Prof.

Rana Hassan Tariq

CHAPTER NO-1
NUMERICAL OF EXERCISE
Q6. Silver has atomic number 47 and has 16 known isotopes but two occur naturally i.e., Ag-107 and Ag-109. Given the
following mass spectrometric data, calculate the average atomic mass of silver.
Percentage
Isotopes mass (amu)
abundance
107Ag 106.90509 51.84
109Ag 108.90476 48.16
Ans. Given data:
Mass of 107Ag = 106.90509 amu
Mass of 109Ag = 108.90476 amu
Percentage of 107Ag = 51.84%
Percentage of 109Ag = 48.16%
Required:
Average atomic mass of Ag = ?
Solution:
= (Mass of Ag % of Ag ) (Mass of Ag % of Ag )
107 107 109 109
Average atomic mass
100
(106.90509 51.84) (108.90476 48.16)
=
100
5541.96 5244.85
=
100
10786.81
=
100
Average atomic mass of Ag = 107.87 amu
Average Atomic mass of Ag = 107.87 amu.

Q7. Boran with atomic number 5 has two naturally occurring isotopes. Calculate the percentage abundance of 10B and
11B from the following information:

Ans. Average Atomic mass of Boron = 10.81 amu

Isotopic mass of 10B = 10.0129 amu

Isotopic mass of 11B = 11.0093 amu
Given data:
Average Atomic mass of Boron = 10.81 amu
Isotopes mass of 10B = 10.0129 amu
Isotopes mass of 11B = 11.0093 amu
Required:
Percentage abundance of 10B =?
Percentage abundance of 11B =?
Solution:
Suppose: Percentage abundance of 10B =x
Percentage abundance of 11B = (100 x)
= (Isotopic mass of B % of B) (Isotopic mass of B % of B)
10 10 11 11
Average Atomic mass
100
Putting the values
(10.0129 x) [11.0093 (100 x)]
10.81 =
100
10.81 100 = (10.0129x) + (1100.93 11.0093x)
1081 1100.93 = 10.0129x 11.0093x
19.93 = 0.9964x
19.93
=x
0.9964
x = 20.002%
Percentage abundance of 10B = 20.002%
Percentage abundance of 11B = 100 20.002 = 79.998%
Percentage abundance of 10B = 20.002%
Percentage abundance of 11B = 79.998%

Q10. Calculate each of the following quantities:

(a) Mass in grams of 2.74 moles of KMnO4?

Ans. Given data:
Moles of KMnO4 = 2.74 moles
Required:
Mass (g) of KMnO4 =?

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CHAPTER NO-1
Solution:
Mass of KMnO4
No. of moles =
Formula mass of KMnO4
Formula mass of KMnO4 = 39 + 55 + 64 = 158 g mol1
Mass
2.74 =
158
Mass = 158 2.74
Mass of KMnO4 = 432.92 g
Ans. Mass of KMnO4 = 432.92 g

(b) Moles of O atoms in 9.00 g of Mg(NO3)2.

Ans. Given data:
Mass of Mg(NO3)2 =9g
Required:
Moles of O atoms =?
Solution:
Mass
No. of moles =
Molar Mass
Molar Mass of Mg(NO3)2 = 24 + 2 (14 + 3 16)
= 148 g/mol
9
No. of moles = = 0.06 moles
148
1 moles of Mg(NO3)2 contain O atoms = 6 moles
0.06 moles of Mg(NO3)2 contain moles of O atoms = 0.06 6 = 0.36 atoms
Moles of O atoms = 0.36

(c) Number of O atoms in 10.037 g of CuSO4.5H2O.

Ans. Given data:
Mass of CuSO4.5H2O = 10.037 g
Required:
Number of O atoms =?
Solution:
Mass
No. of moles =
Molar Mass
Molar Mass of CuSO4.5H2O = 63.5 + 32 + (4 16) + (5 18)
= 249.5 g mol1
10.037
No. of moles of CuSO4.5H2O =
249.5
= 0.04 moles
1 moles of CuSO4.5H2O have moles of O = 9 moles
0.04 moles of CuSO4.5H2O have moles of O = 9 0.04
= 0.36 moles
No. of Oxygen atoms = No. of moles NA
= 0.36 6.02 1023
No. of Oxygen atoms = 2.167 1023 atoms
No. of Oxygen atoms = 2.167 10 23

(d) Mass in kilograms of 2.6 1020 molecules of SO2.

Ans. Given data:
No. of SO2 molecules = 2.6 1020 molecules
Required:
Mass in kg =?
Solution:
Molar Mass
Mass of SO2 molecules = No. of moles
NA
Molar Mass of SO2 = 32 + (16 2)
= 64 g/mol
64
Mass of SO2 molecules = 2.6 1020
6.02 1023
= 27.641 103 g
27.641103
= kg
1000
Mass of SO2 molecules = 2.764 105 kg

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Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq
CHAPTER NO-1
(e) Moles of Cl atoms in 0.822 g C2H4Cl2.
Ans. Given data:
Mass of C2H4Cl2 = 0.822 g
Required:
Moles of Cl atoms =?
Solution:
Mass
No. of moles =
Molar Mass
Molar Mass of C2H4Cl2 = 24 + 4 + 71
= 99 g mol1
0.822
No. of moles of C2H4Cl2 =
99
= 0.0083 moles
1 mole of C2H2Cl2 contain moles of Cl atoms = 2 moles
0.0083 moles of C2H4Cl2 contain moles of Cl atoms
= 2 0.0083 = 0.0166 moles
Moles of Cl atoms = 0.0166 moles

(f) Mass in grams of 5.136 moles of Ag2CO3?

Ans. Given data:
Moles of Ag2CO3 = 5.136 moles
Required:
Mass of Ag2CO3 =?
Solution:
Mass of Ag2CO3 = Moles of Ag2CO3 Formula mass
Formula mass of Ag2CO3 = (108 2) + 12 + (16 3)
= 276 g/mol
Mass of Ag2CO3 = 5.136 276
= 1417.54 g
. Mass of Ag2CO3 = 1417.54 g

(g) Mass in grams of 2.78 1021 molecules of CrO2Cl2.

Ans. Given data:
Molecules of CrO2Cl2 = 2.78 1021 molecules
Required:
Mass of molecules of CrO2Cl2 in gram =?

Solution:
Molar Mass No. of mol.
Mass of molecules of CrO2Cl2 =
NA
Molar Mass of CrO2Cl2 = 52 + 32 + 71
= 155 g/mol
155
Mass of molecules of CrO2Cl2 = 2.78 1021
6.02 1023
= 71.58 102
Mass of molecules of CrO2Cl2 = 0.7158 g
Mass of molecules of CrO2Cl2 in g = 0.7158 g

(h) Number of moles and formula units in 100 g of KClO3.

Ans. Given data:
Mass of KClO3 = 100 g
Required:
No. of moles =?
No. of formula units =?
Solution:
Mass
No. of moles of KClO3 =
Molar Mass
Molar Mass of KClO3 = 39 + 35.5 + 48
= 122.5 g/mol
100
No. of moles of KClO3 =
122.5
= 0.816 moles
1 moles of KClO3 contain formula units = 6.02 1023
0.816 moles of KClO3 contain forula units = 6.02 1023 0.816
= 4.91 1023 formula units

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CHAPTER NO-1
No. of moles = 0.816 moles
No. of formula units = 4.91 1023 formula units

(i) Number of K+ ions, Cl atoms, ClO3 ions, and O atoms in (h).

Ans. 1 mole of KClO3 contain K+ ions = 6.02 1023
0.816 moles of KClO3 contain K ions
+ = 6.02 1023 0.816
= 4.91 1023 ions
(ii) 1 mole of KClO3 contain ClO3 ions = 6.02 1023
0.816 moles of KClO3 contain ClO3 ions = 6.02 1023 0.816
= 4.91 1023 ions
(iii) Similarly,
1 mole of KClO3 contain Cl atoms = 4.91 1023 ions
1 mole of KClO3 contain O atoms = 3 6.02 1023 atoms
0.816 moles of KClO3 contain O atoms = 3 6.02 1023 0.816
= 1.474 1024 atoms
No. of K ions
+ = 4.91 1023 ions
No. of ClO-3 ions = 4.91 1023 ions
No. of Cl ions = 4.91 1023 atoms
No. of O atoms = 1.474 1024 atoms

Q11. Aspartame, the artificial sweetner, has a molecular formula of C 14H18N2O5?

(a) What is the mass of one mole of Aspartame?
1 mole of C14H18N2O5 = (1214) + (118) + (142) + (165)
= 168 + 18 + 28 + 80
= 294 g mol1
1 mole of Aspartame = 294 g/mol

(b) How many moles are present in 52 g of Aspartame?

Given data:
Mass of Aspartame = 52 g
Required:
No. of moles =?
Solution:
Mass
No. of moles =
Molar mass
Molar mass of C14H18N2O5 = (12 14) + 18 + 28 + (16 5)
= 294 g/mol
52
No. of moles = = 0.177 moles
294
Ans. No. of moles = 0.177 moles

(c) What is the mass in grams of 10.122 moles of Aspartame?

Given data:
Moles of Aspartame = 10.122 moles
Required:
Mass of aspartame =?
Solution:
Mass of aspartame = Moles of Aspartame Molar mass
Mass of aspartame = 10.122 294
= 2975.87 g
Mass of aspartame = 2975.87 g

(d) How many hydrogen atoms are present in 2.43 g of Aspartame?

Given data:
Molecular formula of Aspartame = C14H18N2O5
Mass of Aspartame = 2.43 g
Required:
No. of hydrogen atoms = ?
Solution:
Molar mass of C14H18N2O5 = (1214) + (118) + (214) + (165)
= 168 + 18 + 80 + 28
= 294 g/mol
Mass of Aspartame
No. of moles of Aspartame =
Molar Mass

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CHAPTER NO-1
2.43
= = 0.00826 moles
294
Moles of H in 1 mole of Aspartame
= 18 moles
0.00826 moles of Aspartame have moles of H
= 18 0.0826 = 0.1487
No. of atoms of H = No. of moles NA
= 0.1487 6.02 1023
= 0.896 1023
No. of atoms of H = 8.96 1022 atoms
No. of hydrogen atoms = 8.96 1022 atoms

Q12. A sample of 0.600 moles of a metal M reacts completely with excess of fluorine to form 46.8 g of MF 2.
(a) How many moles of F are present in the sample of MF2 that forms?
(b) Which element is represented by the symbol M?
Given data:
No. of moles of M = 0.6 moles
Mass of MF2 = 46.8 g
Required:
No. of moles of F =?
Actual name of Metal M = ?
Solution:
M + F2 MF2
Comparison between number of moles of M and MF2
M : MF2
1 : 1
0.6 : 0.6
No. of moles of MF2 = 0.6 moles
1 moles of MF2 contain moles of F atoms = 2
0.6 moles of MF2 contain moles of F atoms = 2 0.6 = 1.2 moles
No. of moles of F = 1.2 moles
Mass
No. of moles =
Molar Mass
Mass
Molar Mass of MF2 =
No. of moles
46.8
Molar Mass of MF2 = = 78 g/mol
0.6
Atomic Mass of M + (19 2) = 78 g/mol
(Atomic Mass of F = 19)
M + 38 = 78
M = 78 38
Atomic Mass of M = 40 g/mol
So, Actual name of Metal M = Calcium (Ca)
No. of moles of F = 1.2 moles
Name of metal M = Calcium (Ca)

Q13. In each pair, choose the larger of indicated quantity or state if the samples are equal:.
(a) Individual particles: 0.4 mole of oxygen molecules or 0.4 mole of oxygen atoms.
Ans. Both are equal.
Reason:
0.4 moles of O2 and 0.4 moles of O atoms, both are equimolar quantities so, they have equal number of particles. i.e.,
0.4 6.02 1023 = 2.408 1023 moles

(d) Individual particles: 4.0 g of N2O4 or 3.3 g of SO2.

Given data:
Mass of N2O4 =4g
Mass of SO2 = 3.3 g
Required:
Individual particles N2O4 = ?
Individual particles SO2 = ?
Solution:
Mass
(i) No. of moles of N2O4 =
Molar Mass
Molar Mass of N2O4 = (14 2) + (16 4)
= 92 g/mol
4
No. of moles of N2O4 =
92
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CHAPTER NO-1
= 0.043 moles
No. of molecules = No. of moles NA
= 0.043 6.02 1023
= 0.258 1023
No. of molecules = 2.58 1022 molecules
Mass
(ii) No. of moles of SO2 =
Molar Mass
Molar Mass of SO2 = 32 + 32
= 64 g/mol
3.3
No. of moles of SO2 = = 0.055 moles
64
No. of molecules = No. of moles NA
= 0.055 6.02 1023
No. of molecules = 3.1 1022 molecules
3.3 g of SO2 has larger no. of individual particles.

(e) Total ions: 2.3 moles of NaClO3 or 2.0 moles o MgCl2?

Given data:
No. of moles of NaClO3 = 2.3 moles
No. of moles of MgCl2 = 2 moles
Required:
No. of ions in 2.3 moles of NaClO3 = ?
No. of ions in 2 moles of MgCl =?
Solution:
(i) 1 mole of NaClO3 contain Na+ ions = 6.02 1023
2.3 moles of NaClO3 contain Na+ ions = 2.3 6.02 1023
= 13.846 1023 ions
1 mole of NaClO3 contain ClO3 ions = 6.02 1023

2.3 moles of NaClO3 contain ClO3 ions = 2.3 6.02 1023
= 13.846 1023 ions
Total ions = 13.846 1023
+ 13.846 2.7692 1024 ions
1023 =
(ii) 1 mole of MgCl2 contain Mg ions = 6.02 1023
2+

2 mole of MgCl2 contain Mg2+ ions = 2 6.02 1023

= 12.04 1023 ions
1 mole of MgCl2 contain Cl ions = 2 6.02 1023

2 moles of MgCl2 contain Cl ions = 2 2 6.02 1023

= 24.04 1023
Total ions = Mg2+ ions + Cl ions
= 12.04 1023 + 24.04 1023
Total ion of MgCl2 = 3.612 1024 ions
2 moles of MgCl2 contain larger number of ions.
2 moles of MgCl2 have larger no. of ions.

(f) Molecules: 11.0 g H2O or 11.0 g H2O2.

Given data:
Mass of H2O = 11.0 g
Mass of H2O2 = 11.0 g
Required:
No. of molecules in 11 g of H2O = ?
No. of molecules in 11g of H2O2 = ?
Solution:
Mass
(i) No. of moles of H2O =
Molar Mass
Molar Mass of H2O = 2 + 16
= 18 g/mol
11
No. of moles of H2O = = 0.61 moles
8
No. of molecules = No. of moles NA
= 0.61 6.02 1023
No. of molecules = 3.67 1023 molecules
Mass
(ii) No. of moles of H2O2 =
Molar Mass
Molar Mass of H2O2 = 2 + 32 = 34 g/mol
11
No. of moles of H2O2 =
34
= 0.32 moles
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CHAPTER NO-1
No. of molecules = No. of moles NA
= 0.32 6.02 1023
No. of molecules = 1.926 1023 molecules
11 g of H2O contain larger no. of molecules.
(g) Na+ ion: 0.500 moles of NaBr or 0.0145 kg of NaCl.
Given data:
Moles of NaBr = 0.500 moles
Mass of NaCl = 0.0145 kg = 14.5 g
Required:
(i) Na+ ions in 0.500 moles of NaBr = ?
(ii) Na+ ions in 0.0145 kg of NaCl =?
Solution:
(i) No. of ions = No. of moles NA
= 0.5 6.02 1023
No. of ions = 3.01 1023 ions
Mass of NaCl
(ii) No. of moles =
Molar Mass of NaCl
Molar Mass of NaCl = 23 + 35.5
= 58.5 g/mol
14.5
No. of moles =
58.5
No. of moles = 0.2478 moles
No. of Na+ ions = No. of moles NA
= 0.2478 6.02 1023
No. of Na+ ions = 1.49 1023 ions
No. of Na+ ions in 0.5 moles of NaBr is larger.

(h) Mass: 6.02 1023 atoms of 235U or 6.02 1023 atoms of 238U.
Given data:
No. of atoms = 6.02 1023 atoms
Required:
Mass of atoms = ?
Solution:
Isotopic mass of U235 = 253 (1 mole)
Therefore,
6.02 1023 atoms of U235 have mass = 235 g
Similarly,
6.02 1023 atoms of U238 have mass = 238 g
so, 6.02 1023 atoms of U238 have larger mass.
6.02 1023 atoms of U238 have larger mass.

Q14. (a) Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in the four important fertilizers i.e.,
(i) NH3
Molar mass of NH3 = 14 + (3 1)
= 14 + 3 = 17 g/mol
Mass of N
Percentage of Nitrogen = 100
Formula mass of NH3
14
= 100 82.35%
17
Ans. Percentage of Nitrogen = 82.35%
(ii) NH2CONH2
Molar mass of NH2CONH2 = 14 + 2 + 12 + 16 + 14 + 2
= 60 g/mol
28
Percentage of Nitrogen = 100
60
= 46.67%
Ans. Percentage of Nitrogen = 46.67%
(iii) (NH4)2SO4
Molar mass of (NH4)2SO4 = (14 2) + (1 8) + 32 + (16 4)
= 132 g/mol
28
Percentage of Nitrogen = 100 21.21%
132
Percentage of Nitrogen = 21.21%

(iv) NH4NO3
Molar mass of NH4NO3 = 14 + 4 + 14 + 48 = 80 g/mol

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CHAPTER NO-1
28
Percentage of Nitrogen = 100 35%
80
Percentage of Nitrogen = 35%

(b) Calculate the percentage of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in each of the following:
(i) NH4H2PO4
Formula mass of NH4H2PO4 = 14 + 4 + 2 + 31 + 64 = 115 g/mol
14
Percentage of Nitrogen = 100 12.17%
115
31
Percentage of Phosphorus = 100 26.96%
115
Percentage of Nitrogen = 12.17%
Percentage of Phosphorus = 26.96%

(ii) (NH4)2HPO4
Molar mass of (NH4)2HPO4 = (14 2) + (1 8) + 1 + 31 + 64
= 132 g/mol
28
Percentage of Nitrogen = 100 21.21%
132
31
Percentage of Phosphorus = 100 23.48%
132
Percentage of Nitrogen = 21.21%
Percentage of Phosphorus = 23.48%

(iii) (NH4)3PO4
Molar mass of (NH4)3PO4 = (14 3) + 12 + 31 + 64
= 149 g/mol
42
Percentage of Nitrogen = 100 = 28.19%
149
31
Percentage of Phosphorus = 100 = 20.81%
149
Percentage of Nitrogen = 28.19%
Percentage of Phosphorus = 20.81%

Q15. Glucose C6H12O6 is the most important nutrient in the cell for generating chemical potential energy. Calculate the
mass percentage of each element in glucose and determine the number of C, H and O atoms in 10.5 g of the sample?
Ans. Given data:
Mass of Glucose = 10.5 hg
Required:
Percentage of C =?
Percentage of H =?
Percentage of O =?
No. of Carbon atoms =?
No. of Hydrogen atoms = ?
No. of Oxygen atoms =?
Solution:
Molar mass of C6H12O6 = (6 12) + (1 12) + (16 6)
= 72 + 12 + 96
= 180 g/mol
Mass of element
Percentage of an element = 100
Molar Mass
72
Percentage of Carbon = 100
180
= 40%
12
Percentage of Hydrogen = 100
180
= 6.66%
96
Percentage of Oxygen = 100
180
= 53.33%
Mass
No. of molecules of Glucose = NA
Molar Mass
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CHAPTER NO-1
10.5
= 6.02 1023
180
No. of molecules of C6H12O6 = 0.351 1023 molecules
1 molecule of Glucose contain C atoms = 6 0.351 1023
= 2.107 1023 atoms
1 molecule of Glucose contain H atoms = 12 0.351 1023
= 4.212 1023 atoms
1 molecule of Glucose contain O atoms = 6 0.351 1023
= 2.107 1023 atoms
% of C = 40%
% of H = 6.66%
% of O = 53.33%
No. of C atoms = 2.107 1023 atoms
No. of H atoms = 4.212 1023 atoms
No. of O atoms = 2.107 1023 atoms

Q16. Ethylene glycol is used as automobile antifreeze. It has 38.7% carbon, 9.7% hydrogen and 51.6% oxygen. Its molar
mass is 62.1 grams mol1. Determine its empirical formula:
Ans. Given data:
Percentage of Carbon = 38.7%
Percentage of Hydrogen = 9.7%
Percentage of Oxygen = 51.6%
Required:
Empirical formula =?
Solution:
No. of gram atoms:
Percentage of C
No. of gram atoms of C =
Atomic mass of C
38.7
= = 3.225 mole
12
Percentage of H
No. of gram atoms of H =
Atomic mass of H
9.7
= = 9.6 mole
1.008
51.6
No. of gram atoms of O = = 3.225 mole
16
Atomic Ratio:
No. of gram atoms of C
Atomic Ratio of C =
Smallest no.
3.225
= 1
3.225
9.6
Atomic Ratio of H = 3
3.225
3.225
Atomic Ratio of O = 1
3.225
Empirical formula: = CH3O

Q17. Serotenin (Molar mass = 176 g/mol) is a compound that conducts nerve impulses in brain and muscles. It contains
68.2% C, 6.86% H, 15.09% N and 9.08% O. What is its molecular formula?
Ans. Given data:
Percentage of Carbon = 68.2%
Percentage of Hydrogen = 6.86%
Percentage of Nitrogen = 15.09%
Percentage of Oxygen = 9.08%
Molar mass = 176 g mol1
Required:
Molecular formula = ?
Solution:
No. of gram atoms:
Percentage of C
No. of gram atoms of C =
Atomic Mass of C

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CHAPTER NO-1
68.2
= = 5.68 mole
12
6.86
No. of gram atoms of H = = 6.80 mole
1.008
15.09
No. of gram atoms of N = = 1.08 mole
14
9.08
No. of gram atoms of O = = 0.5675 mole
16
Atomic Ratio:
No. of gram atoms of C
Atomic Ratio of C =
Smallest no.
5.68
= = 10
0.5675
6.80
Atomic Ratio of H = = 12
0.5675
1.08
Atomic Ratio of N = =2
0.5675
0.5675
Atomic Ratio of O = =1
0.5675
Empirical formula: C10H12N2O
Molecular formula:
Molecular formula = n (Empirical formula)
Molecular mass
n =
Empirical formula mass
Empirical formula mass = C10H12N2O
= (12 10) + (1 12) + (14 2) + 16
= 176
176
n = =1
176
Molecular formula = (1) (C10H12N2O)
Molecular formula = C10H12N2O
Molecular formula = C10H12N2O

Q18. An unknown metal M reacts with S to form a compound with formula M 2S3. If 3.12 g of M reacts with exactly 2.88 g
of sulphur, what are the names of metal M and the compound M 2S3?
Ans. Given data:
Mass of metal M = 3.12 g
Mass of S = 2.88 g
Required:
Name of metal M =?
Name of compound M2S3 = ?
Solution:
2M + 3S M2S3
Mass of S
No. of moles of S =
Atomic mass of S
2.88
= (Atomic mass of S = 32 g/mol)
32
No. of moles of S = 0.09 moles
Comparison between moles of S and moles of M
S : M
3 : 2
1 : 2/3
0.09 : 2/3 0.09
0.09 : 0.06
No. of moles of M = 0.06 moles
Mass of M
No. of moles of M =
Atomic mass of M
Mass of M
Atomic mass of M =
No. of moles of M
3.12
=
0.06
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CHAPTER NO-1
Atomic mass of M = 52 g/mol
From the Atomic mass of M, it is clear that
Name of M = Chromium (Cr)
Name of M2S3 = Cr2S3
= Chromium sulphide
Name of M = Chromium (Cr)
Name of M2S3 = Cr2S3

Q19. The octane present in gasoline burns according to the following equation:.
2C8H18() + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) + 18H2O()
How many moles of O2 are needed to react fully with 4 moles of octane?
Ans. Given data:
No. of moles of C8H18 = 4 moles
Required:
No. of moles of O2 =?
Solution:
2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O
Comparison between moles of C8H18 and O2
C8H18 : O2
2 : 25
1 : 25/2
4 : 25/2 4
4 : 50
No. of moles of O2 = 50 moles
No. of moles of O2 = 50 moles.

(b) How many moles of CO2 can be produced from one mole of octane?
Ans. Given data:
No of moles of C8H18 = 1 mole
Required:
No. of moles of CO2 =?
Solution:
2C2H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O
Comparison between moles of C8H18 and moles of CO2
C8H18 : CO2
2 : 16
1 : 16/2
1 : 8
No. of moles of CO2 = 8 moles
No. of moles of CO2 = 8 moles.
(c) How many moles of water are produced by the combustion of 6 moles of octane?
Ans. Given data:
No. of moles of C8H18 = 6 moles

Required:
No. of moles of H2O =?
Solution:
2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O
Comparison between moles of C8H18 and moles of H2O
C8H18 : H2O
2 : 18
1 : 18/2
6 : 18/2 6
6 : 54
No. of moles of H2O = 54 moles
No. of moles of H2O = 54 moles.

(d) If this reaction is to be used to synthesize 8 moles of CO2, how many grams of oxygen are needed? How many grams
of octane will be used?
Ans. Given data:
No. of moles of CO2 = 8 moles
Required:
Mass of O2 =?
Mass of C8H18 =?

Solution:
2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O
Comparison between moles of CO2 and moles of O2
CO2 : O2
16 : 25
1 : 25/16
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8 : 25/16 8
8 : 12.5
No. of moles of O2 = 12.5 moles
Molar Mass of O2 = (16 2) = 32 g/mol
Mass
No. of moles =
Molar Mass
Mass of O2 = No. of moles of O2 Molar Mass
= 12.5 32
Mass of O2 = 400 g
Comparison between moles of CO2 and moles of C8H18
CO2 : C8H18
16 : 2
1 : 2/16
2
8 : 8
16
8 : 1
No. of moles of C8H18 = 1 moles
Molar Mass of C8H18 = (12 8) + (1 18)
= 114 g/mol
Mass
No. of moles =
Molar Mass
Mass of C8H18 = No. of moles of C8H18 Molar Mass
= 1 114
Mass of C8H18 = 114 g
Mass of O2 = 400 g
Mass of C8H18 = 114 g
Q20. Calculate the no. of grams of Al2S3 which can be prepared by the reaction o 20g of Al and 30g of sulphur. How much
the non-limiting reactant is in excess?
Ans. Given data:
Mass of Aluminium = 20 g
Mass of Sulphur = 30 g
Required:
Mass of Al2S3 =?
Non-limiting reactant in excess = ?
Solution:
2Al + 3S Al2S3
No. of moles of reactant:
Mass of Al
No. of moles of Al =
Molar Mass
Molar mass of Al = 27 g/mol
20
No. of moles of Al = = 0.740 moles
27
Mass of S
No. of moles of S =
Molar Mass
Molar mass of S = 32 g/mol
30
No. of moles of S = = 0.9375 moles
32
No. of moles of product:
Comparing no. of moles of Al and Al2S3
Al : Al2S3
2 : 1
1 : 1/2
0.740 : 1/2 0.740
0.740 : 0.37
Number of moles of Al2S3 = 0.37
Comparing no. of moles of S and Al2S3
S : Al2S3
3 : 1
1 : 1/3
0.9375 : 1/3 0.9375
0.9375 : 0.3125
Number of moles of Al2S3 = 0.3125
Mass of Al2S3:
Mass of Al2S3 = No. of moles of Al2S3 Molar mass
Molar mass of Al2S3 = (27 2) + (32 + 3)
= 150 g/mol

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Mass of Al2S3 = 0.3125 150
Mass of Al2S3 = 46.87 g
Mass of Al2S3 = 46.87 g

(ii) 2Al + 3S Al2S3

Comparison between sulphur and Aluminium
S : Al
3 : 2
1 : 2/3
0.937 : 2/3 0.937
0.937 : 0.624
No. of moles of Al = 0.624 moles
Excess moles of Al = 0.74 0.624
= 0.116 moles
Mass of Al = No. of moles Atomic Mass
= 0.116 27
Mass of Al = 3.132 g
Mass of Al2S3 = 46.87 g
Non-limiting reactant in excess = 3.132 g

Q21. A mixture of two liquids, hydrazine N2H4 and N2O4 are used as a fuel in rockets. They produce N2 and water vapours.
How many grams of N2 gas will be formed by reacting 100 g of N2H4 and 200 g of N2O4.
2N2H4 + N2O4 3N2 + 4H2O
Ans. Given data:
Mass of N2H4 = 100 g
Mass of N2O4 = 200 g
Required:
Mass of N2 =?
Solution:
2N2H4 + N2O4 3N2 + 4H2O
No. of moles of reactant:
Mass of N2 H 4
No. of moles of N2H4 =
Molar Mass
Molar mass of N2H4 = (14 2) + (1 4)
= 32 g/mol
100
No. of moles of N2H4 =
32
= 3.125 moles
Mass of N2O4
No. of moles of N2O4 =
Molar Mass
Molar mass of N2O4 = (14 2) + (16 4)
= 92 g/mol
200
No. of moles of N2O4 =
92
= 2.17 moles
No. of moles of product:
Comparing no. of moles of N 2H4 and N2.
N2H4 : N2
2 : 3
1 : 3/2
3.125 : 3/2 3.125
3.125 : 4.68
No. of moles of N2 = 4.68 moles
Comparing no. of moles of N 2O4 and N2
N2O4 : N2
1 : 3
2.17 : 3 2.17
2.17 : 6.51
No. of moles of N2 = 6.51 moles
Hydrazine is a limiting reactant because, it has given less amount of N 2.
Mass of N2:
Mass of N2 = No. of moles of N2 Molar mass
Molar mass of N2 = (14 2)
= 28 g/mol
Mass of N2 = 4.68 28
Mass of N2 = 131.04 g
Mass of N2 = 131.04 g

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Q22. Silicon Carbide (SiC) is an important ceramic material. It is produced by allowing sand (SiO 2) to react with carbon at
high temperature.
SiO2 + 3C SiC + 2CO
When 100 kg sand is reacted with excess of carbon, 51.4 kg of SiC is produced. What is the percentage yield of SiC?
Ans. Given data:
Mass of SiO2 = 100 kg
= 100 1000 = 100,000 g
Mass of SiC = 51.4 kg
= 51.4 1000 = 51.400 g
Required:
Percentage yield of SiC = ?
Solution:
SiO2 + 3C SiC + 2CO

No. of moles of reactant:

Mass of SiO2
No. of moles of SiO2 =
Molar Mass
Molar mass of SiO2 = 28 + (16 2)
= 60 g/mol
100000
No. of moles of SiO2 = = 1666.66 moles
60
No. of moles of product:
Comparing no. of moles of SiO2 and SiC
SiO2 : SiC
1 : 1
1666.6 : 1666.6
No. of moles of SiC = 1666.6 moles
Mass of SiC:
Mass of SiC = No. of moles of SiC Molar mass
Molar Mass of SiC = 28 + 12
= 40 g/mol
Mass of SiC = 1666.66 40
Mass of SiC = 66,666.4 g
Percentage yield:
Actual yield
Percentage yield of SiC = 100
Theoretical yield
51400
= 100
66,666.4
Percentage = 77%
Percentage yield of SiC = 77%

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