with the settle unequally under the weight of the stack of
original pile within the tolerance requirements for piles. The piles shall be placed on timber supports
straightness set out in SUBCLAUSE 6803(a). Driving which are truly level and spaced so as to avoid
shall not be resumed until the pile extension and undue bending in the piles. The supports in the
any bonding agent used has attained the required stack shall be located vertically above one another.
strength.
(iv) Lengthening of timber piles
(c) Steel piles Piles shall be lengthened where required by such
Steel piles shall be of hollow pipe construction or of H- means and methods in accordance with BS
section construction. 5268:2002 or as instructed by the Engineer. Care
shall be taken to ensure that the additional length of
Hollow steel piles may be filled with cast in situ concrete pile joined is truly axially in line with the original pile
and, provided that adequate connections are provided within the tolerance requirements for straightness
between the steel and the concrete with a view to set out in SUBCLAUSE 6803(a). Driving shall not be
transferring the load, the concrete may be deemed to resumed until the pile extension and any bonding
assist in carrying the load. agent used has attained the required strength.
Wherever steel piles are used, the outside surface shall

be given a protective coating of bitumen, coal-tar pitch 6115 DRIVING OF PILES
or synthetic resins to the satisfaction of the Engineer or
as specified. The cross-sectional area of the steel shall (a) Driving the piles
be adapted to the aggressiveness of the subsurface
conditions to compensate for possible reduction in the (i) Pile-installation frames
pile wall thickness caused by abrasion and corrosion Piles and pile casings shall be driven with a gravity
during the service life of the pile. hammer, a rapid-action power hammer or by other
approved means. Prestressed-concrete piles shall
be driven with a hammer with a weight of at least

equal to that of the pile. Other piles shall preferably

be driven by a hammer with similar weight (b) Augering and boring
characteristics. The hammer shall not, during
driving operations, damage any permanent (i) Auger and bore pile holes
component of the pile. Pile driving leaders shall be The augering and boring of pile holes shall be
constructed in such a manner as to afford freedom carried out as expeditiously as local conditions
of movement of the hammer and shall be held in permit taking due account of services or other
position to ensure adequate support for the pile or restrictions on the site.
pile casing during installation. Inclined leaders shall
be used for installing raking piles. Holes shall be cleaned after augering and boring to
obtain a clean and level surface.
The heads of precast concrete piles shall be
protected with packing of resilient material, care Where indicated by the Engineer, suitable casing
being taken to ensure that it is evenly spread and shall be installed in those parts of the augered
held in place. A helmet shall be placed over the holes where the sides are in danger of caving in
packing, and a dolly of hardwood or other material before the concreting has been completed.
not thicker than the diameter of the pile shall be
placed on top. During extraction of the casing, care shall be taken
to avoid lifting the concrete and damaging the pile.
(ii) Water jetting
The Contractor may employ water jetting to install The use of water for augering and boring holes
piles in granular material. Jetting shall be shall not be permitted unless approved by the
discontinued before the leading end of the pile Engineer. Surface water shall not be allowed to
reaches a depth of 80% of the anticipated final enter the hole.
depth or a depth as agreed on with the Engineer.
After jetting, piles or their casings shall be driven to (ii) Underreaming
the required depth, level or set. Where required, the holes shall be enlarged or
belled out to form an underream. The earth
(iii) Installation sequence excavated shall be removed in a manner which will
Unless otherwise specified or ordered the sequence not damage the walls of the hole.
for installing the piles shall be left to the Contractor.
However, the sequence for driving the piles in a The shape of the underream shall be a truncated
group shall be programmed to minimise the cone of which the base diameter depends on the
creation of consolidated blocks of ground into which bearing capacity of the founding material, but it
piles cannot be driven or which cause fictitious shall be not less than twice the shaft diameter. The
penetration values. Piling shall generally commence base angle of the cone between the inclined face
at the centre of the group and be progressively and horizontal plane shall be not less than 600.
extended to the perimeter piles unless otherwise
agreed on by the Engineer. Full safety measures shall be enforced to protect
workmen working at the bottom of the pile hole.
The installation of piles shall be undertaken in such
a manner that structural damage, distortion or (iii) Bulbous bases
positioning defects will not be caused to previously Bulbous bases shall comply with the requirements
installed piles or casings. of SUBCLAUSE 6115(a) (v).
(iv) Heaving of piles (iv) Inspecting preformed holes

In soils in which the installation of piles may cause Equipment for inspecting the pile shafts shall be
previously installed piles to heave, accurate level provided and operated in accordance with BS
marks shall be placed on each pile immediately 8008:1996 Safety Precautions and Procedures for
after installation and all piles that have heaved shall the Construction and Descent of Machine-Bored
be redriven to the required resistance, unless Shafts for Piling and Other Purposes or similar
redriving tests on neighbouring piles have shown document.
this to be unnecessary. Piles shall not be concreted
neither shall any pile-capping slab be constructed Immediately before the reinforcement is to be
until the piles within a heave-influence zone have installed or the concrete placed, the Engineer shall
been redriven as required. be informed thereof with a view to inspecting the
pile holes. When piles are to be underreamed, the
(v) Bulbous bases excavation shall be inspected twice by the
Where required, bulbous (enlarged) bases shall be Engineer, firstly to ascertain that suitable founding
formed after the driven casing has reached the material has been obtained before underreaming
required depth. The base shall be formed by may start, and, secondly, after the underreaming
progressively displacing the surrounding subsoil has been completed for approval to be given by the
with concrete placed by the repeated action of a Engineer for casting the pile.
gravity hammer. The size of the base will depend
on the compressibility of the surrounding subsoil but (c) Rock sockets
shall in no case have a diameter of less than 1.5 Where required, rock sockets to the required
times the diameter of the pile. dimensions shall be formed in rock formations of
adequate strength, quality and thickness for transmitting
(vi) Piling alignment the specified load.
Where the inclination of a precast concrete pile
deviates from the correct slope during installation, (d) Obstructions
the pile shall not be forced into the correct position.
The slope of the guiding frame shall be adjusted so (i) Definitions
as to coincide with the actual inclination of the pile
to preclude the bending of the pile. Where the (1) Identified obstructions
verticality or the inclination of the installed pile falls Identified obstructions shall mean any
outside the specified tolerances, the pile will be obstruction described on the Drawings or in the
classified as being defective. Special Specifications and for which provision

for payment has been made in the Bill of Where obstructions make it difficult to install driven
Quantities in respect of penetrating the displacement and prefabricated piles in the
obstructions. positions and at the inclinations shown and to the
proper lengths by the methods specified in the
(2) Unidentified obstructions submission in terms of SUBCLAUSE 6113(d), the
Where provision has been made in the Bill of Contractor shall resort to additional methods which
Quantities in terms of ITEM 61.17 for penetrating are suitable for the type of pile. If the successful
identified obstructions and obstructions not installation of a pile proves to be impossible after
described are encountered, such obstructions such methods have been tried, the Engineer may
shall be classified as unidentified obstructions order an additional pile or piles to be installed.
and the penetration of such obstructions shall
be paid for under ITEM 61.18 subject to the All such work and additional piles shall be paid for
condition that the rate of penetration drops to in accordance with the bid rates where applicable,
below that achieved for identified obstructions or where they do not apply, under ITEM 61.20.
when the same method and effort are used, or
subject to additional methods and effort over (iv) Auger and bore pile holes
and above those required for identified Where identified or unidentified obstructions are
obstructions being required for penetrating the encountered when shaping holes for piles, payment
obstruction. for penetrating the obstructions shall be made
against the appropriate pay items.
or
(e) Determining pile lengths
Where no provision has been made in the Bill of The design of the piles and pile groups, and the
Quantities for penetrating identified obstructions quantities in the Bill of Quantities are based on the
and obstructions are encountered and, after subsurface data shown on the Drawings.
resorting to the methods specified in the
submission in terms of SUBCLAUSE 6113(d), it is The Engineer will determine the depth of piles as work
found to be impossible to form the holes in the proceeds.
proper positions and at the proper inclinations
and depths, and the Contractor has to resort to Where variations in the subsurface conditions occur as
additional methods for forming the pile holes regards the material and height of the water table, the
successfully, such obstructions shall be Engineer shall be informed immediately.
classified as unidentified obstructions.
If the Contractor is not satisfied that the piles will be
(ii) Classification of materials capable of carrying the specified loads at the depth
For piling, only the following classification of determined by the Engineer he/she may, in consultation
materials shall apply to the identification and with the Engineer, lengthen the piles to reach a suitable
description of obstructions. founding depth. Where the Engineer and the Contractor
cannot agree on the founding depth, the Engineer may
(1) Matrix require the Contractor to:
The matrix shall comprise that part of the
material which will pass through a sieve with 50 (i) undertake additional foundation investigations
mm x 50 mm openings. and/or core drilling in accordance with SUBCLAUSES
6103(a) and 6115(i) respectively, and/or
(2) Coarse gravel
Coarse gravel shall comprise that part of the (ii) install one or more test piles and conduct a load
material (stones, pebbles, cobbles, etc) which test in accordance with SUBCLAUSE 6116(a). The
will pass through a 200 mm x 200 mm opening, Engineer will prescribe the positions for each test
but will not pass through a 50 mm x 50 mm pile. Test piles shall comply with the specified
opening. The gravel shall be obtained from requirements for piling.
material with at least a Class R2 hardness as
defined in TABLE 6115/1. (f) Piling data
The following data on each pile installed shall be
(3) Boulders recorded in a form prescribed by the Engineer:
Boulders shall mean any rock mass with a
hardness of at least Class R2 which will pass (i) The effort used for driving the pile and the
through a square opening with dimensions resistance to penetration at founding level.
equal to the maximum size boulder specified in
the Bill of Quantities but will not pass through a (ii) A description of subsurface material, the
200 mm x 200 mm opening. presence of ground water and the quality of
material on which the pile is founded.
(4) Rock formation
A rock formation shall be any rock mass with (iii) The quality of the materials used in the
hardness of at least Class R2 which will not construction or manufacture of the pile, as well as
pass through a square opening with dimensions of the permanent casing if used. The method of
equal to the maximum size boulder specified in placing and compacting the concrete in cast in
the Bill of Quantities. situ piles.
Where a boulder is cut through and part of it is (iv) The method of founding of the piles e.g. bulbous
left imbedded in the wall of the hole, such bases, underreams, rock sockets, etc, and their
boulder obstruction shall be classified as rock dimensions.
formation.
(v) The maximum working load of the pile.
For the identification of rock in terms of this
Clause, the classification in TABLE 6115/1 shall (vi) The length of the pile and the accuracy of
apply. installation in respect of position and inclination.
(iii) Driven displacement and prefabricated piles (vii) Nominal dimensions and type of pile.

(ix) Date of piling, pile reference number and pile

(viii) Length and details of any temporary and location (sketch) relative to the other piles of the
permanent casings used. same set.

TABLE 6115/1
ROCK CLASSIFICATION FOR PILING
Description of hardness
Unconfined
Class Description Field indicator tests compression
strength (MPa)
R1 Very soft rock Material crumbles under firm (moderate) blows with the sharp 1 to 3
end of geological pick and can be peeled off with a knife, it is
too hard to cut a triaxial sample by hand. SPT refusal.
R2 Soft rock Can just be scraped and peeled with a knife, firm blows of the 3 to 10
pick point leave indentations 2 mm to 4 mm in specimens.
R3 Medium hard rock Cannot be scraped or peeled with a knife; hand-held specimen 10 to 25
can be broken with the hammer end of a geological pick with a
single firm blow.
R4 Hard rock Point load tests shall be conducted for distinguishing between 25 to 70
R5 Very hard rock these categories. These results may be verified by means of 70 to 200
R6 Extremely hard rock uniaxial compressive-strength tests. > 200
Classification after Core Logging Committee, South African Section, Association of Engineering Geologists: "A guide to Core
Logging for Rock Engineering" Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, Vol. XV, No. 3,1978.
(g) Stripping the pile heads ensuring 100% core recovery. The diameters, depths
Precast and timber piles shall be installed to a level of and lengths of the cores shall agree with the
at least 1.0 m above the cut-off level, and cast in situ specifications or the instructions of the Engineer.
piles shall be cast to a level of at least 150 mm above
the cut-off level. The excess concrete shall be so The Contractor shall keep accurate records of the
stripped off that only sound concrete will project into the drilling, which, together with the cores, shall be handed
pile-capping slab. over to the Engineer. The cores shall be placed in the
correct sequence in a clearly identified wooden core
Before a pile head is stripped, the cut-off plane shall be box with a lid.
marked by cutting a 20 mm deep groove with a
grinding-machine around the full circumference of the
pile. 6116 TESTING OF PILES
Heavy concrete demolishing equipment may not be (a) Load test
used for the stripping of pile heads. All loose aggregate
shall be removed from the cut-off plane. (i) General
The Engineer may order certain selected piles to be
The concrete shall be so stripped off that the pile below load tested. The procedure for loading tests shall
the cut-off level will not be damaged, or, should comply with the requirements of SECTION 7100.
defective concrete be found in the completed pile, the During the period of testing, driving of other piles
damaged or defective concrete shall be cut away by the which may affect the testing shall cease.
Contractor at his/her own cost and replaced with new
concrete well bonded to the old concrete, or the pile No working pile shall be used as an anchor pile.
shall be replaced as directed by the Engineer. Where anchor piles or earth anchors are required
for providing reaction, they shall be so placed as to
The main reinforcement of the piles shall extend at have a minimal effect on the test results. The
least 40 times the diameters of the main reinforcing bar minimum distance of the anchor piles to the test
beyond the cut-off level into the pile-capping slab. This piles shall be approved by the Engineer.
reinforcement shall be left straight unless otherwise
directed by the Engineer. The Contractor shall provide the complete testing
assembly, the necessary equipment, instruments
The cut-off level for piles shall be the level shown on and labour for carrying out the test and for
the Drawings. determining accurately the settlement of the piles
under each increase or decrease of the load. The
(h) Construction of pile-capping slab test assembly, equipment and instruments used
The Contractor shall not construct the pile-capping slab shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer.
before the Engineer has confirmed, in writing, that all
the relevant load tests have been completed and the Within two days of having completed the tests, the
piles have been accepted. Contractor shall supply the Engineer with the test
results and neatly plotted load against settlement,
(i) Core drilling load against time, and settlement against time
The Engineer may instruct core drilling to be done with graphs.
a view to obtaining cores of the founding formation
and/or of the concrete in the completed structural (ii) Loading
member. In the case of piling, the core drilling may The maximum test load applied shall be equal to
precede the piling or may be done through the twice the specified working load or the ultimate test
completed pile, as specified, or as instructed by the load, whichever shall be the smaller.
Engineer.
The maximum working load shall be half of the
The Contractor shall supply the necessary equipment maximum test load or the test load which
on the site for drilling under the above conditions. The corresponds with the allowable settlement,
equipment and techniques used shall be suitable for

whichever shall be the smaller. The allowable

settlement shall be as specified on the Drawings. (a) General
Caissons shall, for the purposes of these Specifications,
(iii) Ultimate test load be hollow concrete vessels which are wholly or partly
The ultimate test load in the compression-load test constructed at a higher level and lowered by internal
shall be the load where settlement suddenly excavation or kentledge to the desired founding level to
increases disproportionately to the load applied. form structural bearing members. Caissons may be of
circular, rectangular or any other shape and may
The ultimate test load in the tension-load test shall contain one or more excavation compartments, all as
be the load where the upward movement suddenly detailed on the Drawings.
increases disproportionately to the load applied or
the load producing a permanent rise of 10 mm at Unless otherwise specified hereafter, the provisions of
the top of the pile, whichever is the smaller. BS 8004:1986 shall apply in regard to the construction
of caissons.
(b) Defective piles
The test pile and the piles represented by the test pile (b) Construction and sinking
shall be classified as defective if shown in terms of A firm horizontal base shall be prepared on which the
SECTION 6100 to have a maximum working load of less cutting edge of the caisson shall be laid truly
than the specified working load, or to exhibit excessive horizontally. The level of the base shall be determined
settlement. Defective piles shall also include piles and shall be agreed on by the Engineer and the
damaged beyond repair, piles with structural defects, or Contractor, and shall serve as the ground surface from
piles which do not comply with the tolerance which the excavation inside the caisson will be
requirements of SECTION 6800. measured.
If required, the defective piles shall be corrected by the Successive stages of the caisson shall be of convenient
Contractor at his/her own cost, by applying one of the height, or as directed by the Engineer, and shall be
following methods approved by the Engineer: lined up accurately with the preceding stages.
(i) Extracting the pile and replacing it with a new pile. All precast elements shall have properly constructed
joints in accordance with the Drawings to ensure that
(ii) Installing a new pile adjacent to the defective pile. they fit snugly together.
(iii) Lengthening the pile to the correct length if For in situ phase construction, all construction joints in
defective in length only. the walls shall be reinforced and the joints shall be
made as specified in CLAUSE 6408.
(iv) Altering the design to fit in with the new conditions
caused by the defective pile(s). The lowest element of every caisson, which contains
the cutting edges, shall be cured for at least four days
(c) Standing time in respect of pile-installation or shall have attained at least 50% of the specified 28
frames day strength before sinking is commenced. Subsequent
Standing time shall only be paid for pile installation elements shall be cast in sufficient time to ensure
frames standing during normal working hours as laid adequate strength for safely resisting the applied
down in the General Conditions on Contract for such forces.
periods during which the pile installation work has come
to a standstill following an action by the Employer. During constructing and sinking, the caissons shall be
maintained truly vertically and kept in their correct
As soon as the pile installation frames have come to positions.
such a standstill, the Contractor shall inform the
Engineer, in writing that he/she intends to claim The position and inclination of each caisson shall be
standing time, and shall also furnish: determined accurately by measurement after every 2m
of sinking, or after sinking through the depth of one
(i) full particulars of the action which gave rise to the element, whichever distance is the smaller.
claim
With a view to eliminating excess friction, the Contractor
(ii) a list of pile-installation frames in respect of which may use bentonite or a similar lubricant, or a water-jet
standing time will be claimed, complete with date system.
and time.
Excavation inside caisson compartments shall, unless
The period in respect of which a claim is lodged shall otherwise specified herein, comply with the provisions
become operative from the moment when the notice of CLAUSE 6105.
has been handed over to the Engineer and shall
continue until the restriction has been removed and In multi-compartmented caissons, the excavation in any
normal procedure may be resumed. one compartment shall not be taken deeper than 0.6m
below that in any other compartment, except where
(d) Nuclear integrity necessary for correcting deviations.
Integrity tests using both the nuclear and neutron
method shall be performed on all bored piles. The Cutting edges shall be frequently inspected or probed to
purpose of these tests is to prove that the technique locate obstacles, which shall be removed immediately.
used in constructing the piles is satisfactory, by
checking for necking of concrete in the pile shafts, The Contractor shall supply all grabs, pumps, diving
checking concrete cover to reinforcement and by gear and other equipment required for sinking and
checking for honeycombing, grout loss and segregation founding all caissons and shall allow the Engineer to
of aggregates. use the diving suit and equipment for inspection
purposes.
The Contractor shall employ a competent diver to carry

out work under water and shall make provision in the
6117 CAISSONS rates bid for the respective items for this cost.

for inspection. If more water is still leaking into the

Where the caisson strikes a hard inclined layer and caisson, the process of sealing as specified herein
work has to be carried out below the cutting edge, such shall be continued until the water level within the
work shall be measured and paid for under the relevant caisson does not rise at a rate exceeding 10 mm
items of CLAUSE 6118, and, where no applicable items per hour.
exist, such work shall be paid for as extra work.
The relevant requirements of SUBCLAUSE 6114(a)
Should the Contractor wish to apply the pneumatic shall apply for placing the concrete under water. For
caisson method (with a compressed air chamber) for concrete placed under water by methods other than
construction, he/she shall furnish the Engineer with full by tremie, the cement content shall be 20% more
details of the equipment and method to be used for than the quantity required for ordinary concrete of
approval. the same mix but shall be not less than 450 kg/m 3
of concrete.
(c) Founding
The material at the founding level, if sloping and/or (ii) Filling
irregular, shall in so far as is possible be cut to as Subsequent to inspection of the caisson
nearly level a surface as possible until the entire cutting compartments above the concrete seal, the
edge is evenly and firmly supported on the material. compartments shall be filled with sand. The sand
Subject to the approval of the Engineer, blasting may shall be sufficiently wetted to obviate bulking.
be used for this purpose. If blasting should be resorted
to, only light charges may be used and the caisson The first 2 m of filling above the concrete seal shall
shall be protected against damage by suitable be lowered gently into position. The sand may then
cushioning being provided. be poured from the top and compacted sufficiently
to prevent settlement while the cover slab concrete
Should the sloping surface be of hard rock which is being placed.
cannot be cut or broken by any safe and feasible
means, the foundation shall be built up by means of a The top of the sand fill within the caisson shall be
solid wedge of concrete which fills the entire space finished off to the level specified below the
between the bedrock surface and the horizontal plane underside of the caisson cover slab.
through the cutting edge. This concrete shall be of the
same class as that specified on the Drawings or in the (f) Stripping
Bill of Quantities for the concrete seal. Where the walls of the caisson have been overbuilt, the
concrete shall be stripped to the required level without
The rock or hard material on which the structure is to be damage being done to the concrete below the cut-off
founded shall be completely uncovered. The founding level. The longitudinal reinforcement of the caisson
surface shall be cleared of all loose material before shall project above the cut-off level by a distance of at
inspection by the Engineer immediately prior to casting least 40 times the bar diameter.
the concrete seal.
(g) Concrete blinding below the caisson cover
No concrete shall be placed in the wedge or the seal slabs
before the Engineer has inspected and approved the A concrete blinding of the specified thickness and class
foundation. For this purpose the Contractor shall of concrete shall be provided to the level shown on the
adequately dewater the caisson to enable the Engineer Drawings over the area covered by the cover slab,
to conduct the inspection. including the area within the caissons on top of the
In the event of a caisson not being vertical or in its sand filling, except where the underside of the cover
correct position when it has reached the required depth, slab is being formed with formwork.
or in the event of a caisson being cracked during the
sinking process, the Contractor shall at his/her own cost (h) Environmental considerations
carry out the necessary remedial work to the Water quality and marine life shall not be adversely
satisfaction of the Engineer. affected in any way during operations.
(d) Data Where adverse impacts have been indicated in the

The Contractor shall provide the Engineer with a Environmental Impact Assessment Report, the
complete record of the types of material excavated Contractor shall carry out such measures as required to
during sinking, together with the level at which each mitigate and minimise negative impacts to the water
type of the material was found. In addition, a log quality and marine life.
showing the rate of sinking shall be kept by the
Contractor and furnished to the Engineer. The Engineer shall approve all methods that the
Contractor proposes according to the Environmental
(e) Filling the caissons Impact Assessment Report.
(i) Concrete seal

The seal shall be constructed of mass concrete of 6118 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
the class specified and shall be placed in
accordance with the dimensions and levels shown
on the Drawings or as prescribed by the Engineer. ITEM UNIT
If this seal cannot be placed in the dry and has to 61.01 ADDITIONAL PROVISIONAL
FOUNDATION INVESTIGATIONS: SUM
be placed under water, the method of placing this
concrete shall be approved by the Engineer. The
Contractor shall cease placing the concrete under A provisional sum shall be provided in the Bill of
water when sufficient concrete has been placed to Quantities to cover the cost of this work.
seal the foundation effectively.
The work authorised by the Engineer shall be paid for in
After the concrete has been placed, the concrete accordance with the provisions of CLAUSE 1209 of these
seal and the head of water over it shall remain Specifications.
undisturbed for a period of at least seven days after
which the caisson shall be dewatered by pumping

ITEM UNIT on the additional excavation measured for payment

61.02 EXCAVATION: shall be payable in full compensation for any incidentals
to the Contractor over and above the normal excavation
(a) COMMON EXCAVATION IN SOFT costs.
MATERIAL SITUATED WITHIN THE
FOLLOWING SUCCESSIVE DEPTH
RANGES:
ITEM UNIT
(i) 0 m UP TO 2 m CUBIC 61.03 ACCESS AND DRAINAGE:
METRE (m3)
(ii) 2 m UP TO 4 m CUBIC (a) ACCESS LUMP SUM
METRE (m3)
(iii) FURTHER INCREMENTS OF 2 m CUBIC The bid lump sum shall include full compensation for
METRE (m3) providing access which, inter alia, shall include
(b) EXTRA-OVER SUB-ITEM 61.02(a) FOR CUBIC constructing temporary banks, artificial islands and/or
EXCAVATION IN ROCK IRRESPECTIVE METRE (m3) cofferdams; their protection, safeguarding and
OF DEPTH maintenance; draining and keeping dry the working
areas; draining the excavations within the access; and
The limits for the successive depth ranges shall be any incidentals in respect of work to be done below
measured down from the surface levels described in standing water.
SECTION 6100 to the founding level agreed on.
75% of the lump sum will be paid when the access has
In the case of excavations that are required for been constructed. The remaining 25% will be paid after
diverting, channelling or widening watercourses, the the access has been removed.
successive depth ranges for those portions of the
excavations that are within 5 m of a concrete structure
shall be measured from the surface levels agreed on to (b) DRAINAGE, WHERE NO LUMP SUM LUMP
the invert level of the channel or watercourse. ACCESS HAS BEEN PROVIDED SUM
The unit of measurement shall be the cubic metre of Payment will be made for this work by way of a lump
material, measured in the original position before sum for each structure or series of structures appearing
excavation. The quantity of excavation for each depth separately in the Bill of Quantities. The lump sum shall
range shall be calculated from the neat outlines of the be paid on a pro rata basis as the work progresses.
base or floor and the depth of excavation completed
within each range.
The bid lump sum shall include full compensation for
Irrespective of the total depth of the excavation, the draining by pumping or in any other way and for any
quantity of material within each depth range shall be other work necessary for keeping the excavation dry or
measured and paid for separately. for working in the dry.
At the concrete faces for which formwork has to be

provided, additional excavation shall be measured to ITEM UNIT
0.5 m outside the concrete perimeter to make provision 61.04 BACKFILL TO
for a working space. EXCAVATIONS UTILISING:
Where foundation fill is constructed in an excavation, (a) MATERIAL FROM THE CUBIC METRE (m3)
EXCAVATIONS
the quantity of excavated material measured for
payment shall be the material excavated between the (b) IMPORTED MATERIAL CUBIC METRE (m3)
average ground level, as described in SUBCLAUSE (c) SOIL CEMENT CUBIC METRE (m3)
6105(b), and the founding level, from a prism with
vertical sides, as described in CLAUSE 6109 or as
prescribed by the Engineer. The unit of measurement shall be the cubic metre of
backfill material measured in the excavation, excluding
In no case shall any of the following excavations be the volume occupied by the structure. The quantity
included in the measurement for payment: measured shall be calculated from within the neat
outlines defined for the excavation under ITEM 61.02
(i) The volume of excavation in excess of the above and the height to which the backfilling is constructed.
mentioned limits. The volume occupied by the structure shall be
subtracted when calculating the volume of backfilling.
(ii) The volume included within the excavated road
prism, contiguous channels, ditches, etc, for which The height shall be determined by the upper surface of
payment is provided elsewhere in the the road prism or the reference ground surface
Specifications. (SUBCLAUSE 6105(b)), whichever is the lower.
The bid rates shall include full compensation for The bid rates shall include full compensation for
excavation in each class of material, the spoiling or furnishing and placing all materials within the entire
stockpiling of materials, the hauling of excavated excavation, transporting the material and preparing,
material for the free haul distance as defined in processing, shaping, watering, mixing and compaction
SUBCLAUSE 1602(c), any additional excavation the of the material to the specified densities.
Contractor may require for additional working space
outside the authorised limits, trimming and cleaning the No overhaul shall be paid.
bottoms and sides of excavations, and strutting, shoring
and safeguarding the excavations.
If after a foundation excavation has been completed,

cleaned and trimmed ready for concrete blinding, the
Engineer orders further excavations to be made on
account of changed dimensions and/or founding
conditions, an extra over payment (SUB ITEM 61.02(c))

The unit of measurement for grouting shall be the

ITEM UNIT kilogram of cement or proprietary brand of grout mix as
61.05 FOUNDATION FILL may be applicable used in the grouting operation.
CONSISTING OF:
The bid rate shall include full compensation for
(a) ROCK FILL CUBIC METRE (m3) providing the equipment and all the material, and mixing
(b) CRUSHED STONE FILL CUBIC METRE (m3) and pumping the grout into the prepared holes in
(c) COMPACTED GRANULAR CUBIC METRE (m3) accordance with the instructions of the Engineer, and
MATERIAL also for the water-pressure tests.
(d) MASS CONCRETE (CLASS CUBIC METRE (m3)
INDICATED)
ITEM UNIT
(e) CONCRETE BLINDING (THICKNESS CUBIC METRE (m3) 61.09 DOWEL BARS (TYPE, KILOGRAM
AND CLASS OF CONCRETE
DIAMETER AND LENGTH OF DOWEL (kg)
INDICATED)
BARS TOGETHER WITH TYPE OF
GROUT, INDICATED)
The unit of measurement shall be the cubic metre of
approved material placed and compacted below the The unit of measurement for the dowel bars shall be the
bases as specified or where directed by the Engineer. kilogram of bars provided and secured in position. The
bid rate shall include full compensation for supplying all
The quantity of foundation fill to be measured for the material and positioning and grouting the dowel
payment shall be the material contained within the bars as specified.
prism specified in CLAUSE 6109 or shall otherwise be
the quantity to the outlines shown on the Drawings or
as directed by the Engineer. ITEM UNIT
The bid rates shall include full compensation for 61.10 FOUNDATION LINING SQUARE
2
procuring, furnishing, transporting, placing and (TYPE OF MATERIAL AND METRE (m )
compaction of the material. THICKNESS INDICATED)
No overhaul shall be paid. The unit of measurement for foundation lining shall be
the square metre of concrete surface lined.
ITEM UNIT The bid rate shall include full compensation for
61.06 ESTABLISHMENT ON THE SITE LUMP procuring, furnishing, lapping and placing all material
FOR THE DRILLING OF HOLES (TYPE SUM and for all labour and incidentals required for
OF DRILLING INDICATED) completing the work as specified.
The bid lump sum shall include full compensation for ITEM UNIT
establishment on the site, moving to individual bridge
positions and the subsequent removal of all special 61.11 ESTABLISHMENT ON THE SITE LUMP
equipment for drilling the holes and additional FOR PILING SUM
equipment for carrying out operations, the cost of which
does not vary with the actual amount of work to be The bid lump sum shall include full compensation for
done. generally levelling the piling site, establishing on the site
and subsequently removing all structural platforms,
This work will be paid for by way of a lump sum, 75% of rafts, and all special equipment for foundation piling and
which will become payable when all the equipment is for carrying out operations, the cost of which does not
on the site and the first hole has been drilled. The vary with the actual amount of piling done.
remaining 25% will become payable after all the holes
have been drilled and the equipment has been removed This work will be paid for by way of a lump sum, 50% of
from the site. which will become payable when all equipment is on the
site and the first pile has been installed. The second
instalment of 25% of the lump sum will be payable after
ITEM UNIT half the total number of piles have been installed, and
61.07 DRILLING OF HOLES (DIAMETER METRE the final instalment of 25% after all the piles have been
AND TYPE OF DRILLING INDICATED) (m) completed and the equipment has been removed from
the site.
The unit of measurement shall be the metre of hole
drilled. ITEM UNIT
The bid rate shall include full compensation for drilling 61.12 MOVING TO, AND SETTING UP NUMBER (no)
and clearing the holes as specified, equipment moving THE EQUIPMENT AT EACH POSITION
and setting up in position, drilling and clearing the holes FOR INSTALLING THE PILES
as specified. Where no provision has been made for
payment in the Bill of Quantities under ITEM 61.09, the The unit of measurement shall be the number of
bid rate shall also include full compensation for work positions to which the installation equipment has to be
falling under that item. moved and set up in position. The quantity measured
shall be the number of piles installed plus the number of
piles redriven on the instruction of the Engineer, plus
ITEM UNIT any piles provided in addition for load tests, which do
61.08 GROUTING (TYPE OF GROUT KILOGRAM (kg) not form part of a specific pile group.
AND FOR WHICH PURPOSE IT IS
REQUIRED INDICATED)

ITEM UNIT
61.13 AUGERED OR BORED HOLES ITEM UNIT
FOR PILES WITH A DIAMETER OF 61.15 MANUFACTURING, SUPPLYING AND METRE
(DIAMETER INDICATED) THROUGH DELIVERING PREFABRICATED PILES (TYPE (m)
MATERIAL SITUATED WITHIN THE AND SIZE INDICATED).
FOLLOWING SUCCESSIVE DEPTH
RANGES: The unit of measurement shall be the metre of
(a) AUGERED HOLES: accepted prefabricated pile delivered on the site in
(i) 0 m UP TO 10 m METRE (m) accordance with the Engineer's written instructions.
(ii) EXCEEDING 10 m, UP TO 15 m METRE (m) The bid rate shall include full compensation for
(iii) FURTHER INCREMENTS OF 5 m METRE (m) supplying all the materials, manufacturing, transporting
(b) BORED HOLES: and delivering to the point of use and handling the
prefabricated piles.
(i) 0 m UP TO 10 m METRE (m)
(ii) EXCEEDING 10 m, UP TO 15 m METRE (m)
(iii) FURTHER INCREMENTS OF 5 m METRE (m) ITEM UNIT
61.16 INSTALLATION OF
The limits for the successive depth ranges shall be PREFABRICATED PILES (TYPE AND
measured down from the average ground surface SIZE INDICATED) THROUGH MATERIAL
(SUBCLAUSE 6113(h)) to the agreed founding level SITUATED WITHIN THE FOLLOWING
(CLAUSE 6106). SUCCESSIVE DEPTH RANGES:
(a) 0 m UP TO 10 m METRE (m)
The unit of measurement shall be the metre of hole, (b) EXCEEDING 10 m, UP TO 15 m METRE (m)
including the depth of the bulbous base formed, as may
be applicable. The depth of the bulbous base shall be (c) FURTHER INCREMENTS OF 5 m METRE (m)
deemed to be equal to the diameter of a sphere, the
volume of which shall be equal to the quantity of The limits for the successive depth ranges shall be
compacted concrete in the bulbous base. measured down from the average ground surface to the
founding depth agreed on (CLAUSE 6106).
Irrespective of the total depth of the hole, the quantity
within each depth range shall be measured and paid for The unit of measurement shall be the metre of
separately. prefabricated pile installed. That part of the
prefabricated pile projecting above the average ground
The bid rates for forming augered holes shall include surface shall not be measured and paid for.
full compensation for augering and disposing of surplus
material resulting from the hole having been formed. Irrespective of the total length of pile installed, the
quantity installed within each depth range shall be
The bid rates for forming bored holes shall include full measured and paid for separately.
compensation for boring, supplying, installing and
extracting the driven temporary casing as well as for The bid rates shall include full compensation for
disposing of surplus material resulting from the hole hoisting and driving the pile.
having been formed.
ITEM UNIT
ITEM UNIT 61.17 EXTRA OVER ITEM 61.16,
61.14 DRIVING THE TEMPORARY IRRESPECTIVE OF THE DEPTH TO
CASING FOR DRIVEN DISPLACEMENT FORM AUGERED AND BORED PILE
PILING SYSTEMS FOR FORMING HOLES THROUGH IDENTIFIED
HOLES FOR PILES WITH A DIAMETER OBSTRUCTIONS CONSISTING OF:
OF (DIAMETER INDICATED) THROUGH (a) COARSE GRAVEL WITH A MAXIMUM METRE (m)
CONTENT OF LESS THAN (MAXIMUM
FOLLOWING SUCCESSIVE DEPTH PERCENTAGE INDICATED)
RANGES:
(b) BOULDERS (DESCRIPTION OF AND METRE (m)
(a) 0 m UP TO 10 m METRE (m) MAXIMUM SIZE INDICATED)
(b) EXCEEDING 10m, UP TO 15 m METRE (m) (c) ROCK FORMATION (DESCRIPTION AND METRE (m)
(c) FURTHER INCREMENTS OF 5 m METRE (m) CLASS OF ROCK INDICATED)
The limits for the successive depth ranges shall be The unit of measurement shall be the metre of pile hole
measured down from the average ground surface to the formed through the identified obstruction, measured
agreed founding level (CLAUSE 6106). from the depth at which the identified obstruction is
encountered to the depth at which normal auger drilling
The unit of measurement shall be the metre of hole plus or boring can be resumed or another type of identified
the depth of bulbous base formed as may be obstruction is encountered.
applicable. The depth of the bulbous base shall be
deemed to be equal to the diameter of a sphere, the The bid rates shall include full compensation for all
volume of which shall be equal to the quantity of additional work and incidentals required for forming the
compacted concrete in the bulbous base. Irrespective pile hole through the identified obstruction.
of the total depth of the hole, the quantity within each
depth range shall be measured and paid for separately. Where obstructions other than those provided for in
The bid rates shall include full compensation for ITEM 61.19 can be identified, they shall be described on
supplying, driving and subsequently extracting the the Drawings and/or in the Special Specifications.
temporary casing. Provision therefor shall be made in the Bill of Quantities
under extensions to ITEM 61.19.

ITEM UNIT
61.23 SOCKETING PILES INTO ROCK NUMBER
ITEM UNIT FORMATION (CLASS OF ROCK AND (no)
61.18 FORMING AUGERED AND PROVISIONAL LENGTH OF SOCKET INDICATED)
BORED PILE HOLES THROUGH SUM
UNIDENTIFIED OBSTRUCTIONS The unit of measurement shall be the number of
sockets, the length of which shall be not less than the
A provisional sum shall be allowed in the Bill of specified length, formed in rock, the hardness of which
Quantities for covering the cost of this work. shall be not less than that of the specified class of rock.
Payment for the work authorised by the Engineer shall The bid rate shall include full compensation for all work
be in accordance with the provisions of the Conditions to be done for socketing into the rock formation.
of Contract.
ITEM UNIT
ITEM UNIT 61.24 INSTALLING AND REMOVING METRE
61.19 DRIVING TEMPORARY CASINGS PROVISIONAL TEMPORARY CASINGS IN AUGERED (m)
FOR DRIVEN DISPLACEMENT PILING SUM HOLES FOR PILES OF (DIAMETER
SYSTEMS OR INSTALLING INDICATED)
PREFABRICATED PILES THROUGH
IDENTIFIED OR UNIDENTIFIED The unit of measurement shall be the metre of
OBSTRUCTIONS temporary casing installed as directed by the Engineer
or shown on the Drawings. Only the installed temporary
A provisional sum shall be allowed in the Bill of casing below the average ground surface (SUBCLAUSE
Quantities for covering the cost of this work. 6113(h)) shall be measured for payment.
The method of payment for the work authorised by the The bid rate shall include full compensation for
Engineer shall be in accordance with the provisions of supplying, installing and removing the temporary
the Conditions of Contract. casings.
ITEM UNIT ITEM UNIT

61.20 EXTRA OVER ITEMS 61.16, 61.25 INSTALLING PERMANENT PILE METRE
61.17 AND 61.19 FOR RAKING PILES: CASING FOR PILES OF (DIAMETER (m)
(a) HOLES FOR PILES OF (DIAMETER AND METRE (m) INDICATED)
RAKE INDICATED)
(b) TEMPORARY CASING FOR DRIVEN METRE (m) The unit of measurement shall be the metre of
DISPLACEMENT PILE SYSTEMS permanent casing installed as instructed by the
(DIAMETER AND RAKE INDICATED) Engineer or shown on the Drawings. The bid rate shall
include full compensation for supplying and installing
(c) PREFABRICATED PILES (TYPE, SIZE METRE (m) permanent pile casing.
AND RATE INDICATED)
The bid rates shall include full compensation for all ITEM UNIT
additional work and incidentals for forming the pile 61.26 STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN
holes or for driving and later extracting the temporary CAST IN SITU PILES:
casing, or for installing prefabricated piles to the rake
shown. (a) MILD-STEEL BARS TONNE (t)
(b) HIGH-YIELD-STRESS-STEEL BARS TONNE (t)
(TYPE INDICATED)
ITEM UNIT
61.21 FORMING UNDERREAMS FOR NUMBER (no) The unit of measurement for steel bars shall be the
PILES OF (DIAMETER INDICATED) tonne of reinforcement in place in accordance with the
Drawings or as authorised.
The unit of measurement shall be the number of pile Ties and other steel used for keeping the reinforcing
holes underreamed. The bid rate shall include full steel in position shall be measured as steel reinforcing
compensation for all work to be done in forming the under the appropriate SUBITEM.
underreams, but shall exclude the concrete work.
The bid rates shall include full compensation for
supplying, delivering, cutting, bending, welding, trial
ITEM UNIT welds, placing and fixing the steel reinforcing, including
all tying wires, spacers and waste.
61.22 FORMING THE BULBOUS BASES NUMBER
FOR PILES OF (DIAMETER INDICATED) (no)
ITEM UNIT
The unit of measurement shall be the number of 61.27 CAST IN SITU CONCRETE IN CUBIC
bulbous bases formed. PILES, UNDERREAMS, BULBOUS BASES METRE (m3)
AND SOCKETS (CLASS OF CONCRETE
The bid rate shall include full compensation for all work INDICATED)
to be done in forming the bulbous bases but shall
exclude the concrete work.
concrete placed in the cast in situ piles underreams,
bulbous bases and sockets. The quantity shall be
calculated from the nominal pile diameter and length of
pile from the founding level to the specified cutting-off

level, plus the additional quantity of concrete in the Test piles, but not anchor piles and anchors, shall be
underream and bulbous base as may be relevant. measured as specified above for permanent piles.
Anchor piles and anchors shall be deemed to form part
The bid rate shall include full compensation for of the testing equipment under this item.
supplying and storing all material, providing all
equipment, mixing, transporting, placing and The bid rate shall include full compensation for installing
compacting the concrete, curing the concrete and the anchor piles and anchors where necessary;
repairing defective concrete. Payment shall distinguish conducting load tests, and processing and submitting
between the different classes of concrete. the results.
ITEM UNIT ITEM UNIT

61.28 EXTRA OVER ITEM 61.30 FOR CUBIC METRE 61.33 ESTABLISHMENT ON THE SITE LUMP SUM
CONCRETE CAST UNDER WATER (m3) FOR CORE DRILLING
The unit of measurement shall be the cubic metre of The bid lump sum shall include full compensation for
concrete cast under water, the quantity being calculated the establishment on the site and subsequently
as for ITEM 61.30. removing all the equipment required for conducting the
core drilling. This cost does not vary with the quantity of
The bid rate shall include full compensation for all work to be done. This work shall be paid for by way of a
additional work, incidentals and extra cement required lump sum, 100% of which will become payable when
for placing the concrete under water. the equipment has been set up at the first location and
drilling has started.
ITEM UNIT
61.32 SPLICING/COUPLING NUMBER ITEM UNIT
PREFABRICATED PILES FOR (no) 61.34 MOVING THE EQUIPMENT TO AND NUMBER
LENGTHENING(SIZE OF PILE INDICATED) ASSEMBLING IT AT EACH LOCATION (no)
WHERE CORES ARE TO BE DRILLED
The unit of measurement shall be the number of
splices/couplings in prefabricated piles for each size of The unit of measurement shall be the number of
pile. The bid rate shall include full compensation for all locations to which the core-drilling equipment is to be
work required for splicing/coupling the piles in moved and at which it has to be assembled.
accordance with the Specifications.
The bid rate shall include full compensation for the cost
of moving and assembling the equipment.
ITEM UNIT
61.30 STRIPPING/CUTTING THE PILE NUMBER
HEADS (TYPE AND DIAMETER/SIZE OF (no) ITEM UNIT
PILE INDICATED) 61.35 DRILLING THE CORES
(DIAMETER INDICATED) IN:
The unit of measurement shall be the number of heads (a) CONCRETE METRE (m)
of each type and diameter/size of pile stripped/cut. (b) FOUNDING FORMATION:
The bid rate shall include full compensation for (i) IRRESPECTIVE OF HARDNESS METRE (m)
providing all tools and stripping/cutting the pile heads. (ii) WITH A HARDNESS OF METRE (m)
(HARDNESS INDICATED)
The unit of measurement shall be the metre of hole
ITEM UNIT drilled. The bid rate shall include full compensation for
61.31 ESTABLISHMENT ON THE SITE LUMP SUM drilling, recovering and packing the cores, keeping the
FOR THE LOAD TESTING OF PILES drilling records, providing core boxes, providing and
installing the casings, and backfilling the holes with
The bid lump sum shall include full compensation for grout.
the establishment on the site and subsequently
removing all the special equipment required for
conducting the load tests on piles. This cost does not ITEM UNIT
vary with the number of load tests to be conducted. 61.36 FORMWORK FOR CAISSONS SQUARE
(CLASS OF FINISH INDICATED) METRE (m2)
Payment for this work shall be made by way of a lump
sum, 100% of which will be paid after the testing The unit of measurement shall be the square metre of
assembly has been completely assembled and the first formwork, and only the area of formwork in contact with
load test has been started. the finished face of the concrete shall be measured.
Formwork for construction joints shall be measured for
payment under Class F1 surface finish but shall be
ITEM UNIT measured only for construction joints shown on the
61.32 LOAD TESTS ON PILES NUMBER (no) Drawings or as prescribed by the Engineer.
(COMPRESSION/TENSION TEST,
DIAMETER/ SIZE, SPECIFIED The bid rate shall include full compensation for
WORKING LOAD INDICATED) supplying all the materials, erecting the falsework and
formwork, constructing the forms, forming the grooves,
The unit of measurement shall be the number of load fillets, chamfers, stopends for construction joints,
tests conducted on the instruction of the Engineer, for treating the forms, all accessories, and stripping and
each specified working load. removing the formwork after completion of the work.
Payment for formwork shall be made only after the

formwork has been stripped and the surface finish (b) EXCEEDING 5 m AND UP TO 10 m METRE (m)
approved. (c) FURTHER INCREMENTS OF 5 m METRE (m)
The limits of the successive depth ranges shall be

ITEM UNIT measured down from the firm horizontal base
61.37 STEEL REINFORCEMENT FOR (SUBCLAUSE 6117(b)) to the agreed founding level
CAISSONS: (CLAUSE 6106).
(a) MILD-STEEL BARS TONNE (t)
The unit of measurement shall be the metre of caisson
(b) HIGH-YIELD-STRESS-STEEL BARS (TYPE TONNE (t) sunk.
INDICATED)
Irrespective of the length of caisson sunk, the quantity
The unit of measurement for steel bars shall be the for each depth range shall be measured and paid for
tonne of reinforcement in place in accordance with the separately.
Drawings or as may have been authorised.
Ties and other steel used for positioning the reinforcing locating and holding in position, dewatering, pumping,
steel shall be measured as steel reinforcing under the kentledge and lubricating the sides of the caisson, and
appropriate SUBITEM. for all work in connection with the sinking of the caisson
which is not paid for elsewhere.
welding joints, placing and fixing the steel, including all ITEM UNIT
tying wire, spacers and waste. 61.41 EXCAVATION FOR CAISSONS:
(a) EXCAVATING SOFT MATERIAL SITUATED
ITEM UNIT WITHIN THE FOLLOWING SUCCESSIVE
DEPTH RANGES:
61.38 CAST IN SITU CONCRETE IN CUBIC METRE
CAISSONS AND CONCRETE SEALS (m3) (i) 0 m UP TO 2 m CUBIC
(CLASS OF CONCRETE INDICATED) METRE (m3)
(ii) EXCEEDING 2 m, UP TO 4 m CUBIC
METRE (m3)
The unit of measurement for cast in situ concrete shall (iii) FURTHER INCREMENTS OF 2 m CUBIC
be the cubic metre of concrete in place. Concrete DEPTHS METRE (m3)
quantities in the caissons shall be calculated from the
dimensions shown on the Drawings or authorised by (b) EXTRA OVER SUBITEM 61.44(a) FOR CUBIC
the Engineer, and the length of the caisson from the EXCAVATION IN ROCK MATERIAL METRE (m3)
founding level to the specified cut-off level. The quantity IRRESPECTIVE OF DEPTH
of concrete in the concrete seal shall be calculated in
accordance with the dimensions shown on the The limits for the successive depth ranges shall be
Drawings or authorised by the Engineer. measured down from the firm horizontal base
(SUBCLAUSE 6117(b)) to the excavated level inside the
The bid rate shall include full compensation for caisson.
procuring and furnishing all the materials, storing the
material, providing all equipment, mixing, transporting, The unit of measurement shall be the cubic metre of
placing and compacting the concrete, all sealing, curing material, measured in the original position before
the concrete and repairing defective concrete. Payment excavation. The quantity of excavation for each depth
shall distinguish between the different classes of range shall be calculated from the gross area of the
concrete. caisson in plan and the depth of excavation completed
within each depth range.
ITEM UNIT Irrespective of the total depth of excavation, the quantity

61.39 CUTTING EDGE FOR NUMBER (no) of material within each depth range shall be measured
(DIAMETER/SIZE INDICATED) and paid for separately. The bid rates shall include full
CAISSONS compensation for excavation in the classified material,
spoiling or stockpiling the material, hauling the
excavated material for the free haul distance according
The unit of measurement shall be the number of to SUBCLAUSE 1602(c), trimming the bottom of the
caissons provided with cutting edges, irrespective of the excavation, dewatering, pumping and removing the
material they have been constructed of. material leaking into the caisson before sealing.
manufacturing, supplying, delivering and installing the ITEM UNIT
complete cutting edge as well as for joining the cutting
edge to the caisson unit. Where the cutting edge is of 61.42 FILLING THE CAISSONS CUBIC METRE
concrete and forms part of the bottom element, the bid (m3)
rate shall include full compensation for all additional
work required for completing the element. The unit of measurement shall be the cubic metre of
sand placed above the concrete seal in the caisson
compartments.
ITEM UNIT
61.40 SINKING (DIAMETER/SIZE supplying and placing the sand, transporting the
INDICATED) CAISSONS THROUGH material and compaction of the material as specified.
FOLLOWING SUCCESSIVE DEPTH No overhaul shall be paid.
RANGES:
(a) 0 m UP TO 5 m METRE (m)

ITEM UNIT
61.43 STRIPPING THE (SIZE OF NUMBER
CAISSON INDICATED) CAISSON HEADS (no)

caissons of each size stripped.
The bid rate shall include full compensation for cutting

away, trimming and disposing of the concrete removed.
ITEM UNIT
61.44 NUCLEAR INTEGRITY TESTING
ON BORED PILES:
(a) CONSTRUCTING 5 m LONG NUMBER
CALIBRATION PILES OF (INDICATE (no)
DIAMETER)
(b) INSTALLING 65 mm INTERNAL METRE (m)
DIAMETER STEEL DUCTS IN THE PILES
(C) PERFORMING INTEGRITY TESTS USING:
(i) THE NUCLEAR METHOD NUMBER
(no)
(ii) THE NEUTRON METHOD NUMBER
(no)
The unit of measurement for SUBITEM (a) shall be the

number of calibration piles constructed. The unit of
measurement for SUBITEM (b) shall be the metre of 65
mm internal diameter steel duct installed. The unit of
measurement for SUBITEM (c) shall be the number of
integrity tests performed by each method.

procuring and furnishing all materials, equipment,
labour and incidentals for forming the bored holes,
constructing the calibration piles, installing the steel
ducts, and performing the prescribed integrity tests,
complete as specified.

SERIES 6000: STRUCTURES (iii) Void formers
Void formers used in permanent work shall be
subject to the approval of the Engineer.
SECTION 6200: FALSEWORK
Where void formers of a special design are
, FORMWORK AND required, details thereof will be specified.
CONCRETE FINISH Void formers shall be manufactured from material
which will not leak, tear or be damaged during the
CONTENTS: course of construction and shall be of such tight
construction as to prevent undue loss of the mortar
CLAUSE PAGE component of the concrete through leakage. The
6201 SCOPE units shall be sufficiently rigid so as not to deform
6202 MATERIALS during handling or under the pressure of the wet
6203 GENERAL concrete.
6204 DESIGN
6205 CONSTRUCTION For mild-steel spiral-lock-formed void formers, the
6206 REMOVING THE FALSEWORK AND metal thickness shall be as follows, unless
FORMWORK otherwise specified:
6207 FORMED SURFACES, CLASSES OF
FINISH (1) Unbraced void formers
6208 REMEDIAL TREATMENT OF FORMED 0.6 mm for diameters of up to 600 mm.
SURFACES 0.8 mm for diameters exceeding 600 mm and
6209 UNFORMED SURFACES : CLASSES OF up to 800 mm.
FINISH 1.0 mm for diameters exceeding 800 mm and
6210 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT up to 1000 mm.
(2) Braced void formers

0.6 mm for diameters of up to 800 mm.
6201 SCOPE 0.8 mm for diameters exceeding 800 mm and
This Section covers the design, supply, erection and up to 1000 mm.
removal of all falsework and formwork used in the 1.0 mm for diameters exceeding 1000 mm and
construction of permanent work. This Section also up to 1200 mm.
describes the classes of surface finishes on formed and 1.2 mm for diameters exceeding 1200 mm.
unformed concrete surfaces.
The thickness specified for braced void formers
shall apply to formers internally braced with timber
or equivalent braces. The braces shall be at
6202 MATERIALS spacing not exceeding 2 m and not further than 1.0
m from the end of each unit. Timber cross braces
(a) General shall consist of members with cross-sectional
The materials used in the construction of falsework and dimensions of at least 50 mm x 50 mm.
formwork shall be suitable for the purpose for which
they are required and be of such quality as to produce All hollow void-former units shall be provided with a
the specified standard of work. The type, grade and 12 mm diameter drainage hole at each end.
condition of the material shall be subject to the
Engineer's approval. (iv) Chamfer and recess fillets
Timber fillets used for forming chamfers and
(b) Falsework recesses on exposed surfaces shall be made from
The timber, structural steel and scaffolding used shall new material unless otherwise authorised.
be free from defects that may prejudice the stability of
the falsework. The jacks, devices, clamps and fittings (v) Jack rods for sliding formwork
shall all be in a good working order and of adequate The jack rods, base plates and couplers shall be
design and strength. strong enough to carry the design load under all
operating conditions without buckling, distorting or
(c) Formwork causing damage to the concrete. Jack rods which
are to remain permanently embedded in the
(i) Tongue-and-groove boarding concrete shall comply with the requirements of
Tongue and-groove boarding shall be of suitably CLAUSES 6303 and 6305. Under no circumstances
dried timber which will not warp, distort or cause shall bent rods be used in the work.
discolouration of the concrete. The widths of the
boards shall be as specified on the Drawings or in The jack rods used shall have a diameter of at least
the Bill of Quantities or as prescribed by the 25 mm.
Engineer. Boards shall be supplied in lengths not
shorter than 3 m.
(ii) Steel forms to exposed surfaces

6203 GENERAL
For classes F2 and F3 surface finish the individual Notwithstanding approval given by the Engineer for the
panels shall be assembled sufficiently rigidly and so design and drawings prepared by the Contractor for the
clamped as not to deform or kick during handling or falsework and formwork, and the acceptance of the
under the pressure of the wet concrete. falsework and formwork as constructed, the Contractor
shall be solely responsible for the safety and adequacy
The surfaces of forms which are to be in contact of the falsework and formwork and shall indemnify and
with the concrete shall be clean, free from deposits keep indemnified the Employer and Engineer against
or adhering matter, ridges or spatter which will any losses, claims or damage to persons or property
impart irregularities and blemishes to the concrete whatsoever which may arise out of or in consequence
surface, and shall also be free from indentations of the design, construction, use and maintenance of the
and warps. falsework and formwork and against all claims,
demands, proceedings, damages, costs, charges and
expenses whatsoever in respect thereof or in relation concrete cast in one operation and the method of
thereto. placing and compaction.
For Works on, over, under or adjacent to any railway (ii) Sliding formwork
line which is controlled by a Rail Authority, the The Contractor shall be responsible for the design
Contractor shall comply, inter alia, with the of the sliding formwork. Prior to fabrication or
requirements for the preparation and submission of bringing the sliding formwork and any additional
drawings for falsework and formwork, and the equipment to the site, the Contractor shall submit
submission of certificates for the proper construction drawings of the complete sliding- formwork
thereof, all in accordance with the relevant Rail assembly to the Engineer for approval. The
Authority Specification. drawings shall show full details of the forms, jacking
frames, access ladders, hanging platforms, safety
After having constructed the falsework and formwork, rails and curing skirts as well as details of the jacks
and prior to placing the reinforcing steel and/or the and jack layouts.
concrete, the Contractor shall inspect the falsework and
formwork. Dimensions shall be checked, unevenness of The Contractor shall be required to submit to the
surface shall be corrected, and special attention paid to Engineer, before slide casting commences, an
the adequacy and tightness of all bolts, ties and instruction manual in which the sliding techniques,
bracings as well as to the soundness of the jacking procedure, methods of keeping the
foundations. formwork level, the procedure to be adopted to
prevent bonding of the concrete to the forms and a
The Contractor shall give the Engineer at least 24 hours method for releasing the forms in the event of
notice of his/her intention to place the concrete to bonding, the instrumentation and monitoring of the
enable the Engineer to inspect all aspects of the slide casting and correcting for verticality, twisting
completed work. However, before notifying the and levelness are described in detail.
Engineer, the Contractor shall satisfy himself/herself
that the work complies in all respects with the The formwork panels shall be inclined to give a
Specifications. small taper, the forms being slightly wider at the
bottom than at the top.
Concrete sections with dimensions smaller than 200
mm shall not be formed with sliding formwork unless The taper shall be so designed as to produce
authorised by the Engineer. specified concrete thickness at the mid-lift level of
the form.
6204 DESIGN The spacing of the jacks with their jack rods shall
be so designed that the dead load of the sliding-
(a) General formwork assembly, the frictional load, and the
The Contractor's design and drawings of the falsework weight of materials, personnel and equipment will
and formwork shall comply amongst others with all be evenly distributed and within the design capacity
statutory requirements. of the jacks used.
The Engineer may require the Contractor to submit to

him/her for consideration and approval the design and 6205 CONSTRUCTION
drawings of the falsework and formwork for any
structure. The Contractor shall submit his/her design (a) Falsework
criteria and calculations and detail drawings of the Falsework shall be erected in accordance with the
falsework and formwork to the Engineer at least 14 approved drawings incorporating such modifications as
days before the Engineer's approval is required. required by the Engineer.
(b) Falsework The Contractor shall take precautions to prevent

The Contractor shall make his/her own assessment of deterioration of the foundations during the course of
the allowable bearing pressure on the foundation construction.
material and shall design the footings and falsework to
prevent overloading, differential settlement and The falsework shall incorporate features that will permit
unacceptable overall settlement. In assessing the adjustment to the alignment of the formwork to counter
allowable bearing pressure, due account shall be taken the expected settlement and deflection under load.
of the effect of wetting on the foundation material.
(b) Formwork
In designing the falsework, cognisance shall also be
taken of the redistribution of load that may occur on (i) General
account of the effect of temperature, wind force, the The formwork for bridge decks shall be erected to
prestressing of curved and skewed structures, stage levels calculated from the information given on the
construction, flooding and debris. plans for road works and bridges. The levels shall
be adapted to make provision for the specified
Particular attention shall be given to providing precamber as well as for the expected deflection
transverse and diagonal bracing as well as rib stiffeners and settlement of the fully loaded falsework and
on cross bearers. formwork. The levels shall be set out and checked
at intervals not exceeding 2.5 m.
(c) Formwork
For constructing the formwork, the Contractor may,
(i) General subject to the provisions of CLAUSE 6202, use any
Formwork shall be so designed as to be sufficiently material suitable for and compatible with the class
rigid to ensure that the specified dimensional of surface finish and dimensional tolerances
tolerances can be achieved under the combined specified for the particular member.
action of self-weight, dead load and imposed loads
as well as the additional loads resulting from the Formwork shall be sufficiently rigid to maintain the
rate of concreting, the layer thickness of the forms in their correct position, shape and profile and
shall be of such tight construction that the concrete
can be placed and compacted without undue loss construction of the formwork shall permit its
or leakage of the mortar component of the complete removal to form the open joint.
concrete.
No solvent shall be used to remove formwork
The joints between contiguous formwork elements unless approved by the Engineer.
shall be of a tight fit and, where necessary, the
joints shall be caulked, taped or packed with a (iv) Openings and wall chases
sealing gasket, all at no extra payment. Paper, cloth Openings and wall chases shall be provided only
or similar material shall not be used for this where indicated on the Drawings or as authorised
purpose. by the Engineer. Frames for openings shall be rigid
and firmly secured in position to prevent their
The formwork construction shall permit accurate moving. Temporary holes shall be so formed that
erection and easy stripping without shock, they will not create an irregular pattern in relation to
disturbance or damage to the cast concrete. Where the rest of the exposed, formed concrete surface.
necessary, the formwork assembly shall permit the
removal or release of side forms independently of (v) Sliding formwork
the soffit forms.
(1) Constructional equipment
Metal supports, ties, hangers and accessories Unless otherwise specified in the Special
embedded in the concrete shall be removed to a Specifications, hoisting equipment for sliding
depth of not less than the cover specified for the formwork, which operates stepwise with upward
reinforcement. No wire ties shall be used. The movements of between 10 mm and 100 mm will
resultant voids shall be filled. be acceptable. However, the use of linked
hydraulic or pneumatic jacks is preferable,
All external corners shall be chamfered by fillet which are reversible and driven by an
strips being fixed into the corners of the formwork to electrically operated pump, and which can hoist
form 25 mm x 25 mm chamfers. Re-entrant angles at a steady rate. The jacks shall have
need not be chamfered unless specified. independent controls for regulating verticality
and levelness. The jacking system shall ensure
Where polystyrene or similar material, susceptible that the sliding-formwork assembly can be
to damage is used, it shall be lined with a hard hoisted evenly.
surface on the side to be concreted. The hard
material shall be sufficiently resilient to ensure that The use of hoisting systems which operate
the required quality of work can be achieved. without jack rods shall be subject to the
approval of the Engineer.
Where it is specified, all formwork ties shall be
provided with recoverable truncated cones between All equipment shall be thoroughly tested and
sleeve ends and formwork faces to ensure that inspected before installation and shall be
sleeve ends are not exposed on concrete surfaces. maintained in a good working order throughout
The cones shall have a minimum depth of 15 mm. the entire sliding operation.
The resultant voids shall be filled.
The Contractor shall keep adequate back-up,
(ii) Formwork to enclosed surfaces equipment and quantities of materials on the
The formwork and boards shall be so arranged as site to ensure that the slide casting can proceed
to form a uniform and regular pattern in line with without interruption.
and perpendicular to the main axis of the member,
unless otherwise approved or directed by the (2) Instrumentation and monitoring
Engineer. The Contractor shall supply and install suitable
instrumentation on the sliding platform and
Joints between contiguous members shall, after foundations and against the sides of the
caulking, taping or sealing, be treated to prevent structure for monitoring the height, verticality,
blemishes, stains and undue marks from being levelness and twisting, at regular distances.
imparted to the concrete surface. The equipment used, its utilisation and the
frequency of recording any readings shall be
Bolt and tie positions shall be so arranged that they approved by the Engineer. The Contractor shall
conform to the symmetry of the formwork panels or be responsible for all monitoring work and shall
boards. Bolt and rivet heads which will be in contact ensure that records of all readings and
with the formed surface shall be of the countersunk measurements taken are filed systematically
type and shall be treated to prevent marks from and are at all times available to the Engineer
forming on the concrete surface. and the person in control of the sliding
operation.
The formwork at construction joints shall be braced
to prevent steps from forming in the concrete Unless otherwise specified, the verticality of the
surfaces at the joints between successive stages of structure shall be controlled with laser
construction. Where moulding or recess strips are alignment apparatus or optical plummets and
specified, they shall be neatly butted or mitred. the levelness of the sliding forms with a water-
level system with reference control points
(iii) Formwork for open joints placed at strategic locations.
The requirements for formwork for open joints shall,
unless otherwise specified, apply only to cases Height and verticality shall be monitored at
where the distance between opposite concrete intervals not exceeding four hours. The
surfaces is equal to or less than 150 mm. readings shall be plotted immediately on
graphs. When the structure is more than 10 mm
Formwork for open joints shall be constructed to out of vertical, the Engineer shall be notified
produce a Class F1 surface finish to concealed immediately.
surfaces or a Class F2 or F3 surface finish
corresponding to the in-plane surface finish of the
bordering concrete surfaces. The material used and
(3) Supervision them slightly every 10 minutes, or alternatively,
During the entire period of the sliding operation where reversible jacks are used, by lowering
a competent person who is fully acquainted with the forms by 10 mm to 25 mm. Wherever
the sliding technique and the Contractor's interruptions occur, emergency construction
methods of construction shall be in attendance joints shall be formed and treated in
on the sliding platform and in control of the accordance with CLAUSE 6408. Before
sliding operations. concreting is restarted, the form shall be
adjusted to fit snugly onto the hardened
(4) Construction concrete so as to prevent steps from being
The jacking frame shall be constructed with formed on the exposed concrete surface. When
adequate clearance between the underside of slide casting is recommenced, care shall be
the cross members and top of the formwork to taken to prevent the fresh concrete from being
allow the horizontal reinforcement and lifted off from the old concrete.
embedded items to be correctly installed. A
control procedure shall be agreed on by the (vi) Void formers
Contractor and the Engineer to ensure that all Void formers shall be secured in position at regular
the reinforcement is placed. At all times there intervals to prevent displacement and distortion
shall be horizontal reinforcement above the during concreting. The void formers shall be
level of the top of the formwork panel. supported on precast concrete blocks or rigid
welded steel cradles, all subject to approval by the
Guides shall be provided to ensure that the Engineer. The ties securing the void formers shall
vertical reinforcement can be correctly placed be attached to the formwork and cross bearers of
and the specified concrete cover over the the falsework. The void formers shall not be tied to
reinforcement maintained. or supported on the reinforcement.
Where the jack rods are to be recovered, Fibre-cement plates shall be supported so that the
adequate precautions shall be taken in respect plate spans in the direction parallel to the
of their removal without damage being caused orientation of the fibres. Asbestos is a banned and
to the concrete. dangerous substance; as such asbestos fibres shall
NOT be used.
Where jack rods occur at openings or wall
chases, adequate lateral support shall be (vii) Preparing the formwork
provided to prevent their buckling. Equipment The surfaces of forms which are to be in contact
and material shall be so distributed on the with fresh (wet) concrete shall be treated to ensure
working platforms that the load will be evenly non-adhesion of the concrete to the forms and easy
distributed over the jacks. release from the concrete during the stripping of the
formwork.
Guard plates shall be provided at the tops of
the forms to the outside walls to prevent the Release agents shall be applied strictly in
concrete from falling down the outside. accordance with the manufacturer's instructions,
and every precaution shall be taken to avoid the
The framework, forms and platforms shall be contamination of the reinforcement prestressing
regularly cleared and the accumulation thereon tendons and anchorages. In the selection of release
of redundant concrete prevented. agents, due regard shall be given to the necessity
for maintaining a uniform colour and appearance
The Contractor shall take all precautions to throughout on the exposed concrete surfaces.
prevent contamination of the concrete by
leaking oil or other causes. Before the concrete is placed, all dirt and foreign
matter shall be removed from the forms and the
(5) The sliding process forms shall be thoroughly wetted with water.
The Contractor shall give the Engineer 24
hours' notice of his/her intention to commence
with slide casting. Permission to commence 6206 REMOVAL OF FALSEWORK AND
with the sliding shall not be given by the
FORMWORK
Engineer before the sliding-formwork assembly
Falsework and formwork shall not be removed before
is fully operative and the complete stock of all
the concrete has attained sufficient strength to support
materials required for the slide casting as well
its own weight and any loads which may be imposed on
as back-up and equipment are on the site.
it. This condition shall be assumed to require the
formwork to remain in place after the concrete has been
The Contractor shall ensure that the rate of
placed, for the appropriate minimum period of time
sliding is such that the concrete at the bottom of
given in TABLES 6206/1 to 6206/3, unless the Contractor
the formwork has obtained sufficient strength to
can prove, to the satisfaction of the Engineer, that
support itself and all loads which may be placed
shorter periods are sufficient to fulfil this condition. In
on the concrete at the time, and that the
such case the formwork may be removed after the
concrete does not adhere to the sides of the
shorter periods of time agreed on by the Engineer.
forms.
Formwork shall be removed only with the permission of
The slide-casting operation shall be continuous,
the Engineer. The work of striking after the receipt of
without any interruptions, until the full height of
such permission shall be carried out under the personal
the structure has been reached, and shall be
supervision of a competent foreman.
geared and organised so as to maintain an
average rate of sliding of 350 mm per hour.
Where the Engineer considers the Contractor's
(6) Interruptions proposals for the removal of formwork to be premature
When the sliding operations are delayed for either on account of the weather or for any other
more than 45 minutes, the Contractor shall reasons he may order the Contractor to delay such
prevent adhesion of the setting concrete to the removal and the Contractor shall have no claim for
formwork panels by easing the forms or moving delay in consequence thereof.
removed before the concrete of the last pour has
reached the appropriate minimum age given in TABLE
TABLE 6206/1 6206/1 or the appropriate minimum strength. Where the
REMOVING FALSEWORK AND FRAMEWORK - NORMAL structure is constructed in stages, the falsework and
COMMON CEMENTS supporting formwork shall be removed as specified or
authorised.
Falsework and formwork for: Days
Normal Cold On prestressed-concrete structures the falsework and
weather weather supporting formwork shall be removed after the full
prestressing force relating to the particular stage of
Beam sides, walls and 1 1.5
construction has been applied, unless otherwise
unloaded columns
specified or authorised.
Soffits of slabs and beams
Spans up to 3 m 4 7
Spans 3 m to 6 m 10 17 6207 FORMED SURFACES, CLASSES OF
Spans 6 m to 12 m 14 24
21 30 FINISH
Spans over 12 m
(a) General
In addition to complying with the tolerances specified in
TABLE 6206/2 CLAUSE 6803, the surface finish on formed concrete
REMOVING FALSEWORK AND FRAMEWORK - RAPID surfaces shall also comply with the following
HARDENING COMMON CEMENTS requirements.
Falsework and formwork for: Days (b) Class F1 surface finish

Normal Cold *) After repair work has been done to surface defects in
weather weather accordance with SUBCLAUSE 6208(b), no further
treatment of the as-stripped finish will be required. This
Beam sides, walls and 0.5 1 finish is required on concealed formed surfaces.
unloaded columns
Soffits of slabs and beams Surfaces that in the final stage will be covered with
Spans up to 3 m 2 4 backfill shall have a finish of Class F1.
Spans 3 m to 6 m 5 10
Spans 6 m to 12 m 10 18 (c) Class F2 surface finish
18 28 This finish shall be equivalent to that obtained from the
Spans over 12 m
use of square-edged timber panels and boards wrought
*) Shorter periods may be used for sections thicker than
to the correct thickness, or shutter boards or steel forms
300 mm on approval of the Engineer.
arranged in a regular pattern. This finish is intended to
be left as struck but surface defects shall be remedied
in accordance with SUBCLAUSE 6208(b).
TABLE 6206/3
REMOVING FALSEWORK AND FRAMEWORK CEMENTS Although minor surface blemishes and slight
WITH MORE THAN 15% BLAST FURNACE SLAG OR FLY ASH* discolouration will be permitted, large blemishes and
severe stains and discolouration shall be repaired
Falsework and formwork for: Days where so directed by the Engineer. This surface finish is
Normal Cold intended for exposed formed surfaces that cannot
weather weather readily be seen by the general public as in the case of
culverts, remote structures and structures to which
Beam sides, walls and 2 4
access is restricted.
unloaded columns
Soffits of slabs and beams (d) Class F3 surface finish
Spans up to 3 m 6 10 This finish shall be that obtained by first producing a
Spans 3 m to 6 m 14 24 Class F2 surface finish with joint marks which form an
Spans 6 m to 12 m 21 28 approved regular pattern to fit in with the appearance of
28 36 the structure. All projections shall then be removed,
Spans over 12 m
irregularities repaired and the surface rubbed or treated
* Also applicable to 50/50 mixture of Portland cement to form a smooth finish of uniform texture, appearance
and milled granulated blast furnace slag. and colour. This surface finish is required on all
exposed formed surfaces unless a Class F2 finish is
Falsework and formwork shall be carefully removed specified.
without exposing the cast concrete to damage,
disturbance or shock. Unless specified to the contrary, steel forms may be
used to form surfaces with a Class F3 surface finish.
Weather may be regarded as being 'normal" when
atmospheric temperatures adjacent to the concrete, as (e) Board surface finish
measured by a maximum-and-minimum thermometer, This finish shall be that obtained by using tongue-and-
do not fall below 15C, and as "cold" when groove timber boarding arranged in an approved
temperatures, similarly measured, fall below 5C. When regular pattern. The finish is intended to be left as
the minimum temperatures fall between these values, struck but surface defects shall be remedied in
the length of the period after which the formwork may accordance with SUBCLAUSE 6208(b) and large fins
be removed, shall be between the periods specified for trimmed where directed by the Engineer.
normal and cold weather.
(f) Protecting the surfaces
Any period during which the temperature remains below The Contractor shall ensure that all concrete surfaces
2C shall be disregarded in calculating the minimum are protected from rust marks, spillage and stains of all
time which shall elapse before the forms are removed. kinds and other damage during construction.
On continuously reinforced concrete structures the
falsework and supporting formwork shall not be
6208 REMEDIAL TREATMENT OF FORMED 6209 UNFORMED SURFACES: CLASSES OF
SURFACES FINISH
(a) General (a) Class U1 surface finish (rough)
Agreement shall be reached between the Engineer and This surface finish is required on those portions of
the Contractor regarding any remedial treatment to be bridge decks or culvert decks which are to receive
given after the surfaces have been inspected bituminous or concrete surfacing or which are to be
immediately after the formwork has been removed; the covered by backfilling material.
treatment shall be carried out without delay by the
Contractor at his/her expense. No surfaces may be Where the placing and compacting of the concrete have
treated before inspection by the Engineer. Any concrete been completed as specified in CLAUSE 6407, the top
which is found to have been treated before inspection surface shall be screeded off with a template to the
by the Engineer, shall be rejected. required cross-section and tamped with a tamping
board to compact the surface thoroughly and to bring
(b) Repairs to surface defects mortar to the surface, so as to leave the surface slightly
Surface defects such as small areas of honeycombing, rough but generally at the required elevation.
cavities produced by form ties, large isolated blow-
holes, broken corner edges, etc, shall be repaired with (b) Class U2 surface finish (floated)
mortar having a cement and sand ratio equal to that of This surface finish is required on sidewalks, the tops of
the concrete being repaired. wing walls and retaining walls, exposed concrete
shoulders and unsurfaced areas on bridge decks, and
For the repair of large or deep areas of honeycombing the inverts of box culverts.
and defects, special approved methods and techniques,
such as pneumatically applied mortar pressure The surface shall first be given a Class U1 surface
grouting, epoxy bonding agents, etc, may be used. finish and after the concrete has hardened sufficiently, it
shall be wood-floated to a uniform surface free from
Where, in the opinion of the Engineer, the extent of the trowel marks. For non-skid surfaces such as on
honeycombing or defects is of such a degree that doubt sidewalks, bridge decks and exposed culverts, the
exists about the effectiveness of repair work, the surface shall then be given a broom finish. The
Contractor shall at his/her own cost perform a load test corrugations so produced shall be approximately 1.0
in accordance with SUBCLAUSE 6414(b) to prove that the mm deep, uniform in appearance and width and shall
structural safety of the repaired member has not been be perpendicular to the centre line of the pavement.
prejudiced failing which, the structure shall be rebuilt in
part or in full at the Contractor's cost. (c) Class U3 surface finish (smoothly finished)
This surface finish shall be required at bearing areas
Where the concrete has been damaged by adhesion to and the tops of concrete railings, exposed upper
the formwork panel, the cracked and loose concrete surfaces of floor slabs and upper surfaces in contact
shall be removed; or where the fresh concrete has lifted with water. The surface shall first be given a Class U1
off at construction joints, the crack shall be scraped out surface finish, and after the concrete has hardened
immediately on both sides of the wall to a depth of at sufficiently, it shall be floated with a steel float to a
least 50 mm. The cavities so formed shall then be smooth surface to within the dimensional tolerances
repaired as described above. specified in SUBCLAUSE 6803(h).
(c) Rubbing the surfaces Rubbing with carborundum stone after the concrete has
If the finish of exposed formed surfaces does not hardened shall be allowed but under no circumstances
comply with the requirements for uniformity of texture, will plastering of the surface be permitted.
appearance and colour, the Contractor shall, when so
instructed by the Engineer, rub down the exposed
surfaces of the entire structure or of any part of it as 6210 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
specified below.
ITEM UNIT
The surface shall be saturated with water for at least
one hour. Initial rubbing shall be done with a medium- 62.01 FORMWORK TO PROVIDE (CLASS SQUARE
OF FINISH INDICATED AS F1, F2, F3 METRE (m2)
coarse carborundum stone, where a small amount of
OR BOARD) SURFACE FINISH TO
mortar, having a sand and cement ratio equal to that of
the concrete being repaired is used on the surface. (DESCRIPTION OF MEMBER TO WHICH
APPLICABLE)
Rubbing shall be continued until all form marks,
projections and irregularities have been removed and a
uniform surface has been obtained. The paste
produced by the rubbing shall be left in place. The final ITEM UNIT
rubbing shall be carried out with a fine carborundum 62.02 VERTICAL FORMWORK TO SQUARE
stone and water. This rubbing shall continue until the PROVIDE (CLASS OF FINISH INDICATED METRE (m2)
entire surface is of a smooth, even texture and is AS F1, F2, F3 OR BOARD) SURFACE
uniform in colour. The surface shall then be washed FINISH TO (DESCRIPTION OF MEMBER
with a brush to remove surplus paste and powder. TO WHICH APPLICABLE)
Where the concrete surfaces formed by sliding

formwork require treatment to achieve the surface finish
ITEM UNIT
specified for the member, the concrete shall, as soon as
the surfaces under the formwork are exposed, be 62.03 HORIZONTAL FORMWORK TO SQUARE
floated with rubber- lined floats to the desired finish. PROVIDE (CLASS OF FINISH INDICATED METRE (m2)
AS F1, F2, F3 OR BOARD) SURFACE
FINISH TO (DESCRIPTION OF MEMBER
TO WHICH APPLICABLE)
ITEM UNIT ITEM UNIT
62.04 INCLINED FORMWORK TO SQUARE 62.07 ESTABLISHMENT ON THE SITE FOR LUMP SUM
PROVIDE (CLASS OF FINISH INDICATED METRE (m2) SLIDING FORMWORK OPERATIONS
AS F1, F2, F3 OR BOARD) SURFACE
FINISH TO (DESCRIPTION OF MEMBER The bid lump sum shall include full compensation for
TO WHICH APPLICABLE) the establishment on the site and the subsequent
removal of the complete sliding-formwork assembly,
The unit of measurement shall be the square metre, special equipment, and incidentals for the sliding work,
and only the actual area of formwork in contact with the the cost of which does not vary with the actual amount
finished face of the concrete shall be measured. of sliding work done.
Formwork for the different classes of finish shall be
measured separately. Formwork for construction joints This work will be paid for by way of a lump sum, 75% of
shall be measured for payment under Class F1 surface which will become payable when the sliding-formwork
finish, but only formwork for mandatory construction assembly and equipment have been fully installed at
joints shall be measured for payment. the first structural member on the site, and the
remaining 25% will become payable after all sliding
The bid rates shall include full compensation for work has been completed and the said items have been
procuring and furnishing all materials required, erecting removed from the site.
the falsework and formwork, constructing the forms,
forming the grooves, fillets, chamfers and stop-ends for
construction joints, treating and preparing the forms, all ITEM UNIT
bolts, nuts, ties, struts and stays, stripping and 62.08 TRANSPORTING TO AND SETTING NUMBER
removing the formwork after completion of the work, all UP THE SLIDING FORMWORK ASSEMBLY (no)
labour, equipment and incidentals, and rubbing and AT (DESCRIPTION OF EACH STRUCTURE)
surface treatment. Payment of 80% of the amount due
for formwork will be made when the formwork has been
removed, and payment of the remaining 20% will be The unit of measurement shall be the number of
made on approval of the concrete surface finish. structures to which the complete sliding-formwork
assembly has to be transported and set up in position
Note: Vertical and horizontal formwork shall be the ready to be commissioned.
formwork of which inclination of the finishing surface in
relation to the horizontal level shall be larger and The bid rate shall include full compensation for all costs
smaller than 40 respectively. Inclined formwork shall involved in dismantling, transporting and erecting of the
complete sliding-formwork assembly.
be the formwork described as such in the Bill of
Quantities.
ITEM UNIT
ITEM UNIT 62.09 FORMING THE CONCRETE BY METRE (m)
SLIDING FORMWORK FOR
62.05 PERMANENT FORMWORK SQUARE
(DESCRIPTION OF EACH STRUCTURE
(DESCRIPTION OF MEMBER TO WHICH METRE (m2)
AND CLASS OF SURFACE FINISH TO
APPLICABLE)
EXPOSED SURFACES INDICATED)
The unit of measurement shall be the square metre of

The unit of measurement shall be the metre height of
concrete area formed with permanent formwork.
each structure formed by sliding formwork. The quantity
measured shall be the actual height of each structure
formed by the sliding technique.
procuring and furnishing all the materials required,
installing the formwork, and labour, equipment and
The bid rate shall include full compensation for sliding,
incidentals.
instrumentation and monitoring, the maintenance of the
complete sliding-formwork assembly and equipment,
supplying, installing and recovering the jack rods,
ITEM UNIT
floating, repairing and treating the concrete surfaces,
62.06 FORMWORK TO FORM OPEN SQUARE forming the emergency construction joints, and all
JOINTS (DESCRIPTION OF MEMBER TO METRE labour, equipment and incidentals.
WHICH APPLICABLE, AND LOCATION) (m2)

concrete area formed.
Surfaces formed prior to the construction of the final

surface for completing the joint, shall be measured
under ITEMS 62.01, 62.02, 62.03 or 62.04, as may be
applicable.

procuring and furnishing all the materials required,
constructing the formwork and subsequently removing
all the material within the joint space, as well as labour,
equipment and incidentals. Payment for formwork to
open joints shall be made only after the forms and filler
material have been completely removed and approval
of the surface finish has been obtained.
SERIES 6000: STRUCTURES
(iii) Cold worked deformed bar
A bar that has been cold worked to conform to the
SECTION 6300: STEEL property requirements of BS 4449:1997 and that
conforms to either the geometrical or performance
REINFORCEMENT FOR test classification given in SUBCLAUSE 6304 (e).
STRUCTURES (iv) Nominal size
The diameter of a circle with an area equal to the
CONTENTS: effective cross sectional area of the bar.
CLAUSE PAGE (v) Batch
6301 SCOPE Any quantity of bars of one size and grade, whether
6302 MATERIALS in coils or bundles, produced by one manufacturer
6303 STORING THE MATERIALS or supplier, presented for examination at any one
6304 INSPECTION, TESTING AND time.
CERTIFICATION OF CARBON STEEL
BARS FOR THE REINFORCEMENT OF (vi) Characteristic strength
CONCRETE The value of yield strength having a prescribed
6305 BENDING THE REINFORCING STEEL probability of not being attained in a hypothetical
unlimited test series. The characteristic value is the
6306 SURFACE CONDITION lower limit of the one sided statistical tolerance
6307 PLACING AND FIXING interval at which there is a 90% probability (i.e. 1
6308 COVER AND SUPPORTS = 0.90) that 95% (p = 0.95) of the values are at or
6309 LAPS AND JOINTS above this lower limit. This definition refers to the
6310 WELDING long term quality level of production.
6311 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
6303 STORING THE MATERIALS

Reinforcing steel shall be stacked off the ground and, in
6301 SCOPE aggressive environments, shall be stored under cover. It
This Section covers the furnishing, inspection, testing, shall be protected at all times from contamination and
certification and placing of reinforcing steel in concrete corrosion.
structures.
6304 INSPECTION, TESTING AND

6302 MATERIALS CERTIFICATION OF CARBON STEEL
BARS FOR THE REINFORCEMENT OF
(a) Steel bars
Steel reinforcing bars shall comply with the CONCRETE
requirements of US 155:1995, BS 4449:1997 or
equivalent on the approval of the Engineer unless (a) Manufacturers inspection
otherwise noted on the Drawings. For each
consignment of steel reinforcement delivered on the (i) General
site, the Contractor shall submit a certificate issued by a All units of continuous production shall be tested
recognised testing authority to confirm that the steel according to 6304 (a) (ii) below.
complies with the specified requirements.
(ii) Selection of test specimens
(b) Welded steel fabric The unit of production from which test specimens
Welded steel fabric shall comply with the requirements shall be selected shall be the cast.
of AASHTO M55 or equivalent on approval of the
Engineer. The grade of wire shall be W4 in accordance Test specimens shall be either at least 600 mm long
with AASHTO M32 or equivalent on approval of the or 20 times the nominal size, whichever is the
Engineer unless otherwise noted on the Drawings. The greater. The rate of testing shall be:
grid shall be 100 mm x 100 mm unless otherwise noted - for casts of 100 t or less: three tensile tests and
on the Drawings. one rebend test;
- for casts greater than 100 t: three tensile tests and
(c) Mechanical couplers one rebend test for the first 100 t, and an
All mechanical couplers used shall be subject to the additional tensile test for each full (or part over) 30
approval of the Engineer. The tensile properties t remaining.
determined on a test sample which consists of
reinforcing bars butt-jointed by a mechanical coupler (iii) Condition of test specimens
shall comply with requirements as given in the Special The tensile and rebend tests shall be carried out on
Specifications. straight bars in the delivery or accelerated aged
condition. Bars with nominal diameter of 40 mm or
(d) Definitions less shall not be machined.
For this Section 6300, the following definitions shall
apply: (iv) Tensile test
The tensile strength, yield strength and elongation
(i) Bar at fracture A5 shall be determined by the methods
A steel product of plain or deformed cross section. described in BS EN 10002-1. The upper yield
strength ReH shall be determined for steel showing a
(ii) Hot rolled deformed bar defined yield point. If this is not applicable, and at
A bar that has been so shaped during hot rolling the discretion of the manufacturer, the 0.2% proof
that it conforms to either geometrical or the strength Rp0.2 shall be determined, using an
performance test classification given in SUBCLAUSE extensometer calibrated to class 2 of BS EN 10002-
6304 (e). 4, using a strain rate corresponding to a rate of
loading not exceeding 10 N/mm2 per second
approaching the yield strength.
At the option of the manufacturer, for routine where
testing, the percentage total strain may be
determined as an alternative to 0.2% proof stress. M is the mass of the bar (kg);
This is the stress on the specimen, derived from the L is the length of the bar (m);
load, corresponding to an increase in percentage A is the cross sectional area (mm2).
total strain as specified in Table 6304/1 below. The
strain may be measured by the extensometer in The precision for the measurement of mass and length
any convenient gauge length. shall be 0.5% and the bar length shall not be less than
0.5 m.
The 0.2% proof stress shall be used in cases of
dispute. (v) Evaluation of tensile test results
All tensile test results shall conform to Table 6304/2
above.
TABLE 6304/1
ALLOWABLE PERCENTAGE TOTAL STRAIN (vi) Rebend test
Percentage total strain (1) Sequence of operations

Steel grade Total strain (%) The rebend test specimens shall be subjected to
250 0.33 the following:
- The specimen shall be bent through an angle
460 0.43
of 45, using a former of diameter specified in
Table 6304/3 at a temperature between 5C
For elongation values, the test results shall be and 30C so as to produce a continuous and
regarded as valid, irrespective of the position of the uniform bending deformation (curvature) at
fracture, provided that the minimum elongation every section of the bend. The result shall be
specified in Table 6304/2 has been obtained. conducted either:
o On a bending machine in which the test
specimen is supported by plain smooth
TABLE 6304/2 surfaces or rolls that do not resist
TENSILE PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL BARS FOR THE longitudinal movement of the piece; or
REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE o On a three-point hydraulic bending
machine.
Grade Yield Stress Elongati Total
strength ratio on atelongatio
(Re) 1) (Rm/Re) fracture n at TABLE 6304/3
N/mm2 2) A5 (min) maximu REBEND TEST FORMERS FOR TESTING OF CARBON STEEL
(min) % m force BARS FOR THE REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE
(Agt)
(min) 3)
Rebend test formers
%
250 250 1.15 22 - Grade Nominal size Diameter of
460A 4) 460 1.05 12 2.5 (mm) former
460B 4) 460 1.08 14 5 250 All sizes 2d
1) For routine testing, the yield strength shall be 460 d 16 5d
considered a minimum value. For determination of long d > 16
term quality level, the values given shall be for
characteristic strength. - The test machine shall be serviceable and
2) Rm is the tensile strength. able to impart a constant load to the
3) The total elongation at maximum force shall be specimen, and shall be without impact effect.
measured and recorded and available for inspection, The maximum bending rate shall be 3 r/min
but values obtained below the minimum values or equivalent.
specified shall not be a cause for non-conformity with - The test specimen shall be heated to 100C
BS 4449:1997. Agt shall be determined in accordance and maintained at this temperature for at
with ISO 10606. least 30 minutes.
4) Ductility classes A and B are designated ductility - The test specimen shall be allowed to cool to
classes N and H respectively in DD ENV 1992-1- a temperature between 5C and 30C, and
1:1992. partially re-straightened by a steadily applied
force, through at least 23, on the bending
Where the minimum elongation is not obtained, the machine used above.
sample shall be deemed not to comply with BS
4449:1997, except in the following cases, where the (2) Failure in relation to rib damage
test results shall be considered invalid: In the event of a specimen failing the rebend test,
- if the distance between the fracture and the nearer if there is any damage to the ribs caused by
gauge mark is less than one third of the gauge carrying out the initial bending, the test shall be
length; or considered invalid, and shall be repeated on
- if the relevant end of the gauge used for another specimen.
measuring the elongation is 2d or less from the
face of the machine grips. Damage to the ribs may be avoided by inserting
an aluminium sheet between the specimen and
The cross sectional area for bars of uniform section to the former. The aluminium sheet shall have a
be used for calculation of stresses is calculated using maximum thickness of 6 mm.
the formula:
(vii) Cross sectional area and mass
A= M___ The cross sectional areas for the preferred sizes of
0.00785L bars shall conform to the values in Table 6304/4,
while the tolerances shall conform to the values in
Table 6303/5.
TABLE 6304/4 TABLE 6304/7

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA AND MASS OF CARBON STEEL MAXIMUM CARBON EQUIVALENT VALUES: CAST ANALYSIS
BARS FOR THE REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE
Grade Maximum carbon
Nominal size Cross sectional Mass per metre equivalent value (%)
(mm) area (mm2) run (kg) 250 0.42
6* 28.3 0.222 460 0.51
8 50.3 0.395
10 78.5 0.616 (ix) Product analysis and permitted deviations
12 113.1 0.888 The maximum deviations on product analysis from
16 201.1 1.579 the values specified for cast analysis (see Table
20 314.2 2.466 6304/6 and 6304/7) shall be as given in Table
25 490.9 3.854 6304/8.
32 804.2 6.313
40 1256.6 9.864
50* 1963.5 15.413 TABLE 6304/8
* This is a non-preferred size MAXIMUM DEVIATIONS IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON
PRODUCT ANALYSIS
TABLE 6304/5 Element Deviation above the

TOLERANCE ON MASS OF CARBON STEEL BARS FOR THE specified maximum given in
REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE Table 6304/5 and 6 (%)
Carbon 0.02
Nominal size Tolerance on mass per metre run Sulphur 0.005
(%) Phosphorus 0.005
6 9 Total nitrogen 0.001
8 and 10 6.5 Carbon equivalent value 0.03
12 and over 4.5 Note: The product analysis may vary from the cast
analysis due to chemical heterogeneity arising during
(viii) Chemistry the casting and solidification process.
The chemical composition of steel based on the
cast analysis, shall be in accordance with Table Samples for product analysis shall be taken in
6304/6. accordance with the appropriate method of BS
6200-3:2002.
Bars of both grades shall have a carbon equivalent
value, based on cast analysis, not exceeding the During product analysis, any bar that falls outside
maximum values given in Table 6303/6. the maximum deviation limits for the composition
range of a specified element, given in Table 6403/8,
The following formula shall be used to calculate the shall be deemed not to conform to BS 4449:1997.
carbon equivalent value, where the chemical
symbols represent the percentages of each If during product analysis, a single sample falls
element: outside the maximum deviation limits for the
composition range of a specified element, given in
Carbon equivalent value = Table 6403/8, further samples shall be selected for
analysis from the remainder of the batch as follows:
C + Mn/6 + [Cr + Mo + V]/5 + [Ni +Cu]/15
(a) at least two samples from the same cast for
In cases of dispute, the appropriate methods of test delivered masses up to 5 t;
given in BS 6200-3:2002 shall be used. (b) at least five samples from the same cast for
delivered masses up to 20 t;
(c) at least eight samples from the same cast for
TABLE 6304/6 delivered masses over 20 t.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF STEEL GRADES: CAST
ANALYSIS If any of the further samples analyzed fall outside
the maximum deviation limits for any element, the
Element Grade 250 Grade 460 batch shall be deemed not to conform to BS
% (max.) % (max.) 4449:1997.
Carbon 0.25 0.25
Sulphur 0.060 0.050 (b) Material covered by a third party product
Phosphorus 0.060 0.050 certification scheme
Nitrogen 0.012 0.012
Note 1: The maximum value for nitrogen does not apply (i) Consistency of production
if the chemical composition shows a minimum To determine the production consistency of the
aluminium content of 0.020%, or if sufficient other manufacturer, the long term quality level shall be
nitrogen binding elements are present. regularly assessed. However, no conclusion
Note 2: Nitrogen content is not normally given on a regarding product conformity to BS 4449:1997 shall
release certificate. be made on the basis of this assessment.
(ii) Determination of long term quality level

Table 6304/7 gives the maximum values of the carbon
equivalent values.
(1) Extent of testing
The yield strength results obtained on all casts
shall be collated either every three months or
after at least 200 results have been obtained.
The results shall be used to determine the long In the case of products delivered to a
term quality level. supplier, the manufacturer shall provide
the following information:
(2) Evaluation - The cast number and cast analysis,
The average yield strength m shall satisfy the including all specified elements and
following: elements used for the calculation of the
carbon equivalent value;
m c + k - The results of the tensile and rebend
tests, including the effective cross
where sectional area;
- For deformed bars, the rolled on mill
c is the characteristic strength mark.
(N/mm2);
k is the acceptability index (see Table The information shall include the approval number of
6304/9); the certifying authority.
is the standard deviation of the
population. (c) Material not covered by a third party product
certification scheme
TABLE 6304/9 (i) General

ACCEPTABILITY INDEX k AS A FUNCTION OF THE NUMBER Material not covered by a third party product
OF TEST RESULTS n (FOR A RELIABLE PASS RATE OF 5% certification scheme shall be assessed by
(PASS = 0.95) AT A PROBABILITY OF 90% (1 = 0.90)) acceptance tests on each batch. Sampling and
testing shall be carried out by an independent
n k organization at the producers works or in the
5 3.40 Contractors yard.
6 3.09
7 2.89 (ii) Extent of sampling and testing
8 2.75 For testing purposes, the batch shall be divided into
9 2.65 test units each with a maximum mass of 100 t.
10 2.57 Each test unit shall comprise of products of the
11 2.50 same steel grade and nominal diameter of the
12 2.45 same cast. The manufacturer shall certify that all
13 2.40 products in the test unit originate from the same
14 2.36 cast.
15 2.33
16 2.30 Test specimens shall be taken from each test unit
17 2.27 as follows:
18 2.25 (a) fifteen specimens (or if appropriate, 60
19 2.23 specimens see also Subclause 6304 (c) (iv)
20 2.21 (a) 2.), from different bars, for testing as
30 2.08 specified in SUBCLAUSE 6304 (c) (iii) (a) and
40 2.01 (b).
50 1.97 (b) two test specimens, from different bars, for
60 1.93 testing in accordance with SUBCLAUSE 6304
70 1.90 (c) (iii) (c).
80 1.89
90 1.87 Preparation of test specimens shall be carried out
100 1.86 as described in SUBCLAUSE 6304 (a).
150 1.82
200 1.79 (iii) Properties to be tested
250 1.78 Specimens selected in accordance with SUBCLAUSE
300 1.77 6304 (c) (ii) shall be tested for the following:
400 1.75
500 1.74 (a) inspection by variables
1000 1.71 1. tensile strength Rm;
1.64 2. yield strength Re;
3. elongation after fracture A5;
(3) Test Certificates 4. total elongation at maximum force Agt (for
o Certificate of Conformity grade 460A and 460B).
A certificate of product conformity to BS
(b) inspection by attributes
4449:1997 shall be issued when
1. behavior in the rebend test;
requested by the Engineer.
2. deviations from the nominal cross section;
3. bond test.
The certificate shall state:
- That the product materials conform to
(c) chemical composition according to the
BS 4449:1997, and have undergone the
product analysis
tests specified in BS 4449:1997, at the
specified frequency;
(d) fatigue properties: grade 460
- The address at which the records of the
tests are available for inspection.
The fatigue properties of grade 460 steels shall be
determined for each size and defined bar shape in
The certificate shall include the approval
the batch. Sampling and testing shall be carried out
number issued by the certifying authority.
in accordance with Subclause 6304 (d).
o Manufacturers statement of results
All elements listed in SUBCLAUSE 6304 (a) (viii) and
the carbon equivalent shall be determined.
- the place of manufacture of the reinforcing
The test procedures shall be as described in steels;
SUBCLAUSE 6304 (a). - the nominal diameter of the steel;
- the grade of the steel;
- the making of the steel;
(iv) Evaluation of results - the cast number;
- the date of testing;
(a) Inspection of variables - the mass of the test unit;
Inspection of variables shall be carried out as - the individual test results for all the properties
follows: specified in SUBCLAUSE 6304 (c) (iii).
(1) The following shall be determined for the (d) Method of test for fatigue properties of deformed
characteristic strength when testing for bars
properties listed in SUBCLAUSE 6304 (c) (iii).
- All individual values for characteristic (i) Fatigue testing
strength cv for the 15 test specimens; The fatigue properties for each defined bar shape
- The mean value for the characteristic and process route shall be established at an
strength m15 (for n = 15); applicable testing laboratory, initially by testing three
- The standard deviation S15 (for n = 15). sizes selected from the top, middle and bottom of
the product size range. Products representing the
The test unit shall be deemed to conform to full size range shall be tested on the basis of a tree
BS 4449:1997 if all individual values of R m/Re year cycle.
and the elongation at fracture A5 exceed
values specified in Table 6304/2, and the Testing shall be carried out on bars in the
following condition is fulfilled by the commercially straight condition. The bars shall
characteristic strength: endure 5 x 106 cycles of stress at he applicable
stress range for the size of the bar, given in Table
m15 2.33 x S15 cv 6304/10.
(2) If the condition for the characteristic strength

stated above is not fulfilled, a secondary TABLE 6304/10
calculation (the acceptability index k) shall be TEST STRESS RANGES FOR NOMINAL BAR SIZES
determined, where:
Bar size (mm) Stress range
k= m15 cv (N/mm2)
S15 Up to and including 16 200
Over 16 up to and including 20 185
If k 2, testing shall continue. Forty-five Over 20 up to and including 25 170
further test specimens shall be taken and Over 25 up to and including 32 160
tested from different bars in the same test Over 32 up to and including 40 150
unit, so that a total of 60 test results are
available (n = 60). (ii) Sampling
Bars shall be grouped into batches of 50, all
The test unit shall be deemed to conform to manufactured at the same time, and of the same
BS 4449:1997 if all individual values of R m/Re size and type. The bars shall not exhibit isolated
and the elongation at fracture A5 exceed defects that are not characteristic of the product.
values specified in Table 6403/2, and the Test specimens shall be cut from the bars selected
following condition is fulfilled by the at random, and shall have a minimum length of 30d
characteristic strength (1.93 is the value for and a minimum free length of 10d, where d in the
the acceptability index k for n = 60, in nominal diameter of the specimen. Each test unit
accordance with SUBCLAUSE 6403 (c)): shall comprise five test specimens.
m60 1.93 x S60 cv (iii) Test procedure
Specimens shall be tested in air under axial tensile
(b) Inspection by attributes loading, using tapered grips and a suitable gripping
Inspection by attributes shall be carried out as medium. The stress ratio shall be 0.2 and the
follows. When testing the properties listed in frequency not exceed 120 Hz. A sine wave form
Subclause 6304 (c) (iii) (b), either: shall be used. Testing shall be carried out under
load control and stresses shall be calculated on the
a) all the results determined on the 15 test nominal area.
specimens shall conform to BS 4449:1997; or
b) if a maximum of two of the 15 results do not The tests shall be considered invalid if a specimen
conform to BS 4449:1997, 45 further test fails the test due to a defect unique to the
specimens shall be taken and tested from specimen, or occurs in an area adjacent to the
different bars in the test unit, making 60 test testing machine grips.
results available. The unit shall be deemed to
conform to BS 4449:1997 if no more than two (iv) Retests
of the 60 test specimens fail the tests. - the batch shall be deemed to conform to BS
4449:1997 if all five specimens endure 5 x 10 6
(c) Fatigue properties cycles of stress.
The batch shall be deemed to conform to BS - If two or more specimens fail to endure 5 x 10 6
4449:1997 if it conforms to SUBCLAUSE 6304 (d). cycles, and the test is valid (see SUBCLAUSE
6304 (d) (iii)), the batch shall be deemed not to
(iv) Test report conform to BS 4449:1997 and shall be rejected.
A test report shall be produced containing the - If one specimen fails the test, a further five test
following data: specimens shall be selected from the same
batch. If one or more of these specimens fails,
the batch shall be deemed not to conform to BS
4449:1997 and shall be rejected.
(e) Bond classification of deformed bars with 1.6 mm or 1.25 mm diameter annealed wire or by
suitable clips being used, or, where authorised, by tack
(i) General welding. Any cover and spacer blocks required to
Deformed bars shall be classified either as type 1 or support the reinforcement shall be as small as may be
type 2 as follows. Either: consistent with their use and shall be of an approved
material and design.
a) in accordance with their surface shape, as
specified in Subclause 6304 (ii); or The concrete cover over the projecting ends of ties or
b) for bars that do not conform to the surface clamps shall comply with the specifications for concrete
bond classification scheme of SUBCLAUSE cover over reinforcement detailed in TABLE 6306/1 at
6304 (ii), in accordance with SUBCLAUSE 6304 the end of the Section.
(iii).
Where protruding bars are exposed to the elements for
(ii) Bond classification by surface shape a long period, the bars shall be adequately protected
Bond classification by surface shape shall be as against corrosion and damage and shall be properly
follows: cleaned before being permanently encased in concrete.
Type 1 Either a plain square twisted bar or a plain In members which are formed with sliding formwork,
chamfered square twisted bar, with a pitch spacer ladders for placing and fixing the wall
of twist not greater than 14 times the reinforcement shall be used at spacings indicated on
nominal size. the Drawings or as prescribed by the Engineer. The
spacer ladders shall consist of two bars 3.7 m in length
Type 2 A bar with transverse ribs of a substantially with ties 4 mm in diameter welded to them to resemble
uniform spacing not greater than 0.8 for a ladder. The ties shall be spaced at multiples of the
as-rolled deformed bars or 1.2 for cold horizontal bar spacing in the wall, and shall be used to
twisted bars; having a mean area of ribs secure the horizontal reinforcement. The laps in the
(per unit length), above the core of the bar horizontal reinforcement shall be staggered to ensure
projected on a plane normal to the axis of that no part of two laps in any four consecutive layers
the bar, of not less than 0.15 mm 2/mm, lie in the same vertical plane.
where is the nominal bar size in
millimetres.
6308 COVER AND SUPPORTS
(iii) Bond classification by performance The term "cover" in this context shall mean the
The performance tests described in BS 4449:1997, minimum thickness of concrete between the surface of
Annex D shall be conducted at an appropriate the reinforcement and the face of the concrete.
laboratory. The bond classification established at
the laboratory and given on the test report shall be The minimum cover shall be as shown on the Drawings.
regarded as final. Where no cover is indicated, the minimum cover
provided shall be at least equal to the appropriate
values shown in TABLE 6308/1 at the end of the Section.
6305 BENDING THE REINFORCING STEEL
Reinforcement shall be cut or cut and bent to the The cover shall be increased by the expected depth of
dimensions shown on the bending schedules and in any surface treatment, e.g. when concrete is bush
accordance with BS 8666:2000 or BS EN ISO hammered or when rebates are provided.
4066:2000 or as prescribed by the Engineer.
Additional cover as prescribed by the Engineer shall be
No flame-cutting of high-tensile steel bars shall be provided if porous aggregates are used.
permitted except when authorised.
The cover blocks or spacers required for ensuring that
All bars with less than 32 mm in diameter shall be bent the specified cover is obtained shall be of a material,
cold and bending shall be done slowly, a steady, even shape and design acceptable to the Engineer.
pressure being exerted without jerking or impact.
Concrete spacer blocks shall be made with 5 mm
If approved, the hot bending of bars of at least 32 mm maximum sized aggregate and shall be of the same
in diameter will be permitted, provided that the bars do strength and material source as those of the
not depend on cold working for their strength. When hot surrounding concrete. The blocks shall be formed in
bending is approved, the bars shall be heated slowly to specially manufactured moulds and the concrete
a cherry-red heat (not exceeding 840C) and shall be compacted on a vibratory table, and cured under water
allowed to cool slowly in air after bending. Quenching for a period of at least 14 days, all to the satisfaction of
with water shall not be permitted. the Engineer.
Already bent reinforcing bars shall not be re-bent at the Ties cast into spacer blocks shall not extend deeper
same spot without authorisation. into the spacer block than half the depth of the spacer
block.
6306 SURFACE CONDITION The Contractor shall provide stools as shown on the
When the concrete is placed around the reinforcing Drawings, or where they are not detailed on the
steel and/or dowels, the reinforcing steel and/or dowels Drawings, wherever the Engineer requires them to be
shall be clean, free from mud, oil, grease, paint, loose installed. The stools shall be suitably robust, and fixed
rust, concrete droppings, loose mill scale or any other securely so that they can not swivel or move. The stools
substance which could have an adverse chemical effect shall have sufficient strength to perform the required
on the steel or concrete, or which could reduce the functions, taking into account amongst others
strength of bond. temporary loads such as the weight of workmen and
wet concrete, and forces caused by vibrators and other
6307 PLACING AND FIXING
methods of compacting the concrete.
Reinforcement shall be positioned as shown on the
Drawings and shall be firmly secured in position within
the tolerance given in SUBCLAUSE 6803(f) by being tied
6309 LAPS AND JOINTS
Laps, joints, splices and mechanical couplings shall be
applied only by the specified methods and at the
positions shown on the Drawings or as authorised.
6310 WELDING
Reinforcement shall be welded only where shown on
the Drawings or as authorised.
Flash butt welding shall be done only with the

combination of flashing, heating, upsetting and
annealing to the satisfaction of the Engineer, and only
those machines which control this cycle of operations
automatically shall be used.
Metal-arc welding of reinforcement shall be done in

accordance with BS EN 1011-1:1998 and BS EN 1011-
2:2001, and with the recommendations of the
reinforcement manufacturers, subject to approval by the
Engineer and the satisfactory performance of trial joints.
Hot-rolled high-yield-stress steel shall be preheated to
between 240C and 280C and only low-hydrogen
electrodes may be used.
Trial welding joints shall be made on the site in

circumstances similar to those which will govern during
the making of production welding joints by the person
who will be responsible for the production welding
joints.
Other methods of welding e.g. resistance welding, may

be used subject to approval by the Engineer and to
their satisfactory performance in trial joints.
Welded joints shall be full-strength welds and their

strength shall be assessed by destruction tests on
samples selected by the Engineer.

ITEM UNIT
63.01 STEEL REINFORCEMENT FOR:
(a) (DESCRIPTION OF PORTION OF
STRUCTURE TO WHICH APPLICABLE):
(i) MILD STEEL BARS TONNE (t)
(ii) HIGH-YIELD-STRESS-STEEL BARS TONNE (t)
(TYPE INDICATED)
(iii) WELDED STEEL FABRIC TONNE (t)
(b) ETC FOR OTHER STRUCTURES OR TONNE (t)
PARTS OF STRUCTURES
The unit of measurement for steel bars shall be the

tonne of reinforcing steel in place in accordance with
the Drawings or as authorised.
The unit of measurement for welded steel fabric shall

be the tonne of welded steel fabric in place, the quantity
of which shall be calculated from the area of the mesh
used in accordance with the Drawings or as authorised.
Ties, stools and other steel used for positioning the

reinforcing steel shall be measured as steel
reinforcement under the appropriate SUBITEM.

weld joints, placing and fixing the steel reinforcement,
including all tying wire, spacers and waste.
TABLE 6308/1
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER OVER REINFORCEMENT
Condition of exposure Description of members/surface to which the Min cover

cover applies (mm)
Class of concrete
20 25 30 40 50
1. MODERATE: 1.1 Surfaces protected by the superstructure, viz.

Concrete surfaces above the sides of beams and the undersides of
ground level and protected slabs and other surfaces not likely to be
against alternately wet and moistened by condensation 50 45 40 35 25
dry conditions caused by
water and rain 1.2 Surfaces protected by a waterproof cover or
permanent formwork not likely to be
subjected to weathering or corrosion 50 45 40 35 25
1.3 Enclosed surfaces 50 45 40 35 25
1.4 Structures/members permanently submerged 50 45 40 35 25
1.5 Railway structures:

(i) Surfaces of precast elements not in
contact with soil NA NA NA 30 30
(ii) Surfaces protected by permanent
formwork not likely to be subjected to
weathering or corrosion NA 30 30 30 30
(iii) Surfaces in contact with ballast NA 55 50 50 45
(iv) All other surfaces NA 50 40 40 35
2. SEVERE: 2.1 All exposed surfaces NA 50 45 40 35

Concrete surfaces exposed 2.2 Surfaces on which condensation takes place NA 50 45 40 35
to heavy rain and 2.3 Surfaces in contact with soil NA 50 45 40 35
alternating wet and dry 2.4 Surfaces permanently under running water NA 50 45 40 35
conditions 2.5 Railway structures:
(i) Surfaces of precast elements not in
contact with soil NA NA NA 30 30
(ii) Surfaces protected by permanent
formwork not likely to be subjected to
weathering or corrosion NA 30 30 30 30
(iii) Surfaces in contact with ballast NA 55 50 50 45
(iv) All other surfaces NA 50 40 40 35
2.6 Cast in situ piles:

(i) Wet cast against casing 50 50 50 50 50
(ii) Wet cast against soil 75 75 75 75 75
(iii) Dry cast against soil 75 75 75 75 75
3. VERY SEVERE:
Concrete surfaces exposed
to aggressive water or a 3.1 Surfaces in rivers polluted by industries
saline atmosphere NA NA NA 60 50
3.2 Cast in situ piles, wet cast against casings
NA NA NA 80 80
4. EXTREME: 4.1 Surfaces in contact with industrially polluted

Concrete surfaces exposed water NA NA NA 65 65
to the abrasive action of
very aggressive water 4.2 Surfaces in contact with marshy conditions NA NA NA 65 55
SERIES 6000: STRUCTURES (1) For use in prestressed concrete, concrete
bridge decks and slender columns the
shrinkage of both fine and coarse aggregate
SECTION 6400: CONCRETE FOR shall not exceed 130% of that of the reference
aggregate.
STRUCTURES
(2) For use in other reinforced concrete members
the shrinkage of the fine aggregate shall not
CONTENTS:
exceed 175%, and that of the coarse aggregate
CLAUSE PAGE 150% of that of the reference aggregate.
6401 SCOPE
6402 MATERIALS (3) For use in mass concrete substructures and
6403 STORING THE MATERIALS unreinforced concrete head walls and wing
6404 CONCRETE QUALITY walls, the shrinkage of both the fine and coarse
6405 MEASURING THE MATERIALS aggregate shall not exceed 200% of that of the
6406 MIXING reference aggregate.
6407 PLACING AND COMPACTING
6408 CONSTRUCTION JOINTS Where there is any doubt about the shrinkage
6409 CURING AND PROTECTING characteristics of aggregates, the Contractor shall
6410 ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS submit a certificate by an approved laboratory
43 which gives the shrinkage characteristics of the
6411 PIPES AND CONDUITS aggregate.
6412 APPLIED LOADING
6413 PRECAST CONCRETE The drying shrinkage of concrete samples made
6414 QUALITY OF MATERIALS AND from each of the required three concrete mixtures
W ORKMANSHIP for preparing the compressive-strength and flexural-
6415 DEMOLITION AND REMOVAL OF strength samples shall not exceed 0.04%.
EXISTING STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
(ii) The flakiness index of the stone as specified in BS
6416 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 812-105.1:1989 shall not exceed 35%.
(iii) Aggregates shall not contain any deleterious

amounts of organic materials such as grass, timber
or similar materials and shall be free from clay,
6401 SCOPE shale, pyrites and all other impurities.
This Section covers the manufacture, transport, placing
and testing of concrete used in the Works where plain, (iv) Where there is any danger of a particular
reinforced or prestressed concrete is specified. combination of aggregate and cement giving rise to
a harmful alkali-aggregate reaction, the particular
combination shall be tested in accordance with BS
6402 MATERIALS 812-123:1999, and, where the result points to such
reaction, either the aggregate or the cement or both
(a) Cement shall be replaced so that an acceptable combination
Cement used for concrete shall be any of the following: may be obtained.
(i) Cements complying with the requirements of US (v) The fineness modulus of the fine aggregate shall
310-1:2001 (CEM I or II), BS EN 197-1:2000, not vary by more than 0.2 from the approved
AASHTO M85-98 or equivalent standard on modulus.
approval of the Engineer.
(vi) The coarse part of aggregate shall be roughly
(ii) Sulphate-resistant cement conforming to the cubical in shape and free from excess flat and/or
requirements of BS 4027:1996, but only where elongated particles.
shown on the Drawings or instructed by the
Engineer. (c) Boulders
Boulders used in concrete shall comply with the
(iii) Blast-furnace cement may be used if specified in following
the Special Specifications, and shall comply with
the requirements of US 310-1:2001 (CEM III), (i) The boulders shall be clean, durable and inert.
AASHTO M240-97 or equivalent standard on
approval of the Engineer. (ii) The aggregate crushing value may not exceed
25%.
In prestressed concrete members or units the use of
blast-furnace cement will not be permitted. (iii) The weight of each boulder shall be between 15 kg
and 55 kg.
The type of cement to be used for different concrete
members shall be set out in the Special Specifications. (iv) No dimension of any boulder shall be less than 150
mm or exceed 500 mm.
(b) Aggregates
Both coarse aggregate (stone) and fine aggregate (d) Water
(sand) shall comply with the requirements of BS EN Water for use in mixing concrete and mortar and for
1367-4:2002 or equivalent, subject to the following: curing and related purposes shall be obtained from a
source approved by the Engineer and shall comply with
(i) The drying shrinkage of both the fine and coarse the requirements of BS EN 1008:2002.
aggregate when tested in accordance with BS EN
1367:2002 or equivalent shall not exceed the Water shall be clean, fresh and free from detrimental
following limits: concentrations of acids, alkalis, salts, sugar and other
organic or chemical substances that could impair the
durability and strength of the concrete or the imbedded
steel. The Contractor shall prove the suitability of the allow delivery of cement to be maintained at a specified
water by way of tests conducted by an approved pressure and shall be maintained to prevent undue
laboratory. For reinforced and prestressed concrete the emission of dust to prevent interference with weighing
chloride content of the mixing water shall not exceed accuracy by build up of pressure. Cement drawn for use
500 mg/l when tested in accordance with BS 6068- from silos shall be measured by weight and not by
2.37:1990, SANS 5202/ SABS SM 202 or equivalent. volume.
(e) Admixtures Cement shall not be kept in storage for longer than
Admixtures shall not be used in concrete without the eight weeks without the Engineer's permission, and
approval of the Engineer who may require that tests be different brands and/or types of the same brand of
conducted before the admixtures be used to prove their cement shall be stored separately.
suitability. Admixtures, if their use is allowed, shall
comply with the following requirements: (b) Aggregates
(i) Admixtures shall be used only in liquid form and Aggregates of different nominal sizes shall be stored
shall be batched in solution in the mixing water by a separately and in such a manner as to avoid
mechanical batcher capable of dispensing the segregation occurring. Intermixing of different materials
admixture in quantities accurate to within 5% of the and contamination by foreign matter shall be avoided.
required quantity. Aggregates exposed to a saline environment shall be
covered to protect them from salt contamination.
(ii) All admixtures shall comply with the requirements of
ASTM C-494 or AASHTO M-194 and shall be of an Where concrete is batched on site, the aggregates shall
approved brand and type. be stored in bins with a 3 m wide concrete apron slab
constructed around the outer edge of the aggregate
(iii) Air entraining agents shall comply with the stockpile area, to prevent contamination during the
requirements of ASTM C-260 or AASHTO M-154. process of tipping and removing the aggregate. The
aggregates shall be tipped on the concrete apron slab.
(iv) Admixtures shall not contain any chlorides. The storage bin shall have a concrete floor of 150 mm
thickness.
(f) Curing agents
Curing agents shall be tested in accordance with ASTM The Contractor may be required to carry out on Site
C-156 and shall comply with the requirements of ASTM supplementary processing and/or effective washing of
C-309, except that the loss of water within 72 hours aggregates where in the opinion of the Engineer such
shall not exceed 0.40 kg/m 2. Only approved curing action is necessary to ensure that all aggregates
agents shall be used. comply fully with the requirements of this Specification
at the time when concrete materials are batched and
Curing agents shall be clear or pigmented as specified mixed. Methods used for processing and washing
or required by the Engineer. A certificate from an aggregates shall be subject to the approval of the
approved testing laboratory stating that the curing Engineer.
compound complies with the specified requirements
shall be submitted to the Engineer. (c) Storage capacity
The storage capacity provided and the quantity of
Irrespective of the above specifications being met, the material stored (whether cement, aggregates or water)
curing compound shall be the type that can be applied shall be sufficient to ensure that no interruptions to the
to a wet surface without loss of stability or impairment of progress of the work will be occasioned by the lack of
its water retention properties. any materials.
(d) Deteriorated material

6403 STORING THE MATERIALS Deteriorated or contaminated or otherwise damaged
material shall not be used in concrete. Such material
(a) Cement shall be removed from the site without delay.
Cement stored on the site shall be kept under cover
which provides adequate protection against moisture
and other factors which may promote deterioration of 6404 CONCRETE QUALITY
the cement.
(a) General
If more than one type of cement is to be used in the Concrete shall comply with the requirements for
Works, the storage space shall be suitably subdivided strength concrete or prescribed-mix concrete, as
to the satisfaction of the Engineer and great care shall specified in SUBCLAUSES 6404(b) and (c).
be exercised to ensure that different types of cement do
not come into contact with each other. The Engineer The total alkaline content (Na20 equivalent) of the
shall be furnished with the means of identifying the concrete shall be limited taking into account the degree
various consignments of cement delivered. of reactivity as specified in SUBCLAUSE 6402(b).
When the cement is supplied in bags, the bags shall be (b) Strength concrete
closely and neatly stacked to a height not exceeding 12 The Contractor shall be responsible for the design of
bags and arranged so that they will not be in contact the concrete mix and for the proportions of the
with the ground or the walls and can be used in the constituent materials necessary for producing concrete
order in which they were delivered to the site. which complies with the requirements specified below
for each class of concrete.
Cement shall not be kept in a temporary store except
where it is necessary for the efficient organisation of the The class of concrete is indicated by the characteristic
mixing station, and only when the prior approval of the 28-day cube crushing strength in MPa and the
Engineer has been obtained. maximum size of coarse aggregate in the mix.
Where silos are used for the storage of cement, each E.g. CLASS 30/38 concrete means concrete with a
silo shall be completely separate and fitted with a filter characteristic cube crushing strength of 30
or an approved alternative method of dust control. Each MPa after 28 days and a maximum sized
filter or dust control system shall be of sufficient size to coarse aggregate of 38 mm.
the Contractor shall obtain from the manufacturer the
The aggregate size shall be selected in accordance data regarding the relevant cement quality for each
with US 101:2000, BS 882:1992 and BS EN consignment with a view to ascertaining the required
12620:2002, SANS 1083 or equivalent. adjustment in the cement content. This information shall
be submitted to the Engineer.
Characteristic strength shall be defined as that value of
the cube strength below which not more than 5% of the (c) Bleeding
results of all possible cube strength measurements of The concrete shall be so proportioned with suitable
the specified concrete are expected to fall. materials that bleeding is not excessive.
The characteristic cube crushing strength of strength (d) Consistency and workability
concrete shall be of any strength from 15 MPa, in The concrete shall be of suitable workability for the
increments of 5 MPa, up to 60 MPa, as indicated on the nature of the work to be executed without the excessive
Drawings or in the Bill of Quantities or as may be use of water so that it can be readily compacted into the
prescribed by the Engineer. The strengths preferred are corners of the formwork and around the reinforcement,
15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 60 MPa. tendons and ducts without the material segregating.
The maximum free water:cement ratio under any
The cement content for any class of concrete shall not circumstances is 0.5.
exceed 500 kg per cubic metre of concrete.
Slump measurements obtained in accordance with the
Where for reasons of durability or other considerations, test method described in BS EN 12350-2:2000 on
concrete is designated by the prefix "W". concrete used in the Works shall fall within the ranges
specified in TABLE 6404/1.
E.g. CLASS W30/19, such designations shall
denote concrete having a cement content not
less than and a water:cement ratio not TABLE 6404/1
exceeding the limits given in the Special SLUMP VALUES
Specifications. Type of construction Slump (mm) *)
Max Min
In such cases, characteristic cube compressive
strengths should be: Prestressed concrete 75 25
(i) the specified 28-day characteristic cube Concrete nosings and pre-
compressive strength, or fabricated units 75 50
(ii) a characteristic cube compressive strength Mass concrete 100 25

corresponding to the designated maximum
water:cement ratio, or Reinforced concrete footings,
cast in situ piles (except dry-cast
(iii) a characteristic cube compressive strength piles), slabs, beams and
corresponding to the designated cement content. columns 125 50
*) Where high-frequency vibrators are used, the
Before starting with any concrete work on the site, the values shall be reduced by one-third.
Contractor shall submit, for approval, samples of the
constituent materials of the concrete and a statement of
(e) Sulphate content
the mix proportions that he/she proposes to use for
The total water-soluble sulphate content of the concrete
each class of concrete indicated in the Bill of Quantities.
mix, expressed as SO3, shall not exceed 4% (m/m) of
the cementitious binder content of the mix. The
Where any change occurs in the material sources, the
sulphate content shall be calculated as the total from
aggregate sizes, or any other components of the
the various constituents of the mix using the following
concrete, the above procedure shall be repeated.
test methods:
The samples submitted shall be accompanied by
- Cementitious - BS 1881-124:1998 or
evidence that they comply with the requirements for the
binder : equivalent
various materials specified. The statement regarding
- Aggregates : - BS 882:1992 or BS EN
the mix proportions shall be accompanied by evidence
12620:2002 or equivalent
establishing that concrete made from the materials in
- Water : - BS 6068-2.39:1991 or ISO
the proposed proportions will have the specified
9280:1990 or equivalent
properties.
(f) Pumped concrete
Evidence shall be in the form of:
Where pumping of the concrete is approved by the
Engineer, the concrete mix to be pumped shall be so
(i) a statement regarding the test results, which shall
designed that:
be furnished by an approved laboratory; or
(i) settlement will not exceed 125 mm;
(ii) an authoritative report on previous use of and
experience in regard to the material.
(ii) graded aggregate and suitable admixtures be used,
wherever necessary, with a view to improving the
The actual mix proportions used as well as any
pumpability of the mix; and
changes thereto shall be subject to the Engineer's
approval, but such approval shall not in any way relieve
(iii) its shrinkage capacity shall not be excessively
the Contractor of his/her responsibility for producing
higher than that of ordinary concrete mixes.
concrete with the specified properties.
(g) Concrete classification
The Contractor is cautioned that the quality of cement
Concrete for use in the Works shall comply with the
may vary from consignment to consignment so as to
requirements of BS EN 206-1:2000. It shall be classified
necessitate adjustments in the cement content of
as shown in Table 6404/2 herein. The class of concrete
mixes. In order to ensure a uniform quality of concrete,
is denoted by the 28-day characteristic strength and the
nominal maximum aggregate size. Characteristic Contractors own expense, by 25 kg/m 3 of concrete,
strength shall be defined as that value of the cube over and above the quantity which would have been
strength below which not more than 5% of the results of necessary were the aggregate to have been batched by
all possible cube strength measurements of the weight.
specified concrete are expected to fall.
Aggregates for prescribed-mix concrete as specified in
The class of concrete to be used in each part of the SUBCLAUSE 6404(c) may be measured separately by
Works shall be as stated in the Bill of Quantities or on volume. Batching boxes for volume batching shall be
the Drawings. filled without any tamping, ramming or consolidating the
material (other than that occurring naturally during the
filling of the container), and shall be screeded off level
TABLE 6404/2 with their topmost edges.
CLASSES OF CONCRETE
Any adjustment to the volume shall be made by
Type of construction
Class of concrete
Minimum Minimum
cement strength supplementary containers of a suitable size being used.
content / Adjustments to the volume, by the incomplete filling of
m3 batching boxes to marks on their inside faces will not be
permitted.
(MPa)Mean
(kg)Common Cements
(MPa)Characteristic
Sulphate resisting (kg)
Fine aggregate shall be tested for bulking at the

beginning of and halfway through each concreting shift,
and adjustment shall be made to the batch volume to
give the true volume required.
The measurement of cement in gauge boxes will not be

permitted, and volume batching shall be so planned as
30/14 All precast 390 360 30 45 to use full bags of cement.
work
25/20 Normal RC 360 330 25 40
structures 6406 MIXING
20/40 Pipeline 270 290 20 35
protection; (a) General
benching in Mixing the material for concrete shall be conducted by
manholes and an experienced operator. Unless otherwise authorised,
chambers; mixing shall be carried out in a mechanical batch-mixer
blinding of an approved type which will be capable of producing
concrete; a uniform distribution of ingredients throughout the
mass concrete batch.
structures
7/40 Kerb 270 290 7 11.6 (b) Charging the mixer
foundation or The sequence of charging the ingredients shall be
haunch; filling subject to approval by the Engineer, and, unless
to overbreak otherwise instructed, the same sequence of charging
the ingredients shall be maintained.
The volume of the mixed material by batch shall not
Notes:
exceed the volume recommended by the manufacturer
1. The values in column 5 may be adjusted subject to of the mixer.
compliance with the requirements given in
SUBCLAUSEs 6404(b) and (c). (c) Mixing and discharging
The period of mixing shall be measured from the time
2. The maximum free water/cement ratio is 0.5. when all the materials are in the drum until the
commencement of discharge.
6405 MEASURING THE MATERIALS Concrete shall be mixed in a batch type mixer
manufactured in accordance with BS 1305:1974 and to
(a) Cement the approval of the Engineer. Mixing for each batch
Where cement is supplied in standard bags, the bags shall continue until there is uniform distribution of the
shall be -ascertained to contain 50 kg. All cement taken materials and uniformity of colour and consistency of
from bulk-storage containers and from partly used bags the concrete. Admixtures for which approval in writing
shall be batched by weight, accurate to within 3% of the has been given by the Engineer shall be introduced into
required weight. concrete by means of automatic dosing equipment.
Such equipment shall feed a fixed quantity of admixture
(b) Water into the mixing water before the latter is discharged into
The mixing water for each batch shall be measured, the mixer and shall be subject to the approval of the
either by weight or by volume, accurate to within 3% of Engineer.
the required quantity. The quantity of water added to the
mix shall be adjusted to make allowance for moisture in The mixing period for the materials shall be 90 seconds
the aggregates. and may be reduced only if the Engineer is satisfied
that the reduced mixing time will produce concrete with
(c) Aggregates the same strength and uniformity as concrete mixed for
All aggregates for strength concrete shall be measured 90 seconds. The reduced mixing time, however, shall
separately by weight, except as otherwise provided in be not less than 50 seconds or the manufacturer's
this Clause, accurate to within 3% of the required recommended mixing time whichever is the longer. A
quantity. suitable timing device shall be attached to the mixer to
ensure that the minimum mixing time for the materials
Aggregates for strength concrete may be volume has been complied with.
batched subject to the approval of the Engineer, and on
condition that the quantity of cement is increased, at the
The first batch to be run when starting with a clean having been given, approval shall again be obtained
mixer shall contain only 2/3 of the required quantity of from the Engineer.
coarse aggregate to make provision for "coating" the
mixer drum. Discharge shall be so carried out that no Concreting operations shall be carried out only during
segregation of the materials will occur in the mix. The daylight hours unless proper lighting arrangements
mixer shall be emptied completely before it is recharged have been made and the lights are in working order
with fresh materials. before mixing of the concrete commences. Workmen
shall not be allowed to work double shifts and the
The Contractor shall take particular care to ensure that Contractor shall provide a fresh team for night shifts.
the mixer drum is washed and cleaned out immediately
following the completion of each concreting operation or Sufficient material to afford full production to a concrete
when changing a mix using a different type of cement. pour shall be available at the place of work prior to the
commencement of concreting.
Under certain conditions the Engineer may sanction Placing and compacting the concrete shall at all times
hand mixing, in which case the concrete shall be made be under the direct supervision of an experienced
on a flat watertight platform or suitable area. The concrete supervisor.
cement and aggregate shall be spread in thin layers
and mixed dry until a uniform colour is obtained. Water Once the casting of concrete has begun, it shall be
shall be added and the mixture turned over at least carried out in a continuous process between
three times or until the concrete is of uniform colour and construction joints. Concrete shall be placed within 60
consistency throughout. minutes from the start of mixing. These times may be
extended by the Engineer where a retarding admixture
(d) Maintaining and cleaning the mixer has been used. All excavations and other contact
If the mixer has stopped running for a period in excess surfaces of an absorbent nature such as timber
of 30 minutes, it shall be thoroughly cleaned-out formwork shall be damp but no standing water shall be
particular attention being given to the removal of any permitted to remain on these surfaces. The formwork
build-up of materials in the drum, in the loader, and shall be clean on the inside.
around the blades or paddles. Worn or bent blades and
paddles shall be replaced. Water quality, freshwater life or any other sensitive
environment shall not be adversely affected in any way.
Before any concrete is mixed, the inner surfaces of the
mixer shall be cleaned and all hardened concrete (b) Placing
removed. Whenever possible, concrete shall be deposited
vertically into its final position. Unless otherwise agreed
(e) Standby mixer by the Engineer on the basis of satisfactory site trials,
When sections are cast where it is important for the concrete shall not be dropped into place from a height
casting to continue without interruption, a standby mixer exceeding 1 metre. Where chutes are used, their length
shall be held in readiness to run on 15 minutes notice and slope shall be such as not to cause segregation,
should the stock mixers break down. and suitable spouts and baffles shall be provided at the
lower end to minimise segregation. The displacement of
(f) Ready-mixed concrete concrete by vibration instead of by direct placing is not
Where ready-mixed concrete is delivered at the site, the permitted.
requirements of BS 5328 or BS EN 206-1:2000 or
equivalent shall have priority over the requirements Care shall be taken when casting bridge decks of a
specified in this Section should inconsistencies occur. substantial thickness to avoid layering of the concrete,
and the entire thickness shall be placed in one pass.
Fresh concrete shall not be placed against concrete
6407 TRANSPORTING, PLACING AND which has been in position for more than 30 minutes
unless a construction joint has been formed or unless a
COMPACTING
retarding additive has been used in the concrete.
(a) General
The pumping of concrete shall be subject to approval by
Concrete shall be handled from the place of mixing to
the Engineer. Aluminium pipes shall not be used for this
the place of final deposit as rapidly as practicable by
purpose.
means that will prevent segregation or loss of any
ingredient. Wherever practicable, concrete shall be
In plain concrete with a thickness of not less than 300
emptied from a mixer directly into the skip which shall
mm, boulders may, if approved, be included to displace
then be transported to the place of final deposit and the
concrete for up to 20% of the total volume, provided
concrete shall be discharged as close as possible to its
that:
final position to avoid rehandling or flowing.
(i) the boulders are spread evenly throughout the
Should the Contractor propose to use concrete pumps
concrete;
for the transporting and placing of concrete he shall
submit full details of the equipment and operating
(ii) no boulder laid shall have a dimension exceeding
techniques he proposes to use for the approval of the
one third of the smallest dimension of the concrete
Engineer.
in any plane, and
Where concrete is conveyed by chuting or pumping, the
(iii) each boulder is surrounded by at least 75 mm of
equipment used shall be designed to ensure continuous
concrete.
and unimpeded flow in the chute or pipe. The delivery
end of the chute or pipe shall be thoroughly flushed with
(c) Placing under water
water before and after each working period and shall be
Placing under water shall be allowed only in exceptional
kept clean. Water used for this purpose shall be
circumstances where it is not feasible to dewater the
discharged away from any permanent works.
location before the concrete is placed. No concrete
shall be placed in running water.
Concrete shall not be placed in any part of the Works
until the Engineer's approval has been given. If
Underwater concrete shall be placed by means of
concreting is not started within 24 hours of approval
tremies. Full details of the method proposed by the
Contractor shall be submitted in advance for approval. higher than the underside of the waterstop before
Placing by skip or pipeline will also be considered under releasing the waterstop to ensure complete compaction
certain circumstances as approved by the Engineer. of the concrete around the waterstop.
During concreting by tremie, the pipe shall be kept filled (e) Requirements in respect of sliding formwork
with concrete at all times to prevent air and water from Where sliding formwork is used, the following additional
entering the tremie. When the tremie is charged, an requirements shall apply:
approved sliding plug shall be used. Once concreting
has begun by tremie, the discharge end of the tremie (i) The Contractor shall take all the necessary
shall be kept well below the surface of the concrete. measures to ensure the continuity of operations. All
Should this seal be broken, the tremie shall be lifted the necessary lighting and standby equipment for
and plugged before concreting is recommenced. mixing, hoisting, placing and compacting shall be
Distribution of concrete by lateral movement of the provided and all the materials required for
tremie will not be permitted. completing each structure shall be ready on the site
before casting commences.
The concrete mix to be placed underwater shall be
specially designed and approved for this purpose to (ii) Concrete shall be cast in uniform layers in the
ensure good flowability, plasticity and cohesion. formwork so that the level of the top surface of the
Increased sand and cement contents over those of concrete differs by no more than 250 mm between
normal mixes will usually be required. any two points in the formwork. In addition, the top
level of the concrete shall never be so low down in
(d) Compaction the formwork as will cause structural instability in
The Contractor shall regard compacting of concrete as the formwork. The working platform shall be kept
work of fundamental importance, the object of which is clean and no concrete which has dried out in part
to produce a watertight concrete of maximum density may be swept into the formwork.
and strength.
(iii) The concrete shall be compacted during and
Concrete shall be fully compacted by approved means immediately after placing. Care shall be taken not to
during and immediately after placing. It shall be damage or disturb previously placed concrete. To
thoroughly worked against the formwork, around ensure the proper bonding of successive layers not
reinforcement bars, tendons, ducts and embedded more than one hour shall elapse between the
fittings and into corners to form a solid mass free from placing of successive layers except where an
voids. approved admixture has been applied, in which
case the delay may be amended in consideration of
The concrete shall be free from honeycombing and such circumstances.
planes of weakness, and successive layers of the same
lift shall be thoroughly bonded together. (iv) The slump of concrete may be up to 150 mm
should the approved method of sliding so require.
Unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer, concrete
shall be compacted by means of vibrators of an
approved design. Internal vibrators shall be capable of 6408 CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
producing not less than 10000 cycles per minute and
external vibrators not less than 3000 cycles per minute. (a) General
A sufficient number of vibrators shall be used to handle The Contractor shall submit for approval by the
the maximum rate of concrete production with an Engineer his proposals for the position of construction
allowance for breakdowns and spares. joints having due regard to any that may be shown in
the drawings.
Vibration shall be applied by experienced labourers,
and over-vibration resulting in segregation, surface Concreting shall be carried out continuously up to the
water and leakage shall be avoided. Contact with construction joints shown on the working drawings or as
reinforcement and formwork shall, in so far as is approved, except that if, because of an emergency
practicable, be avoided when internal vibrators are (such as breakdown of the mixing equipment or the
used. Concrete shall not be subjected to disturbance by occurrence of unsuitable weather), concreting has to be
vibration within 4 to 24 hours of it having been interrupted, a construction joint shall be formed at the
compacted. place of stoppage and in the manner which will least
impair the durability, appearance, and proper
Concrete that has partially set before placing shall not functioning of the concrete.
be used and shall be removed from site.
Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings, the exact
Whenever vibration is applied externally, the design of position of horizontal construction joints shall be marked
the formwork and positioning of vibrators shall be such on the framework by means of grout checks in order to
as to ensure efficient compaction and avoidance of obtain truly horizontal joints.
surface blemishes.
Joint lines shall be clean, true and regular and,
Special attention shall be given to the compaction of wherever possible, arranged to coincide with features of
concrete in the anchorage zones and behind the anchor the finished work.
plates and in all places where high concentrations of
reinforcing steel or cables occur. Stub columns, stub walls and stays on footings shall be
cast integrally with the footings and not afterwards,
Where the placing and compaction of concrete is even where another class of concrete is being used.
difficult, a mix containing smaller sized aggregate may
be used but only with the approval of the Engineer and In all cases vertical stop boards of a form to be
after a mix containing such aggregate has been approved by the Engineer shall be provided at the end
designed and tested. of each section of work which is to be concreted in one
operation, and the concrete shall be thoroughly
When placing concrete against horizontal or inclined consolidated against these stop boards.
elements of waterstops, the latter shall be lifted and the
concrete placed and compacted to a level slightly (b) Preparing the surfaces
When the concrete has set and while it is still green, the (e) Method 5
surface film and all loose material shall be removed Covering with a waterproof or plastic sheeting firmly
without disturbing the aggregate, by means of a water anchored at the edges.
jet assisted by light brushing to expose the aggregate
and leave a sound, irregular surface. Where this is not (f) Method 6
possible, the surface film shall be removed after the Using an approved curing compound applied in
concrete has hardened, by mechanical means accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, except
appropriate to the degree of hardness of the concrete that, where the surface has to be subsequently
so as to expose the aggregate and leave a sound, waterproofed, coated or gunited, this method may not
irregular surface. The roughened surface shall be be used.
washed with clean water to remove all laitance, dirt and
loose particles.
Surface retarding agents may be used only with the (g) Method 7
approval of the Engineer. Steam curing the concrete (precast units).
(c) Placing fresh concrete at construction joints (h) General

Where fresh concrete is placed the same day as that on The method of curing adopted shall be subject to the
which the construction joint was formed, the fresh Engineer's approval and shall not cause staining,
concrete shall be cast directly against the face of the contamination, or marring of the surface of the
construction joint. concrete.
When concreting recommences a day or more after the The curing period shall be continuous for at least seven
construction joint has been formed, the following days for concrete made with common cements, and at
procedure shall be followed: least 10 days if Portland blast-furnace cement or a
50/50 mixture of Portland cement and ground
(i) The construction joint shall be kept constantly wet granulated blast-furnace slag is used. When the
for a period of at least six hours. The surface shall temperature of concrete falls below 5C, these
be in a saturated, surface dry condition when minimum curing periods shall be extended by the period
concreting has to recommence. during which the temperature of the concrete was below
5C.
(ii) Any dirt, excess water and loose particles shall be
removed prior to re-concreting being started. When sliding formwork is used, the concrete shall be
protected against the weather and rapid drying out by
(iii) For horizontal construction joints a 25 mm thick means of a 4 m wide skirt attached to the lower
concrete layer of the same grade of concrete made perimeter of the formwork and hanging over the working
richer by reducing the coarse aggregate content by platform. The skirt shall consist of hessian in the dry
25% shall be placed on the joint plane immediately seasons and of canvas or other suitable material inthe
before concreting. wet seasons. The skirt shall be weighted at the bottom
to prevent it flapping in windy conditions.
(iv) For vertical construction joints the fresh concrete The concrete shall be cured by means of a fog spray to
shall be placed against a surface prepared in keep it wet constantly for the periods stated above or
accordance with SUBCLAUSE 6408(b), which is in a until a curing compound is applied. Wetting the
saturated, surface-dry condition. concrete by spraying shall be by means of a fixed
spraybar along the full length of the sliding formwork.
Epoxy resins specially designed for bonding old The spraybar shall be connected to a suitable high-
concrete to new shall be used at construction joints pressure water supply. Wetting shall be discontinued
where so specified. The preparation of the construction when the ambient air temperature drops below 5C,
joint surface and the application of the epoxy resin shall and care shall be taken by the Contractor to ensure that
be strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's the water will not erode the surface of the fresh
recommendations and the Engineer's instructions. The concrete.
actual brand and type of resin used shall be subject to
the Engineer's approval.
6410 ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS
6409 CURING AND PROTECTING (a) Cold weather
Formwork shall be retained in position for the Concrete shall not be placed during falling temperatures
appropriate times given in CLAUSE 6206, and as soon when the ambient air temperature falls below 7C or
as may be practicable, all exposed concrete surfaces during rising temperatures when the ambient air
shall be protected from loss of moisture by one or more temperature is below 3C. When concrete is placed at
of the following methods:
air temperatures below 5C the concrete temperature
(a) Method 1 shall not be below 10C, for which purpose heating of
Retaining formwork in place for the full curing period. the water and/or the aggregate shall be permitted. The
Contractor shall make all the necessary arrangements
(b) Method 2 for heating the material. Heated water and aggregate
Ponding the exposed surfaces with water, except where shall first be mixed and the cement shall then be added
atmospheric temperatures are low, i.e. less than 5C. only while the temperature is below 30C.
(c) Method 3 The temperature of placed concrete shall not be

Covering it with sand or mats made from a moisture- allowed to fall below 5C until the concrete has attained
retaining material, and keeping the covering constantly a strength of at least 5 MPa, and the Contractor shall be
wet. responsible for all protective measures necessary to
this end. All concrete damaged by casting at
(d) Method 4 temperatures less than 5C shall be removed and
Constantly spraying the entire area of the exposed replaced by the Contractor at this own expense.
surfaces with water (only on surfaces where sand cover
or ponding is impossible). The Contractor shall provide a thermometer suitable for
measuring the temperature of aggregates, and a
maximum and minimum thermometer, which shall be All precast members shall be manufactured in
hung in a position, indicated by the Engineer. accordance with the requirements specified for cast in
situ members in so far as these requirements are
(b) Hot weather relevant. In addition, the following shall apply:
When the ambient air temperature exceeds 30C during
concreting, the Contractor shall take measures to (a) The Contractor shall take all necessary safety and
control the temperature of the concrete ingredients so precautionary measures during the handling and
that the temperature of the placed concrete will not erection of precast members and for ensuring the
exceed 30C unless otherwise determined by the stability of members as positioned and prior to their
Engineer. Such measures include spraying aggregate being cast in.
stockpiles with water to promote cooling down by
evaporation and, where feasible, shading the stockpiles (b) Where precast concrete members have not been
and the area where concreting is carried out. Curing manufactured on the site, the manufacturer shall keep
shall commence immediately after concrete has been and make available to the Engineer complete records of
placed to prevent an excessive loss of moisture. all the concrete mixes and strength tests pertaining to
the members cast. The Contractor shall notify the
Formwork shall be shaded from direct exposure to the Engineer in advance of the dates on which members
sun both prior to the placement of concrete and during are to be cast so that arrangements for inspecting and
its setting. The Contractor shall take appropriate testing the precast members can be made.
measures to ensure that reinforcement in and
projecting from the section to be concreted is Precast concrete units shall not be moved or
maintained at the lowest temperatures practicable. transported from the place of casting until they are
properly cured and the concrete has achieved its
(c) Precautionary measures for using sliding specified 28-day strength.
formwork
During sliding operations in cold weather, the water (c) For the purposes of identification, all members shall
only, or the water and the aggregate, shall be heated to be marked with paint in neat lettering with the member
ensure that the concrete temperature will not drop number shown on the Drawings or as agreed on and an
below 10C until it has attained a strength of 5 MPa. identification number relating to the manufacturing
records. Letters etc shall be so positioned as not to be
During cold weather the rate of sliding shall be suitably visible when the structural member is placed in its final
decreased to ensure sufficient strength in the concrete position in the completed structure.
which leaves the bottom of the formwork.
(d) All precast members which have been chipped,
cracked, warped or otherwise damaged to the extent
that such damage will, in the opinion of the Engineer,
6411 PIPES AND CONDUITS prejudice the appearance, function or structural integrity
No pipes and conduits other than those shown on the of the members shall be rejected or, where so allowed,
Drawings shall be embedded in the concrete without repaired to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
the Engineer's approval. The clear space between such
pipes or between such pipes and any reinforcing steel
shall be at least 40 mm or the maximum size of the
aggregate plus 5 mm, whichever is the greater. The
6414 QUALITY OF WORKMANSHIP AND
thickness of the concrete cover over pipes and fittings MATERIALS
shall be at least 25 mm.
(a) Criteria for compliance with the requirements
The ends of all ferrules used for bracing formwork shall Routine inspection and quality control will be done by
be neatly finished off to the details shown on the the Engineer as specified in SECTION 7200. The criteria
Drawings. Where no details are given on the Drawings, for compliance with the requirements specified for 28-
ferrules shall be cut back to a depth of at least the day characteristic compressive strength shall be as
specified cover, and the holes shall be filled in with specified in CLAUSE 7205 for full acceptance, and as
mortar and finished off flush with the concrete surface. specified in CLAUSE 7207 for conditional acceptance.
The re-submission of concrete lots on the basis of cores
for full or conditional acceptance shall not be allowed.
6412 APPLIED LOADING The Contractor's attention is drawn to CLAUSE 7208. If
No load shall be applied to any part of a structure until the Engineer is satisfied that the requirements of the
the specified curing period has expired, after which Contractor's process control have been met, the
applied loading shall be allowed only when approved by Engineer may decide at his/her discretion to use the
the Engineer. The Engineer's decision will be based on Contractor's test results in the evaluation of the
the type of load to be applied, the age of the concrete, concrete.
the magnitude of stress induced and the propping of the
structure. No structure shall be opened to traffic until (b) Procedure in the event of non-compliance with
test cubes made from the concrete in all parts of the the requirements
structure have attained the specified minimum 28-day Any lot represented by test cubes failing to comply with
compressive strength. the criteria specified for the characteristic strength shall
be rejected, or the Engineer may at his/her discretion
The Contractor shall not permit backfilling around any allow the following tests to be conducted in order to
structure incorporating a ground or floor slab before that decide whether the concrete may be left in position at
slab has been cast and properly cured and the concrete further reduced payment:
has attained its specified 28-day strength.
(i) The Engineer may allow the elements or units
concerned to be cured for an additional period not
exceeding 56 days. Thereafter the Contractor shall
6413 PRECAST CONCRETE drill cores in accordance with BS EN 206-1:2000 or
This Clause applies to all reinforced and prestressed BS 5328 or equivalent, and the Engineer will
concrete members other than precast concrete piles, evaluate these cores in accordance with BS 8110-
culverts and pipes in so far as they are dealt with 1:1997 or equivalent.
separately elsewhere in these Specifications.
(ii) Where the Engineer so directs, full-scale load tests
shall be conducted in accordance with BS 8110- ITEM UNIT
1:1997 or equivalent to determine whether any 64.02 MANUFACTURING PRECAST NUMBER
particular structure or member can be left in CONCRETE MEMBERS (DESCRIPTION OF (no)
position. The cost of such tests shall be for the MEMBER WITH REFERENCE TO DRAWING)
Contractor's account regardless of the outcome of
the tests.
In all cases where concrete has been supplied which complete members or elements of each type and size in
fails to comply with the strength requirements, the position in the Works.
Contractor shall immediately take the required remedial
action by changing the mix proportions to obtain the The bid rate for each precast member shall include full
required strength. compensation for concrete work, formwork, reinforcing
steel and prestressing as required for manufacturing the
(c) Tests ordered by the Engineer member complete, excluding only prestressing in
Where the routine testing of concrete cubes is not connection with in situ concrete cast subsequent to the
conducted on the site by the Engineer, he/she may placing of the precast members for which prestressing
order the Contractor to have the concrete cubes, which payment is separately provided elsewhere in the Bill of
have been made by the Engineer, tested at an Quantities.
approved testing laboratory, in which case no separate
payment will be made for such tests.
ITEM UNIT
64.03 TRANSPORTING AND ERECTING NUMBER
6415 DEMOLITION AND REMOVAL OF PRECAST CONCRETE MEMBERS (no)
(DESCRIPTION OF MEMBER AND
EXISTING CONCRETE APPROXIMATE MASS TO BE GIVEN)
Where partial demolition is required for extension work
to existing structures the first three paragraphs of
CLAUSE 2214 shall apply. In addition the following shall The unit of measurement shall be the number of
apply: precast concrete members of each type and size placed
into position.
(a) The Contractor shall take great care to ensure that
the reinforcement required to tie in the extension work The bid rate for each precast member shall include full
is not cut off or damaged in the demolition process. compensation for all work, costs and equipment
Where reinforcement has been cut off, or where in the required for transporting, erecting and placing into
opinion of the Engineer, the reinforcement has been position the precast concrete members.
damaged to such an extent that it will not adequately
perform its function, the Contractor shall, at his/her own
expense, install dowel bars of the same diameter as the ITEM UNIT
bar cut off or damaged, all to the satisfaction of the 64.04 EPOXY BONDING OF NEW SQUARE
Engineer. CONCRETE SURFACES TO OLD METRE (m2)
(b) Only hand operated breaking equipment shall be

used for the demolition of concrete where extension
new concrete surface bonded to old by means of an
work is required.
approved epoxy bonding agent as set out in the
Specifications. The bid rate shall include full
compensation for preparing the surfaces, furnishing and
6416 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT applying the bonding agent and for chamfering the
concrete on visible joints, complete as shown on the
Drawings.
ITEM UNIT
64.01 CAST IN SITU CONCRETE:
ITEM UNIT
(a) (CLASS OF CONCRETE AND PART OF CUBIC
STRUCTURE OR USE INDICATED) METRE
3
(m ) 64.05 EXTRA OVER ITEM 64.01 OR CUBIC METRE
64.02 FOR THE USE OF SULPHATE- (m3)
(b) DITTO FOR OTHER CLASSES OF CUBIC
3 RESISTANT CEMENT IN CONCRETE
CONCRETE AND OTHER USES OR METRE (m )
PARTS OF THE STRUCTURE
concrete manufactured with sulphate-resistant cement
The unit of measurement for cast in situ concrete shall
and placed in accordance with the details on the
be the cubic metre of concrete in place. Quantities shall
Drawings, or as instructed by the Engineer.
be calculated from the dimensions shown on the
Drawings or as authorised. No deduction in volume
The bid rate shall be extra over each of the relevant
measured for payment shall be made for the volume of
rates for which sulphate resistant cement is used.
any reinforcing steel, inserts and pipes or conduits
under 150 mm in diameter embedded in the concrete.
ITEM UNIT
procuring and furnishing all the materials, storing the 64.06 DEMOLISHING EXISTING
materials, providing all equipment, mixing, transporting, CONCRETE:
placing and compacting the concrete, forming the (a) PLAIN CONCRETE (MEMBER CUBIC METRE
inserts, construction joints (except mandatory INDICATED) (m3)
construction joints) and contraction joints, curing and
(b) REINFORCED CONCRETE (MEMBER CUBIC METRE
protecting the concrete, repairing defective surfaces,
INDICATED) (m3)
and finishing the concrete surfaces as specified.
Payment shall distinguish between the different classes
of concrete. The unit of measurement shall be the cubic metre of
plain or reinforced concrete demolished for each
member or portion thereof scheduled separately in the
Bill of Quantities.
The bid rate shall include full compensation for all

labour and equipment required to demolish the existing
concrete and disposal of the product of the demolition
to an approved disposal site.
The bid rate shall also include full compensation for any
necessary measures to ensure no debris falls into
watercourses and for any debris that has fallen into
watercourses to be recovered.
SERIES 6000: STRUCTURES
(i) Pre-tensioned concrete
SECTION 6500: PRESTRESSING Pre-tensioned concrete is prestressed concrete where
the tendon is tensioned before the concrete has been
cast.
(j) Post-tensioned concrete

CONTENTS: Post-tensioned concrete is prestressed concrete where
CLAUSE PAGE the tendon is tensioned after the concrete has
6501 SCOPE hardened.
6502 DEFINITIONS
6503 MATERIALS (k) Pull-in
6504 EQUIPMENT Pull-in is the elastic shortening of the tendon caused by
6505 TECHNICAL DATA relative movement between the anchorage or coupler
6506 PRESTRESSING SYSTEM components on account of seating and gripping action
6507 DRAWINGS PREPARED BY THE during or immediately after transfer.
CONTRACTOR
6508 PRECASTING (I) Release
6509 PRE-TENSIONING Release is the specified elastic shortening of the tendon
6510 POST-TENSIONING at the anchorage achieved before or during transfer.
6511 LOSS OF PRESTRESS
6512 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT (m) Sheath
Sheath is the tube or casing enclosing the tendon and
which temporarily or permanently allows a relative
movement between the tendon and the surrounding
concrete.
6501 SCOPE
This Section covers the materials, equipment and work (n) Tendon
required for prestressing structural concrete members. Tendon is the prestressing steel consisting of the bar,
wire or strand individually placed, or of bars, wires or
strands placed in a duct, all of which are tensioned to
6502 DEFINITIONS impart prestress to a concrete member.
The following definitions shall apply to these
Specifications: (o) Tensioning
Tensioning is the action of inducing and regulating the
(a) Anchorage force in a tendon by means of tensioning and
Anchorage is the device comprising all the components measuring equipment.
and materials required for retaining the force in a
tensioned tendon and to transmit this force to the (p) Transfer
concrete of the structure. Transfer in the case of post-tensioned concrete is the
action of transferring the tensioning force from the
(b) Anchorage reinforcement tensioning equipment (jack) to the anchorage.
Anchorage reinforcement is the spiral and other
reinforcement which forms part of the anchorage and is Transfer in the case of pre-tensioned concrete is the
required for strengthening the anchorage and/or action of transferring the force in the tensioned
assisting in transmitting the tendon force to the tendon(s) to the concrete.
concrete.
(q) Bond breaker
(c) Bursting reinforcement Bond breaker is the coating or sheath placed on a
Bursting reinforcement is the reinforcing steel required tendon to prevent it from bonding to the surrounding
in and adjacent to the anchorage zones to resist the concrete.
tensile stresses induced in the concrete by the
anchorage(s). (r) Coupler
Coupler is the device comprising all components
(d) Cable required to join two tendons.
Cable is the tendon, together with the anchorage,
sheathing and all fittings. (s) Deflector
Deflector is the device used to deflect a tendon
(e) Characteristic strength alignment within a structural element.
Characteristic strength of prestressing steel is the
manufacturer's guaranteed tensile strength below which (t) Transmission length
no more than 5% of the test results in a statistical Transmission length is the tendon length required to
population shall fall. transmit via bond stresses the full force in the tendon to
the concrete.
(f) Duct
Duct is the void formed to house the tendon(s) and may (u) Precamber
be formed by coring, or by using sheaths or by way of Precamber is the allowance made into formwork to
extractable cores. accommodate the slightly convex shape of a horizontal
prestressed member.
(g) Prestress
Prestress is the stress induced in concrete by tensioned
tendons. 6503 MATERIALS
(h) Prestressed concrete (a) General
Prestressed concrete is structural concrete in which All materials and prestressing systems used in the
effective internal stresses are induced by means of prestressing of structural concrete members shall be
tensioned tendons. subject to approval by the Engineer.
(b) Prestressing steel Tendons may be cleaned by wire brushing or by
passing through a pressure box containing
(i) General carborundum powder. Solvent solutions shall not be
The Contractor shall keep proper records of all used for cleaning without the approval of the
material analyses and test certificates for the Engineer.
batches of prestressing steel used in the Works.
Where required by the Engineer, the Contractor Prestressing steel shall be delivered at the site
shall produce certificates from recognised testing suitably protected against damage and corrosion.
authorities certifying compliance of the prestressing Such protection or the use of a corrosion inhibitor,
steel with the specified requirements. where allowed by the Engineer, shall not have any
deleterious effect on the steel or concrete or impair
Where prestressing steel is available in weld-free the bond between the two.
lengths (production lengths) and lengths containing
welds (standard lengths), the batches delivered at (vi) Galvanising
the site shall be clearly labelled for identification Galvanised prestressing steel shall not be used
purposes. unless specified. Under no circumstances shall
prestressing steel be subjected to galvanising after
Under no circumstances shall prestressing steel manufacture.
after manufacture be subjected to heat treatment
other than provided for in the Specifications. (vii) Welds
Prestressing steel used in structural prestressed
(ii) Bars concrete shall be weld-free. Where the steel is
Cold-worked high-tensile alloy steel bars for supplied in standard lengths, the welds shall be cut
prestressed concrete shall comply at least with the out and delivered to the Engineer.
requirements of BS 4486:1980.
(c) Anchorages and couplers
The type of prestressing steel shall be indicated in Anchorages and couplers to be used in prestressed
accordance with the requirements of CLAUSE 4.2 of concrete shall comply with the requirements of BS
BS 4486:1980 e.g. BS 4486-RR-32-1230 for 32 mm 4447:1973 and shall be of a proved and approved type,
diameter double-ridged bar with a characteristic constructed from durable material completely free from
strength of 1230 MPa. imperfections and shall not damage, distort or kink the
prestressing steel in a manner that will result in ultimate
(iii) Wires and seven-wire steel strand tensile strength reduction. They shall resist, without
Steel wire and seven-wire steel strand for failure and/or excessive deformation or relaxation of the
prestressed concrete shall comply at least with the force in the tendons, the full ultimate tensile strength of
requirements of BS 5896:1980. the tendons. The characteristic value for anchorages
and couplers, determined in accordance with BS
The type of prestressing steel shall be indicated in 4447:1973, shall not be less than 90%.
accordance with the requirements of CLAUSES 14
and 20 of BS 5896:1980 for wire and strands The anchorages shall effectively distribute the force in
respectively, e.g.: the tendon to the structural member, and the resulting
local stresses and strains in the member shall be so
(1) BS 5896/2 wire 1770-7-PE-relax 1 for a 7 mm limited as to prevent damage. Unless otherwise
diameter plain wire of Class 1 relaxation with a approved by the Engineer, all anchorages and couplers
characteristic strength of 1770 MPa; and shall be provided with anchorage reinforcement.
(2) BS 5896/3 superstrand 1860-12.9-relax 2 for a Wedges and the insides of barrels or cones shall be
12.9 mm diameter superstrand of Class 2 clean to allow the free movement and seating of the
relaxation with a characteristic strength of 1860 wedges inside the taper.
MPa.
The threads of bars, nuts, anchorages and couplers
(iv) Straightness shall be suitably protected against damage and
Prestressing bars delivered at the site shall be corrosion. The protection shall be removed at the last
straight. Only small adjustments for straightness moment and the threads properly lubricated before use.
may be made, which shall be done by hand on the
site at a temperature above 5C and under the (d) Sheaths
supervision of the Engineer. Where heating of the Sheaths shall be grout-tight and of such material and
bars is required, this shall be by means of steam or configuration that bond forces can be transferred from
hot water. Bars bent in the threaded portion shall the grout to the surrounding concrete. The properties of
not be used. the sheath material shall be such that no corrosion
attack of the prestressing steel will be induced. The
Prestressing wire and strand shall be supplied in sheath shall be sufficiently flexible to accept the
coils with a sufficiently large diameter to ensure that required curvature without kinking, and strong enough
the wire and strand will reel off straight. to retain its cross-section and alignment and to resist
damage on account of handling, transporting, tying and
(v) Surface condition contact with vibrators during concreting. Unless
Prestressing steel shall be clean, free from faults or otherwise approved by the Engineer the thickness of
defects, and without any harmful films and matter the metal of steel sheaths shall not be less than 0.4
which may impair adhesion to the grout or concrete. mm.
A film of rust is not necessarily harmful and may
improve the bond. It may, however, increase the Metal sheathing shall be delivered at the site suitably
friction between the tendon and duct. The depth of protected against damage and corrosion. At the time of
imperfections or pits on the surface of prestressing incorporation into the structural member, the sheathing
steel shall not exceed 0.1 mm for wire with a shall be free from loose mill scale, loose rust, lubricants
diameter up to and including 8 mm, or 0.2 mm for and harmful matter.
bars or wire with a diameter exceeding 8 mm.
Galvanised sheathing shall not be used unless
specified.
Unless otherwise specified, the internal diameter of the exceed 2500 cP and 1 500 cP for horizontal
sheath shall be at least 10 mm greater than the and vertical cables respectively.
diameter of the tendon. For vertical tendons and where
tendons are to be drawn into cast-in sheaths, the cross- (3) Bleeding at 20C measured in accordance with
sectional duct area shall be at least three times the SUBCLAUSE 7112 shall not exceed 2% by
cross-sectional area of the tendon. volume three hours after the grout has been
mixed, and the maximum bleeding shall not
(e) Cable supports exceed 4%. In addition, the separated (bleed)
Supports of reinforcing steel or structural steel suitably water must be reabsorbed after 24 hours.
braced to prevent buckling under load shall be used to
support the cables. The cable saddles shall be rigid and (4) The compressive strength of 100 mm cubes
secured in position by welding or by equivalent made of the grout and cured in a moist
mechanical means to resist both gravitational and atmosphere for the first 24 hours and then in
buoyancy forces. water at 20C shall exceed 20 MPa at seven
days.
Normal web reinforcement shall not be utilised to
support cables. (h) Protecting agents for unbonded tendons
The material used for permanent protection of
Saddles for external cables shall be of special design unbonded tendons shall have the following properties:
and material to ensure low friction and to prevent the
tendon or parts thereof from grooving the surface. The (i) It shall remain free from cracks and shall not
saddle plates shall be curved to the requisite radius to become brittle or fluid within the temperature range
prevent the tendon or part thereof from bearing on the of -20C to 70C.
end of the plate and shall incorporate features to
ensure that individual bars, wires and strands are (ii) It shall be chemically stable and the Engineer shall
seated separately. approve its properties.
(f) Tendon spacers (iii) It shall be non-reactive with the surrounding
Tendon spacers used inside the ducts to separate materials, i.e. concrete, tendons, wrapping or
individual bars, wires or strands of the tendon shall be sheathing.
of a proven and approved type and manufactured from
material which will not induce corrosion of the (iv) It shall be non-corrosive or corrosion-inhibiting.
prestressing steel.
(v) It shall be impervious to moisture.
(g) Grout
(vi) It shall be sufficiently tough to withstand the
(i) Materials abrasion caused when a tendon, precoated with the
In addition to the requirements of SUBCLAUSE material, is drawn into the sheath.
6402(d), water shall not contain more than 500 mg
of chloride ions per litre of water. (vii) It shall have no appreciable shrinkage or excessive
volume increase.
Only common cements which comply with the
requirements of US 310-1:2001/EAS 18-1, BS EN (viii) It shall have a suitable viscosity at ambient
197-1:2000 or equivalent shall be used. The temperature or require only moderate preheating to
temperature of the cement shall be less than 40C, permit injection.
and the cement shall be stored in accordance with
the requirements of SUBCLAUSE 6403(a). (i) Testing
Prestressing steel, anchorages and couplers, and grout
Fine aggregate shall consist of siliceous granules, shall be tested in accordance with the requirements of
finely ground limestones, trass or very fine sand. SUBCLAUSE 7111(b). Testing shall be carried out at the
The aggregate used shall pass through a 0.600 mm frequencies as directed by the Engineer.
sieve. The use of fine aggregate shall be subject to
the approval of the Engineer and shall be restricted
to grout for ducts with a diameter exceeding 150
mm. The aggregate content in the grout shall not
6504 EQUIPMENT
exceed 30% of the weight of the cement.
(a) General
All equipment used shall be in a good working order
The use of admixtures shall be subject to tests
and properly maintained.
having shown that their use improves the properties
of the grout, e.g. by increasing workability, reducing
(b) Tensioning and measuring equipment
bleeding, entraining air, or expanding the grout.
Tensioning and measuring equipment shall be such that
Admixtures shall be free from any product liable to
the tendon force can be established to an accuracy of
damage the steel or the grout itself, such as
+2% during any stage of the tensioning operation.
halides, nitrates, sulphides, sulphates, etc. The
quantity of admixture to be used shall be in
Unless otherwise authorised by the Engineer, the
accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
tensioning equipment shall be power driven and
capable of gradually applying a controlled total force
(ii) Properties of the grout
without inducing dangerous secondary stresses in the
The mixed grout shall have the following properties:
tendon, anchorage or concrete.
(1) The chloride ions content shall not exceed 750
The force in the tendon during tensioning shall be
mg/litre.
measured by a direct-reading dynamometer or obtained
direct from pressure gauges fitted in the hydraulic
(2) The viscosity of the grout measured in
system to determine the pressure in the jacks.
accordance with SUBCLAUSE 7111(b) for
horizontal cables shall be 500 to 2 500 cP and
Pressure gauges shall have concentric scale dials
for vertical cables 400 to 1 500 cP. The viscosity
which comply with the requirements of BS EN 837-
of the grout, 20 minutes after mixing, shall not
1:1998. The dials shall not be less than 150 mm in The following technical data for pre-tensioned and post-
diameter and the gauges shall be used within the range tensioned structural members required for the Contract
of 50 to 90% of their full capacity at maximum service will be furnished on the Drawings:
pressure. (a) Tendon alignment
A diagram showing the alignment of each tendon or
When pressure gauges not using glycerine are used, a group of tendons in both the horizontal and vertical
snubber or similar device shall be fitted to protect the planes, together with the horizontal and vertical co-
gauge against any sudden release of pressure. ordinates, and curve equations of the centroid of the
Provision shall also be made for T-connections for the tendon(s), as may be relevant.
attachment, when required, for supplementary control
gauges. (b) Tendon system
The design shall be based on the system shown on the
Only self-sealing connections shall be used in the Drawings, but the Contractor may use any suitable
hydraulic circuit. Where the pressure input pipe is system which will meet all the specified requirements,
connected to the jack, a pipe rupture valve shall be subject to approval by the Engineer.
installed in the circuit.
(c) Tensioning the tendons
Tensioning equipment shall be calibrated before the Full particulars regarding the partial tensioning of the
tensioning operation and thereafter at frequent tendons, the stage during which the tendons shall be
intervals, as directed by the Engineer, with a master tensioned, and the sequence of tensioning to be
gauge or proving ring, and the Engineer shall be followed.
furnished with a calibration chart. The load-measuring
devices shall be calibrated to an accuracy of +2%. (d) Tensioning force
The maximum tensioning force and the effective force
The extension of tendons shall be measured to an at the live anchorages, after transfer, as well as the
accuracy of +2% or +2 mm, whichever is the more corresponding stress level in the prestressing steel, for
accurate, and pull-in and release to an accuracy of +2 each tendon or group of tendons. The forces will be
mm. given in MN units, and the stress levels will be
expressed as a percentage of the characteristic
(c) Grouting equipment strength.
(i) Mixer (e) Extension

Mechanically operated mixers used shall be of a The extension per tendon or group of tendons under the
type capable of producing high local turbulence maximum tensioning force, together with the modulus of
while imparting only a slow motion to the body of elasticity (E) on which it has been based. The release to
the grout. be attained at each live anchorage as well as the pull-in
for which provision has been made.
The mixer shall be equipped with a screen with
openings not exceeding 1.0 mm and shall be The Contractor shall show on his/her drawings the
capable of consistently producing grout with a expected extension based on the actual modulus of
colloidal consistency. elasticity of the strand as well as the expected wedge
pull-in and any provision for shimming.
(ii) Agitator
Where the capacity of the mixer is insufficient to fill (f) Prestressing losses in tendons
the duct completely with grout, an agitator shall be The losses allowed for in the design from the causes
used. listed below will be given as follows:
Mechanical agitators used shall be capable of (i) Friction loss

maintaining the colloidal condition of the grout fill The formula used for determining the tendon/duct
during the storing and injection processes. The friction loss together with the values adopted for the
grout shall be delivered at the structure from the friction coefficient () caused by curvature, and the
agitator, and the system shall make provision for re- wobble factor (k) caused by unintentional variation
circulating the grout from the pump back to the from the specified alignment.
agitator.
(ii) Elastic deformation of concrete
(iii) Injection equipment The elastic factor, which, when multiplied by the
The pump shall be of the positive displacement type compressive stress in the concrete adjacent to the
(piston, screw or similar type), capable of exerting a tendon, will give the loss caused by the deformation
constant pressure of at least 10 bars on completely of the concrete.
grouted cables and shall incorporate a safety
device for preventing the build-up of pressure (iii) Creep of the concrete
above 20 bars. The pump shall be fitted with a The creep factor, which, when multiplied by the
pressure gauge and a valve which can be locked- compressive stress in the concrete adjacent to the
off without loss of pressure in the cable. tendon, will give the loss caused by the creep of the
concrete.
The pump shall be capable of delivering grout at a
speed that will produce a speed of the grout in the (iv) Shrinkage of the concrete
cable of between 6 and 12 m/minute. The stress loss in MPa caused by the shrinkage of
the concrete.
All connections in the pipes and between the pipe
and the cable shall be airtight. Only bayonet, (v) Relaxation of prestressing steel
threaded, or similar types of connectors shall be The stress loss in MPa at a stress level of 70% of
used. the characteristic strength of the prestressing steel
caused by the relaxation of the prestressing steel.
6505 TECHNICAL DATA (g) Anchorages

The positions where loop or fan-type dead-end
anchorage may be used.
Where required, the Contractor shall submit
calculations in respect of the variation of the tendon
(h) Bursting reinforcement force along the length of the tendon, the expected
The bursting reinforcement for the prestressing system extension and the bursting forces.
on which the design is based.
After approval by the Engineer of the Drawings and
(i) Precamber calculations prepared by the Contractor, no departure
The precamber at intervals not exceeding 0.25 times shall be permitted from the forces, stresses and
the span length. extensions shown thereon, without authorisation by the
Engineer.
(j) Compressive strength of the concrete during
transfer The prestressing work shall not be commenced before
The compressive strength to be attained by the the relevant drawings have been accepted by the
concrete in the relevant member before transfer may be Engineer. The Contractor shall make full allowance in
effected. his/her bid rates for all costs in connection with the
furnishing of information, making calculations, and
preparing and submitting the Drawings. However, no
6506 PRESTRESSING SYSTEM allowance need be made for the cost of checking,
The use of all prestressing systems will be subject to undertaken by the Engineer, of drawings and
approval by the Engineer. Bidders are advised to obtain calculations for work which does not qualify as an
approval for the prestressing system they intend using, alternative design.
prior to submitting their bids.
Alternative designs shall comply with the requirements
Within one month of the bid having been awarded, or of CLAUSE 1212 and the relevant provisions of this
within a period agreed on with the Engineer, the Section.
Contractor shall submit full details regarding the
prestressing system(s), materials and equipment
he/she intends using, as well as regarding the methods 6508 PRECASTING
he/she proposes to adopt in the prestressing and
related operations. (a) Casting yard on the site
Subject to approval by the Engineer, precast work may
The Engineer, at his/her own discretion, may call for be done at any location selected by the Contractor.
further information in the form of detailed drawings,
proof of successful previous use, performance Before the casting yard is established, the Contractor
certificates from an approved independent testing shall submit plans to the Engineer which demarcate the
authority, and calculations substantiating the adequacy site and detail the layout of the Works, together with a
of the system. The Contractor shall furnish such flow diagram of the construction stages and storage.
information within two weeks of being called upon to do
so or within a period agreed on with the Engineer. If, (b) Manufacture off the site
after investigating all the information, the Engineer is The Contractor shall notify the Engineer in advance of
not satisfied that the prestressing of the structural the dates when tensioning of tendons, casting of
member can be carried out satisfactorily with the members and transfer, will be undertaken.
prestressing system offered by the Contractor, the
Engineer reserves the right to order the Contractor to Within seven days of transfer, the Contractor shall
use any system which is suited to the work and which is submit to the Engineer a certificate giving the tendon
readily available to the Contractor. force(s) and extension(s) attained as well as records of
the cube crushing strength and age of concrete at
Only minor alterations to the concrete dimensions transfer.
shown on the Drawings will be considered in order to
accommodate the prestressing system finally selected. Test results relating to all aspects of the work shall be
Major alterations occasioned by the prestressing sent to the Engineer immediately upon their becoming
system offered by the Contractor and which is at available.
variance with the tendon system specified in
SUBCLAUSE 6505(b) shall be treated as alternative Where the Engineer requires tests to be conducted on
designs and shall be dealt with as specified in CLAUSE completed members, no member to which the tests
1212. relate shall be dispatched to the site until the tests have
been satisfactorily completed and the members
accepted by the Engineer.
6507 DRAWINGS PREPARED BY THE
(c) Manufacture
CONTRACTOR
Before work is commenced, details of the manufacture
All drawings prepared by the Contractor and submitted
and phasing of the work shall be submitted to the
to the Engineer for consideration shall comply with the
Engineer for approval. After approval, no changes shall
requirements of CLAUSE 1221.
be made to the methods or systems, without approval
by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer at least two
months before he/she intends commencing with the
The Contractor shall ensure that the specified
prestressing work, drawings detailing the layout and
precamber is incorporated in the formwork. The
alignment for the individual tendons, the cable supports,
magnitude of the precamber shown on the Drawings
modifications to the bursting and other reinforcement,
shall be subject to variation depending on the
anchorage recesses, tensioning sequence, tensioning
Contractor's construction programme; and the
loads and extensions, as well as requirements for
Contractor shall, before manufacture, ascertain in
controlling the tensioning operations. For the
writing from the Engineer, the increase or decrease in
prestressing system finally selected, the technical data
precamber. This procedure shall also apply to the cases
which are at variance with the information given on the
where no precamber has been specified.
Drawings shall be shown on the Drawings. Each tendon
shall be separately numbered for identification.
Lifting and supporting the precast members shall be and couplers shall be protected against corrosion,
made only at the points marked and provided on the damage or permanent deformation. The manner and
members. extent of protection required will depend on the
environmental factors and the length of time before
Precast members which have not been fully tensioned permanent corrosion protection is applied, and shall be
or fully stage extensioned or which have ungrouted to the satisfaction of the Engineer. Under severe
tensioned tendons shall not be handled without corrosive conditions in damp and wet areas and under
authorisation by the Engineer. aggressive conditions, the materials shall be stored in
weatherproof sheds. All materials shall be stored clear
Where members with ungrouted tensioned tendons are of the ground and while in storage shall not be enclosed
handled, control shall be exercised to guard against to the weather.
possible slip of the tendon at the anchorage.
When prestressing steel has been stored for a
Prestressed precast concrete members shall also prolonged period and there is evidence of its
comply with the requirements of CLAUSE 6413. deterioration, the Contractor may be called on to prove
by tests that the quality of the steel has not been
significantly impaired and that the prestressing steel still
6509 PRE-TENSIONING complies with the provisions of these Specifications.
During the period between tensioning and transfer, the
force in the tendon shall be fully maintained by some Suitable protection shall be provided to the threaded
positive means. At transfer, detensioning shall take ends of bars.
place slowly to minimise any shock which could
adversely affect the transmission length of the tendon. After fabrication, the cable ends shall be covered with
protective wrapping to prevent the ingress of moisture
In the long-line method of pre-tensioning, sufficient into the duct.
locator plates shall be distributed throughout the length
of the bed to ensure that the straight tendons are When the tendon is to be left untensioned for a
maintained in their proper position during concreting. prolonged period after installation, precautions shall be
Where a number of units are manufactured in line, they taken to protect the tendon against corrosion. Corrosion
shall be free to slide in the direction of their length so as inhibitors, oils or similar materials used as lubrication or
to permit transfer of the tendon force to the concrete to provide temporary protection shall be such that they
along the entire line. can be completely removed before permanent
protection is effected.
In the individual-mould system, the moulds shall be
sufficiently rigid to provide the reaction to the tendon (b) Fabrication
force without distortion. All cutting of prestressing steel shall be performed with
a high-speed abrasive cutting wheel or by a method
Where possible, the mechanism for holding down or approved by the Engineer. Flame cutting will not be
holding up deflected tendons shall ensure that the part permitted.
in contact with the tendon will be free to move in the line
of the tendon so that friction losses are eliminated. If, Care shall be taken to prevent the prestressing steel or
however, a system is used which develops a frictional anchorages from coming into contact with splashes
force, this force shall be determined by test and due from flame-cutting or welding processes in the vicinity.
allowance made thereof.
Where possible, all bars, wires or strands tensioned in
For single tendons, the deflector in contact with the one operation shall be taken from the same parcel of
tendon shall have a radius of not less than 5 times the prestressing steel. The tendon or cable shall be labelled
tendon diameter for wire, or 10 times the tendon to show the tendon or cable number, as well as identify
diameter for a strand, and the total angle of deflection from which parcel the steel has been taken.
shall not exceed 15".
Where bars, wires or strands in a tendon are not
Transfer of the tendon force to the concrete shall be tensioned simultaneously, tendon spacers shall be used
effected in conjunction with the release of hold-down in accordance with the recommendations for the
and hold-up forces in accordance with an approved prestressing system or, in the absence thereof, as
method. directed by the Engineer.
Transfer shall not be effected until compressive- Cables shall be fitted at both ends with pipes with a
strength tests on the concrete show that the concrete of diameter of at least 10 mm for the injection of grout or
the particular member has attained a compressive protection agents. The ends of the injection pipes shall
strength of at least the compressive strength shown on be fitted with a clamp, valve or device capable of
the Drawings. The transmission length is affected by withstanding a pressure of at least 15 bars without loss
the concrete strength, and the necessary modification of grout or protection agent.
for the concrete strength at transfer shall be made in
conjunction with the Engineer. Vent pipes with a diameter of at least 25 mm shall be
provided in the duct at every high point, change of
The tendons shall be cut off flush with the end of the sheath cross-section and at such intermediate positions
member and the exposed ends covered with a heavy as may be shown on the Drawings or required by the
coat of approved bituminous material or epoxy resin. Engineer. The vent pipes shall extend to at least 500
The cutting of the prestressing steel shall be performed mm above the concrete and shall comply with the
with a high-speed abrasive cutting wheel. Flame cutting requirements for injection pipes.
will not be permitted.
Connections to, and joints in sheaths shall be made
grout-tight by using special sheathing couplings and
taping. With bonded cables, the length of taping shall
6510 POST-TENSIONING
not exceed six sheath diameters. Where over sleeves
are used, equal overlaps shall be provided over each
(a) Storage, handling and protection
length of sheathing. Joints in adjacent sheaths shall be
During storage, transit and construction and after
spaced at least 300 mm apart.
installation, the sheaths, prestressing steel, anchorages
sheaths are free from obstructions, that extractable
(c) Installation cores can be removed and, where the design
The installation of tendons shall not commence until the permits, that all tendons are free to move in the
requirements of CLAUSE 6507 have been complied with. ducts. All water in the ducts shall then be expelled
The cable, sheath or extractable core shall be with compressed air and the cables/ducts sealed
accurately installed to the specified alignment and until tensioning takes place.
securely held in position both vertically and horizontally
at intervals appropriate to its rigidity so as not to be Before tensioning is commenced, the side forms
displaced during concreting, either by the weight of the and other restraining elements shall be released or
concrete or by buoyancy. The spacing of the cable removed to give the structural member the freedom
supports shall furthermore ensure that the tendon can to deform under the induced force.
be installed to a smooth alignment without kinks and
within the tolerance specified in SUBCLAUSE 6803(g). (ii) Tensioning sequence
Cable sheaths shall be supported and held in position The sequence of tensioning to be followed shall be
by means of separate reinforcing steel supports with a as shown on the Drawings and/or on drawings
diameter of not less than 16 mm. The transverse bars prepared by the Contractor in terms of CLAUSE
must be welded to the vertical bars or must rest on lugs 6507. The Contractor shall make allowance in
welded to the vertical bars. The spacing of the vertical his/her bid rates for all incidentals which he/she
supports shall not exceed 1.0 m may have to incur as a result of having to tension
fully only some of the tendons at any one stage or
Extractable cores shall not be coated with release agent instant. Where partial tensioning of tendons is
unless approved by the Engineer. required, the work shall be executed in accordance
with the details on the Drawings or as specified.
Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings, the The Contractor shall, in his/her bid rates, make
alignment of the tendon within a distance of 1.0 m from provision for all incidentals he/she may have to
the live anchorage and/or coupler shall be straight. The incur as a result of having to tension partially only
tendon axis shall be set perpendicular to the bearing some of or all the tendons at any one stage or
surface of its anchorage and firmly secured in position instant.
so as not to move during concreting. External
anchorages shall be seated on a thin mortar bedding to (iii) Assembling the equipment, and safety precautions
bear evenly on the concrete bearing surface, and the The tensioning and measuring equipment shall be
tendon axis shall be perpendicular to the bearing assembled for tensioning in exactly the same way
surface of the anchorage. as they are assembled for calibration.
Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings, the minimum The Contractor shall take all the necessary safety
concrete cover over the outside surface of the sheath or precautions to prevent accidents caused by the
cable support shall comply with the requirements of malfunctioning or failure of any part of the
CLAUSE 6307, except that, for sheaths, the cover shall equipment or material and shall accept full
not be less than 50 mm. responsibility for injury sustained by persons or
damage to property resulting therefrom.
The spacing of cables will depend on the size of the
cable and shall be such that the concrete can be (iv) Friction
properly placed and compacted. The Engineer may require the Contractor to perform
friction tests on designated tendons and to revise
Immediately before concreting, the Contractor shall the relevant theoretical extensions to compensate
inspect the sheaths for grout-tightness and shall seal all for the discrepancy between the values adopted in
damaged and suspect sections. the design and the test results. Payment for these
tests shall be made under ITEM 71.01.
External tendons shall be installed to the same
standards and accuracy specified herein for internal Where applicable, allowance shall be made in the
tendons. The tendons shall be temporarily supported at tensioning force to compensate for friction loss in
regular intervals along the straight length between the jack and in the anchorage.
saddles. The supports shall consist of rigidly
constructed frames secured to the concrete face. (v) Tensioning
Tensioning shall be carried out under the
(d) Concrete strength supervision of a technician skilled in the use of the
Full tensioning of all or some of the tendons shall not prestressing system and equipment and the
commence until the compressive-strength of the methods of tensioning to be adopted.
concrete is 35 MPa or the strength shown on the
Drawings, whichever is the greater. Tensioning shall not be commenced before the
Engineer has been advised of each tensioning
The compressive strength of the concrete shall be operation and has given his/her approval for the
determined from cubes manufactured and tested in work to be started.
accordance with SUBCLAUSE 7106(a) which have been
cured under the same conditions as the structural The technician and operators shall be supplied with
member which is to be prestressed. The number of a schedule listing the sequence of tensioning the
concrete cubes required for this purpose shall be as various tendons and a tensioning record sheet
agreed on with the Engineer. showing the theoretical gauge readings, jacking
forces, extensions, release and pull-in for each
Where initially all or some of the tendons are to be tensioning operation. The record sheet shall
partially tensioned, tensioning shall not commence furthermore provide room for entering the
before the concrete has attained the compressive corresponding information recorded and
strength indicated on the Drawings. observations made during tensioning. A graph of
the tensioning force and/or gauge reading versus
(e) Tensioning theoretical extensions shall, where required, be
(i) Preparation appended to the record sheet and the actual
Within two hours of the concrete having been extensions measured for each load increment shall
placed, the Contractor shall demonstrate that be plotted on the graph. Copies of the completed
record sheets and graphs shall be submitted to the effected by the use of bitumen, petroleum-based
Engineer within 24 hours of each tensioning compounds, epoxy resins, plastics and similar
operation having been completed. products, all complying with the requirements of
SUBCLAUSE 6503(h) and subject to approval by the
The Contractor shall note that the extensions shall Engineer.
be regarded as an indirect measurement of the
tensioning force and shall serve as a control on the Tendons located outside the structural section (i.e.
tensioning force applied. external tendons) shall be encased with a dense
concrete, dense mortar or material sufficiently
The protruding ends of all bars, wires and strands stable and hard, all subject to approval by the
shall be clearly marked for the accurate Engineer. The encasement shall be of the thickness
measurement of extension, release and pull-in. shown on the Drawings. Where bonding of the
tendon to the structural concrete is required, this
Before tensioning is commenced on external shall be achieved by bonding the concrete
tendons, a small load shall be applied to each encasement to the structure with reinforcing steel
tendon, commencing with the uppermost tendon. as detailed on the Drawings.
The force shall be sufficient to take up all slack and
prevent entanglement of the tendons. Protection and bonding of the tendons shall be
effected within seven days of the final tensioning of
The jacking force shall be increased to the tendons, or as specified on the Drawings, but
approximately 5% to 10% of the final jacking force shall not take place without the prior approval of the
to take up the tendon slack and to determine the Engineer having been obtained.
zero position for measuring the extension and to
check the gripping devices and the position and After the permanent protection or bonding has been
alignment of the jacks. The load shall then be completed the anchorages shall be encased in
increased gradually to the full specified tensioning concrete or grout which shall be bonded to the old
force while intermediate gauge readings and concrete with epoxy resin designed for this
extensions are recorded at regular intervals. purpose, or shall be completely coated with a
corrosion-resistant material. The protection
The final stage of tensioning shall be deemed to provided shall in all cases prevent the ingress of
have been satisfactorily accomplished when all the water or aggressive agents.
following requirements have been complied with:
(ii) Preparation of ducts
(1) The tendons have been tensioned to the Before permanent protection and/or bonding of
required force. tendons is effected, the following precautions shall
be taken:
(2) The measured extension on individual tendons
is within 6% of the theoretical extensions. (1) The cables shall be checked for blockages by
water or compressed air being injected.
(3) The average variation between the measured
and theoretical extensions of all the tendons in (2) Unlined ducts which are to be filled with grout
a structural member is less than 3%. shall be flushed with water to wet the concrete.
(4) The release and/or pull-in is within 2 mm of (3) Temporary protection or lubricants which are
the theoretical values. incompatible with the permanent protection or
bonding, shall be removed by flushing the duct
Where the above conditions are not met individually with water or an inert solution, or by any
and collectively, the Contractor shall immediately suitable approved method.
advise the Engineer and obtain a ruling as to the
procedure to be followed. (4) On completion of the above, any excess fluid
shall be expelled from the ducts by means of
In the event of the tendon friction being too high, compressed air or shall be displaced by the
the Contractor may, subject to approval by the protecting agent or grout, as may be relevant.
Engineer, inject an approved lubricant into the
sheath after first having detensioned the tendon. (5) Any blockages, leakages or factors which in
any way may affect the permanent protection or
The cost of the remedial and corrective measures bonding shall immediately be reported to the
and of the release and retensioning of tendons, Engineer.
which have been occasioned by failure of the
operations to meet the above requirements shall be (iii) Mixing
for the Contractor's account.
(1) Protecting agents
After the tensioning has been accepted by the The mixing of protecting agents shall be strictly
Engineer, the Contractor may cut off the tendons in accordance with the manufacturer's
behind the anchorage as described in SUBCLAUSE instructions.
6510(b).
(2) Grout
(f) Permanent protection and bonding of tendons The aggregate, if used, and the cement shall be
measured by weight, and the water by weight or
(i) General by volume.
After tensioning, all tendons shall receive
permanent protection against mechanical damage The water:cement ratio by weight shall be as low as
and corrosion. possible within the range between 0.36 to 0.45, and
shall be consistent with the fluidity requirements of
Internal tendons shall be protected and bonded to SUBCLAUSE 6503(g).
the structural member by cement grout or, when
permitted by the Engineer, by sand-cement grout.
Where bond is not important, protection may be
Where an admixture is used, it shall be dissolved in During the course of grouting, 100 mm cubes
a part of the mixing water before it is added to the shall be made for testing in accordance with
grout. SUBCLAUSE 6503(g)(i). Whilst the grout is being
poured into the cube mould, the sides of the
Mixing shall be commenced by two-thirds of the mould shall be slightly tapped to permit any
cement being added to the greater part of the entrapped air to escape.
mixing water, and, if used, an additive predissolved
in part of the mixing water, and finally the remainder Precautions shall be taken not to discharge the
of the cement. Mixing shall continue for not longer escaping grout onto railway lines, public roads,
than four minutes after which the grout shall be water courses or private property.
continually agitated at slow speed throughout the
injection operation. If a blockage occurs during the course of
grouting, the grouting shall be stopped before
Where aggregate is used in the grout mix, the word the maximum grouting pressure is reached. The
cement in the preceding paragraph shall be duct shall then be flushed out immediately and
replaced by the term cement/aggregate the blockage cleared.
component.
Grouting shall not be carried out during very
(iv) Injection cold weather when the ambient air temperature
drops below 5C. Care shall be taken that the
(1) General ducts are completely free from frost or ice
The injection of permanent protecting agents or before grouting commences after frosty
grout shall not commence before approval has weather.
been granted that the work may start.
Before injection commences all air shall be 6511 LOSS OF PRESTRESS

expelled from the injection equipment and Any structural member which has lost all or part of its
hoses and all connections checked for prestress through the failure or malfunctioning of any
airtightness. part of the prestressing component may be rejected by
the Engineer and shall be removed from the Works
Injection shall take place from the anchorage or unless approved remedial measures have been
coupler, whichever is situated at the lower end successfully carried out on the member. No payment
of the cable. Grout injection shall proceed will be made in respect of such remedial work or loss
without any interruption until the cable has been suffered by the Contractor in this regard.
completely filled and closed off.
(2) Protecting agents

The injection of protecting agents shall be 6512 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
strictly in accordance with the instructions, and
with the equipment specified by the ITEM UNIT
manufacturer. 65.01 PRESTRESSING
TENDONS:
(3) Grout (a) LONGITUDINAL MEGANEWTON - METRE
Immediately after mixing, and also during TENDONS (MN-m)
injection, the fluidity of the grout shall be tested
at regular intervals in accordance with (b) TRANSVERSE TENDONS MEGANEWTON - METRE
SUBCLAUSE 6503(g)(i). (MN-m)
(c) VERTICAL TENDONS MEGANEWTON - METRE
Injection shall be continuous at a rate of 6 to 12 (MN-m)
m per minute. As soon as grout with the original
consistency flows from the intermediate vent The unit of measurement shall be the MegaNewton-
pipes they shall be successively closed. metre which is calculated as the product of the
Injection shall continue until the grout flowing characteristic strength in MegaPascals of the
from the vent at the free end is of the same prestressing steel, the cross-sectional area of the
consistency as that of the injected grout. At this tendon in square metres and the length of the tendon in
stage the vent shall be closed and the final metres between the faces of the anchorages. In the
pressure or a pressure of 5 bars, whichever is case of fan and loop anchorages the "length of the
the greater, shall have been maintained on the tendon" shall include the length of tendon forming the
grout column for five minutes before the valve loop or fan.
at the injection end is closed.
All vents shall be kept closed and supported preparing and submitting the Drawings, supplying,
vertically until the grout has finally settled. On storing, handling and protecting all materials (excluding
vertical cables, a riser pipe with funnel shall be anchorages and couplers), fabricating, supporting and
fitted to the top anchor to ensure that the installing the cables; lubricating, permanently protecting
separated water migrates upwards and will not and bonding the tendons, for the using of all the
remain in the cable. equipment, as well as for all work and incidentals
required for completing the work as specified.
If an expanding agent is used in the grout mix,
the air vents shall be re-opened after grouting
to release any separated water, and shall then ITEM UNIT
again be closed. 65.02 ANCHORAGES AND
COUPLERS:
Unless a retarder is used in the grout mix, the (a) END ANCHORAGE AT MEGANEWTON (MN)
grout not used within 60 minutes of mixing shall JACKING
be discarded.
(b) ANCHORAGE AT DEAD END MEGANEWTON (MN)
(c) COUPLER AT JACKING END MEGANEWTON (MN)
(d) COUPLER AT DEAD END MEGANEWTON (MN)
The unit of measurement shall be the MegaNewton

which is calculated as the product of the characteristic
strength in MegaPascals of the prestressing steel and
the cross-sectional area of the tendon in square metres,
effectively anchored or coupled.

supplying, storing, handling, fabricating and protecting
the complete anchorage or coupler assembly,
anchorage reinforcing, constructing the recesses for the
anchorage or coupler, tensioning, anchoring and/or
coupling, trimming the tendon ends, using all the
equipment, as well as for all work and incidentals
required for completing the work as specified.
The coupler shall include the complete assembly

consisting of the anchorage built into the first-stage
construction and the part coupled to it.
The bid rate for loop or fan anchorages shall exclude

the cost of the length of tendon forming the loop or fan.
ITEM UNIT
65.03 EXTRA OVER ITEM 65.02 MEGANEWTON
FOR PARTIALLY TENSIONING (MN)
THE TENDONS
The unit of measurement shall be the MegaNewton,

which is calculated as for ITEM 65.02.
The bid rate shall include full compensation for the use
of all equipment, as well as for all work and incidentals
required for tensioning and anchoring the tendons to
the specified partial force.
SERIES 6000: STRUCTURES The aggregate shall be moist or wetted before the
cement is added. Where drum mixers are used, about
20% of the water shall be poured into the drum before
SECTION 6600: NO-FINES the aggregate and cement are loaded. The mixing time
in the drum shall be about 45 to 50 seconds.
CONCRETE; JOINTS; BEARINGS;
The quantity of water added shall be just sufficient to
PARAPETS AND DRAINAGE FOR form a smooth grout which will adhere to and
STRUCTURES completely coat each and every particle of aggregate,
and which is just wet enough to ensure that, at points of
contact of aggregate, the grout will run together to form
CONTENTS: a small fillet to bond the aggregate together. The mix
CLAUSE PAGE shall contain no more than 20 litres of water for every
50 kg of cement.
6601 SCOPE
6602 NO-FINES CONCRETE Mixing shall be done in an approved batch-type
6603 JOINTS IN STRUCTURES mechanical mixer, but small quantities may be hand
6604 BEARINGS FOR STRUCTURES mixed.
6605 PARAPETS, RAILINGS AND SIDEWALKS
(d) Placing
6606 DRAINAGE FOR STRUCTURES No-fines concrete shall be placed in accordance with
6607 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT the procedure approved by the Engineer. It shall be
placed in its final position within 15 minutes of having
been mixed.
6601 SCOPE The concrete shall be worked sufficiently to ensure that

This Section covers: it will completely fill the space to be concreted and that
the manufacture and placing of no-fines concrete adjacent aggregate particles are in contact with one
used in the Works; another. Excessive tamping shall be avoided and the
the supply and installation of all permanent joints concrete shall not in any circumstances be vibrated.
which will permit relative movement between
contiguous structural members; (e) Protection
the construction, supply and installation of bearings All no-fines concrete shall be protected from the
elements' and loss of moisture. Protection against loss
for structures;
of moisture shall be accomplished by one or more of
the construction of parapets, railings and sidewalks
the following methods:
on structures;
the construction and/or installation of drainage (i) Retaining formwork in place.
works such as weep holes, drainage pipes and
gulleys, no-fines concrete blocks, filter lining and (ii) Covering enclosed surfaces with sacking or other
concrete channelling; approved material kept continuously wet.
(iii) Covering enclosed surfaces with plastic sheeting.

6602 NO-FINES CONCRETE
No-fines concrete placed during cold weather shall be
(a) Materials adequately protected against frost for at least three
Cement, aggregate and water shall comply with the days.
requirements of CLAUSE 6402.
Each size of aggregate shall be a single size aggregate 6603 JOINTS IN STRUCTURES
graded in accordance with US 101:2000 or BS EN
12620:2002, BS 882:1992 or equivalent. (a) Materials
(b) Classes of no-fines concrete (i) General

No-fines concrete shall be classified by the prefix NF All materials used in forming, constructing and
and the size of aggregate to be used. E.g. CLASS NF 19 sealing permanent joints as well as all proprietary or
means a no fines concrete with a 19.0 mm nominal size custom-built expansion-joint assemblies shall be
aggregate. subject to the approval of the Engineer.
The volume of aggregate per 50 kg of cement for each When required by the Engineer, the Contractor shall
class of concrete shall be as detailed in TABLE 6602/1. submit test certificates issued by an approved,
independent testing authority to confirm that the
respective materials comply with the specified
TABLE 6602/1 requirements, or a certificate by the patent holder or
VOLUMES OF AGGREGATE designer certifying that the manufactured item
complies in all respects with relevant product
Class of cement Aggregate per 50 kg specifications.
NF38 0.33 m3
NF19 0.30 m3 (ii) Joint filler
NF13 0.27 m3 Joint filler shall consist of sheets or strips of the
following materials complying with the requirements
of the relevant specifications listed:
(c) Batching and mixing
Cement shall be measured by weight or in full packets (1) Bitumen-impregnated fibreboard and bitumen
of 50 kg each and aggregate shall be measured by impregnated corkboard - US Federal
volume in approved measuring boxes or barrows. Specification HH-F-341 F or AASHTO
Specification M-213.
(2) Resin-impregnated corkboard - US Federal (vi) Cover plates
Specification HH-F-341F.
(1) Steel cover plates shall be of
(3) Flexible foams of expanded polyethylene, Grade 43A steel which complies with the
polyurethane, PVC or polypropylene AASHTO requirements of BS EN 10113:1993, BS EN
Specification M-153. 10155:1993, or
Grade 300W steel which complies with the
(4) Rigid foams of expanded polyethylene, requirements of BS EN 10113:1993, BS EN
polyurethane or polystyrene - BS 4840:1985 or 10155:1993 or equivalent.
BS 3837:1986 Parts 1 and 2.
(2) Galvanising shall comply with the requirements
Other joint filler materials may be used if approved of BS EN ISO 1461:1999 and BS EN
by the Engineer after he/she has been furnished 10240:1998 or equivalent.
with full specifications and information by the
Contractor. (3) Anchor bolts shall be of stainless steel Grade
302 S.21, which complies with the requirements
(iii) Sealants of BS EN 10083 (various dates)/BS EN
Thermoplastic hot-poured sealants shall comply 10088:1995 or equivalent.
with the requirements of US Federal Specification
SS-S-1401 B, BS 2499:1993 or AASHTO (b) Filled and unfilled joints
Specification M-173. The sealants shall be of the
rubberised bituminous type containing a minimum (i) General
of 20% natural or synthetic rubber. Wherever polystyrene or similar material
susceptible to damage is used for forming joints, it
Thermoplastic cold-applied sealants shall comply shall be lined with a hard surface on the side to be
with the requirements of BS 5212-1:1990 or US concreted. The hard surface shall be sufficiently
Federal Specification SS-S-156. The sealant shall resilient to ensure that the joint and surfaces can be
be of the rubberised bituminous type containing a formed free from defects.
minimum of 20% natural or synthetic rubber.
(ii) Filled joints
Thermosetting chemically curing sealants shall Filled joints shall be accurately formed to the
comply with the requirements of ASTM C-920 or BS dimensions shown and with the filler material
4254:1983. specified on the Drawings. The filler shall be
secured in position such that it will not be displaced
The final IRHD (International Rubber Hardness during concreting or thereafter if the filler is to
Degree) hardness of the sealant shall be 20+5. remain permanently in the joint.
Silicone sealants shall comply with the Where the removal of the filter is required, it shall
requirements of the Special Specifications. be done prior to the installation of the proprietary
joint.
Other sealants may be used if approved by the
Engineer after he/she has been furnished with full (iii) Unfilled joints
information and specifications by the Contractor. Unfilled joints shall be accurately formed to the
dimensions given on the Drawings and all external
(iv) Waterstops corners chamfered or rounded for at least 5 mm.
Waterstops shall be of natural rubber or flexible The concrete face against which the fresh concrete
PVC and of the type specified or shown on the is placed shall be treated in good time with an
Drawings. approved bond breaker.
Natural-rubber waterstops shall comply with the (c) Concrete nosings
requirements of BS 6213:2000. Concrete nosings forming the edges of expansion joints
shall be constructed as follows:
Flexible PVC rubber waterstops shall comply with
the requirements of BS 2571:1990. (i) After the concrete in the structural member has
hardened sufficiently, the protruding ends of the
(v) Accessory material reinforcing steel shall be bent flat onto the concrete
surface of the formed recess.
(1) Primers
Where a primer is to be used in conjunction (ii) Before the asphalt surfacing is laid, the recess shall
with the sealant, it shall be of the prescribed be filled with well-compacted crusher run, sand or
proprietary material. weak mortar. The Contractor shall ensure that the
concrete surfaces of the recess and the reinforcing
(2) Bond breakers steel are not contaminated with bituminous agents.
Polyethylene tape coated paper, metal foil or The asphalt surfacing shall then be laid
similar material may be used where bond continuously over the joint.
breakers are required.
(iii) The asphalt surfacing shall be cut with a diamond
(3) Backup material saw blade to correspond to the width of the nosing
Backup material shall consist of a compressible and all material shall be removed from the nosing
material of correct width and shape to ensure recess. The concrete surfaces of the recess shall
that, after installation, it will be in approximately then be roughened to expose the aggregate and
50% compression and the sealant can be leave sound, irregular surfaces. The reinforcing
formed to the specified depth. steel shall then be bent, fixed and placed as shown
Backup materials shall be compatible with the on the Drawings.
sealant used. Material containing bitumen or
solvents shall not be used with thermosetting (iv) The prepared concrete surfaces of the recesses
chemically curing sealants. shall be treated with an approved epoxy-resin
adhesive, immediately before the concrete nosings
are cast. Opposite concrete nosings, separated by removing contaminants from the concrete and
a joint filler strip, shall be cast simultaneously in porous surfaces.
accordance with SUBCLAUSE 6408(c), and
compacted with a vibrator. The nosing shall be The Contractor shall ensure that primers are
screeded flush with the premix surfacing and be applied only to surfaces which are absolutely dry.
given a Class U2 surface finish. The primer shall be applied strictly in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions. Unless
(v) Curing shall be in accordance with CLAUSE 6409(f), otherwise specified, the primer shall be applied
Method 6. within the temperature range of 10C and 40C,
and the sealant shall be applied after the curing
(vi) After three days, the gap between the nosings shall period of the primer and within the period when the
be enlarged to the requisite dimensions by cutting primer remains active.
both sides with parallel diamond saw blades. The
depth of the saw cut shall be such that a ledge is (iii) Sealants
formed along the lower edge of the cut on which the Sealants shall be applied strictly in accordance with
sealer unit can be supported. the manufacturer's instructions by a person skilled
in the use of the particular type of sealant. Trapping
(vii) The exposed corners of the nosings shall be ground of air and the forming of voids in the sealant shall
to a 10 mm chamfer. be avoided. The sealant shall be finished to a neat
appearance to the specified depth.
(viii) After the joint has been sealed, the wearing
surface of the nosings shall be treated with a Thermoplastic hot-poured sealants shall not be
bituminous primer to the satisfaction of the poured into the joints when the temperature of the
Engineer. joint is below 10C. The safe heating temperature
shall not exceed the specified pouring temperature
Unless otherwise specified, traffic shall not be by more than 10C.
permitted to pass over the joint before the concrete
in the nosing has achieved its specified 28-day Two-part thermosetting chemically curing sealants
strength. shall not be applied after expiry of the specified pot-
life period which commences once the base and
Unless otherwise indicated on the Drawings, the activator of the sealant have been combined.
concrete used in the construction of the nosings
shall be Class 40/13 and shall have a slump of not (iv) Waterstops
less than 50 mm and not exceeding 75 mm. Waterstops shall be securely and accurately
located in position so that they will not be displaced
Concrete nosings shall be constructed under the or deformed during construction.
direct supervision of experienced and skilled
personnel. (f) Proprietary expansion joints
(d) Plug type expansion joints (i) General
Plug type expansion joint systems, shall be constructed The use of any type of expansion joint shall be
in accordance with the details on the Drawings and the subject to approval. Bidders shall obtain approval
specifications and instructions of the licences. for the type of expansion joint they intend using
prior to submitting their bids.
(e) Sealing the joints
(ii) Dimensions
(i) General The Contractor shall note the overall dimensions of
Sealed joints shall be made watertight over the full the expansion joints and the limiting dimensions of
length of the joint, including the full height of the that portion of the concrete structure which is to
kerbing, unless otherwise prescribed in the Special accommodate the joints. No alterations to the
Specifications. Unless a waterstop is equipped with concrete which will be visible in the final structure or
an effective watertight interlocking system for major re-arrangement of the prestressing
joining sections, all joints in waterstops shall be anchorages will be permitted in order to
bonded or fused to have a tensile strength of at accommodate joints of excessive size.
least 50% of that of the unjointed material. At
intersections and abrupt changes of direction, All joints to be installed skew shall be accurately
waterstops shall be jointed with prefabricated dimensioned to ensure compliance with the
junction pieces. requirements of SUBCLAUSE 6603(g).
Restrictions on joint width and on the temperature Unless otherwise specified, proprietary expansion
at the time of installing the sealant or seal will be joints shall include the complete expansion-joint
shown on the Drawings. In the absence of such assembly, traversing the entire roadway, kerbs,
restrictions on the Drawings, and unless otherwise sidewalks and median, and shall include the coping
specified, installation shall be carried out only within and parapet cover plates as well as the drainage
the temperature range between 5C and 30C. system to drain the expansion joint.
(ii) Preparing the joints (iii) Design and manufacture
Where required, joints shall be sawn at a suitable The expansion joint shall be designed to withstand
time so as to avoid edge spalling or ravelling. the movements, displacements and rotations
specified on the Drawings in conjunction with the
After the temporary filler material has been loads described in the code of practice adopted for
removed or the excess concrete has been broken the design of the structure without exceeding in any
out, the inside faces of the joint shall be member the requirement for serviceability limit
wirebrushed or sand-blasted to remove all laitance state. Any strengthening of the supporting member
and contaminants. The joint shall then be cleaned required to resist forces imparted by the joint to the
and blown out with compressed air to remove all structure shall be for the Contractor's account.
traces of dust. Solvents shall not be used for
The specified movements, displacements and Unless otherwise specified, all the materials used
rotations shall be withstood without the efficacy or for manufacturing the bearings shall comply with
riding quality of the joint being impaired. the requirements of BS 5400:1983 Part 9.2.
The joint shall be vibration free, resistant to (ii) Roofing felt

mechanical wear and other forms of abrasion, and Roofing felt shall be 3-ply and comply with the
shall resist corrosion. It shall have good riding requirements of BS 8217:1994 or equivalent for
characteristics, shall be highly skid resistant, silent, Type 1 roofing felt.
and of watertight construction or have provision for
the disposal of water, debris or grit collecting in the (iii) Elastomer
joint. It shall be of a construction that will facilitate The elastomer used in the manufacture of bearings
easy inspection, maintenance and repair. shall be natural rubber or synthetic rubber.
Apart from stainless steel, all steel surfaces shall be Natural rubber shall comply with the requirements
prepared in accordance with the requirements of of BS 1154:2003 for specified IRHD hardness.
SUBCLAUSE 6907(b) and sprayed with a galvanising
coat which complies with the requirements of BS Synthetic rubber shall comply with the requirements
EN ISO 14713:1999 or equivalent for Zn 150 of BS 2752:2003 for specified IRHD hardness.
coverage. All enclosed surfaces sprayed with zinc
shall, within four hours, be covered with a sealant (iv) Stainless steel plate
suitable for use with the zinc and the subsequent The texture of the sliding surface of stainless steel
layer. Two coats of chlorinated rubber paint with a plate used in conjunction with PTFE to form low-
combined dry-coat thickness of not less than 150 friction sliding surfaces shall be equal to or better
m shall then be applied. They shall be of two than 0.2 m Ra in accordance with the
different colours. requirements of BS 1134:1988 Parts 1 and 2.
Prior to manufacture of the joints, the Contractor (v) Stainless steel dowels and bolts
shall submit for approval detail drawings in Stainless steel used for the manufacture of dowels
accordance with the requirements of CLAUSE 1221 and anchor bolts shall comply with the requirements
of each expansion joint. The expansion joints of BS EN 10088 for Steel 316S16.
delivered at the site shall be suitably marked to
show clearly the sequence and position of (vi) Mortar
installation. Mortar beddings for seating the bearings shall be
composed of an approved sand and either cement
(g) Installing the expansion joints or epoxy resin, or may consist of an approved
Proprietary expansion joints shall be installed by proprietary mortar. The mortar shall comply with the
approved specialist subcontractors only. Installed following strength requirements:
proprietary expansion joints shall have a 15 year written
guarantee. No expansion joint or part thereof shall be (1) Sand-cement mortar
installed prior to the construction of the final surfacing. The 7-day compressive strength of 150 mm
cubes made from the mortar and cured in a
The expansion joint shall form an even surface with the moist atmosphere for the first 24 hours and
road surface on either side and the deviation across afterwards in water at 20C shall be not less
and along the expansion joint shall comply with the than 1.5 times the average contact stress under
requirements of SUBCLAUSE 3405(e) and SUBCLAUSE the bearing or 15 MPa, whichever is the
3405(f) for surface regularity measured by a 3 m greater.
straight-edge.
(2) Sand-epoxy resin mortar.
On completion of the installation of the proprietary The cured compressive cube strength of the
expansion joints, the Contractor shall submit to the mortar shall be not less than two times the
Engineer a certificate from the manufacturer or supplier average contact stress under the bearing, or 20
of the joints, certifying acceptance of the installation, MPa, whichever is the greater.
only if the manufacturer installed the joints.
Notwithstanding the issuing of such certificate, it shall (3) Proprietary mortar
not relieve the Contractor of his/her responsibility under The strength requirements for proprietary
the Contract. No separate payment will be made for the mortars shall be in accordance with either
inspection of the joints and the issuing of the certificate SUBCLAUSE 6604(a)(vi)(1) or (2) as may be
by the manufacturer or supplier. It will be regarded as relevant.
an obligation of the Contractor to be covered by the
contract prices paid for joints. (b) Concrete hinges
Concrete hinges shall be constructed in accordance
with the details shown on the Drawings.
6604 BEARINGS FOR STRUCTURES
Construction joints shall not be formed in the throat
(a) Materials area. Where a joint is necessary, it shall be formed as a
recess below the throat, level with the top reinforcement
(i) General mat. The width of the recess shall be slightly greater
When requested by the Engineer, the Contractor than that of the throat.
shall submit test certificates from an approved,
independent testing authority to show that the Care shall be taken to eliminate the formation of
respective materials comply with the specified shrinkage cracks within the throat.
requirements, or a certificate from the patent holder
or designer certifying that the manufactured item During construction, adequate bracing and support shall
complies in all respects with relevant product be provided to the satisfaction of the Engineer to
specifications. prevent rotation in the throat from the time of casting to
completion of the structure incorporating the hinge.
During the course of construction the hinge shall not be
subjected to conditions which will induce tensile
stresses in the throat area. Upon completion of the
structural members incorporating the hinge, the space The Engineer shall determine which tests are to be
around the throat shall be filled and sealed with an conducted, and the tests shall comply with the
approved compressible material. appropriate requirements of SUBCLAUSE 7111(a).
Payment will be made under ITEM 71.01 for these
(c) Roofing felt tests, for bearings damaged, and for sample
Roofing felt used as bearing strips shall consist of at bearings.
least three layers.
Copies of test results and certificates for the above
Where lubricated linings are specified, the roofing felt mentioned tests shall be submitted by the
shall be saturated with motor oil and then liberally Contractor to the Engineer in good time to enable
dusted with graphite powder before it is laid on the the Engineer to assess the information before the
bearing surface. bearings are installed.
(d) Elastomeric bearings The dimensional tolerances for the bearings shall
comply with the requirements of SUBCLAUSE
(i) Technical data 6803(h).
The following technical data for the elastomeric
bearings will be supplied on the Drawings, and shall Before the bearings are dispatched to the site of the
also be supplied on drawings prepared by the Works, each bearing, with the exception of large
Contractor for submission to the Engineer: bearings as provided for in the Special
Specifications shall be subjected simultaneously to
(1) Design loads and deformations a vertical load equal to 150% of the maximum
The critical design-load combinations and co- design load, and to a shear distortion equal to
existing rotations and horizontal displacements 150% of the maximum design value. The bearings
for each bearing or each group of identical shall be visually inspected for defects by the
bearings. Engineer or his/her nominee and shall not at any
stage under this test show any cracks visible to the
(2) Size and construction of bearing naked eye or any other defects. The cost of this
The size and construction of the bearing shall testing shall be included in the rate bid for ITEM
be designated by: 71.01.
L x B x n(t) The Engineer may instruct that one bearing of each

consignment shall be cut open, at the Contractor's
where: expense, with a view to a visual assessment of the
bonding and the thickness of layers.
L = length of bearing in the
transverse direction, in mm (e) Proprietary bearings
B = width of bearing in the span
direction, in mm (i) General
n = number of elastomer layers. This Clause covers custom-built bearings and
t = thickness of individual bearings manufactured under licence, except
elastomer layers, in mm elastomeric bearings. Combined bearings,
consisting of an assembly of an elastomeric bearing
The steel plates shall be encased in a 3 mm in conjunction with a low-friction sliding or
thick elastomer layer. mechanical component shall fall under this Clause.
(3) Hardness and type of elastomer The bidder may base his/her bid on any bearing
The IRHD hardness and type of elastomer, i.e. which complies with the specified requirements,
natural or synthetic rubber, from which the provided that the efficacy of the bearing has been
specified bearings are to be manufactured. verified by tests and successful previous use.
Evidence hereof as well as information on the
(4) Identification durability and suitability of the bearings for the
Each bearing shall be identified by a number. specified use shall be submitted to the Engineer for
consideration.
(ii) Alternative bearings
Where alternative bearings are offered by the Details of the product guarantee shall be submitted
Contractor, they shall be designed in accordance with the bid.
with the requirements of BS 5400:1983 Part 9.1 for
the loadings and deformations shown on the (ii) Drawings and approval
Drawings. Prior to manufacturing the bearings, the Contractor
or his/her nominee shall submit the following
Where a bearing consisting of a type of rubber is information to the Engineer for consideration:
offered which differs from that which is specified,
the bearing shall be redesigned to make provision (1) The manufacturer's specification containing
for the variation in hardness and/or type of rubber. detailed information on the design standards,
materials, manufacture and technical data.
(iii) Inspection and testing
On completion of the manufacture of the bearings, (2) Drawings complying with the provision in
the Contractor shall submit bearings selected by the CLAUSE 1221 showing the bearing construction
Engineer, or specially manufactured bearings to and installation details.
serve as samples as authorised by the Engineer, to
an independent testing authority for testing. (3) Friction properties based on actual tests
conducted on the relevant materials.
The testing facilities of the manufacturer or supplier (iii) Technical requirements
may be used if so approved and on condition that The following technical requirements will be
the tests are conducted in the presence of the supplied on the Drawings, and shall also be
Engineer.
supplied on the Drawings prepared by the steel sliding plate, shall involve the following
Contractor for submission to the Engineer: treatment:
(1) Design loads and movement Preparing the surfaces by abrasive blasting
The maximum and minimum vertical loads and to a finish equal to the Sa3 finish of BS EN
co-existing horizontal loads as well as the ISO 8501-1:2001, BS 7079-A1:1989,
maximum horizontal load and co-existing Swedish Standard SIS 05 59 00 or
vertical load. The maximum values in each equivalent.
direction of the reversible and irreversible Spraying the surfaces with zinc to comply
movements and the rotation about each axis. with the requirements of AASHTO M32-97
or equivalent on approval of the Engineer
(2) Identification for Type Zn 150 surfacing.
Identification of each bearing by a number, data Coating the zinc-sprayed surfaces within
on the degree of freedom of movement (fixed, four hours with a sealer compatible with the
multi-directional or unidirectional bearings) and zinc and the subsequent coats of paint.
the type of bearing (spherical, elastomer-pot,
Applying a coat of chlorinated rubber paint
etc) shall appear on each bearing.
with a minimum of 75 m of dry-film
(iv) Design thickness and of a colour which differs from
The bearings shall be designed in accordance with that of the final coat of paint.
the requirements and recommendations of BS Applying a final coat of chlorinated rubber
5400:1983 Part 9.1. The following shall also be paint with a minimum of 75 m of dry-film
complied with: thickness and of dark grey colour.
Surfaces in contact with concrete shall be
(1) The average pressure on the area of the sprayed with zinc so that it complies with
elastomer shall not exceed 25 MPa under the the requirements of AASHTO M32-97 or
serviceability Limit State, unless otherwise equivalent on approval of the Engineer for
prescribed by the Engineer. Type Zn 150 surfacing.
(2) The maximum average contact stress and (vi) Inspection and testing
maximum edge stress on the concrete or The Engineer may require tests to be conducted to
mortar bedding shall not exceed 0.5 and 0.6 verify compliance of the bearing with the
times the 28-day cube characteristic specifications and/or its satisfactory performance
compressive strength under the serviceability under the design loads. Payment for this testing will
Limit State respectively, unless otherwise be made under ITEM 71.01.
prescribed by the Engineer.
Test certificates of all the tests conducted shall be
(3) The bearing pad shall be of dimensions as will submitted to the Engineer.
fit into the space allowed for its installation.
Major alterations to the contiguous members The Contractor shall give the Engineer at least
will not be permitted. seven days notice prior to final assembly of the
bearings to enable the Engineer to inspect the
(v) Construction bearings at the factory.
Unless otherwise specified, the following shall be
complied with: Under no circumstances shall bearings be taken
apart and reassembled on the site, except where it
(1) The thickness of the elastomer disc shall be not is an unavoidable feature of the installation
less than 0.066 times its diameter. procedure, in which case the dismantling,
installation and reassembly shall be under the
(2) Approved lubricants only shall be used on the supervision of qualified personnel.
PTFE sliding surfaces.
Rehabilitation, modification and repair work to
(3) The bearing shall be provided with tight-fitting bearings shall be carried out only in the factory or in
seals to prevent the ingress of dust or an approved engineering Works.
deleterious matter onto the moving parts. The
seals shall be of an approved type and (f) Dowels and guides
sufficiently durable to last in excess of 50 years. Where dowels and guides are used in conjunction with
bearings they shall not complicate or prevent the
(4) The assembled bearing shall be supplied with removal of the bearings.
welded or bolted lugs or straps, temporarily
securing the moving parts firmly in position to (g) Storage and handling
ensure that no undesirable relative movement The bearings shall at all times be stored under cover
occurs before or during construction. and clear of the ground, away from sunlight, heat, oils
and chemicals deleterious to the bearings. The
(5) The bearing shall be recessed into adaptor bearings shall not be stacked in a manner or on a
plates or be of such construction as to facilitate surface which will cause distortion of the bearings.
removal of the bearing from the installed
position without damage to any part of the The bearings shall be handled with care to ensure that
bearing or the surrounding material after the they are not subjected to impact loads or any other
relevant structural member has been raised by conditions which may be harmful.
15 mm or the distance specified.
(h) Installation
(6) Anchors and holding-down bolts shall be of the The concrete surfaces of elements required to receive
specified material. bearings shall comply with the requirements of
SUBCLAUSE 6209(c). Plastering of the surface will not
(7) Corrosion protection of all exposed steel under any circumstances be permitted.
surfaces, with the exception of the stainless-
Before the mortar bedding is constructed, the concrete Service ducts in parapets and blocks shall be fixed and
surface shall be chipped back to expose the aggregate cast into position in accordance with the requirements
and leave a sound irregular surface. Bonding of the of CLAUSE 6411 and the details shown on the Drawings.
mortar bedding to the concrete surface shall be in
accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations The pipes and fittings to be used for the construction of
and the Engineer's instructions. the ducting shall be rigid PVC pipes and fittings with
flexible rubber joints which comply with the
Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings, the bearings requirements of BS 4346-1:1969 or equivalent. Duct
shall be installed on a horizontal plane and shall be in ends shall be provided with suitable conical wooden
full contact with the concrete and bedding surfaces. stoppers to prevent dirt, concrete, etc, from entering the
ducts. Two strands of 2.5 mm diameter galvanised steel
To accommodate soffit irregularities and camber in the wire shall be threaded through each duct. The strands
case of precast members, the member shall be lowered shall extend 2 m beyond each end and be wedged
onto a mortar skim on top of the bearing. The member firmly into position with the wooden stoppers. Inspection
shall then be propped until the mortar skim has eyes for the ducts shall be constructed in accordance
hardened into a wedge. with the details shown on the Drawings.
The bearings shall be accurately installed to the No separate payment will be made for service ducts in
specified level, alignment and orientation, all within the parapets and end blocks and the rates bid for the
construction tolerances set out in SUBCLAUSE 6803(h) parapets and end blocks shall include full compensation
and the details shown on the Drawings. for the provision and installation of service ducts
complete with stoppers, draw wire and inspection eyes.
Where the bearing has long sliding plates, the latter
shall be rigidly supported to prevent their being (c) Steel railings
distorted under the weight of the wet concrete and the All steelwork shall be manufactured in accordance with
construction loads. Before the bearing is incorporated the requirements of SECTION 6700.
into the structure, it shall be cleaned to remove all
deleterious substances and adhering matter, after which A mortar bed, not less than 10 mm in thickness, shall be
it shall be wrapped in polyethylene sheeting and so provided below all steel base plates over the full
sealed as to prevent the ingress of mortar and/or slush dimensions of the plate. The sides of the beds shall be
onto the bearing during the course of construction. neatly chamfered at 45. All open spaces between the
bolt and the sides of the holes in the base plate shall be
After installation, the polyethylene wrapping shall be filled with an approved sealant.
removed, the bearing and the space around the bearing
thoroughly cleaned and the lugs removed as prescribed Steelwork which is to be cast or grouted into concrete
by the Engineer. shall be completely painted to a distance of 75 mm in
the concrete or grout, and shall be cleaned of all loose
On completion of installation of proprietary bearings, the rust, mill scale, oil or other material which may impair
Contractor shall submit to the Engineer a certificate the bond between the concrete and steel.
from the manufacturer or supplier of the bearings
certifying acceptance of the installation, only if the All steelwork shall be painted in the shop and on site in
manufacturer installed the bearings. The issuing of such accordance with the provisions of SECTION 6900.
a certificate shall not relieve the Contractor of his/her Surfaces which will be inaccessible after erection of the
responsibility under this Contract. No separate payment units shall be painted before erection commences. If
will be made for the inspection of the bearings by the called for on the Drawings or in the Bill of Quantities,
manufacturer or supplier and the issuing of the steelwork shall be galvanised and painted. Galvanising
certificate. shall be done after fabrication, in accordance with BS
EN ISO 1461:1999 or equivalent for Type A1 articles.
6605 PARAPETS, RAILINGS AND SIDEWALKS (d) Numbers for structures
(a) Materials (i) Number plates

Number plates shall be fixed in the positions and
(i) Concrete according to the method of fixing shown on the
All concrete work shall be carried out in accordance Drawings.
with the requirements of SECTIONS 6200, 6300,
6400 and CLAUSE 6603. (ii) Painted numbers
The surface onto which the numbers are to be
(ii) Structural steel painted shall be prepared in accordance with the
Structural steel work shall comply with the requirements of SUBCLAUSE 6909(a). The
provisions of SUBCLAUSE 6702(a). background shall be of at least two coats of the
prescribed paint. The letters and figures shall be in
(iii) Mortar accordance with the details given on the Drawings
Mortar shall comply with the requirements of and shall be written at the prescribed positions with
SUBCLAUSE 6604(a)(vi). a template.
(b) Concrete parapets (iii) Numbers shaped in concrete

Concrete parapets shall be either cast in situ or precast Bridge numbers shall be placed and shaped in
or a combination of the two as shown on the Drawings. accordance with the requirements shown on the
Where possible, precast elements shall be placed with Drawings. The minimum concrete cover over the
the unformed surface downwards or outwards. steel reinforcement behind the numbers shall not be
Concrete parapets shall be constructed after the less than the prescribed cover for the structural
removal of the falsework and the completion of the member in question.
prestressing but not before the bridge deck has been
accurately measured so as to determine the final lines
and levels.
(e) Concrete sidewalks The fabric shall comply with the requirements of
After completion of the prestressing (if any) and the SUBCLAUSE 2104(a).
removal of the formwork, the sidewalks and kerbing
shall be constructed, but not before the bridge deck has (d) Crushed stone in drainage strips behind walls
been accurately surveyed to establish final lines and The crushed stone used in drainage strips shall comply
levels. with the requirements for 20 mm nominal size stone.
The crushed stone shall be wrapped in synthetic-fibre
The previously cast bridge deck area shall be prepared geotextile and placed in accordance with the details
as specified in CLAUSE 6408 to receive the sidewalk shown on the Drawings or as instructed by the
concrete. Engineer.
Forms shall be accurately set to the final lines and The fabric shall comply with the requirements of
levels and shall be firmly held in position during the SUBCLAUSE 2104(a).
placing of the concrete. Stops at the ends of sections
shall be accurately placed to ensure that joints between
adjacent sections will be truly perpendicular to the 6607 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
surface of the concrete and at right angles to the edge
of the road or to the skew angle of the deck at the ITEM UNIT
expansion joint.
66.01 CAST IN SITU NO-FINES CUBIC METRE
After removal of the forms, the enclosed surfaces of the CONCRETE (m3)
kerbs and copings shall be rubbed and finished in
accordance with the requirements of SUBCLAUSES The provisions of CLAUSE 6416 ITEM 64.01 shall apply
6208(a), 6208(c) and 6209(b). All edges shall be with changes as required.
rounded to a radius of 20 mm unless otherwise shown
on the Drawings.
ITEM UNIT
(f) Concrete surface finish requirements 66.02 PRECAST NO-FINES CONCRETE NUMBER
All formed concrete surfaces shall have a Class F3 UNITS (CLASS OF CONCRETE AND (no)
surface finish as specified in SUBCLAUSE 6207(d) and all DESCRIPTION OF UNIT)
unformed concrete surfaces shall have a Class U2
surface finish in accordance with SUBCLAUSE 6209(b).
complete units of each size and type in position in the
(g) Transition blocks
Works.
Transition blocks shall be constructed in accordance
with the details shown on the Drawings.
The bid rate for each precast concrete unit shall include
full compensation for providing all the materials, labour,
(h) Nose endings
equipment and formwork required for manufacturing the
Nose endings of balustrades shall be constructed in
unit complete as shown on the Drawings and for
accordance with the details on the Drawings.
transporting and placing the unit in position.
6606 DRAINAGE FOR STRUCTURES ITEM UNIT

66.03 PROPRIETARY EXPANSION
JOINTS:
(a) Weep holes, drainage pipes and channelling
Weep holes shall not be placed within 40 mm of any (a) PRIME COST SUM ALLOWED FOR PRIME COST
reinforcement and shall be carefully cleaned and kept PURCHASING AND TAKING DELIVERY SUM
OF EXPANSION JOINTS
clean. Drainage pipes shall be of the material
prescribed on the Drawings, and the interior surface (b) PERCENTAGE ON PRIME COST SUM PER CENT (%)
shall, on completion, be smooth and clean. FOR CHARGES AND PROFIT
Cast in situ concrete channelling shall be provided next A Prime Cost Sum shall be allowed for payment for
to the kerbing if shown on the Drawings and according actual costs of purchasing and taking delivery of
to the details provided. Concrete work shall be carried proprietary expansion joints. A percentage on the prime
out in accordance with the provisions of SECTION 6400 cost sum shall cover the Contractors charges and profit
and channelling shall be given a Class U3 surface finish for purchase and delivery of the joints.
as specified in SUBCLAUSE 6209(c). The channelling
shall be bonded to the bridge deck concrete in
accordance with the provisions of CLAUSE 6408. ITEM UNIT
(b) No-fines concrete blocks 66.04 INSTALLATION OF
PROPRIETARY EXPANSION JOINTS:
Blocks shall be of the class of prescribed no-fines
concrete and to the required dimensions and shall be (a) (DESCRIPTION OF JOINT MEASURED METRE (m)
placed in advance of backfilling. PER METRE)
(b) (DESCRIPTION OF JOINT MEASURED NUMBER (no)
No-fines concrete shall comply with the requirements of BY NUMBER)
CLAUSE 6602.
(c) Synthetic-fibre filter fabric The unit of measurement shall be either the metre of
Synthetic-fibre filter fabric shall be of the type and grade complete joint of each type installed or the number of
shown on the Drawings or specified in the Special complete joints of each type installed. The bid rates
Specifications. Filter fabric shall be placed as shown on shall include full compensation for supplying all
the Drawings and shall be protected against sunlight materials not covered under ITEM 66.03, transporting,
and mechanical damage during storage and handling and storing, and all labour, equipment, shaping
installation. the recesses, and incidentals required for installing the
expansion joint complete in accordance with
instructions. Separate payment shall not be made for
supplying and/or installing the seal in proprietary area. Where, however, the depth of the joint is 150 mm
expansion joints or the seal between concrete or or less, the unit of measurement shall be the metre of
synthetic nosings. unfilled joint measured along the joint centre line.
Concrete areas formed before the final surface is
The cost of forming the open joint(s) shall not be constructed to complete the unfilled joint, shall be
included in the rates bid for ITEM 66.04 as payment for measured under ITEMS 62.01, 62.02, 62.03 or 62.04, as
this work shall be made under ITEM 62.06. may be applicable.
The bid rate shall be final and binding, irrespective of The bid rates shall include full compensation for
the type or make of joint finally installed. providing and applying the bond breaker and all
materials not paid for under ITEM 66.08, also for the
labour and incidentals required for completing the
ITEM UNIT unfilled joint as prescribed.
66.05 EXPANSION JOINTS:
(a) (DESCRIPTION OF JOINT MEASURED METRE (m) ITEM UNIT
PER METRE)
66.08 SEALING JOINTS WITH:
(b) (DESCRIPTION OF JOINT MEASURED NUMBER
BY NUMBER) (no) (a) SEALANT (DESCRIPTION OF JOINT, METRE (m)
SEALANT AND SIZE)
The unit of measurement shall be the metre of (b) SEAL (DESCRIPTION OF JOINT, METRE (m)
complete expansion joint of each type installed or the SEALANT AND SIZE)
number of completed joints of each type installed. (c) WATERSTOP (DESCRIPTION OF JOINT, METRE (m)
WATERSTOP AND SIZE)
supplying all the materials, manufacturing the The unit of measurement shall be the metre of sealant,
expansion joint, transporting, handling and storing, and seal or waterstop of each type installed.
all labour equipment, shaping the recesses, and
incidentals required for installing the expansion joint The bid rates shall include full compensation for
complete in accordance with instructions. Separate supplying all materials, forming or cutting the concrete
payment shall not be made for supplying and/or to the required shape and size, all labour, equipment
installing the seal in proprietary expansion joints or the and incidentals required for sealing the joint complete in
seal between concrete or synthetic nosings. accordance with the prescriptions, and for all waste
materials.
The cost of forming the open joint(s) shall not be
included in the rates bid for ITEM 66.05 as payment for
this work shall be made under ITEM 62.06. ITEM UNIT
66.09 PROPRIETARY BEARINGS:
ITEM UNIT (a) PRIME COST SUM ALLOWED FOR PRIME COST
66.06 FILLED JOINTS: PURCHASING AND TAKING DELIVERY SUM
OF BEARINGS
(a) (DESCRIPTION OF AND THICKNESS SQUARE
OF JOINT FILLER FOR JOINTS
2
METRE (m )
(b) PERCENTAGE ON PRIME COST SUM PERCENTAGE
MEASURED PER SQUARE METRE) FOR CHARGES AND PROFIT (%)
(b) (DESCRIPTION OF AND THICKNESS METRE (m)
OF JOINT FILLER FOR JOINTS A Prime Cost Sum shall be allowed for payment for
MEASURED PER METRE) actual costs of purchasing and taking delivery of
proprietary bearings, complete with anchor bolts and/or
dowels. A percentage on the prime cost sum shall cover
The unit of measurement shall be the square metre of the Contractors charges and profit for purchase and
filled joint calculated from the surface area of the joint. delivery of the bearings.
Where the filled joint is 150 mm or less in depth, the
unit of measurement shall be the metre of filled joints
measured along the joint centre line. Concrete surfaces ITEM UNIT
formed prior to the construction of the final surface for
completing the filled joint shall be measured under 66.10 INSTALLING THE PROPRIETARY NUMBER
BEARINGS (DESCRIPTION OF EACH TYPE, (no)
ITEMS 62.01, 62.02, 62.03 or 62.04, as may be
applicable. AND STATE CLASS)
The bid rates shall include full compensation for The unit of measurement shall be the number of
supplying and installing the joint filler and all materials complete bearings of each type and class installed.
not covered under ITEM 66.08, and for all labour and
incidentals required for completing the filled joint as The bid rate shall include full compensation for
prescribed. supplying all the materials not covered under ITEM
66.09, constructing the bedding, transporting, handling
and storing, and all labour, equipment and incidentals
ITEM UNIT required for installing the bearings complete as detailed.
66.07 UNFILLED JOINTS:
The bid rate shall be final and binding, irrespective of
(a) (DESCRIPTION OF JOINT FOR JOINTS SQUARE the type or make of bearing finally installed.
MEASURED PER SQUARE METRE) METRE (m2)
(b) (DESCRIPTION OF JOINT FOR JOINTS METRE (m) ITEM UNIT

MEASURED PER LINEAR METRE) 66.11 BEARINGS (DESCRIPTION OF NUMBER
EACH TYPE AND CLASS) (no)
unfilled joint, calculated in accordance with the joint
The unit of measurement shall be the number of drawing wires and accessories. The rates will exclude
complete bearings of each type and class installed. only the cost of reinforcing steel as this will be
measured and paid for under ITEM 63.01.
supplying all the materials, including anchor bolts
and/or dowels, constructing the bedding, manufacturing ITEM UNIT
the bearings, transporting, handling and storing, and all 66.16 STEEL RAILINGS (TYPE METRE
labour, equipment and incidentals required for installing DESCRIBED) (m)
the bearings complete as detailed.
The unit of measurement for steel railings shall be the
ITEM UNIT metre of railing complete in accordance with the
Drawings.
66.12 CONCRETE HINGES:
(a) (DESCRIPTION OF HINGE MEASURED METRE (m) The bid rate for steel railings shall include full
PER METRE) compensation for all steelwork and corrosion protection,
(b) (DESCRIPTION OF HINGE MEASURED NUMBER including fastenings, anchor bolts, mortar bedding, etc,
BY NUMBER) (no) as may be required for erecting the railings.
The unit of measurement shall be either the metre of ITEM UNIT

complete hinge of each type manufactured and
installed or the number of complete hinges of each type 66.17 END BLOCKS NUMBER (no)
manufactured and installed.
The unit of measurement of bridge end blocks shall be
The bid rates shall include full compensation for the number of end blocks constructed complete in
supplying all materials, including formwork, accordance with the Drawings.
manufacturing the hinges, transporting, handling and
storing, sealing the hinges, and all labour, equipment The bid rate shall include full compensation for all
and incidentals required for installing the hinges materials, labour, equipment, and other incidentals
complete as detailed. required for constructing the end blocks complete as
specified, excluding only reinforcing steel.
ITEM UNIT
66.13 BEARING STRIPS SQUARE METRE ITEM UNIT
(DESCRIPTION OF THE MATERIAL (m2) 66.18 NUMBERS FOR
AND NUMBER OF LAYERS) STRUCTURES:
(a) NUMBER PLATES NUMBER (no)
The unit of measurement shall be the square metre of (b) PAINTED NUMBERS NUMBER (no)
bearing area lined with the specified material
irrespective of the number of layers placed. (c) NUMBERS FORMED IN NUMBER (no)
CONCRETE
supplying all the materials, transporting, handling and The unit of measurement shall be either the number of
storing, and all labour and incidentals required for bridge number plates provided and installed, or the
installing the bearing strips complete as detailed. number of complete numbers painted on the structures,
or the number of complete numbers formed in concrete.
A bridge number may consist of a combination of letters
ITEM UNIT and digits; e.g. B1533.
66.14 DOWELS/GUIDES NUMBER
(DESCRIPTION OF EACH TYPE) (no) The bid rates shall include full compensation for
providing and installing either the number plates, or
preparing the surface and painting the numbers, or
The unit of measurement shall be the number of forming the numbers in concrete, and for all material,
dowels/guides of each type installed. labour and equipment required in this connection.
supplying all materials, including anchor bolts, ITEM UNIT
manufacturing the dowels/guides, transporting, handling
and storing, and all labour, equipment and incidentals 66.19 DRAINAGE PIPES AND WEEP
required for installing the dowels/guides complete as HOLES:
detailed. (a) DRAINAGE PIPES:
(i) (TYPE AND SIZE INDICATED) METRE (m)
ITEM UNIT (ii) (TYPE AND SIZE INDICATED) NUMBER (no)
66.15 CONCRETE PARAPETS METRE (m) (b) WEEP HOLES:
(i) (TYPE AND SIZE INDICATED) METRE (m)
The unit of measurement for concrete parapets shall be (ii) (TYPE AND SIZE INDICATED) NUMBER (no)
the metre of concrete parapet complete in accordance
with the Drawings. Concrete parapets shall include all The unit of measurement shall be either the metre of
work above the top level of the sidewalks or, where not pipe/weep hole or the number of pipes/weep holes of
placed on a sidewalk, above the top of the bridge deck each type and size of pipe/weep hole completed.
concrete, wing walls or retaining walls and shall
also include any kerbing and coping forming an integral The bid rates shall include full compensation for
part of the concrete parapet. supplying all the materials, manufacturing and installing
the pipes and making weep holes.
The bid rate for concrete parapets shall include full
compensation for all concrete, formwork, service ducts,
66.25 CONCRETE TRANSITION NUMBER (no)
BLOCKS (LENGTH INDICATED)
ITEM UNIT
66.20 DRAINAGE GULLEYS NUMBER The unit of measurement shall be the number of each
DESCRIPTION OF EACH TYPE GIVEN) (no) size of concrete transition block constructed complete in
accordance with the details shown on the Drawings.
The unit of measurement shall be the number of The bid rate shall include full compensation for all
drainage gulleys of each type installed. labour, equipment, materials and all incidentals required
for constructing the transition blocks.
providing all the material and manufacturing and
installing the drainage inlets.
ITEM UNIT
66.21 SYNTHETIC-FIBRE FILTER SQUARE METRE
FABRIC (TYPE INDICATED AND (m2)
DESCRIPTION)

filter fabric installed as specified, including the specified
overlap.

supplying, cutting, lapping and installing the filter fabric,
and for waste material.
ITEM UNIT
66.22 CONCRETE CHANNELLING METRE
(SIZE INDICATED) (m)
The unit of measurement shall be the metre of

completed concrete channelling of each size
constructed.

providing all the material, all labour equipment and
expenses required for completing the work.
ITEM UNIT
66.23 CRUSHED STONE IN CUBIC METRE (m3)
DRAINAGE STRIPS

crushed stone placed in position as specified, in
accordance with the details shown on the Drawings or
instructed by the Engineer.

procuring, furnishing and placing the crushed stone,
and for wrapping it in synthetic-fibre geotextile as
specified. The geotextile will be measured for payment
under ITEM 66.21.
ITEM UNIT
66.24 NOSE ENDINGS OF NUMBER
BALUSTRADES (no)
The unit of measurement shall be the number of nose

endings constructed complete in accordance with the
details shown on the Drawings.
The bid rate shall include full compensation for all

labour, equipment and materials required, for filling the
recesses with concrete or nosing material, 20 mm x 20
mm plastijoint seal between the end block and the
transition block, steel cover plate complete with anchor
bolts, and all incidentals required for constructing the
nose endings complete.
ITEM UNIT
SERIES 6000: STRUCTURES (e) Welding consumables
Welding electrodes shall comply with the requirements
of SABS 455 or equivalent.
SECTION 6700: STRUCTURAL
The quality, handling and storage of all consumables
STEELWORK shall be so as to achieve the desirable properties of the
weld metal.
CONTENTS:
The welding consumables used shall be appropriate to
CLAUSE PAGE produce weld metal which will yield all the weld-metal
6701 SCOPE test specimens as specified in BS 709:1983 having both
6702 MATERIALS minimum yield and minimum tensile strengths not less
6703 CODES OF PRACTICE than those of the parent metal.
6704 SHOP DETAILS
6705 FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY (f) Test certificates
6706 ERECTION The Contractor shall submit test certificates, as required
6707 TESTING by the Engineer, of the structural steel and anchor bolts
6708 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT that will be used.
6703 CODES OF PRACTICE

6701 SCOPE The design, where undertaken by the Contractor, of all
This Section covers the manufacture, transport and work shall comply with the requirements of BS
erection of structural steelwork for minor structures, e.g. 5950:2000 Parts 1 to 9 or equivalent.
overhead road-sign structures. It does not apply to
major steel structures such as steel bridges, which will
be covered in the Special Specifications where work of 6704 SHOP DETAILS
this nature is required. Where shop details have not been furnished on the
Drawings, the Contractor shall prepare his/her own
shop details in accordance with the provisions of
6702 MATERIALS CLAUSE 1221. Shop details shall be approved and
signed by the Engineer prior to the fabrication of any
(a) Structural steel items.
Structural steel shall comply with the following
requirements:
6705 FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY
Mild steel: BS 7613:1994/BS 7668:1994/BS EN
10029:1991/BS EN 10113:1993/BS EN (a) General
10115:1993/BS EN 10210-1:1994 or equivalents. All structural steel both before and after fabrication shall
High-yield stress steel: BS 7613:1994/BS be within the tolerances specified in SUBCLAUSE 6803(j)
7668:1994/BS EN 10029:1991/BS EN and shall be flat, straight (unless required to be formed
10113:1993/BS EN 10115:1993/BS EN 10210- to another shape) and free from twists.
1:1994 or equivalents.
(b) Marking the steel
The dimensions and properties of rolled steel sections At all stages of fabrication, all structural steel other than
shall comply with the prescriptions given in the Grade 43A steel shall be clearly marked by grade by
structural steel tables issued by the British Standards means of a suitable marking system.
Institution or equivalent.
(c) Cutting
(b) Steel tubes Steel shall be cut by sawing, shearing with shears,
Steel tubes shall comply with the requirements of BS cropping, or flame-cutting.
EN 39:2001 or equivalent.
Edges shall be free from any defects or distortions and
(c) Bolts, nuts and washers all burrs, notches and similar defects shall be removed.
Ordinary bolts and nuts shall be bolts and nuts used for
transferring forces by tensile stress, compressive stress All structural welds shall be full-strength joints.
and shear stress without any friction-grip action being
considered. Ordinary bolts and nuts shall comply with (d) Holes for fasteners
BS 3692:2001 or BS 325:1947 or equivalent. Washers Holes for fasteners shall not be formed by flame cutting.
for ordinary bolts and nuts shall comply with the Holes in light members not thicker than 12 mm or the
requirements of BS EN 2138:2000 or equivalent. diameter of the hole, whichever is the smaller, may be
punched.
High-strength friction-grip bolts, nuts and washers shall
comply with the requirements of BS 4395-2:1969 or Holes for fasteners of up to 25 mm in diameter shall not
equivalent. be more than 2 mm larger than the diameter of the
fastener and holes for larger fasteners not more than 3
Other approved friction-grip fasteners equal to the mm larger than the diameter of the fastener.
above may be used.
Holes for friction-grip fasteners shall be in accordance
(d) Rivets with BS 4604-2:1970 or equivalent.
Mild-steel rivets shall comply with the requirements of
BS 1109:1943 or equivalent. High-tensile rivets shall be All burrs shall be removed from holes before assembly.
so manufactured that they can be driven and their
heads formed satisfactorily without the physical (e) Joints in compression
properties of the steel being impaired. The abutting surfaces of joints dependent on contact for
the transmission of load shall be accurately prepared so
that the full area intended for bearing will be in contact (I) Trimming
as specified in SUBCLAUSE 6803(j). All fabricated steel work shall be neatly trimmed so as
not to show any sharp edges. Acute angles shall be
(f) Hollow sections rounded off to a radius of at least 1.0 mm.
Unless protection against corrosion is provided by other
means, the interior of any hollow section shall be sealed (m) Corrosion prevention
to prevent the ingress of moisture. Where a sealed
hollow member is holed for a fastener or pin, (i) Painting
precautionary measures shall be taken to prevent the Before removal from the place of manufacture the
ingress of water to the interior of the member. Vent steelwork shall be painted as specified in SECTION
holes for galvanising shall be sealed after galvanising 6900.
has been completed.
Where the finishing coats are to be applied on the
(g) Alignment of holes site, the shop painting shall include the application
All matching holes for fasteners or pins shall be of an undercoat as specified in SECTION 6900.
accurately aligned so that the fasteners can be inserted
freely through the assembled members in a direction at Galvanised steel shall not be painted unless
right angles to the faces in contact. Drifting for aligning painting is specifically called for in the
the holes shall not distort the metal or enlarge the specifications.
holes.
(ii) Sprayed metal coatings
(h) Welding Where the sprayed metal coating of steel surfaces
Welding shall be done in accordance with the is called for, it shall be done in accordance with the
requirements of BS EN 1011:1998. requirements of BS EN ISO 14713:1999 or
equivalent. The type of metal used shall be as
The welding techniques shall be such as to avoid undue specified, and, unless otherwise specified, the
distortion and to minimise shrinking stresses. metal coating shall comply with the requirements of
Type AI 150 or Type Zn 150.
All slag shall be removed.
(iii) Galvanising
Where required for certain welding: Where the galvanising of structural steelwork is
required, the members shall be hot-dip galvanised.
(i) The manufacturer shall hold a valid welding- Structural steel members shall be given an 85 m
procedures certificate in accordance with BS EN coating or such other thickness as may be
288-1:1992 or equivalent for Grade B welding specified, in accordance with BS EN ISO
joints, and the welding shall be done by a welder 1461:1999 or equivalent and sheet steel and strip a
qualified in accordance with BS EN 287:1992 or Class M coating in accordance with BS EN
equivalent; 10147:2000 or equivalent.
(ii) Or, the welder shall hold a valid certificate of All nuts, bolts, screws and threaded articles shall be
competency in accordance with BS 4872-1:1982 or hot-dipped galvanised in accordance with the
equivalent for the specified type of welding. appropriate requirements of BS EN ISO 1461:1999
or equivalent for Type C1 or Type C2 articles.
(i) Bolting
The jointed parts shall be firmly drawn together. Where Cut ends and small damaged areas shall be
necessary, tapering washers shall be used for each bolt repaired by the application of a zinc-rich paint or by
head and nut to transfer the compressive stress over its zinc spraying.
full surface. Where bolt holes have greater than normal
clearance, washers shall be placed under the bolt (n) Built-up sections
heads and nuts. In addition to the requirements of SECTION 6700,
built-up sections shall be produced in accordance
The length of each bolt shall be such that, after with Drawings and Special Specifications to the
tightening, at least one full thread projects through the Engineers approval.
nut on the outside and at least one full thread (in
addition to the thread run-out) remains clear between
the nut and the bolt head. 6706 ERECTION
(j) Friction-grip fastening (a) General
The use of friction-grip bolts shall be in accordance with Where specified, details of the method of erection shall
BS 4604-2:1970 or equivalent. Where use is made of be submitted to the Engineer for approval.
equivalent types of friction-grip fasteners, they shall
comply with the requirements of BS 4604-2:1970 or All structural steel shall be stored, transported, handled
equivalent for equivalent fasteners and shall be and erected so as not to subject it to undue stress or
installed in accordance with the appropriate damage.
requirements of BS 4604-2:1970 or equivalent.
Erection over traffic is not permitted, and a temporary
(k) Riveting diversion for traffic shall be provided.
Wherever possible, riveting shall be done with
pneumatic equipment. Provision for traffic accommodation will be paid for in
accordance with the appropriate items under SECTION
Riveted units shall have all parts firmly drawn together 1500.
and aligned before riveting. Every rivet shall, when
driven, completely fill the hole and shall have a well- (b) Safety during erection
formed head or, if countersunk, fill the countersink During the erection of a structure, the steelwork shall be
completely. bolted, braced or otherwise secured so as to make
adequate provision for all erection loads.
All loose, eccentric-headed, badly formed, burnt or
otherwise defective rivets shall be cut out and replaced.
(c) Alignment The cost of testing shall be deemed to be included in
Each part of a structure shall be aligned as soon as the rate bid for ITEM 67.01 Structural steel.
possible after erection. Members shall not be
permanently connected until sufficiently large members
of the structure have been aligned, plumbed, levelled, 6708 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
and temporarily secured to prevent their displacement
during the erection or alignment of the remainder of the ITEM UNIT
structure.
67.01 STRUCTURAL STEEL:
(d) Corrections (a) (STRUCTURE/ARTICLE TONNE (t)
Drift pins, jacking equipment and the like shall not be DESCRIBED)
used for bringing improperly fabricated members into (b) (STRUCTURE/ARTICLE METRE (m)
place. A moderate degree of cutting and reaming may DESCRIBED)
be done to correct minor misfits if, in the opinion of the
(c) (STRUCTURE/ARTICLE NUMBER (no)
Engineer, this will not be detrimental to the appearance
DESCRIBED)
or strength of the structure. The burning of holes will not
be permitted without written approval.
The unit of measurement shall be either the tonne or
(e) Repairs to painting and site painting the metre of erected permanent steel structures or
Repairs to painting and site painting shall be effected in articles, or the number of erected permanent steel
accordance with the provisions of CLAUSE 6907. structures or articles. Where the unit of measurement is
the tonne the weight of the steel waste caused by
(f) Grouting punching, drilling, sheared edges, milling or planning, or
The grout shall be poured under and around the base metal cut-outs shall not be deducted, and the weight of
plates of columns after the steelwork has been finally rivets, bolts, nuts, washers, welding fillets or temporary
checked for alignment and height, and after the bracing shall not be added. In computing the weight of
approval of the Engineer has been obtained to proceed steel, the nominal weight per unit of length or area will
with the grouting. The column base plates shall be be used and tolerances and other permissible
supported by the top and bottom nuts and by steel deviations will be ignored.
wedges. The area under the steel shall be thoroughly
cleaned and shall be dust and oil-free, and the concrete The bid rates shall include full compensation for
shall be thoroughly rinsed with water to leave the preparing shop details where not provided on the
surface clean and moist. Drawings, the supply of all the required materials,
fabrication, process control, loading, transporting to the
The grout shall be an approved non-shrinking, site, off-loading, and erecting. It shall also include full
pourable, cementitious grout. The grout shall be compensation for all nuts, bolts, washers, rivets, cutting,
prepared and applied strictly in accordance with the waste, and any temporary bracing necessary for
manufacturer's recommendations and the Engineer's transporting and erecting.
directives.
The bid rate shall also include full compensation for
Leak-proof formwork shall be used for the pourable supplying and pouring the specified grout under and
grout, and all corners shall be chamfered. The surface around the base plates of steel columns, for procuring
finish shall be Class F2 and Class U2 as applicable. and supplying all the necessary labour, equipment,
tools and materials, as well as waste, formwork for the
grout, and finishing to obtain the required surface finish
6707 TESTING for the grout under and around base plates of steel
columns.
(a) Testing by the Engineer
The Engineer may nominate a testing authority to
inspect the Works and to conduct such tests as he/she ITEM UNIT
may deem to be necessary to test compliance with the 67.02 ANCHOR BOLTS:
specifications. Where required, test samples of welds (a) (DESCRIPTION OF EACH ASSEMBLY, KILOGRAM
shall be prepared by the Contractor, free of charge. AND GRADE/TYPE OF STEEL, (kg)
DIAMETER AND LENGTH INDICATED)
Payment for these tests shall be made under ITEM
71.01. (b) (DESCRIPTION OF EACH ASSEMBLY, NUMBER (no)
AND GRADE/TYPE OF STEEL,
DIAMETER AND LENGTH INDICATED)
(b) Process control
Welds shall be regularly inspected and tested by the
Contractor in terms of his/her obligations in regard to The unit of measurement shall be either the kilogram of
process control, as described in CLAUSE 1205. This installed anchor-bolt assemblies or the number of
shall include visual inspection of welds to ensure that installed anchor-bolt assemblies.
no undercutting, uneven lengths, porosity, or evidence
of cracking occurs and that full fusion of the metals has The bid rates shall include full compensation for the
been achieved. In doubtful areas, cores containing weld materials, fabrication, handling, transporting and
metal and adjacent parent material shall, if so required installing the anchor-bolt assemblies, including
by the Engineer, be cut out, polished and examined and corrosion protection.
the hole repaired.
At least 30% of the welds shall be examined by ITEM UNIT

ultrasonic or radiographic means. If more than 5% of 67.03 CORROSION PROTECTION:
the examined welds show unsatisfactory results,
additional examinations covering all welds shall be (a) SPRAYED-ON METAL:
performed. Certificates of the examination confirming (i) (TYPE OF METAL AND TONNE (t)
that the steel plates and welds comply with the THICKNESS OR TYPE SYMBOL
requirements of SABS 044 Part III or equivalent shall be OF COATING INDICATED)
submitted to the Engineer. (Ii) (TYPE OF METAL AND METRE (m)
THICKNESS OR TYPE SYMBOL
OF COATING INDICATED)
(IIi) (TYPE OF METAL AND NUMBER (no)
OF COATING INDICATED)
(b) HOT-DIP GALVANISING:
(i) (TYPE OF METAL AND TONNE (t)
OF ZINC COAT INDICATED)
(Ii) (TYPE OF METAL AND METRE (m)
(IIi) (TYPE OF METAL AND NUMBER (no)
The unit of measurement shall be either a tonne or a

metre of steel structures or articles protected against
corrosion, or the number of steel structures or articles
protected against corrosion. The quantities are
calculated as specified in ITEM 67.01.
The bid rates shall be extra over the rates for ITEM
67.01 and shall include full compensation for applying
the specified corrosion protection, including surface
preparation, materials, labour, tools, equipment and all
incidentals required.
Note:
Payment for painting shall be made under ITEM 69.01.
SERIES 6000: STRUCTURES (a) Foundations, footings, pile capping slabs,
columns, walls, piers, abutments, bridge and
culvert superstructures
SECTION 6800: CONSTRUCTION The tolerances are given in TABLES 6803/1, 6803/2,
6803/3, 6803/4 and 6803/5.
TOLERANCES FOR
STRUCTURES TABLE 6803/1
TOLERANCES OF PILE FOUNDATIONS
CONTENTS:
Position:
CLAUSE PAGE 0.167 times the diameter of the pile, or 100 mm,
6801 SCOPE whichever shall be the greater
6802 DEFINITIONS
6803 TOLERANCES External dimensions:
6804 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT Prefabricated piles +25 mm -5 mm
Cast in situ piles plus-tolerance not specified,
minus-tolerance 0 mm
Pile-head level: Average level of trimmed cut
6801 SCOPE pile head 25 mm
This Section covers the requirements in regard to the Verticality or rake 1.5
construction tolerances applicable to the various
structures and structural members. Straightness:
For precast piles the permissible maximum deviation
from straight is 5 mm for piles up to 3 m in length and
1.0 mm more for each additional metre of pile length.
6802 DEFINITIONS
Except where otherwise specified, the following aspects
of construction to which tolerances apply shall have the
meanings attributed to them below:
TABLE 6803/2
(a) Position TOLERANCES OF CAISSONS
The position of a structure or structural member shall be
Position of top of caisson:
the horizontal position of its centre line(s) and/or centre
point(s) in relation to the overall layout of the Works as 10% of the smallest outer dimension of the caisson,
shown on the Drawings. measured in plan.
Verticality:
(b) Alignment
1.5
The alignment of a structure or structural member shall
be the alignment of its centre line(s) in relation to the Dimensions:
overall layout of the Works as shown on the Drawings. Wall thickness +25 mm -5 mm
Deviation from true alignment shall be measured in
degrees of an arc.
Outer dimension of 25 mm
circular, rectangular or
square cross-section
(c) Leading and cross-sectional dimensions
The leading and cross-sectional dimensions of a Level: Upper level of trimmed/cut caisson head:
structure or structural member shall be the dimensions Maximum deviation of 25 mm
relating to width, length, height, thickness, etc, which average level
collectively determine its shape, and are shown on the Maximum deviation of any 50 mm
Drawings. Dimensional tolerances not relating to individual level
leading or cross-sectional dimensions shall be shown
on the Drawings. Foundation fill:
Average level of top of fill 25 mm
(d) Levels
The level of any structure or structural member shall be
the level of the upper or lower surface, as may be
relevant, with reference to an established datum-level
TABLE 6803/3
on the site.
TOLERANCES OF FOOTINGS, PILE CAPPINGS, CAISSON
COVER SLABS ETC
(e) Surface regularity
Surface regularity is the shape of a surface with Position:
reference to a 3 m straight-edge (or template in the
15 mm
case of curved surfaces) placed on the surface.
Alignment:
The tolerance for surface regularity is expressed as a Individual members 5
distance by which the surface tested may deviate from
Members as they collectively 1 minute
a straight-edge (or template in the case of curved
determine the alignment of the
surfaces) held against the surface.
structure as a whole
Dimensions:
6803 TOLERANCES Leading dimensions in plan 25 mm
The tolerances given below shall be the maximum Thickness +25 mm
permissible deviations from the specified dimensions, -15 mm
levels, alignment, positions, etc, shown on the Drawings
of the structures or structural members. Levels:
Average level of slabs, footings, etc 25 mm
TABLE 6803/4 STRAIGHTNESS OR BOW: The deviation from the
TOLERANCES OF COLUMNS, WALLS, PIERS, ABUTMENTS, prescribed line measured on the overall length of the
ETC beam shall not exceed the following:
(i) In the horizontal plane:

Position: 0.5 mm per metre length of the beam within the
10 mm tolerance range of 6 mm to 15 mm.
Alignment: (ii) In the vertical plane:
Walls, piers, abutments and column 2 minutes (1) I-beams: 2 mm per metre length of the beam
groups within the tolerance range of 6 mm to 20 mm.
(2) Other beams: 1.0 mm per metre length of the
Dimensions:
beam within the tolerance range of 3 mm to 20
Leading dimensions of walls, piers 25 mm mm.
and abutments
Thickness of walls, piers and abutments and cross- CAMBER: The soffits of adjacent beams when placed
sectional dimensions of columns: side by side on the bridge deck shall not at any place
Plus-tolerance 25 mm differ by more than 2 mm per metre length of the beam
Minus-tolerance 3% of the specified within the tolerance range of 6 mm to 20 mm.
dimensions within the range
of 5 mm to 25 mm THE LENGTHS OF PRECAST BEAMS: Before stressing, the
length shall be 0.1% of the total length within the
Levels:
tolerance range of 5 mm to 20 mm.
Levels: Average level of finished or 10 mm
trimmed/cut columns, piers, walls,
SURFACE REGULARITY: 6 mm
abutments, etc
Verticality: (c) Reinforcing steel

Using ordinary formwork 1 in 400. Maximum 25 mm Except for the requirements given below, no tolerances
Using sliding formwork 1 in 200. Maximum 50 mm are given for the placing and fixing of reinforcing steel.
The steel, however, shall be neatly and accurately fixed
Surface regularity: in a manner which is consistent with proper
Using ordinary formwork 3 mm workmanship and the structural integrity of the
Using sliding formwork 1 6 mm structural member. Specifically the following
in 200. requirements shall apply:
(i) Tension steel

The actual position of tension steel shall not deviate
TABLE 6803/5
from the true position by a distance which would
TOLERANCES OF BRIDGE AND CULVERT
reduce the effective lever arm by more than 2% of
SUPERSTRUCTURES
the overall depth of the member, or 10 mm,
whichever is the greater.
Position:
(ii) Concrete cover
10 mm
The concrete cover on reinforcing steel shall
Alignment: nowhere be less than the specified cover.
Superstructure as a whole 1 minute
(iii) Spacing between bars
Dimensions: The spacing between closely spaced parallel bars,
Leading dimensions in 25 mm especially in beams and columns, shall, unless
plan otherwise specified, be not less than the maximum
Thickness of slabs, width and depth of beams: size of the aggregate used in the concrete.
Plus tolerance 15 mm
Minus tolerance 3% of the specified (iv) Bending of reinforcement
dimensions within the The requirements of BS 8666:2000 or equivalent
range of 5 mm to 15 mm regarding dimensional tolerances for cutting and
bending of the reinforcing steel shall apply, with the
Surface regularity: proviso that the other requirements set out in this
All surfaces other than 3 mm Clause shall be complied with even if the tolerances
upper surface of deck in BS 8666:2000 or equivalent are not exceeded.
Bridge and culvert decks, surface tolerances:
The tolerances specified in CLAUSE 3405 for the base (d) Prestressing
in respect of level, grade, cross-section and surface Sheaths for prestressing tendons shall be placed and
regularity shall apply. Surface regularity shall be tested maintained in position within the following tolerances:
by straight-edge.
(i) In the direction of the width of the member:
For members of up to 200 mm in depth: 20 mm
(b) Precast beams For members exceeding 200 mm in depth: 10 mm
The following tolerances shall apply to precast beams in
addition to the requirements stated in SUBCLAUSE (ii) In the direction of the depth of the member:
6803(d) for the superstructure. For members of up to 200 mm in depth:
0.025 x depth
The width of the gap between contiguous beams shall
not exceed twice the width of the specified nominal gap For members exceeding 200 mm in depth:
shown on the Drawings or the width of the nominal gap 0.01 x depth within the tolerance range of 5
plus 40 mm, whichever is the less, and the overall width mm to 25 mm.
between the outermost beams of the bridge deck shall
be within 40 mm of the specified width.
(e) Bearings thousandth of the distance, whichever is the
Bearings for structures shall be installed to within 5 mm greater.
of the position shown on the Drawings and to within 2
mm of the required level. (h) Fabricating and construction tolerances for
reinforced-earth structures
Dimensional tolerances for elastomeric bearings shall
comply with the requirements of BS 5400:1983 Part 9.2. (i) Individual concrete panels:
Surface regularity:
(f) Miscellaneous When tested with a 1.5 m straight-edge, the
deviation shall not exceed 5mm.
(i) Chamfers Leading dimensions 5 mm
Fillets used for forming chamfers shall be within a
tolerance of 1.0 mm in cross-sectional dimensions, (ii) Completed walls:
and the actual chamfer on the concrete shall not Surface regularity:
vary by more than 3 mm from the specified When tested with a 3 m straight-edge, the
dimensions. deviation shall not exceed 20 mm.
No point of the structure shall be out of position
(ii) Kerbs, copings, sidewalks, bridge railings, parapets,
vertically by more than 10 mm per metre height
etc
of the structure, with a maximum of 50 mm.
The members shall be constructed within a
tolerance of 5 mm for all dimensions. The
alignment shall not deviate from the true alignment
by more than 10 mm in any place, nor shall the 6804 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
alignment deviate by more than 5 mm from the true No separate measurement and payment shall be made
alignment over any length of 5 m. to the Contractor for complying with the requirements of
this Section.
(g) Fabrication and assembly tolerances for
structural steel
(i) General
The fabrication and assembly tolerances on all
dimensions for structural steel shall be 2 mm.
Holes for connections shall be drilled/punched and
aligned as specified in SUBCLAUSES 6705(d) and (g)
respectively.
(ii) Cross-section
The tolerances on cross-sectional dimensions of
rolled sections shall be as specified in the Design
Tables according to Eurocode 3 or equivalent.
(iii) Straightness
A structural member before erection shall not
deviate from straightness (or the specified shape)
by more than the following:
For compression members and beams, one-

thousandth of the length between points which are
laterally restrained. For other members, one five
hundredth of the overall length, but not exceeding
25 mm.
(iv) Length
The length of a member shall not deviate from its
prescribed length by more than the following:
For compression members faced at both ends for

bearing, 1.0 mm
For other members: +0 mm and -4 mm
For such members as trusses and lattice girders,

the above tolerances shall apply to the members as
a whole. The lengths of component parts shall be
such that the structural member can be properly
assembled with the required accuracy.
(v) Bearing surfaces

Where two steel surfaces are required to be in
contact for transferring compressive forces, the
maximum clearance between the bearing surfaces
shall not exceed 1.0mm when the members in
contact are aligned.
(vi) Accuracy of erection

Steelwork shall not be out of plumb over any
vertical distance by more than 5 mm or one
SERIES 6000: STRUCTURES (iii) Bituminous-emulsion paint shall consist of a stable
bituminous emulsion with a minimum of 45% of
bitumen and about 5% of approved fibre.
SECTION 6900: PAINTING 6903 GENERAL
All paint shall be obtained only from suppliers approved
by the Engineer. Unless otherwise agreed by the
CONTENTS: Engineer, all paints forming part of any one paint
CLAUSE PAGE system shall be obtained form the same source. Paints
shall be supplied in sealed containers of not more than
691SCOPE 5 litres capacity and shall be used in strict rotation.
692MATERIAL Unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer samples of
693GENERAL paint of not less than 2 litres capacity shall be submitted
694APPLYING THE PAINT for testing to the Engineer or his nominated testing
695PROTECTING THE WORKS DURING authority.
PAINTING OPERATIONS
696PREPARING SURFACES FOR PAINTING Paint shall be stored on site under cover and in
conditions as recommended by the manufacturers.
697PAINTING STRUCTURAL STEEL
698PAINTING GUARD RAILS
699PAINTING CONCRETE Paint shall be stored in such a manner that each batch
6910PAINTING GALVANISED SURFACES can be issued for use in the order of delivery.
77
6911PAINTING ROAD SIGNS A separate store shall be provided for cleaning solvents
6912PAINTING OF TIMBER used for brush or other cleaning purposes. Cleaning
6913MEASURING PAINT THICKNESS solvents shall not be stored where paint or paint
6914MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT thinners are stored or where paint is prepared for appli-
cation.
Paints with a limited safe shelf life shall not be used

6901 SCOPE after the period stated in the manufacturer's data
This Section covers the painting of structural steel, sheets.
guardrails, overhead road sign supports and other
structures according to the requirements of the various Inflammable material shall be stored in accordance with
Sections of these Specifications where painting is called the appropriate regulations.
for.
Flat and gloss paints shall not be boxed up together
and skinned ullages shall be discarded.
6902 MATERIAL
Paints shall comply with the requirements of the No paint shall be applied to surfaces containing
following Specifications: physically adhering contaminants such as oil, grease,
dirt, marking material, water-soluble salts, wax, paint
(a) Primers and temporary protectives, or to surfaces containing
chemically bonded contaminants such as rust, mill
(i) Zinc-chromate primers for steel: scale, slag and flux.
BS 4652:1995 or equivalent
(ii) Wash primer (metal etch primer): All surfaces which are to be painted shall be dry. Unless
SABS 723 or equivalent otherwise stated, subsequent coats of paints shall be
(iii) Calcium-plumbate primer: applied over dry paint surfaces.
(iv) Two-pack Zinc-rich epoxy primer: All traces of soluble salts and corrosive airborne
SABS 926 or equivalent contaminants shall be thoroughly washed from the
surface prior to painting, and the surface shall be dried
(b) Undercoat and painted immediately afterwards.
Where surfaces are to be welded, unless otherwise
(c) Finishing coats specified, no paint shall be applied within 75 mm of the
(i) Decorative enamel for interior and exterior: weld position.
SABS 630 or equivalent
(ii) High-gloss paint: After the welding has been completed, the welds and
SABS 684 (Type A) or equivalent adjacent parent metal shall be completely deslagged,
(iii) Micaceous iron-ore-pigmented paint: and the surfaces shall then be inspected and approved
SABS 684 or equivalent by the Engineer. All spatter shall be removed prior to
(iv) Baking enamels: the surfaces being painted. The weld area shall be
SABS 783 or equivalent abrasive-blasted and/or ground and all contaminants
(v) Emulsion paint for exterior use (polyacrylic): such as flux shall be removed prior to the surface being
SABS 634 or equivalent painted.
(vi) Chloro-rubber paint:
SABS 1413 or equivalent Surfaces which are to rest on concrete or other floors
(vii) Bituminous aluminium paint: shall receive all the prescribed coats of paint prior to the
SABS 802 or equivalent member being erected.
(d) Other Damaged paint areas shall be cleaned, rust spots

(i) Epoxy-tar paints: removed and the surface primed again so that the patch
SABS 801 (Type I) or equivalent painting covers the damaged areas and extends over a
(ii) Bonding liquid for concrete surfaces: strip of 20 mm beyond each damaged area.
CKS 564 or equivalent
Where the shop coat is allowed to age for a few months
before the next layer of paint is applied, light sanding
with sandpaper or rubbing with steel wool and Paint shall not be applied when the temperature of the
scrubbing with clean water with a bristle brush shall be surface to be painted is less than 3C above dew point
carried out. or when the temperature of the steel is below 5C or
Steel to be embedded in concrete shall be entirely above 35C, unless otherwise prescribed by the
painted to a distance of 50 mm within the concrete, Engineer.
measured from the concrete outer surface.
Paint shall not be applied in fog or mist, when it is
All epoxy coating shall be carried out by a specialist firm raining or when rain is expected, or when the relative
or contractor approved by the Engineer. With its humidity is above 90%.
quotation the specialist firm shall be required to submit
a letter of guarantee that the product it proposes to
supply when applied in accordance with this
specification and any additional specifications which 6905 PROTECTING THE WORKS DURING
shall be quoted by the firm will withstand the PAINTING OPERATIONS
environmental service conditions to be encountered. All necessary precautions shall be taken by the
The Contractor shall quote the guarantee period in Contractor before the commencement of any painting
number of years from time of application of the coating. activities to ensure that no damage or disfigurement of
any kind is caused thereby to any part of the works. If in
The paint manufacturer's instructions shall be strictly the opinion of the Engineer the precautions taken are
adhered to. inadequate the Contractor shall at his/her own expense
make all such improvements as the Engineer directs.
Painted steel members shall be stacked so as to be off
the ground. The Contractor shall protect all parts of the structure
against disfigurement by spatters, splashes and/or
Friction-grip surfaces shall not be painted but shall be smirches of paint or of paint materials. The Contractor
treated in accordance with the Special Specifications. shall be responsible for any damage to or paint on or
contamination to vehicles, persons or property,
Implementation of the manufacturer's recommendations including plants and animals, as a result of his/her
concerning health and safety aspects of paints operations, and he/she will be required to provide
approved by the Engineer for use on the works shall be protective measures at his/her own cost to prevent such
mandatory under this contract. damage.
Any unsightly paint stains shall be removed by the

6904 APPLYING THE PAINT Contractor at his/her own cost.
Unless otherwise specified, paint may be applied either
by brush, spray or roller method, or by any combination If passing traffic creates sufficient dust to harm or spoil
of these three methods. the appearance of painted surfaces, the Contractor
shall sprinkle the adjacent roads and shoulders with
Where brushes are used, they shall have sufficient water at his/her own cost, for a sufficient distance on
body and length of bristle for spreading the paint in a each side of the location where the painting is being
uniform coat. Paint shall be evenly spread and done, to keep the dust away from freshly painted
thoroughly brushed out. If brush marks are visible, it will surfaces. The Contractor shall at his/her own cost, also
be considered that the paint has been improperly furnish and post DRIVE SLOWLY signs and take other
applied, and the paint will not be accepted. necessary precautions to prevent dust and dirt from
adhering onto freshly painted surfaces.
On all surfaces which are inaccessible to painting by
regular painting equipment, the paint shall be applied
by bottle brushes, sheepskin daubers, or by any other 6906 PREPARING SURFACES FOR PAINTING
acceptable method so as to render the required coating The Contractor shall regard the preparation of surfaces
of paint. to be painted as a work of fundamental importance the
object of which is to ensure the production of sound,
If spray methods are used, the operator shall be clean, smooth and dry surfaces. The preparation shall
thoroughly experienced. Runs, sags, thin areas in the have no detrimental effect on the sub-strata to be
paint coat, skips, or where air bubbles have formed or painted nor shall it be prejudicial to subsequent painting
the paint has delaminated, shall be considered as being operations.
unsatisfactory, and the Contractor will be required to
repaint the surface by brush. In addition to the specific processes described below
and/or in the manufacturer's instructions and
A water trap and an air-regulating valve acceptable to specifications all surfaces shall be cleaned free from all
the Engineer shall be furnished and installed on the dirt, grease, oil or other deleterious matter both before
equipment used for spray-painting. the application of primer and between subsequent
successive coats of paint.
Mechanical mixers shall be used for mixing paint
properly when no ready-mixed paints are used. Prior to All surfaces prepared and made ready for painting shall
application, the paint shall be remixed for a sufficient be to a standard approved by the Engineer before
length of time to mix the pigment and vehicle painting work is begun.
thoroughly. Paint shall be constantly kept well stirred to
keep the pigments in suspension during its application.
All skins in the paint shall be removed by screening. If it
cannot be removed effectively, the paint and paintwork 6907 PAINTING STRUCTURAL STEEL
already completed may be condemned at the discretion
of the Engineer. (a) General
This Section includes the painting of steel guardrail
No thinners or cleaners shall be employed other than posts, steel road sign supports and steel sign face
those recommended by the paint manufacturer and to frames, where required.
the Engineer's approval.
The surface preparation, priming and application of an
undercoat shall be carried out under cover at the
fabricator's works. Where possible, all painting shall be Where the finishing coats are applied on the site, the
done at the fabricator's works but, where this is not undercoat shall be lightly sanded and the members
feasible, the Engineer may permit the application of the washed and cleaned of all contaminants. The first
finishing coats on the site, in which case an undercoat finishing coat shall be applied as soon as the structural
shall be applied at the fabricator's works prior to the members are dry.
members being despatched to the Works.
Where specified in the Special Specifications, the
Unless otherwise specified, the protection described in second finishing coat shall consist of a micaceous iron-
SUBCLAUSES 6907(c), (d) and (e) shall be applied to all ore-pigmented structural paint of the specified colour to
steelwork. Corrosion protection of steelwork exposed to a dry-film thickness of not less than 30 m. Unless
aggressive or severe conditions shall comply with the otherwise specified, the second finishing coat shall be
requirements of the Special Specifications. applied within 48 hours of the application of the first
finishing coat.
(b) Surface preparation
The dry-film thickness of the total paint system shall not
(i) New structures be less than 110 m when no undercoat is used and not
After all cutting, drilling, welding and punching have less than 135 m when an undercoat is used. Where
been completed, it shall be ascertained that all the second finishing coat is an iron-ore-pigmented
sharp edges have been uniformly rounded off and
paint, these thicknesses shall be increased by 5 m.
smoothed down. All physically adhering
contaminants shall be removed and the surface
(f) Mating surfaces
shall then be abrasive-blasted to Sa 2 finish in
When mating surfaces are brought together, both
accordance with the BS EN ISO 8501-1:2001, BS
surfaces shall already have been covered with all the
7079-A1:1989 second quality or equivalent. The
specified coats of paint, but, where this is impossible,
profile limit of the surface finish shall be between 30
each surface shall be given a copious coating of primer
m and 60 m. The abrasive-blasting profile shall
and the surfaces drawn up while the paint is still wet.
be measured in accordance with BS EN ISO 8503-
3:1995, BS 7079-C3:1989 or equivalent and shall (g) Back-to-back members and areas not easily
comply with BS EN ISO 8503-1:1995, BS 7079- accessible
C1:1989 or equivalent. Back-to-back members and areas not easily accessible
shall be fully coated with all the specified coats of paint
No abrasive-blasting shall be done during rainy up to and including the finishing coats before erection.
weather or when corrosive air conditions prevail.
(h) Damaged areas
Unless the application of a primer follows within four Damaged areas shall be treated as follows:
hours of abrasive blasting and before any oxidation
of the prepared surface takes place, the abrasive- Sand down to bright metal and clean. Spot prime with
blasted surface shall immediately after abrasive two coats and sand down lightly when hard. Rinse off
blasting be given one coat of a wash primer. with water and allow to dry. Apply two finishing coats.
(ii) Existing structures (i) Structural steel to be embedded below ground
The surface preparation of existing structures shall Those parts of structural-steel members to be
be carried out on site in accordance with BS EN embedded in soil and all bases to a height of 500 mm
ISO 8504-1:2001, BS 7079-D1:2000 or equivalent. shall be given two coats of an epoxy-tar prime instead
of the zinc-chromate prime specified for other surfaces.
(c) Primer
The prepared surface shall be given two coats of a zinc- (j) Epoxy coating work generally
chromate primer in accordance with BS 4652:1995 or In addition to the general requirements of this
equivalent. The first coat shall be applied within 12 specification the following conditions shall apply
hours in the case of wash-primed surfaces and within wherever epoxy coating work is being carried out:-
four hours, but before any oxidation of the surface takes
place, in the case of abrasive-blasted surfaces that
have not been wash-primed. A fast-drying zinc (1) The work shall be illuminated to the satisfaction
chromate in accordance with BS 4652:1995 or of the Engineer.
equivalent, may be used as primer. In all cases the dry-
film thickness shall not be less than 30 m per coat. (2) Forced draught ventilation to the approval of
the Engineer shall be used wherever required
When steel has to be welded after the primer has been
for the needs of personnel or for drying out
applied, the steel shall be left unpainted for a distance
of 75 mm from the weld joint unless a weldable type of surfaces.
paint has been used. The welds shall be treated in
accordance with the instructions of CLAUSES 6903 and (3) Operatives shall work in pairs.
6907.
The Contractor shall demonstrate all his methods,
(d) Undercoat equipment and materials before any work commences.
Where the finishing coats are to be applied on the site, Sample areas of substrate shall be prepared and
the primed surfaces shall be given one coat of a coated as required by the Engineer and for his
universal undercoat with a suitable colour in the approval.
fabricator's shop before despatch. The undercoat shall
be applied as soon as the prime coat has dried
sufficiently. The dry-film thickness shall not be less than There shall be strict control of surface cleanliness
between primer and epoxy coating and between coats
25 m.
of the same. Vacuum removal of dust and sand shall be
employed and contamination shall be removed as
(e) Finishing coat
specified in appropriate preparation clauses herein.
Two finishing coats of high-gloss structural paint (BS
Where dirt or dust has become trapped in the painted
EN ISO 12944:1998 or equivalent) of the specified
surface it shall be removed with suitable abrasive
colour shall be applied to leave a dry-film thickness of
not less than 25 m per coat.
paper. The surface being painted shall be free of visible The guard rails shall preferably be given both finishing
moisture throughout these operations. coats before erection, but, where this is impossible, the
Engineer may permit the finishing coats to be applied
The paint shall be applied only to clean dry primed or after the guard rails have been erected, provided that all
previously coated surfaces. Any thick runs or collections mating surfaces and spots which are not easily
of paint shall be removed before they harden. accessible are painted with the finishing coats before
the guard rails are erected.
Not less than two coats shall be applied over the primer
by airless spray; not less than 3 by brush. The total dry-film thickness of all coats of the paint shall
not be less than 90 m. All damaged spots shall be
treated as specified in SUBCLAUSE 6907(h).
Each coat shall be distinctly different in colour from the
primer or previous coat. The colour of the final coat
shall be as required by the Engineer.
6909 PAINTING CONCRETE
Each coat shall be seen to have completely covered the
preceding coat without "misses" or pinholes or any (a) Surface preparation
areas visibly low in thickness. A high voltage pin-hole The surface of the concrete to be painted shall be
detector shall also be used to determine the integrity of cleaned of all dust, loose particles, laitance, impurities
the coats. and other deleterious materials, and then washed and
allowed to dry.
The coat manufacturer shall stipulate primer and epoxy Unless the surface is to be covered with a bituminous
recoat intervals for all curing temperatures likely to be paint, all cracks, holes and cavities shall be filled with
encountered and these shall be adopted with a grout or an acrylic filler.
maximum tolerance of +4 hours. Where this is
exceeded, the surfaces to be recoated shall first be (b) Sealing and priming
suitably abraded to remove gloss and give a good key. The surface shall be sealed with an approved clear
sealer which complies with CKS 564 or equivalent and
then primed with a primer consisting of an undercoat
6908 PAINTING GUARDRAILS diluted to 50%.
(a) General (c) Undercoat and finishing

This Section covers the painting of guardrails, should it An undercoat shall be applied after priming, followed by
be prescribed. The painting of steel guardrail posts is two finishing coats of the prescribed paint.
covered in SUBCLAUSE 6907.
(d) Bituminous paint
(b) Surface preparation and priming The surface shall be prepared in accordance with the
All dirt, loose mill scale and loose corrosion products requirements of SUBCLAUSE 6909(a). Before it dries out,
shall be removed by hand or power tools and all rust a primer shall be applied in accordance with the
and mill scale by pickling, after which the surface shall instructions of the fabricator of the bituminous paint.
be rinsed. A neutralising rinse shall also be applied, or
the surface shall be phosphated. After the primer has been applied, two coats of
bituminous paint shall be applied at the rate of 0.75
(c) Priming litre/m2/coat. No paint coat shall be applied unless the
Apply two coats of zinc-chromate primer to a dry-film previous coat has dried out completely, and no paint
thickness of not less than 20 m per coat. shall be applied to the paintwork for so long as any
moisture occurs on the surface.
After the prime coats have hardened, the guard rails
may be transported to the site.
6910 PAINTING GALVANISED SURFACES
(d) Storage on the site Galvanised surfaces shall be painted as specified in this
The primed guardrails shall be stored off the ground Section for steel surfaces, except that the surface
under cover and protected against rain and weather preparation and priming shall be as follows:
until erection. Guardrails shall be stacked individually
and not nested so as to prevent corrosion during (a) Surface preparation
storage. The finishing coats shall be applied as soon as Dirt and other adherent contaminating matter shall be
possible and the primed surfaces shall not be allowed removed from galvanised surfaces by brushing with
to corrode as a result of prolonged exposure to the wire or stiff bristle brushes or by other methods
weather. Any guardrails showing signs of rust before the approved by the Engineer. Cleaning shall not damage
application of the finishing coats shall be rubbed down the galvanising. Oil or grease shall be removed from
with steel wool or fine sandpaper until all rust is galvanised surfaces by the application of an emulsion
removed, and it shall then be recoated with a zinc- cleaner. Any zinc corrosion products remaining shall be
chromate primer. removed by washing with sweet water and scrubbing
with hard bristle brushes.
(e) Finishing
Before the first finishing coat is applied, the guard rails
After being cleaned and degreased all galvanised
shall be thoroughly washed down to remove all traces
surfaces shall be etched with T-wash as described in
of salt and/or other air-borne corrosive materials and all
BS EN ISO 12944:1998. If any surface fails to turn
dirt or other contaminants.
black the cleaning degreasing and etching processes
shall be repeated.
As soon as the rinsed guard rails are dry, a finishing
coat of aluminium paint or a white high-gloss enamel in
(b) Priming
accordance with BS 7664:2000 or equivalent shall be
Two coats of calcium-plumbate primer shall be applied
applied to a dry-film thickness of not less than 25 m.
to a dry-film thickness of at least 25 m.
Within 48 hours this shall be followed by a second coat
as described before.
The undercoat shall follow within one week of the
primer.
6911 PAINTING OF ROAD SIGNS any damaged surfaces, and all materials and
equipment necessary for completing the work.
The painting of ungalvanised steel road signs, supports,
and sign face frames shall be carried out as specified
for structural steel in CLAUSE 6907.
The painting of galvanised steel road signs, supports

and sign face frames shall be carried out as specified in
CLAUSES 6906 and 6907.
The back of all road sign faces shall be painted grey.
6912 PAINTING OF TIMBER
(a) Surface Preparation

All dirt, peeling or cracking paint and other foreign
matter shall be removed by wire brushing, scraping,
approved wax-free flushable paint remover, or other
approved means immediately prior to painting.
The moisture content of the timber shall not be more

than 20% at the time of applying the first coat.
All cracks, shakes or scars shall be filled with putty,

flush to the surface, before painting.
The surfaces shall then be washed with G1 cleaner or

an equivalent and allowed to dry.
(b) Primer
One coat of wood primer shall be applied.
(c) Finishing
Two coats of high gloss enamel shall be applied in the
specified colour. They shall be of two different colours.
6913 MEASURING PAINT THICKNESS

The dry-film thickness of paint shall be determined in
accordance with BS 3900-C5:1997, BS EN ISO
2808:2001 or equivalent.
At least 90% of all thickness measurements shall

comply with the minimum specified requirements. The
thickness shall not in any case be less than 70% of the
specified thickness.

ITEM UNIT
69.01 PAINTING:
(a) (DESCRIBE SQUARE METRE
STRUCTURE/ARTICLE) (m2)
(b) (DESCRIBE NUMBER (no)
STRUCTURE/ARTICLE)
(c) (DESCRIBE METRE (m)
STRUCTURE/ARTICLE)
(d) (DESCRIBE TONNE (t)
STRUCTURE/ARTICLE)
The unit of measurement for SUBITEM (a) shall be the

square metre of surface painted. Only the surface
covered by the final finishing coat shall be measured.
The unit of measurement may also be the number of

structures or articles painted, or a metre length of the
structures or articles painted, or a tonne of the
structures or articles painted; the quantities shall be
calculated as specified in SECTION 6700 for ITEM 67.01.
The bid rates shall include full compensation for surface

preparation, applying all the coats of paint, repairing

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GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROAD AND BRIDGE WORKS SERIES 6000 - STRUCTURES

CONTENTS OF THE STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS:

(h) Driven pile casings

(b) Rock (for rock fill) 6103 GENERAL

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 3

disrupting the flow of the watercourses at the point of

(c) Drainage (d) Classification of excavated material

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 4

Common excavation shall be excavation in all 6107 UTILISATION OF EXCAVATED MATERIAL

(iii) The material behind the portal walls of portal

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 5

Where a base is required to be constructed on mass

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 6

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 7

6114 TYPES OF PILES The requirements of SUBCLAUSE 6407(c) together

Splicing the reinforcing may be ordered, and the (i) General

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 8

(ii) Manufacture (i) General

Wherever steel piles are used, the outside surface shall

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 9

equal to that of the pile. Other piles shall preferably

(iv) Heaving of piles (iv) Inspecting preformed holes

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 10

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 11

(ix) Date of piling, pile reference number and pile

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 12

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 13

whichever shall be the smaller. The allowable

The Contractor shall employ a competent diver to carry

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 14

for inspection. If more water is still leaking into the

(d) Data Where adverse impacts have been indicated in the

(i) Concrete seal

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 15

ITEM UNIT on the additional excavation measured for payment

At the concrete faces for which formwork has to be

If after a foundation excavation has been completed,

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 16

The unit of measurement for grouting shall be the

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 17

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 18

ITEM UNIT ITEM UNIT

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 19

ITEM UNIT ITEM UNIT

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 20

The limits of the successive depth ranges shall be

ITEM UNIT Irrespective of the total depth of excavation, the quantity

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 21

The unit of measurement shall be the number of

The bid rate shall include full compensation for cutting

The unit of measurement for SUBITEM (a) shall be the

The bid rates shall include full compensation for

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA, MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 6000 - 22

(2) Braced void formers

(ii) Steel forms to exposed surfaces

The Engineer may require the Contractor to submit to

(b) Falsework The Contractor shall take precautions to prevent

Falsework and formwork for: Days (b) Class F1 surface finish

Where the concrete surfaces formed by sliding