Active Noise

Control Systems
Algorithms and DSP
Implementations

Sen M. Kuo
Northern Illinois University

Dennis R. Morgan
AT&T Bell Laboratories

A Wiley-lnterscience Publication
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore
 CONTENTS

Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv

Chapter 1 Introduction to Active Noise Control 1

1.1 General Concept 1
1.2 General Applications 5
1.2.1 Air-Acoustic ANC 6
1.2.2 Hydroacoustic ANC 8
1.2.3 Vibration ANC 8
1.3 ANC Systems 8
1.3.1 Broadband Feedforward ANC Systems 9
1.3.2 Narrowband Feedforward ANC Systems. 11
1.3.3 Feedback ANC Systems 11
1.3.4 Multiple-Channel ANC Systems 12
1.4 Performance Evaluation 13

Chapter 2 Adaptive Transversal Filters 17

2.1 Introduction to Adaptive Systems 17
2.2 Adaptive Algorithms 19
2.2.1 MSE Performance Surface 19
2.2.2 Method of Steepest Descent 23
2.2.3 LMS Algorithm 24
2.3 Performance Analysis of the LMS Algorithm 26
2.3.1 The Stability Constraint 28
2.3.2 Time Constant of the Adaptive Process 30
2.3.3 Excess Mean-Square Error 32
2.4 Modified LMS Algorithms 33
2.4.1 Normalized LMS Algorithm 33
2.4.2 Correlation LMS Algorithm 35
2.4.3 Leaky LMS Algorithm 36
2.4.4 Partial-Update LMS Algorithm 38
vi CONTENTS

2.4.5 Variable-Step-Size LMS Algorithm 38

2.4.6 Signed LMS Algorithms 40
2.4.7 Complex LMS Algorithm 41
2.5 Analysis of Adaptive Systems Using the z-
Transform 43
2.6 Applications 45
2.6.1 Adaptive Noise Cancellation 45
2.6.2 Adaptive System Identification 46
2.6.3 Adaptive Linear Prediction 48

Chapter 3 Broadband Feedforward Active Noise Control 53

3.1 Basic Principles 54
3.1.1 Simplified System Identification Scheme 54
3.1.2 Coherence 56
3.2 Secondary-Path Effects 58
3.3 FXLMS Algorithm and Off-Line Secondary-Path
Modeling 62
3.3.1 Derivation of the FXLMS Algorithm 62
3.3.2 Analysis of the FXLMS Algorithm 65
3.3.3 Secondary-Path Equalization 68
3.3.4 Off-Line Modeling Technique 70
3.3.5 Effects of Modeling Errors 72
3.3.6 Effects of Measurement Noise 75
3.4 Leaky FXLMS Algorithm 77
3.5 Feedback Effects and Solutions 79
3.5.1 Effects of Feedback 80
3.5.2 Feedback Neutralization 82
3.5.3 Dual-Microphone Reference Sensing
System 85
3.5.4 Other Acoustic Arrangements 86
3.6 Filtered-U Recursive LMS Algorithm 88
3.6.1 Introduction to IIR Filters 89
3.6.2 Derivation of the Filtered-U Recursive LMS
Algorithm 90
3.6.3 Discussion of the Filtered-U Recursive LMS
Algorithm 95
3.6.4 Application in Short Ducts 96
3.7 Residual Noise Shaping 98

Chapter 4 Narrowband Feedforward Active Noise Control 101

4.1 Introduction 101
4.2 Waveform Synthesis Method 103
 CONTENTS Vil"

4.2.1 Structure and Algorithm 104

4.2.2 Equivalent Model of the Waveform Synthesis
Method 107
4.2.3 Response Analysis 110
4.2.4 Secondary-Path Effects and the FXLMS
Algorithm 113
4.3 Adaptive Notch Filters 117
4.3.1 Narrowband Adaptive Noise Canceler 117
4.3.2 Single-Frequency ANC Using Delay
Compensation 123
4.3.3 Single-Frequency ANC Using the FXLMS
Algorithm 125
4.3.4 Simplified Single-Frequency ANC 128
4.4 Multiple-Frequency ANC 130
4.4.1 Direct Form 131
4.4.2 Parallel Form 132
4.4.3 Direct/Parallel Form 134
4.4.4 Cascade Form 134
4.4.5 Rectangular-Wave Reference Signal 137
4.5 Narrowband Active Noise Equalizer 141
4.5.1 Single-Frequency Active Noise Equalizer 142
4.5.2 Characteristics of the System 143

Chapter 5 Multiple-Channel Active Noise Control 147

5.1 Historical Review 147
5.2 Acoustic Considerations 149
5.2.1 Theory 150
5.2.2 Multiple-Channel ANC Performance
Expectation 153
5.3 Multiple-Channel FXLMS Algorithms 155
5.3.1 Single-Reference/Multiple-Output FXLMS
Algorithm 158
5.3.2 Frequency-Domain Convergence
Analysis 167
5.3.3 Single-Reference/Multiple-Output ANC
Systems with Feedback Reduction 173
5.3.4 Multiple-Reference/Multiple-Output FXLMS
Algorithm 175
5.3.5 Effects of Secondary-Path Modeling
Errors 179
5.4 Multiple-Channel Filtered-U Recursive LMS
Algorithm 180
VMi CONTENTS

5.4.1 Filter Structure 181

5.4.2 Adaptation Algorithm 183
5.4.3 Example for 1 x 2 x 2 Systems 185

Chapter 6 Feedback Active Noise Control 187

6.1 Classical Feedback ANC 187
6.2 Design and Analysis of Classical Feedback ANC
Systems 191
6.3 Single-Channel Adaptive Feedback ANC
Systems 195
6.3.1 Structure and Algorithm 195
6.3.2 Algorithm Analysis 197
6.3.3 Feedback Waveform Synthesis Method 199
6.4 Multiple-Channel Adaptive Feedback ANC
Systems 200
6.4.1 AKxl Adaptive Feedback ANC System 200
6.4.2 A K x M Adaptive Feedback ANC
System 202
6.5 Feedback ANC Algorithms Using a Source Model and
Prediction Filter 204
6.5.1 Output Whitening 205
6.5.2 Kalman Filter with Parameter
Estimation 206
6.6 Hybrid ANC Systems 207
6.6.1 Hybrid ANC with FIR Feedforward
ANC 208
6.6.2 Hybrid ANC with IIR Feedforward ANC 210
6.6.3 Discussion 211

Chapter 7 On-Line Secondary-Path Modeling Techniques 213

7.1 On-Line Modeling: The Fundamental Problem 213
7.2 Some Simple On-Line Secondary-Path Modeling
Techniques 216
7.2.1 Three-Sensor Algorithm 216
7.2.2 Time-Difference Signal Algorithm 217
7.3 Additive Random Noise Technique 219
7.3.1 Basic Technique and Steady-State
Analysis 219
7.3.2 Update Algorithm and Convergence 221
7.3.3 Methods for Improvement 224
7.4 Overall Modeling Algorithm 225
7.4.1 Off-Line Initialization 226
 CONTENTS JX

7.4.2 Combined Operation 229

7.4.3 Comparison with the Additive Random Noise
Algorithm 230
7.5 Multiple-Channel Secondary-Path Modeling
Algorithms 231
7.5.1 Interchannel Coupling Effect 232
7.5.2 Multiple-Channel On-Line Modeling
Algorithms 234
7.6 Audio Interference Cancellation and On-Line
Modeling Algorithm 237
7.6.1 Integrated ANC-Audio System 237
7.6.2 Single-Channel System 238
7.6.3 Multiple-Channel System 240

Chapter 8 Other ANC Structures and Algorithms 241

8.1 Lattice ANC 243
8.1.1 Lattice Structures and Algorithms 243
8.1.2 Lattice ANC Systems 249
8.2 Frequency-Domain ANC 251
8.2.1 Frequency-Domain Adaptive Filter 252
8.2.2 Frequency-Domain FXLMS Algorithm 255
8.2 RLS Algorithm for ANC 257
8.3.1 RLS Algorithm 257
8.3.2 ANC Using the RLS Algorithm 263
8.4 Subband ANC 264
8.5 Modal ANC 266
8.5.1 Modal Filters 268
8.5.2 Secondary Prefilters 271
8.5.3 Performance Degradation for a Limited
Number of Sensors 271
8.5.4 Design Methodology 273
Chapter 9 ANC Applications 275
9.1 Single-Channel Feedforward Systems 275
9.1.1 Broadband Duct-Acoustic Applications 276
9.1.2 Broadband Room-Acoustic Noise 278
9.1.3 Narrowband Active Control of Exhaust
Noise 280
9.1.4 ANC Headsets for Narrowband Periodic
Noise 286
9.1.5 Other Narrowband ANC Applications 287
9.2 Multiple-Channel Feedforward Systems 288
9.2.1 ANC in Enclosures 288
X CONTENTS

9.2.2 Active Control of Free-Field Radiation 293

9.2.3 Integration with Audio and Communication
Systems 295
9.2.4 Modal ANC for a Vibrating Beam 297
9.2.5 Vibrating-Plate ANC Using a Pseudocascade
FXLMS Adaptive Notch Filter 300
9.2.6 A Case Study of Multiple-Channel ANC
Application 302
9.3 Adaptive Feedback Systems 305
9.3.1 Single-Channel Systems 306
9.3.2 Multiple-Channel Systems 308

Appendix A Implementation Considerations 311

A.I Finite-Precision Effects in Adaptive Digital
Filters 312
A.2 Implementation Procedure for Real-Time DSP
Applications 317
A.3 Implementation of Adaptive Filters with the
TMS32OC25 318

Appendix B Practical System Considerations 323

B.I Performance Requirements 323
B.2 Hardware System 329
B.3 Fixed-Point Implementation 331

Appendix C White-Noise Generator 335

C.I Linear Congruential Sequence Generator 335
C.2 Pseudorandom Binary Sequence Generator 336

Appendix D Linear Chirp Signal 337

Appendix E Automatic Gain Control 339

Appendix F A Hilbert Transform Digital Filter 343

Appendix G Sinewave Generators 345

G.I Lookup-Table Method 345
G.2 Recursive Oscillator 346

Appendix H Frequency Estimation Using Pulse Counting 349

Appendix I About the Software 351

References 359

Index 383