PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HIGH POWER

GENERATION TECHNIQUES AND ALGORITHMS

OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS ALSO
WITH THE RENEWABLE ENERGY HYBRID
SYSTEMS
1 2
S.Latha, P.Avirajamanjula,
1 Dept. of Electrical Electronics Engineering,EGS Pillay engg college ,Nagapatinam,India-611 002,
2 Dept. of Electrical Electronics Engineering,PRIST University, Thanjavur,India-613 403,
Lathanagarajan1973@gmail.com, avmanju17@gmail.com

Abstract:-Energy crisis and increasing demand for as evinced by frequent power cuts and rising fuel
energy is the most important issue in today's world as prices, is a major concern in the world. To provide a
demand for electrical energy increasing over the years. sustainable power production and safer world to the
Conventional energy sources like fossil fuels are not future generation, Continuation of the use of fossil
only limited but also hazardous to environment. the fuels faces multiple challenges including depletion of
production of electrical energy using clean, renewable fossil fuels reserves, global warming, continuing fuel
sources, such as solar energy, wind energy, etc. Owing price rise, military conflicts etc. Fossil fuels are
to the usage of solar energy, it has become necessary to causing vast blow on the environment. Climatic
develop some methods for the better use of solar energy. changes driven by human activities results in
This paper deals with the comparative analysis of production of green house gas emission and thereby
various tracking technologies and also gives the directly impacts the human environment. Renewable
performance analysis standalone systems with the
energy resources like solar, wind, biomass, tidal,
hybrid renewable systems for the greater power
wave are abundant inexhaustible and environmental
generation from the non-conventional sources. The
friendly.
solar tracing can be achieved by a Arduino controller
based method of solar tracking with Light dependent 1.1. Solar photovoltaic Technology:
resistors are used as sensors to determine the start and
stop point of tracker. The tracking systems may consist Photovoltaic materials convert sunlight directly in to
of dual axis tracking by using sensors and PIC. The electrical energy. A photovoltaic system employs
LDR Based stepper motor control performance with solar panels composed of a number of solar cells to
PLC control. The MPPT algorithm provides the hybrid supply usable solar power. The process is both
systems performance, the aforementioned equations physical and chemical in nature, as the step involves
were coded with MATLAB V13.2, compared to the photo electric effect from which a second electro
experimental data. The model is intended to be used as chemical process take place involving crystallized
an optimization and design tool. An Adaptive Neuro atoms being ionized in a series, generating an electric
Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) based controller has effect. Typically, the angle of the solar array is set
been designed and the system is analyzed in terms of the within a range of between site-latitude-plus 15
power generation and consumption. The results degrees and site-latitude-minus 15 degrees,
obtained are encouraging in terms of their stability. depending on whether a slight winter or summer bias
Keywords: Renewable sources, Tracking, Arduino is desirable in the system (SMACCNA, 1978).
controller, PLC control, LDR, MPPT algorithm,
MATLAB V13.2, Neuro Fuzzy Inference System

1.INTRODUCTION: 1.2. Wind Energy Technology:

Presently, the chief sources of energy available for The wind energy system is used to convert the kinetic
our world are fossil fuels. Considering the rate at energy of wind into electrical energy. The power and
which fossil fuels are consumed today, Energy crisis, torque generated by a wind . Modern wind turbines
are also classified as high rotation speed ones and 1.4. Renewable energy Hybridge Systems:
low rotation speed ones, depending on a non
dimensional value known as the tip speed ratio (λ); Intermittent energy resources and energy resources
this is defined as the ratio of the speed of the unbalance are the most important reason to install a
extremities of a windmill rotor to the speed of the hybrid energy supply system. The Solar PV wind
free wind, and is illustrated below. A useful measure hybrid system suits to conditions where sunlight and
is provided by this ratio, based on which the different wind has seasonal shifts.[2] As the wind does not
characteristics of the wind turbines can be compared. blow throughout the day and the sun does not shine
for the entire day, using a single source will not be a
λ= ω XR/V suitable choice. A hybrid arrangement of combining
the power harnessed from both the wind and the sun
In order to capture the maximal wind energy, it is and stored in a battery can be a much more reliable
necessary to install the power electronic devices and realistic power source. The load can still be
between the wind turbine generator (WTG) and the powered using the stored energy in the batteries even
grid where the electrical power delivered by the when there is no sun or wind. Hybrid systems are
generator to the load can be dynamically controlled usually built for design of systems with lowest
and the frequency is constant. The instantaneous possible cost and also with maximum reliability. The
difference between mechanical power and electrical high cost of solar PV cells makes it less competent
power changes the rotor speed following the equation for larger capacity designs. This is where the wind
(1) d P P m e J dt Z Z  Where J is the polar turbine comes into the picture, the main feature being
moment of the inertia of the rotor (neglecting friction its cheap cost as compared to the PV cells. Battery
coefficient B), ω is the angular speed of the rotor, Pm system is needed to store solar and wind energy
is the mechanical power produced by the turbine, and produced during the day time. During night time, the
Pe is the electrical power delivered to the load. The presence of wind is an added advantage, which
input of a wind turbine is the wind and the output is increases the reliability of the system. In the monsoon
the mechanical power turning the generator rotor [4]. seasons, the effect of sun is less at the site and thus it
For a variable speed wind turbine, the output is apt to use a hybrid wind solar system.
mechanical power available from a wind turbine
could be expressed as 2.Solar Tracking Technologies:

1.3. Solar Tracking Systems: Development of solar panel tracking system has been
ongoing for several years. As the sun moves across
A solar tracker is an electro mechanical device for the sky during the day, it is advantageous to have the
orienting a solar photovoltaic panel toward the sun solar panels that track the location of sun, such that
trackers, especially in solar cell applications require a panels are always perpendicular with the position of
high degree of accuracy to ensure that the sun.
concentrated sunlight is directed precisely to the
powered deice. The direct beam of sunlight carries Solar trackers can be classified into two main
about 90% of solar energy, whereas the diffused categories (Gevorkian, 2011). They are Passive
sunlight carries the remainder. It is necessary to thermally operated models and Active electrically
present the maximum surface area of the photovoltaic operated models. Active trackers use photoelectric
module to the direct beam of sun, in order to produce sensors to determine the angle of the sun and are
the largest amount of power. This can be more accurate and powered by electricity and not the
accomplished using solar tracking system which sun’s heat and could be used in cold and winter
keeps on moving solar panel with the movement of climates. Active trackers are classified into
sun. Tracking technology for solar PV panels follow microprocessor and electro-optical sensor type, PC
the course of sun and increase the electricity controlled date and time based, auxiliary bifacial
production by 40% compared with modules at fixed solar cell based and a combination of these three
angles. In any solar application, the conversion systems (Camacho, et al, 2012).
efficiency is improved when the modules are
continuously adjusted to the optimal angle as the sun 2.1 Solal Tracking using Arduino Uno R3
traverses the sky. A tracker produces more power The major components that are used in the
over a long time than a stationary array with same prototype are given below:-
number of modules. The additional output can be
defined as a percentage of output of the stationary x Photovoltaic panel x Light dependent resistors x
array. This output or gain varies with latitude, climate Arduino Uno R3 x Motor driver IC-L298 x Stepper
and the type of the tracker motor x Bearings
 Fig.2. Graphical Representation of a Arduino Uno R3
Fig. 1 : Block Diagram of proposed system-1
2.2 Solar Tracking by Peripheral Interphase
Controller:

Fig.2 shows the block diagram of the tracker

developed. The detection of the position of the sun
and the illumination measurement undergoes various
Table 1: Comparison of with and without Tracking steps. A digital system is implemented in the circuit
to estimate the maximum suns intensity. The system
is connected to stepper motor and photo resistors to
redirect the panel to

Fig 2 PIC TYPE

Table 2 Temperature readings of fixed panel and tracker

Fig.3. Graphical Representation of PIC systems

2.3. Two Axis Solar Tracking System Using PLC

Technology (Inexpensive Method)

The designed tracking system consists of a software

based tracking method [2] [5] as shown in figure (4).
Table. 3.Power readings of fixed panel and tracker
The main components of the designed system are
four light dependent resistors (LDR) as sun sensors,
programmable logic controller (PLC) with analog
inputs, two driving relay sets, two mechanical limit
switches, two DC servomotors and a PV panel
supporting metallic structure with mechanical gears
mechanism. Table (1) lists the components of the
electromechanically system and the PLC
specification (technical data) used in the experiment.
The sun position sensors, (LDRs), give a voltage,
which is proportional linearly to the solar radiation
beam position inside the sensors [6] [7]. The sensors
are oriented to keep the solar radiation beam normal
with PV panel. Sun sensors detector determines the
system misalignment (position error of the PV panel)
and then sends analog signals to the controller (PLC's
software). The controller (PLC's software) uses the
sun sensors information as inputs to generate proper
motors commands to rotate the motor at a definite
angle according to the controller commands that slew
the PV panel. After finding the sun, the system starts
working in "CLOSED LOOP" mode.
 voltage of the PV array up to a high dc-bus voltage
and a Voltage Source Inverter, is used as the second
power processing stage, which can stabilize the dc-bus
voltage and shape the output current. Two compensation
units are added to perform in the system control loops to
achieve the low total harmonic distortion and fast dynamic
response of the output current. Furthermore, a simple
maximum-power-point tracking method based on
power balance is applied in the PV system to reduce
the system complexity and cost with a high
performance [6]. Generally, gird-connected pulse
width modulation (PWM) voltage source inverters
(VSIs) are widely applied in Hybrid Power
Generation systems (HPGS), which have two
functions at least because of the unique features of
PV modules and Wind Turbines. First, the dc-bus
voltage of the inverter should be stabilized to a
specific value because the output voltage of the PV
modules varies with temperature, irradiance; as well
as WECS varies with velocity of Wind and the effect
of maximum power-point tracking (MPPT). Second,
the energy should be fed from the PV modules,
Fig 4. Black Diagram WECS into the utility grid by inverting the dc current
into a sinusoidal waveform
From the results of the performance test of the
synchronized with utility grid. Therefore, it is clear
designed system, the following conclusions can be
that for the inverter-based HPGS, the conversion
drawn:
power quality including the low THD, high power
1. During the operation of the system at the testing
factor, and fast dynamic response, largely depends on
period, it proved to be fairly precise and reliable, but
the control strategy adopted by the grid
it was not tested in adverse weather conditions
(cloudy and partly cloudy conditions).
2.V-I characteristics were tested for PV panel
outputs, which approximately meet with ideal
characteristics curve, and show good results for
measuring of solar radiation which lead to a new and
inexpensive method of measuring this important
variable.
3.Design simplicity, low cost, material availability,
low maintenance requirements, ease of installation
and operation will make this PLC-based tracking
system more effective and competitive to other
tracking systems.
Fig 5. The proposed hybrid power generation system
4.The results obtained have good agreements with Connected Inverters.
that found in the results of Rustom, Nijmeh and
Abdallah (2006), and with some of the results found
in Sarker, Pervez and Beg (2010). a solar and diesel–wind hybrid generation system was
proposed and implemented. This stand-alone hybrid
generation system can effectively extract the maximum
3.Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Technology using
power from the wind and solar energy sources. From the
MPPT:
case studies, it shows that voltage and power can be well
controlled in the hybrid system under a changing
The perturbation and observation (P&O) MPPT
environment. An efficient power sharing technique among
algorithm is commonly used, due to its ease of energy sources are successfully demonstrated with more
implementation. By using the P&O method, efficiency, a better transient and more stability, even under
impedance matching is conducted between a boost disturbance. The simulation model of the hybrid system
converter and PV array in order to realize the MPPT was developed using MATLAB/Simulink. The load
function [5]. Here a boost converter as the first frequency is regulated by the diesel generator by imposing
power-processing stage, which can boost a low the rotor currents with the slip frequency. The electrical
torque of the WECS generator is controlled to drive
the system to the rotational speed where maximum A hybrid system model is developed in
energy can be captured. Depending on the load size MATLAB/Simulink version 15 and the simulation is
and the power supplied by the WECS generator, the carried out with the help of ode 45 solver. The controller
control system regulates the DGS rotational speed to for the system is designed based on the Adaptive Neuro
minimize the fuel consumption. The Power Quality Fuzzy Inference System with the help of fuzzy logic
of the system from the results obtained has been very toolboxes. The power output from the wind turbine is
good and right value for the money invested 206kW according to a wind speed of 10 m/s, but due to the
3.1. Standalone PV – Wind Hybrid system using losses occuring in the asynchronous machine,it produces
ANFIS Based controller 200kW. The output of the solar photovoltaic system
The modelling and simulation of a hybrid system is a function of solar irradiance and temperature. The
consisting of a solar photovoltaic system, wind solar irradiance is selected as a constant valued
turbine generator, diesel generator, and consumer irradiance.The load is satisfied in such a way that
load. An ANFIS based controller has been designed maximum power is extracted from the renewable
and the the system is analysed in terms of the power energy sources while taking least power from the
generation and consumption. The proposed technique diesel generator in order to maintain the power
offers robustness and precise control. balance. The diesel generator is used to maintain the
power balance in case of load fluctuations or during
3.1.1. DESIGNING OF ANFIS BASED the peak demand. A dump load is also connected to
CONTROLLER: absorb the excess power in case the generation
The network has various nodes with specified exceeds the demand. The simulation is carried out in
functions collected in layers. The fuzzy inference order to verify the proposed model.
system can be trained and tuned with the help of 4. Conclusions of hybrid systems
ANFIS. During the training process, the membership
functions are optimised on the basis of the Renewable energy sources are clean power
input/output data.The structure of the ANFIS network generation sources and their integration reduces the
is shown in fig.2. It usually consists of five layers. use of conventional energy sources like diesel
generator resulting in lower fuel costs and carbon
For designing, the output of the proportional integral emissions. This paper presents the integration of solar
(PI) controller is taken as the input training data set and wind turbine system along with the diesel
for the ANFIS. Table 2 shows the specifications for generator as a backup supply. An ANFIS based
the design of the ANFIS based controller controller has been designed and the system
performance is analysed in terms of power balance
and stability considering constant load and variable
loads. In order to satisfy the load demand, priority is
given to the renewable generation sources and the
diesel generator works only to supply the deficit
power in order to maintain the power balance.
Further, battery storage can also be incorporated in
the system. The battery is charged by the excess
power when the generation exceeds the load demand

5.Conclstion of overall performance:

The mentioned systems the observations are the

stand alone solar tracking systems are leads the earth
in zero corban. In this effective systems combined
with the hybrid systems is a cost effective and also
provide a energy requirement.
Fig.5. Structure of ANFIS Based controller
References:
1.Md. Tanvir Arafat Khan, S.M. Shahrear Tanzil, Rifat
Rahman, S M Shafiul Alam, “Design and Construction
3.2. MODELLING AND SIMULATION of an Automatic Solar Tracking System,” 6th
International Conference on Electrical and
 Computer Engineering ICECE 2010, Dhaka, unbalanced grid voltage,” IEEE Trans. Power
Bangladesh, pp. 326-329, 18-20 December 2010. Electron., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 442–452, Feb. 2010.

2. J. Arai, K. Iba, T. Funabashi Y. Nakanishi, K. 9. Whei-Min Lin, Chih-Ming Hong, and Chiung-
Koyanagi, and R. Yokoyama, “Power electronics Hsing Chen, “Neural- Network-Based MPPT
and its applications to renewable energy in Japan, ” Control of a Stand-Alone Hybrid Power
The IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, Vol. 8, Generation System,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron,
No. 3, pp. 52-66, 2008. Vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 3571-3581,Dec. 2011.

3. M. Serhan and L. El-Chaar, “Two Axes Sun 10. Sam M. Sichilalu, Xiaohua Xia ; ‘Optimal energy
Tracking System: Comparison with a fixed control of grid tied PV–diesel–battery hybrid
system”, International Conference on Renewable system powering heat pump water heater’ , Solar
Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’10), March Energy vol.115, 2015.
2010
11. R. Sebastián ,R. Peña Alzola; ‘ Simulation of an
4. S.B.Elagib,N.H.Osman,(2013), Design and isolated Wind Diesel System with battery energy
Implementation of Dual Axis Solar Tracker based storage’,Electric Power Systems Research
on Solar Maps, Computing Electrical and 81,2011.
Electronics Engineering (ICCEEE) International
Conference on, pp. 697-699. 12. Hong, Y.Y Lian, R.C; ‘Optimal sizing of hybrid
wind/PV/diesel generation in astandalone power
5.S.Fadil,A.C.Capar,K.Caglar,(2013),Two axis Solar system using Markov based genetic
Tracker design and Implementation,Electrical and algorithm’,IEEE Trans, Power Deliv,2012, pp.1-
Electronics Engineering (ELECO), 2013 8th 13.
International Conference on,pp.554-557.
13. S. Premrudeepreechacham, and N. Patanapirom,
‘Solar-Array Modelling and Maximum Power
6.Francisco D. , Pedro D.G. and Luis C.G. , " Two Point Tracking Using Neural Networks’,IEEE
axis solar tracker based on solar maps, controlled Bologna Power Tech Conference,2003.
by a low-power microcontroller "proceeding of the
international conference on renewable energies and 14. R. Gagnon, B.Saulniet,G. Sybille, P.Giroux;
power quality .Granda (spain) ,23fd to 25th March, ‘Modelling of a generic high penetration no
2010 storage wind-diesel system using Matlab/Power
system blockset, Global windpower Conference,
7.Rustom M., Nijmeh S. and Abdallah S., "A Paris,2002
Programmable Logic Controller to control Two
Axis Sun Tracking system", Information 15. A. AI-Amoudi and L. Zhang, ‘Application of
Technology Journal, Vol. 5, pp. 1083 - 1087, 2006. Radial Basis Function Networks For Solar Array
Modelling and Maximum Power-Point
8. G. Abad, M. A. Rodriguez, G. Iwanski, and J. Prediction’, IEEE Proceeding Generation
Poza, “Direct power control of doubly-fed- Transmission and Distribution, 2000, Vol. 147,
induction-generator-based wind turbine under pp. 310-316.