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Review: Stress: Defined As The Force Applied Per Until Area. Normal Stresses: Shear Stresses

This document defines key concepts related to stress, strain, and failure in engineering materials. It discusses normal and shear stresses, Hooke's law relating stress and strain, principal stresses and Mohr's circle method for determining principal stresses. It also covers principal shear stresses, stress concentrations around geometric discontinuities, and the use of stress concentration factors.

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Gaurav Agarwal
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
33 views

Review: Stress: Defined As The Force Applied Per Until Area. Normal Stresses: Shear Stresses

This document defines key concepts related to stress, strain, and failure in engineering materials. It discusses normal and shear stresses, Hooke's law relating stress and strain, principal stresses and Mohr's circle method for determining principal stresses. It also covers principal shear stresses, stress concentrations around geometric discontinuities, and the use of stress concentration factors.

Uploaded by

Gaurav Agarwal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Review: Stress

Defined as the force applied per until area.


Normal and Shear Components:

Normal Stresses:
Axial
Bending

Shear Stresses:
Direct Shear
Bending Shear
Torsional Shear

S. Waldman MECH 323


Review: Stress

Normal Stresses Shear Stresses

S. Waldman MECH 323


Review: Strain
Defined as the amount of deflection per until length
under an applied load (or stress).

Hookes Law:
Linear relationship between stress and strain (within the
elastic region)

Normal stresses: = E

Shear stresses: = G

S. Waldman MECH 323


Review: Principal Stresses
For any combination of stresses, the resultant stress field is
continuous and the normal and shear stresses vary with direction in
the material.

There exists a set of planes where the shear stresses are zero and
the normal stresses acting on these planes (principal axes) are
called the principal stresses.

Also, there will be a set of planes where the shear stresses are
maximal (principal shear stresses) and are oriented 45 to the
principal axes.

S. Waldman MECH 323


Review: Mohrs Circle
One commonly used technique to determine the
principal stresses for a 2D stress state.

S. Waldman MECH 323


Review: Mohrs Circle (3D)
If one of the principal stresses are zero (i.e. state of
plane stress), then Mohrs circle can also be used to
determine the principal stresses in 3D.

S. Waldman MECH 323


Review: Principal Stresses
Principal Stresses:

x + y x y
2

a , b = + xy 2 (in the x-y plane)


2 2

c = 0 (plane stress)

these stresses are then ordered (by convention):

1 > 2 > 3

Direction of Principal Axes (in the x-y plane):


2 xy
tan 2 p =
x y

S. Waldman MECH 323


Review: Principal Shear Stresses
Principal Shear Stresses (in the x-y plane):

y
2

1 , 2 = x + xy 2
2

Principal Shear Stresses (3D):


1 2
12 =
2
2 3
23 =
2

1 3
13 = (maximum principal shear stress)
2

S. Waldman MECH 323


Example

S. Waldman MECH 323


Review: Stress Concentrations
In the basic stress equations (bending, etc.) it is assumed that no
geometric irregularities exist within the material under
consideration.

Quite often this is not the case and geometric discontinuities must
be incorporated into the parts design (e.g. shoulders, keyways,
holes).

Such discontinuities alter the stress field within the vicinity of the
discontinuity and act to amplify the stresses (i.e. stress raisers or
stress concentrations).

S. Waldman MECH 323


Review: Stress Concentrations
A stress concentration factor is used to relate the actual
maximum stress at the discontinuity to the nominal
stress.
max
Normal stresses: Kt = or max = K t o
o

Shear Stresses: K ts = max or max = K ts o
o

S. Waldman MECH 323

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