This document discusses an experiment on light absorption and transmittance using Beer's Law. The experiment analyzed the absorbance of different color solutions at varying concentrations when exposed to light. Results showed that absorbance increased with concentration and was highest at specific wavelengths for each color solution. Absorbance was calculated using Beer's Law, relating it to concentration, path length, and molar absorptivity coefficient. The goal was to observe the relationship between absorbance, concentration, and wavelength of different color solutions.
This document discusses an experiment on light absorption and transmittance using Beer's Law. The experiment analyzed the absorbance of different color solutions at varying concentrations when exposed to light. Results showed that absorbance increased with concentration and was highest at specific wavelengths for each color solution. Absorbance was calculated using Beer's Law, relating it to concentration, path length, and molar absorptivity coefficient. The goal was to observe the relationship between absorbance, concentration, and wavelength of different color solutions.
This document discusses an experiment on light absorption and transmittance using Beer's Law. The experiment analyzed the absorbance of different color solutions at varying concentrations when exposed to light. Results showed that absorbance increased with concentration and was highest at specific wavelengths for each color solution. Absorbance was calculated using Beer's Law, relating it to concentration, path length, and molar absorptivity coefficient. The goal was to observe the relationship between absorbance, concentration, and wavelength of different color solutions.
This document discusses an experiment on light absorption and transmittance using Beer's Law. The experiment analyzed the absorbance of different color solutions at varying concentrations when exposed to light. Results showed that absorbance increased with concentration and was highest at specific wavelengths for each color solution. Absorbance was calculated using Beer's Law, relating it to concentration, path length, and molar absorptivity coefficient. The goal was to observe the relationship between absorbance, concentration, and wavelength of different color solutions.
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Light absorption and transmittance, and verification
of Beers Law Zeliena Dominique J. Cruz1, Deus Lean Grafane1, John Ericksson Manuzon1 1 Department of Electrical Engineering CEAT, UP Los Baos
*zjcruz@up.edu.ph
Abstract. In this experiment, the different wavelengths and intensities emitted by raw light source after it passed water of different color solutions with different concentrations were observed. Each intensity was analyzed based on the peak of highest and lowest absorbance with respect to its concentration and wavelength. Afterwards, the experimental, , or the wavelength-dependent molar absorptivity coefficient was computed using Beer-Lamberts law
1. Introduction Objects have the ability to absorb and reflect electromagnetic wavelengths which determines its color. When a marigold flower struck sunlight which combination of different wavelengths, the marigold will absorb all wavelengths aside from the wavelength of yellow which it will reflect to the naked eye. Thats why marigold appears in yellowish color. In this experiment, the focus was on absorbance spectroscopy and intensity of absorbance of wavelength
Light is considered as an electromagnetic wave which means it possess wave characteristic
including wavelength. In white light for instance is a mixture of all visible and so their specific wavelengths [2]. The wavelengths of visible light, which are the colors of the rainbow, fall between 400 to 700 nanometer [2]. Outside of these parameters are considered invisible to the naked human eye like infrared light that is above 700 nanometer and ultraviolet light that is below 400 nanometer.
Objects absorbs lights depends on their molecular composition such as a phenol group absorb wavelengths of 2.2 to 3.0 microns [3]. A light spectrum is used to represents the different length of wavelengths of light as well their designated colors. When light is absorbed, the light spectra will have black lines which indicate the wavelength and color absorbed by the object and this spectrum is called absorption spectra [4]. In addition and as its counterpart, the emission spectra show the absorbed lines and their colors [4].The absorbance can be measured using the Beer-Lambert where it is equal to the product of the path length, proportionality constant and the concentration used in the setup [5].
2. Methodology The materials used in the experiment are beakers, color dyes, Red Tide, and light source. The first part of the experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between the absorbance of the substance and its concentration, and the later part was to find out the absorbance of different color dyes.
The set up for the experiment is shown in figure 3.1. To know the relationship between the absorbance and concentration, only one color dye was used. First, all equipment and devices were calibrated. Then the beaker was filled with 150mL water and 2mL color blue dye was added. All light sources were turned off except for the source intended for the experiment. While the light source was on, the Red Tide split the emitted light and sent the data to the computer. Data were being gathered every after addition of 1mL blue dye in the solution until it has a total of 6mL. Figure 3.1 Set up of the experiment
Same set up was done for the second part of the experiment. The only difference made was instead of only blue dye, red, orange, green, yellow, and dark blue solutions were used. The light was illuminated to the colored liquids one at a time and the results were recorded. As for reference, light was also illuminated towards the beaker with water alone.
Red Tide splits Record and
Light strikes Light source the full graph the the sample spectrum results
Figure 3.2 Flowchart of methodology
3. Results and Discussion
Spectroscopy is the science that studies physical system through electromagnetic radiation which they contact or produce [1]. A special instrument called spectrometer is used in order to have a quantitative data on the incident light with specific intensity. This device gives the absorbance spectrum which is simply the graph of absorbance versus the wavelength.
3.1 Transmittance Light is much related to photons and to measure light, the concept of intensity is coined where it is the number of photons delivered at a given time. The equation for the transmittance is use to know the describe the amount of the intensity received from the original intensity of light after it passes a medium. The formula is given by Equation 1:
I T = (I0) Equation 1
where T is the transmittance and has no unit, the I0 is the intensity of the incident light from the light source and I is the intensity of light after it passes on a medium [5]. The value of transmittance can be projected as a percentage by simply multiplying the equation to 100. This formula is given by the equation 2: I T = (I0) 100 Equation 2
On the other hand, when a light shone to a colored object, some are being absorbed by the object. Chromophores are the molecules responsible for the absorption of light. Dependent to the structure and environment of the Chromophores, lights are absorbed at specific frequencies and wavelengths [6].
3.2 Absorbance and Beer-Lambert Law
The absorbance of light specifically its wavelength depends on the composition of the object. If we pass a beam of light on a fairly diluted solution, we will expect that many photons will pass through the medium which indicate higher transmittance but lower absorption. If we increase the concentration of the solution, there will be a decrease of photons that will pass through which means lower transmittance but higher absorption of light by the solution. The absorption of light is given by the equation 3: I A = ( ) () Equation 3 I0
Where is A is the absorbance is described as the negative logarithm of thetransmittance [5]. The absorbance can be also obtained using the Beer-Lambert Law. The Beer-Lambert law is given by the equation 4 A = x l x c Equation 4 Where l is the path length commonly given in meters but can be any length units, c is the concentration of the absorbing medium expressed in molarity and is the proportionality constant which is expressed in reciprocal of the units of the l and concentration used [5].
3.2.1 Absorbance of different wavelength in varying concentration
Figure 3.3 Absorbance vs. Wavelength of solution with 2ml blue
concentration
Based on the graph in figure 3.3 the wavelength in the visible spectrum where it reached its lowest absorption is at 452 to 498 nanometer where it drops to 0 absorbance. The color this wavelength is most likely to fall in blue. The highest absorptivity is obtained at the wavelength 400 nanometer with an absorbance of 2.965. Absorbance vs. Wavelength (3ml) 3.5 3 Absorbance
Figure 3.4 Absorbance vs. Wavelength of solution with 3ml blue
concentration
Based on the graph in figure 3.4 the wavelength in the visible spectrum where it reached its lowest absorption is at 452 to 498. The color this wavelength is most likely to fall in blue. The highest absorptivity is obtained at the wavelength 577 nanometer with an absorbance of 2.981.
Absorbance vs. Wavelength (4ml)
3.5 3 Absorbance
2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 520
772 380 408 436 464 492
548 576 604 632 660 688 716 744
800 828 856 884 912 940
Wavelength
Figure 3.5 Absorbance vs. Wavelength of solution 4ml blue
concentration
Based on the graph in figure 3.5 the wavelength in the visible spectrum where it reached its lowest absorption is at 452 to 498. The color this wavelength is most likely to fall in blue. The highest absorptivity is obtained at the wavelength 638 nanometer with an absorbance of 2.987. Absorbance vs. Wavelength (5ml) 3.5 3
Figure 3.6 Absorbance vs. Wavelength of solution with 5ml blue
concentration
Base on the graph in figure 3.6 the wavelength in the visible spectrum where it reached its lowest absorption is at 452 to 498. The color this wavelength is most likely to fall in blue. The highest absorptivity is obtained at the wavelength 572 and 620 nanometer with an absorbance of 3.
Based on figures 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, and 3.6, as the concentration increases in a solution with a constant light intensity from a source, the peak of absorbance in the visible spectrum also increases. The concentration in percent is given by the equation:
volume of the solute
Percent concentration = (volume of the solution) 100 Equation 5
Initially the amount of solvent used is a 150ml tap water and the volume of the mixture an addition of the volume of the blue dye used. The given concentration of dye is clearly stated by the table.
Table 3.1 Concentration and absorbance for each volume of dye
Volume of dye used Concentration Absorbance 2ml 1.31% 2.665
3ml 1.96% 2.981
4ml 2.60% 2.987
5ml 3.23% 3 Figure 3.7 Concentration Percent vs. absorbance
The equation for Absorbance is given by A=lc (Equation 4) where is the is orginally expressed in the reciprocal of the product of the unit of length used and the molality (Mcm) -1. But due to insufficient data such as the exact molar weight of the solution (mixture of coloring ingredient and solvent used), density (to know the weight of the solution) the unit for experimentally we be getting is (cm-1)/percent concentration. The formula can be rewritten as y=mx where x is the percent concentration and m is equivalent to the constant l. The slope is given by 0.158700747. In order to get the in(cm-1)/percent, we simply divide it by the pathlengthl that has a value of 6.5cm which is 0.02441549954 (cm-1)/percent
3.3 Absorbance and different wavelengths
For the analysis of the data, the only wavelengths being considered are within the visible lights (400nm 700nm). Absorption of light is not limited to certain wavelengths as shown in figure 3.3. Absorptions occurred at different wavelengths for each color dye also, maximum and minimum absorbances were observed. Notice that in figure 3.3, maximum absorbance can be observed at several wavelengths while the minimum absorbance occurred only at a specific wavelength.
(a) (b) Figure 3.3 Wavelength vs. Absorbance graph of different dye samples
Based from the graphs, maximum or peak absorbance occurred at the wavelengths complementary to the observed color of the dye. For example, in figure 3.3 (a), the peak absorbance for color blue, 2.778, was seen at 567nm and 584nm. In the light spectrum, 567nm and 584nm falls between green light and yellow light. While at the wavelength equivalent to the color of the dye, minimum absorbance was observed. The minimum absorbance for blue dye is 0.251 at 481 nm and this wavelength falls under blue light.
At wavelengths where maximum absorbance happened, the lights are totally absorbed. On the other hand, the least absorbed light is the one transmitted the most and perceived by the eyes. When a man sees a red apple, this means that maximum absorption occurred at the wavelengths of other colors and the only light being transmitted is the red color.
Table 3.2 Wavelengths where maximum and minimum absorbance were observed
Wavelength Maximum Wavelength Minimum
(nm) (nm) Absorbance Absorbance
Dark Blue 405 2.924 476 2.707
Blue 567, 584 2.778 481 0.251
Green 400, 631 2.98 512 1.285
Yellow 408 2.978 628 1.35
Orange 404 2.508 582 0.003
Red 400 3 638 1.102
4. Conclusion and Recommendation There is a direct relation between the absorbance and the concentration of the liquid. The solution with 2 mL of blue dye, whose concentration is 1.31% has the lowest absorbance of 2.665. While the solution with 3 mL of blue dye, whose concentration is 1.96% has the absorbance of 2.981. Furthermore, the solution with 4 mL of blue dye whose concentration is 2.60% has the absorbance of 2.987. Lastly, the solution with 5 mL of blue dye whose concentration is 3.23% has the highest absorbance of 3. Thus, as the concentration of the fluid increases, the absorbance also increases. Based on equation 4, using linear regression, we can get the slope, which is equal to (proportionality constant) times l (path length). So to get the value of the proportionality constant, the slope is the divided to the path length.
The color of the sample depends on the minimum absorbance. The wavelength with the least absorbance will most likely be the wavelength of the color of the sample. It is because all the other colors were absorbed by the sample. There is an inverse relation between the absorbance and the transmittance. While the wavelength with the maximum absorbance is the most sensitive to change in concentration.
All of the factors that may cause significant differences in the results were controlled-source of light, distance of the source of light from the solution tested, magnification of the light, and the position of the Red Tide. However, other factors like the purity of the composition of the water used can also affect the resulting absorbance. Though obtained results were still consistent with the expected result. And so for further improvement of this experimental procedure, the purity of water can also be used as factors to test the reflection and absorption of light.
References [1] McNaught and Wilson A 1997 Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the Gold book) (Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publication) [2] 2012 College Physics Openstax(Houston:Texas) Chapter 25 p997 [3] Foist LAbsorption Spectroscopy: Definition & Types. (Website article) Retrieved from: http://study.com/academy/lesson/absorption-spectroscopy-definition-types.html [4] Young H. Frredman R. and Ford L. Sears and Zamanskys University Physics with Modern Physics 13th Edition (Singapore: Pearson Education Inc) Chapter 36 p1203 [5] Hardesty J and Bassam A Spectrophotometry and the Beer-Lambert Law (United States: Collin College) [6] Sheehan D Physical Biochemistry: Principles and Applications (West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd) 2nd Edition p.58 Chapter 3
First name Surname Institution Email address Title (Prof/
Dr./student) Zeliena Dominuque Cruz UPLB zjcruz@up.edu.ph Student Deus Lean Grafane UPLB dbgrafane@up.edu.ph Student John Ericksson Manuson UPLB jmmanuzon1@up.edu.ph Student
