International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 5, July - 2012

Maximum Power point Tracking in Hybrid Photo-voltaic and Wind Energy

Conversion System
M. Suresh Yerra Sreenivasa Rao
PG Student Associate Professor
MIC College of Technology MIC College of Technology

Abstract cost and high dependability for some inconvenient

regions. In addition, the Wind/Solar complementary
This paper proposes a hybrid energy conversion system generation is more economical than a single PV or
combing photovoltaic and wind turbine as a small- wind power generation in terms of both the cost and the
scale alternative source of electrical energy where protection of energy storage components. [5][6]
conventional generation is not practical. The hybrid In stand- alone systems, sizing is extremely
system consists of photovoltaic panels, wind turbines important since an adequate design lead to an efficient
and storage batteries. The wind and PV are used as operation of the components with a minimum
main energy sources, while the battery is used as back- investment. So, the objective of this process is to
up energy source. Two individual DC-DC boost achieve a system with the best compromise between the
converters are used to control the power flow to the reliability and cost. However this is not easy because
load. A simple and cost effective control with DC-DC the resources and the load behave in a very random
converter is used for maximum power point tracking way. For this purpose, continuous effort to develop
(MPPT) and hence maximum power is extracted from more attractive systems with lower-cost, higher-
the wind turbine and the photo voltaic array. The performance and multi-functions. [5][6]
modelling of hybrid system is developed in MATLAB- Section 1 explains about the introduction to wind
SIMULINK. and solar energy, section 2 briefs about Solar Photo
Voltaic System, section 3 briefs about wind energy
Keywords- Renewable systems, PV panel, wind turbine, conversion system, section 4 explains the proposed
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Hybrid Photovoltaic and Wind system, section 5 shows
the simulation results of the hybrid system and finally
Section 6 gives the conclusions and future scope of
1. Introduction this work.

With exhausting of traditional energy resources and 2. Modeling of Photo-Voltaic Energy

increasing concern of environment, renewable and Conversion System
clean energy is attracting more attention all over the
world to overcome the increasing power demand. Out
The construction of PV cell is very similar to that
of all the renewable energy sources, Wind energy and
of the classical diode with a p-n junction formed by
solar energy are reliable energy sources. However, the
semiconductor material. When the junction absorbs
renewable energy generation has a drawback that the
light, the energy of absorbed photon is transferred to
change of the output characteristic becomes intense
the electron-proton system of the material, creating
because the output greatly depends on climatic
charge carriers that are separated at the junction. The
conditions, including solar irradiance, wind speed,
charge carriers in the junction region create a potential
temperature, and so forth. In this paper, combining the
gradient, get accelerated under the electric field, and
photovoltaic generation with wind power generation,
circulate as current through an external circuit. The
the instability of an output characteristic each other was
solar cell is the basic building of the PV power system
compensated. Photovoltaic generation and wind
it produces about 1 W of power. To obtain high power,
generation use Maximum Power Point Tracker
numerous such cell are connected in series and parallel
(MPPT). The Wind-solar complementary power supply
circuits on a panel (module), The solar array or panel is
system is a reasonable power supply which makes good
a group of a several modules electrically connected in
use of wind and solar energy. This kind of power
series-parallel combination to generate the required
supply system can not only provide a bargain of low

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 5, July - 2012

current and voltage. The electrical characteristics of the

PV module are generally represented by the current vs.
voltage (I-V) and the Power vs. Voltage (P-V) curves.
[1]
The equivalent circuit of solar cells shown in
Figure.1, the radiation dependent V-I characteristic of
Ns series cell and Np parallel modules can be
represented by:
(1)

(2)
Figure 2. I-V characteristics of PV module
Where I is output current of PV array(A), is
short circuit current of PV module (A), is diode
saturation current (A) , is terminal voltage of PV
array (V) , is series resistance () , n is ideal
constant of diode, is thermal potential of PV module
(V) , q is electron charge (C) , is k Boltzmann
constant , A is p-n junction material factor and
T is temperature ( ) [1][2]. Figure.3. P-V characteristics of PV module

The PV array must operate electrically at a certain

voltage which corresponds to the maximum power
point under the given operating conditions, i.e.
temperature and irradiance. To do this, a maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) technique should be
applied. Various MPPT techniques like look-up table
methods, perturbation and observation (P & O)
methods and computational methods have been
proposed in the literature. The perturbation and
observation (P&O) method has been used in this work.
If the array is operating at voltage V and current I, the
Figure 1 Equivalent circuit of PV module operation point toward the maximum power point by
periodically increasing or decreasing the array voltage,
Figure 2 Shows the I-V characteristics and Figure 3 is often used in many PV systems. The advantage of
shows the P-V characteristics of the photovoltaic this method is that it works well when the irradiation
module at different solar illumination intensities. The I- does not vary quickly with time, however, the P&O
V characteristic of the solar PV decreases gradually as method fails to quickly track the maximum power
the voltage goes up and when the voltage is low the points. In incremental conductance method the
current is almost constant. The power output of the maximum power points are tracked by comparing the
panel is the product of the voltage and current outputs. incremental and instantaneous conductance values of
The PV module must operate electrically at a certain the PV array. Figure 4 presents the flow of the
voltage that corresponds to the peak power point under perturbation and observation technique implemented.
a given operation conditions.[1]-[5] [4][5].

For most PV modules, the ratio of the voltage at the

maximum power point for different insulation levels to
the open circuit voltage is approximately constant.
Also, the ratio of the current at the maximum power
point for different insulation levels to the short circuit
current is constant. If the direction of the perturbation
i.e an increase or decrease in the output voltage of a PV
array results in a positive change in the output power,

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 5, July - 2012

then the control algorithm will continue in the direction Coefficient, Ar the turbine rotor area in m2( Ar = Rr2,
of the previous perturbation. Conversely, if a negative where Rr is the rotor blade radius), gear is and Vw the
change in the output power is observed, then the wind speed in m/s. The power coefficient is related to
control algorithm will reverse the direction of the the tip speed ratio () and rotor blade pitch angle
pervious perturbation step. In the case that the change according to equation (5)
in power is close to zero (within a specified range) then
the algorithm will invoke no changes to the system
operating point since it corresponds to the maximum (5)
power point (the peak of the power curves). The MPPT Where
technique proposed in this work makes use of a (6)
predetermined relationship between the operating
voltage or current and the open circuit voltage/short and
circuit current to obtain MPPT at any operating
conditions.
(7)

In equation (7), r is the angular speed of the

turbine shaft. The theoretical limit for CP is 0.59
according to Betz's Law, but its practical range of
variation is 0.2-0.4. [8]

Power from the wind turbine, real and reactive

power, is basically controlled by the wind-side
converter and stalled by the wind blade. Below rated
wind speeds, the real power from the wind generator is
regulated to capture the maximum wind energy from
varying wind speed. Reactive power generation is
maintained at zero to minimize the thermal rating of the
generator and the converter. Above rated wind speeds
the maximum power control is overridden by stall
regulation for constant power. In this study, the wind
blade is assumed to be ideally stall regulated at rated
power so that rotor speed can keep constant at rated
speed under high wind speeds.

The typical turbine torque vs. rotor speed and power

vs. rotor speed characteristics are shown in Figure.5
Figure 4. Flow chart of the MPPT technique and Figure.6 respectively. The maximum power for
different wind speeds is generated at a different rotor
speeds. Therefore, the turbine speed should be
controlled to follow the ideal TSR, with an optimal
3. Modeling of Wind Energy Conversion operating point which is different for every wind speed.
System This is achieved by incorporating a speed control in the
system design to run the rotor at high speed in high
The aerodynamic torque(Tm) and mechanical power wind and at low speed in low wind. If it is to be used
(Pm) generated by a wind turbine is given by equation for system control based on equation (7), the optimum
(3) and equation (4) respectively speed of the rotor can be estimated as:
(3) (8)
(4)
Typical, small-scale, stand-alone, wind electric
Where Pm is the power in watts, is the air density
system is composed of a variable speed wind turbine,
in g/m3,CP a dimensionless factor called power
Squirrel cage induction generator and a diode bridge

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 5, July - 2012

rectifier. In many small-scale systems, the dc system is However, these methods have disadvantages that they
set at a constant dc voltage and is usually comprised of require batteries, which are costly and the installation
a battery bank which energy storage, a controller to of dump load is not an efficient method to dissipate
keep the batteries from overcharging; and a load. The fluctuating power. Moreover, they can not guarantee
load may be dc or may include an inverter to an ac certainty of load demands at all times especially at bad
system. Connecting a wind generator to a constant dc environmental conditions, where there is no power
voltage has significant problems due to the from the PV and WG systems.
mismatching the poor impedance matching between the
generator and the constant dc voltage (battery), which 4. Proposed Hybrid PV - Wind Energy
will limit power transfer to the dc system. In response Conversion System
to these problems, researchers have investigated
incorporating a dcdc converter in the dc link. The
power conditioning system which governs entire power The configuration of household hybrid wind and PV
control of the hybrid system. Figure 5 presents the system is shown in Figure 6. This configuration is fit
proposed power electronic based interface, which is for stand-alone hybrid power system used in remote
composed of a wind-side dc/ac converter, a PV-side area. Wind and solar energy are converted into
dc/dc converter, a common dc capacitor and a grid-side electricity and then sent to loads or stored in battery
inverter.[4][5] bank. The topology of hybrid energy system consisting
of variable speed WT coupled to a permanent magnet
generator (PMG) and PV array. The two energy sources
are connected in parallel to a common dc bus line
through their individual dc-dc converters. The load may
be dc connected to the dc bus line or may include a
PWM voltage source inverter to convert the dc power
into ac at 50 or 60 Hz.
Each source has its individual control. The output of
the hybrid generating system goes to the dc bus line to
feed the isolating dc load or to the inverter, which
converts the dc into ac. A battery charger is used to
keep the battery fully charged at a constant dc bus line
voltage. When the output of the system is not available,
the battery powers the dc load or discharged to the
inverter to power ac loads, through a discharge
diode . A battery discharge diode is to prevent the
battery from being charged when the charger is opened
after a full charge. As depicted in the system
configuration represented in Figure 6, the is fixed
dc bus line voltage and the output dc voltage from each
source is controlled independently for both generation
Figure 5 Power electronic interface of the hybrid systems to get maximum power point tracking.[4][5]
system
Adjusting the voltage on the dc rectifier will change
the generator terminal voltage and thereby provide
control over the current flowing out of the generator.
Since the current is proportional to torque, the dcdc
converter will provide control over the speed of the
turbine. Control of the dcdc converter can be achieved
by means of a predetermined relationship between rotor
speed and rectifier dc voltage to achieve maximum
power point tracking or by means of a predetermined
relationship between generator electrical frequency and
dc-link voltage.

Using these methods the PV/WT hybrid generation

system can supply almost good quality power.

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 5, July - 2012

The simulation results of the dynamic performance,

which validates the efficient MPPT of PV generation
system when the irradiance changes dramatically are
presented. The DC link voltage is shown in Figure 7.

Figure 6 Equivalent circuit of Hybrid PV-Wind

System
Figure 7 DC Link Voltage
5. Simulation Results
The power delivered to the Grid is shown in Figure 8.
Simulation of the hybrid wind and PV system is
done in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. In Hybrid
Wind-PV System, PV system acts as a main source. In
Wind Energy conversion system, wind speed is varied
continously. PV and Wind systems are connected in
parallel and the across this parallel combination, more
than 30 V battery is connected which is in charging
mode. If voltage across this parallel combination is
less than 30 V, battery is in discharging mode. If
battery is only present in the circuit, percentage semi-
oxide concentration lineraly decreases and battery
voltage rapidly decreases.

The main blocks in the simulink diagram are Wind

turbine block , Squirrel cage Induction Generator block,
PV model block, MPPT block, DC/DC converter block,
Battery model and discrete PWM generator block.
The Wind turbine with optimum power control and
pitch angle control act as prime mover for induction Figure 8 Power delivered to the grid
generator. The external inputs to the turbine are wind
speed and rotor speed. Optimum power is obtained The power stored in battery energy System is shown in
from the Power-Speed characteristics and it depends Figure 9.
upon the speed of the turbine. Rotor side converter is
controlled by vector control and its main objectives are
active and reactive power flow control and maximum
power point tracking. The grid side converter (Front
End converter) main objective is to regulate the DC
link capacitor voltage and this converter controls the
power flow between the DC bus and the AC side.

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 5, July - 2012

energy conversion system is less because the voltage

across wind system is almost constant and the battery
voltage decreases exponentially and the battery current
increases exponentially

6. Conclusions

A generalized PV model which is representative of

the all PV cell, module, and array has been developed
in MATLAB/SIMULINK .The proposed model takes
sunlight irradiance and cell temperature as input
parameters and outputs the I-V and P-V characteristics
Figure 9. Power in Battery Energy Storage System under various conditions. This model has also been
The power developed by Photo voltaic array is as designed in the form of Simulink block libraries. The
shown in Figure 10. masked icon makes the block model more user-friendly
and a dialog box lets the users easily configure the PV
model.
This paper describes renewable energy hybrid
Wind-PV with battery energy storage system. In
Hybrid Wind-PV System, PV system acts as a main
source. A simple and cost effective maximum power
point tracking technique is proposed for the
photovoltaic and wind turbine without measuring the
environmental conditions. This is based on controlling
the photovoltaic terminal voltage or current according
to the open circuit voltage or short circuit current and
the control relationship between the turbine speed and
the dc-link voltage is obtained using simple
calculations. A complete description of the hybrid
Figure 10 Power In Photo Voltaic Array system has been presented along with its detailed
The power developed by wind turbine is shown in simulation results which ascertain its feasibility. The
Figure.11. power fluctuation of the hybrid system is less
dependent on the environmental conditions as
compared to the power generated of individual PV and
WG systems. This power fluctuation has been
suppressed using a battery in this project and it will be
the subject of future work.

7. References

[1] L.-Q. Liu and Z.-X. Wang, "The development and

application practice of wind-solar energy hybrid generation
systems in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, no. 13, pp. 15041512, 2009.
[2] F. Valenciaga and P. F. Puleston, "Supervisor control for
a stand-alone hybrid generation system using wind and
photovoltaic energy," IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol.
20, no. 2, pp. 398405, June 2005.
Figure 14. Power developed by Wind turbine [3] I. S. Kim, M. B. Kim, and M. J. Youn, New maximum
power point tracker using sliding-mode observer for
estimation of solar array current in the grid-connected
From the simulation results it is observed that the photovoltaic system, IEEE Transaction on Industrial
variations in output power are more in PV system Electronics, vol. 53, no. 4, 2006, pp. 1027-1035.
because the voltage across PV module is changing [4] F. Valenciaga and P. F. Puleston, Supervisor Control for
rapidly whereas the variations in output power in wind a Stand- Alone Hybrid Generation System Using Wind and

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 5, July - 2012

Photovoltaic Energy, IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol.

20, no. 2, pp. 398-405, June 2005.
[5] Nabil A. Ahmed and Masafumi Miyatake, A Stand-
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