Structural R

einforced concrete is a construction

method that relies on widely understood
and historically validated concepts.

Design
Traditionally, reinforcing bars are
placed in formwork prior to concrete placement.
However, many applications require reinforce-
ment to be added to existing structures by means
of reinforcing bars grouted into drilled holes,
design issues for
usually with injectable adhesives. This article pro-
structural engineers vides an overview of how reinforcing bars can be
designed in accordance with the development and
splice requirements of the American Concrete
Institute ACI 318, Building Code Requirements
for Structural Concrete, using a post-installed
adhesive anchor system. Specific reference to the
2012 International Building Code (2012 IBC)

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and ACI 318-11 will be made because the first
International Code Council-Evaluation Service Figure 1. Reinforcing dowels designed using

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(ICC-ES) Evaluation Service Reports (ESRs) con- anchor theory.
taining provisions for designing post-installed

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reinforcing bars as reinforcement
ht are recog- concrete breakout and concrete pryout. The bars
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Cop nized within the 2012 can be treated as a group, such that the effects of
IBC provisions. spacing and edge distance relative to a specific

Post-Installed Reinforcement
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Post-installed rein- embedment and characteristic bond strength

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forcing bars, for the are considered. Consideration is also given to

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purposes of this article,
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splitting via the modification factors cp,N and

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to refer to reinforcing cp,Na; however, calculation of these parameters
Design Using Adhesive z
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bars installed into hardened concrete using a qual- is concerned with the increased edge distance
Anchor Systems
g a
ified adhesive anchor system. The primary focus required to preclude splitting failure rather than

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will be to discuss post-installed reinforcing bar the embedment required to develop the bar to
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design using the development length provisions preclude splitting failure.
By Richard T. Morgan, P.E.
m
within ACI 318-11. Alternative design methods
for post-installed reinforcement based on anchor
The predictive expressions for concrete break-
out, pryout, etc. in Appendix D do not explicitly
theory and shear-friction will also be mentioned. consider the influence of reinforcement. However,
Appendix D does permit consideration of supple-
Anchor Design versus mentary reinforcement or anchor reinforcement
to enhance the capacity of an anchorage. The term
Reinforcement Design supplementary reinforcement in Appendix D
Before discussing the new provisions to design refers to reinforcement capable of controlling split-
Richard T. Morgan, P.E., is post-installed reinforcing bars for development, ting, or providing an increased calculated concrete
the Manager for Software and it is a good idea to review the current provisions breakout capacity. Reinforcement designed for the
Literature in the Technical for post-installed anchor design. Post-installed strength and serviceability of a concrete member
Marketing Department of Hilti adhesive anchor systems are commonly designed should not automatically be assumed to act as
North America. He is responsible with the Appendix D, Anchoring to Concrete, supplementary reinforcement for an anchorage.
for PROFIS Anchor and PROFIS provisions of the ACI 318 code. Anchor ele- The term anchor reinforcement in Appendix
Rebar software. He can be reached ments used with adhesive anchor systems include D refers to additional reinforcement specifically
at richard.morgan@hilti.com. threaded rod, internally threaded inserts, pro- designed to preclude concrete breakout failure by
prietary anchor elements and reinforcing bars. transferring the loads applied to the anchorage into
ACI 318-11 Appendix D contains provisions bars that will be developed. Reference ACI 318-11
for calculating design strengths corresponding to D.5.2.9 (tension) and D.6.2.9 (shear) for more
anchor failure modes. Bond strength provisions information about Appendix D anchor reinforce-
are given in Part D.5.5, Bond strength of adhesive ment provisions.
anchor in tension. The key concept when using In contrast to development length provisions,
Appendix D to design with reinforcing bars is that Appendix D anchorage provisions are not predi-
the bars act as anchors (Figure 1). Essentially, cated solely on design controlled by the steel
when using Appendix D provisions, the bars are strength of the anchor element. Rather, Appendix
designed in the same manner as anchor bolts. D provisions simply provide the means to calcu-
This concept assumes the anchorage is subject late various strengths corresponding to possible
to three possible failure modes in tension: steel anchor failure modes. Furthermore, Appendix D
failure, concrete breakout and bond failure; and provisions consider steel strength to be defined
three possible failure modes in shear: steel failure, by the specified ultimate tensile strength (futa)

14 June 2015
of the steel element. This assumption dif- designed as reinforcement per the provi-
fers from what is assumed when designing a sions of ACI 318 Chapters 12 and 21. ESRs
reinforced concrete member (RCM), in which referencing 2012 IBC compliance will be
steel reinforcing bars are designed to yield. the first such reports to recognize this type
RCM design assumes the reinforcing bars of design. Therefore, post-installed reinforc-
will provide the necessary strength, service- ing bars can now be designed as either an
ability and ductility via yielding. RCM design anchor using the provisions of ACI 318-11
further assumes the reinforcing bars will yield Appendix D, or as reinforcement using the
if they are installed at a deep enough embed- provisions of ACI 318-11 Chapters 12 or 21.
ment to preclude either a splitting failure This means that post-installed reinforcing
(small cover) or a pullout failure (large cover). bars can now be designed for a development
Bars installed at an embedment to obtain length calculated using the provisions of
yielding are assumed to be developed, and either Chapter 12 or Chapter 21.
the embedment required to develop the Successfully completing the AC308 test pro-
bar is referred to as the development length gram for post-installed reinforcing bars permits
(Figure 2). All of this is well understood by the bars to be designed for development in

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Structural Engineers. The reason it is noted tension (ld), or development in compression
here is to draw a distinction between rein- (ldc), in the same manner as a cast-in-place

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forcing bars designed with the provisions of bar. AC308 qualification testing for design
Appendix D, and reinforcing bars designed per the provisions of Appendix D limits the

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Figure 2. Post-installed reinforcement designed
specifically for development. Therefore, unlike as a lap splice. ht embedment depth of an anchor element to a
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Appendix D, design of reinforcing bars for Cop maximum of 20(danchor). AC308 qualification
development assumes (a) the bars reach their The AC308 post-installed reinforcing bar testing for design per the provisions of ACI 318

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specified minimum yield strength (fy), (b) the qualification test program includes consid- Chapter 12 or Chapter 21 limits the embed-

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bar design is controlled by the yield strength eration of the following: ment depth of a post-installed reinforcing bar
instead of the ultimate bar strength and (c) the Service Condition Tests
i n to a maximum of 60(danchor). Therefore, a key

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embedment required to yield the bar will be bond resistance of the post-installed parameter for using adhesive systems with the
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deep enough to preclude splitting or pullout. adhesive system provisions of Chapter 12 or Chapter 21 is to

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bond/splitting behavior of the post- qualify for installation at deep embedment

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Post-Installed Reinforcing Bar installed adhesive system at deep via the test program defined in AC308 Table
Testing and Assessment a
embedment 3.8. Satisfying this parameter is one way in

The ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria for Post- m

Reliability Tests
sensitivity to hole cleaning
which the system demonstrates equivalence
with cast-in-place reinforcing bars. Note that
Installed Adhesive Anchors in Concrete sensitivity to freeze/thaw conditions post-installed reinforcing bar installation is
Elements (AC308), establishes requirements sensitivity to sustained load at elevated only relevant to straight bars. The structural
for post-installed adhesive anchor systems temperature analysis required to determine the area of rein-
to be recognized for compliance with the decreased installation temperature forcement (As) for post-installed reinforcing
International Building Code (IBC). Anchor sensitivity to installation direction bars will be per the relevant provisions of the
systems that satisfy these requirements receive Installation Procedure Verification ACI 318 code.
an (ICC-ES) Evaluation Service Report. The installation at deep embedment
ESR will note the IBC versions for which injection verification
recognition has been obtained, describe the Durability
Designing Post-Installed
materials and components that comprise the chemical and corrosion resistance Reinforcing Bars as
anchor system, note design, application and Special Conditions
installation parameters, provide tables with seismic qualification
Reinforcement
design data, and provide Manufacturers Some of these tests are mandatory and some Consider an application for a slab extension in
Printed Installation Instructions (MPII). are optional. Reference Section 2.0, USES, which reinforcing bars post-installed with an
Additional information is given in a specific and Section 5.0, CONDITIONS OF USE, adhesive will be used. The post-installed bars
ESR. The ESR references the IBC, which in the ESR for information about the param- will need to be spliced to the reinforcement
in turn references the ACI 318 code. For eters for which the adhesive system has been in the existing member (Figure 3, page 16 ).
example, an adhesive anchor system having an tested. Reference AC308 for specific details Assume the slab is subjected to non-seismic
ESR that references compliance with the 2012 on all test parameters. The intent of the test tension loads, and design is per the 2012 IBC.
IBC can be used to design an anchorage per program is to demonstrate equivalence with Assume the adhesive has been qualified per
the provisions of ACI 318-11 Appendix D. cast-in place bars, which will permit a rein- the test program defined in AC308 Table 3.8.
AC308 (approved June 2013 for compliance forcing bar post-installed using an adhesive Reinforced concrete design principles would
with January 2014 and January 2015) now system to be designed in accordance with be used to determine a post-installed bar size
also addresses the assessment and design of the development and splice requirements of and grade. The development length for the
post-installed reinforcing bars for use with ACI 318. Adhesive systems that successfully post-installed bars would be calculated using
the provisions of ACI 318-11 Chapter 12, complete this test program will receive recog- ACI 318-11 Eq. (12-1). Lap splices would
Development and Splices of Reinforcement, and nition by way of an ESR, which then permits follow Section 12.15, Splices of deformed bars
Chapter 21, Earthquake-Resistant Structures. the adhesive to be used with reinforcing bars and deformed wires in tension. If the existing

STRUCTURE magazine 15 June 2015



Figure 3. New slab extension to an existing slab.

reinforcement bar size was the same as the cast-in-place bars. In order to complete the

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Figure 4. Extension of an existing special moment frame.

applications being designed for shear transfer.

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post-installed bar size, the lap splice length post-installed reinforcing
ht bar design, the instal- The resulting bar embedment could be less
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would be calculated using the provisions of Cop
lation requirements given in the MPII must be than that required per ACI 318-11 Section
Section 12.15.1. If the criteria of 12.15.2 could followed. Determining the method for drilling 11.6.4, Shear-friction design method.

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be satisfied, a Class A splice could be used; the hole in the existing concrete, making sure Developing a code-approved approach to

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otherwise, a Class B splice would be used. that the hole is drilled to the required depth design anchor bolts for development is another
Likewise, if the existing reinforcement bar size and properly cleaned, installing the adhesive
i n area where research would be beneficial.

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was different from the post-installed bar size, in a manner that eliminates voids and permits
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the lap splice length would be calculated using proper bar insertion, and allowing the adhesive
the provisions of Section 12.15.3. Once a bar a
to cure without any disturbance are parameters
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Summary

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size and splice length has been determined, the that must be considered when post-installing The focus of this article was post-installed
detailing would be in accordance with ACI a
the reinforcing bars. reinforcing bar design using the development
318-11 Section 7.6, Spacing limits for reinforce-
ment, and Section 7.7, Concrete protection for m
Additional installation parameters are given in
the ACI 318 building code and in the product-
and splice requirements of ACI 318-11.
Only adhesive systems that have been
reinforcement; subject to any additional con- specific ESR. The ACI 318-11 code addresses qualified per the post-installed reinforcing
ditions per the required code parameters and adhesive anchor installation in Appendix D bar provisions of the ICC-ES Acceptance
the product-specific ESR. The MPII would be via D.9, Installation and inspection of anchors. Criteria AC308 are relevant for this design.
followed when installing the new bars. Adhesive anchor ESRs address installa- Recognition for this design will be given in a
Now, consider reinforcing bars post- tion requirements in Section 4.0, DESIGN product-specific ICC-ES Evaluation Service
installed to permit extension of an existing AND INSTALLATION, and Section 5.0, Report. The importance of understanding
special moment frame (Figure 4 ). Reinforced CONDITIONS OF USE. The MPII, ACI the requirements and limitations given in the
concrete design principles would be used to 318-11 D.9 provisions, and product-specific ESR, following the Manufacturers Printed
determine a post-installed bar size and grade. ESR provisions must be followed when design- Installation Instructions, and following all
Assuming the adhesive has been qualified per ing and installing post-installed reinforcing code-related provisions for design and instal-
the test program defined in AC308 Table 3.8, bars with an adhesive anchor system. lation, are emphasized.
the development length for the post-installed
bars would be calculated using the provisions
of ACI 318-11 Section 21.7.5, Development
Alternative Design Methods References
length of bars in tension. Specifically, Eq. Design of post-installed reinforcing bars Charney, A., Pal, K., and Silva, J.
(21-6) in Section 21.7.5.1 and the provisions is an ongoing area of research and testing. (2013). Recommended Procedures for
of Sections 21.7.5.2 and 21.7.5.3 would be Charney et al have proposed an approach Development and Splicing of Post-
used to calculate the development length. that utilizes anchor theory to calculate a Installed Bonded Reinforcing Bars in
Once a bar size and development length post-installed reinforcing bar development Concrete Structures, ACI Structural
has been determined, detailing would be in length. This approach is premised on calcu- Journal, Vol. 110, No. 3, pp. 437-447,
accordance with ACI 318-11 Section 7.6 and lating a development length that takes into Palieraki, V., Vintzileou, E., Trezos, K.
Section 7.7, subject to any additional condi- consideration concrete breakout failure and (2014). Shear Transfer Along Interfaces:
tions per the required code parameters and bond failure when splitting failure no longer Constitutive Laws, Proceedings
the product-specific ESR. The MPII would controls. The calculations utilize the concrete of the 2nd European Conference
be followed when installing the new bars. breakout and bond strength equations of on Earthquake Engineering and
Adhesive systems qualified per AC308 permit ACI 318-11 Appendix D. Seismology, Istanbul, Turkey (elec-
design and detailing of post-installed rein- Palieraki et al have proposed an approach tronic source).
forcing bars with the same criteria as that for that does not require bar development for

STRUCTURE magazine 16 June 2015