En 1995 PDF
En 1995 PDF
En 1995 PDF
Brussels
EN 1995
Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
Organised by
European Commission: DG Enterprise and Industry, Joint Research Centre
S. Winter
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Storage building in Japan 4 Jh. v. Ch.
EN 1995-1-1
Design of timber structures
Stave church in Norway 13th century Bridge across river Sinne (Switzerland)
1
EN1995-1-1 - Definition of axes Link of EN 1995-1-1 to EN1990 and EN1991
Structural safety,
safety,
EN 1990 serviceability and
durability
Actions on
EN 1991 structures
Ed Rd
Effect of Resistance:
Actions: Structure
Self-Load Structural Elements
General concept Wind
Snow
Materials, E-
Modulus etc.
Variable loads cross sections,
Temperature Area, Moment of
Fire Inertia
....
12
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures
2
Design situations
Safety
Permanent situation
(after erection of the
Safety structure)
structure)
Ek Rk
frequency
Ed Rd
F M
Safety level
not be exceeded.
exceeded. Serviceability limit state
3
Actions Ultimate limit state
Design values of actions
Basic combination:
combination:
Characteristic Actions according G,j Gk,j + Q,1 Qk,1 + Q,i 0,i Qk,i
to EN 1991 e.g. 1,35 Gk + 1,5 Wk + 1,5 0,5 Sk
Gk e.g.
e.g. self-
self-weight simplified:
Qk e.g.
e.g. wind, snow,
snow, traffic Most unfavourable variable action:
action:
G,j Gk,j + Q1 Qk,1 1,35 Gk + 1,5 Wk
Ak e.g.
e.g. impact
All unfavourable variable actions:
actions:
G,j Gk,j + 1,35 Qk,i 1,35 (Gk + Wk + Sk)
Combination factors
Design values of actions; coefficient for representative
values of actions:
From a statistic point of view its unlikely that all actions/loads act at the same
time with their fully values.
Principle rule:
G GK + Q,1 QK ,1 + 0 ,i Q,i QK ,i
i 2
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures
4
Safety Concept - simplified
Serviceability limit states
Partial Safety Factors F ( G ,Q ) , M
Calculation of
deformations
Gk G + Qk Q kmod Rk / M (timber: M = 1,3)
vibrations
Safety factors in case of fire or other accidential
situations: = 1,0
25
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures
5
Comparison of safety concepts Comparison of safety concepts
Concept of Concept of
Semi-
Semi-probalistic Semi-
Semi-probalistic
Taking into account permissible Taking into account permissible
method method
stresses stresses
Combination factor Combination factor
combinations w+s/2 or s+w/2 combinations w+s/2 or s+w/2
Action
= 1,35 (G) Action =?
Safety factor = 1,35 (G)
= 1,50 (Q) Safety factor (permissible stress)
= 1,50 (Q)
Safety factor
Safety factor
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures
? ?
kmod kmod
(permissible stress) (permissible stress)
0,6 permanent,SC 1 0,6 permanent,SC 1
Load duration - and Load duration - and
0,9 short,
short, SC 1 0,9 short,
short, SC 1
service-
service-class Reduction of 1/6 service-
service-class Reduction of 1/6
timber 0,5 permanent, SC 3 0,5 permanent, SC 3
(SC 3) (SC 3)
0,7 short,
short, SC 3 timber 0,7 short,
short, SC 3
=?
Safety factor = 1,3 (5%-
(5%-Quantil)
(permissible stress)
Safety factor = 1,3 (5%-
(5%-Quantil)
6
Steps for the designer
kmod Xk
loading resistance
Xd =
frequency
M design values
5%-
quantiles
Xk - characteristic value of a strength property
x G x kmod
M partial factor for a material property Ek Ed fk
Q M
kmod modification factor, taking into account duration of load and moisture content
d fd
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles
5%-
5%-Quantil of strength properties,
properties, e.g.
e.g.
Bending strength
Tension strength
Capacity of a connection
Mean value of stiffness properties,
properties, e.g.
e.g.
Modulus of Elasticity
(exceptions:
exceptions: Theory of second order, buckling)
buckling)
7
Hygroscopisc isotherms for fir timber by W.K. Loughborough, R. Keylwerth
Mechanical properties in general
Different in growth directions
Modulus of elasticity
11000
10000
9000
8000
E in [N /mm]
in []
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Timber Structures
68 N/mm
= 0,7391
92 N/mm
2,0
1,0
Q
G
0,0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Load duration
[a]
8
Strength properties for timber (Tab. F. 5 DIN 1052)
(for exact national data see: National Annexes)
Influence of service classes and duration of load Festigkeitsklasse (Sortierklasse nach DIN 4074-
1)
C16 C24 C30 C35 C40
Festigkeitskennwerte in N/mm2
2)
Biegung fm,k 16 24 30 35 40
Zug parallel ft,0,k 2) 10 14 18 21 24
rechtwinklig ft,90,k 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4
Druck parallel fc,0,k 17 21 23 25 26
rechtwinklig fc,90,k 2,2 2,5 2,7 2,8 2,9
Schub und Torsion fv,k 3) 6) 2,7 2,7 2,7 2,7 2,7
Ultimate limit state: kmod fk kmod for the action/load with shortest Steifigkeitskennwerte in N/mm2
design situation Elastizittsmodul parallel E0,mean 4) 8000 11000 12000 13000 14000
rechtwinklig E90,mean 4) 270 370 400 430 470
4) 5)
Schubmodul Gmean 500 690 750 810 880
E Rohdichtekennwerte in kg/m3
1 + kdef
Serviceability separate for each action/load Rohdichte k 310 350 380 400 420
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures
9
Size factors Strength Classes solid timber
Size factors taking into account volume effects
Grading
Strength Classes solid timber
Visual grading:
Mechanically grading:
Laufrichtung
F
Bending principe:
w
Empfnger Sender
Radiation:
Strength Classes solid timber (EN 338) Strength Classes glulam (EN 1194)
10
Strength Classes glulam (EN 1194) Strength Classes glulam (DIN 1052)
kcrack-value
Strength Classes glulam (EN 1995-1-1)
Warning Letter !!
Missing materials:
Cement bonded particle board,
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EC 5-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Holzbau Grundlagen
11
LVL (EN 14374) OSB (EN 300)
EC 5-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Holzbau Grundlagen EC 5-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Holzbau Grundlagen
EC 5-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Holzbau Grundlagen EC 5-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Holzbau Grundlagen
EC 5-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Holzbau Grundlagen EC 5-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Holzbau Grundlagen
12
Beams and columns
Design resistance for cross-sections
My
z
y Mz
min
y
-
m
y
= Vd 6
z + 5
My
z ax
m
m
z
Iy +
Mz
y
Iz
=
(y, z )
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles
X Vd S
Ultimate limit state: X d = kmod 05 d = fv,d
M I b Vd = design value of the shear force
S = static moment (section modulus)
fm,k = bh2/8 (rectangle cross-section)
Bending strength: fm,d = kmod d I = second moment of area (moment of inertia)
M 1 = bh3/12 (rectangle cross-section)
fv,d
b = width
f fv,d = design shear strength for the actual condition
Tensile strength: ft ,0 ,d = kmod t ,0 ,k
M
Vd 1,5Vd A
Servicability limit state: Xd = Xm d =1,5 fv,d 1
A fv,d
Modulus of elasticity: Ed = E0 ,mean
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles
Roof construction
Vd V A d in [N/mm]
d = 15 fv ,d 15 d 1 Vd in [kN] Sparren rafter
A fv ,d A in [cm]
fv,d in [N/mm]
Pfette purlin
static systems
A in [cm ]
Vd
dimensioning erf A 15 with Vd in [ kN ]
fv ,d uniaxial bending
fv ,d in [N/mm ] Md Md / Wn
m,d = fm,d 1
Wn fm,d
For sawn timber C 24, service class 2 and medium term action:
A in [cm ]
m,d = design value of bending stress
erf A 9 Vd with Md = design value of bending moment
Vd in [ kN ] Wn = netto moment of resistance considering the cross section weaks
fm,d = design value of bending strength
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles
13
Ultimate limit state
Wn in [cm ]
m,d in [N/mm] Md
Dimensioning erf Wn 1000
fm,d
mit Md in [kNm ]
Md M / Wn Md in [kNm]
m,d = 1000 fm,d 1000 d 1 Wn in [cm] fm,d in [N/mm ]
Wn fm,d
fm,d in [N/mm]
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles
Stability of Members
qz y y
100 100 mm
Fc,0,d Fc,0,d An
lef
c,0,d = kc fc,0,d 1
4,3 m
Fc
y y wz y y wz
An kc fc,0,d
=1
An: local cross section weakenings might be neglected at the stress
verification if they are not situated in the middle third of the buckling length.
kc: local cross section weakenings might be neglected at the calculation
of the buckling coefficient.
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles
Buckling coefficient
Buckling length coefficient
1
kc = 1
k + k 2 rel
2
,c
1 2 3 4
= 0,5 1 + c ( rel ,c 0,3 ) + rel ,c
2
k
c = 0,2 for solid timber lef
0,1 for glued laminated timber and LVL lef
s lef lef
l ef fc ,0,k fc ,0 ,k
rel,c = Relative Slenderness = i E0 ,05 = E0 ,05
l ef =1 =0,7
= =2 =0,5
i = Slenderness
lef = s = effective lenght
= buckling length coefficient
i = I A
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles
14
Design calculation
Scheibe
ho h
h
hu
3
z y
2
y z
1
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles
Design calculation
Design resistance of squared columns C 24 in a
1. determination of buckling lengths lef for buckling around the principal axis
a A Nd, max in kN for a buckling length of lef in m
2. calculation of the slenderness ratio y and z
mm mm 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00 4,50 5,00 5,50 6,00 6,50 7,00
= l ef i with i = 0,289 h resp. = 0,289 w at rectangular cross sections 100 10000 72 50,4 36,4 27,4 21,3 17 13,9 11,5 9,7 8,3 7,2
120 14400 130 97,6 72,5 55,2 43,2 34,6 28,3 23,6 20 17,1 14,8
140 19600 202 164 127 98,7 78 62,9 51,6 43,1 36,6 31,4 27,2
3. determination of instability factors kc,y und kc,z
160 25600 284 247 202 161 129 105 86,5 72,5 61,5 52,9 45,9
180 32400 375 340 293 243 199 163 136 114 97,1 83,6 72,7
200 40000 476 444 399 343 288 240 201 170 146 126 109
220 48400 587 557 514 459 397 337 286 244 209 181 158
4. verification of buckling resistance
240 57600 709 679 639 586 522 454 391 336 290 252 221
c,0,d in [N/mm]
260 67600 841 812 773 723 660 588 515 448 390 340 299
Fc ,0 ,d Fc,0 ,d An Fc,0,d in [kN]
c,0 ,d = 10 kc fc,0,d 10 1 An in [cm]
An kc fc,0 ,d
fc,0,d in [N/mm]
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles
15
European Standardisation Personal Statement
Standards for the What is the inspiration to work,
design of timber structures research and teach on the field of
timber engineering and fire safety?
Timber
is worldwide the leading biogene Standardisation helps
based construction material and Trade
perhaps one of the key materials to
find sustainable solutions for Quality control
spaceship earth! Design and construction
of structures
in the European Union and
all over the world!
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter
1
National Standardisation
Bodies (e.g. DIN, BSI) The following types of standards
Product standards
Test standards
define the product, product classes
define methods to evaluate and (in a harmonized standard) the
characteristic material properties, e.g. attestation of conformity procedure,
EN 380 Timber Structures Test methods General e.g.
principles for static load testing
EN 300 Oriented Strand Board Definitions, classification
EN 789 Timber Structures Test methods and specifications (without Annex ZA)
Determination of mechanical properties of wood based
EN 14081-1 Strucutural timber with rectangular cross
panels
sections Part 1, Grading requirements to strength
EN 14358 Timber Structures Evaluation of graded timber (with Annex ZA)
characteristic 5-percentile values
EN 14080 Glued laminated timber products
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter
requirements (with Annex ZA)
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter
Note Note
Product standards give requirements Because not all product standards
for the production control, but contain give requirements for the evaluation of
no characteristic values for the design conformity and CE-marking, these
of timber structures. These values are regulations are given in separate
given in separate (value) standards, umbrella standards, e.g.
e.g.
EN 338 Structural Timber Strength Classes EN 13986 Wood based panels for use in construction
Characteristics, evaluation of conformity and marking
EN 12369-1 Wood based panels Characteristic values
for the design of timber structures Part 1: OSB,
chipboard and fibreboards
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter
2
Note Design standards
Cause this umbrella standards could Define the procedures of design of
effect the national safety level, the timber structures based on the
memberstates could implement characteristic values given in product
additional applicaton standards, standards which are evaluated
e.g. to according to the valid test standards
DIN EN 13986 Wood based panels for use in
construction Characteristics, evaluation of conformity
and marking EN 1995-1-1 Eurocode 5 Design of timber structures
Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
in Germany
DIN V 20000-1 Application of construction products in
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter
Note
Design standards
The design methods used in the
comprise a set of standards regarding Eurocodes are linked to the test
actions and general regulations, e.g. standards. If the test method changes
EN 1990 Eurocode Basis of structural design a different design method could be
EN 1991-1-1 Eurocode 1 Actions on structures Part 1- necessary!
1: General Actions - Densities, self-weight, imposed
loads for buildings
EN 1991-1-2 Eurocode 1 Actions on structures Part 1-
2: General Actions - Actions on structures exposed to fire A complete final set of standards is
scheduled for October 2010!
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter
3
CE marking
CE marking is based on internal and
Example for a CE mark of a external factory production control
wood based panel (OSB) according to the attestation of
conformity procedure given by the
No. of
certification
European Commission.
company
Type of panel
authorities to use the characteristic
Class of
combustability
values of the product in accordance
with the legal regulations.
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter
Approvals
CE marking is necessary
In addition to materials and structures
for free trade but also according to standards, new construction
for the legal control. materials or building kits can be used with
an
It shows the (end-)user the conformity
and usability of the product. European Technical Approval (ETA)
given by an notified body
(e.g. DIBT, VTT, BRE)
CE-Zeichen
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter
4
An exampel: Oriented Strand Board An exampel: Oriented Strand Board
5
TENSION PERPENDICULAR TO THE GRAIN
HOLES CURVED BEAMS
P. Dietsch
Technische Universitt Mnchen
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
ft,90,k
1/30 ft,0,k
fv,k
1/10 fm,k
[EN 338]
Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
D D t,90
F
Z
m m
Z
t,90
rin
h= h ap
max
max m max
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Interaction
[SIA 265] (Kirchanschring, MPA BAU) (Neuburg on the Danube, MPA BAU)
Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
F F F
F F F
m
The strength of a brittle material is a function fi V j
=
of its volume under uniform stress. f j V i
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
.
.
.
Strengthening Measures
Self-tapping
screws with
continuous
threads or
rin threaded
rods
Plywood /
Laminated
rin Veneer
Lumber
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
lad ef
lad max
rin
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
rin
Moisture Conditions
20 mm 10 mm
= 25,1 % = 7,5 %
55 mm 70 mm
= 18,9 % = 10,5 %
95 mm 120 mm
= 19,1 % = 11,7 %
Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
c,90
t,90
f t,90
Stefan Khn
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
c,90
t,90
f t,90
Stefan Khn
Residual cross
section to
transmit shear
stresses and/or
stresses in
tension perp.
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Notched Beams
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Constant
tensile strength
in all directions
ft,90,k 0.5
10 ft,0,k 21 [MN/m2]
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
ft,90 t,90
c,90
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
t,90
ft,90
t,90
ft,90
.
.
.
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
.
.
.
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
ft,90
c,90
Example of reinforcement in concrete structures
Strengthening measure /
> ad
hef
reinforcement by self-tapping
h
c,90
Strengthening measure /
hef
reinforcement by glueing
h
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Cross Connections
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Fc = F
Ft = F
t t
ar h1
h2
h3
hn
h
be
F F/2 F/2
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Cross Connections
.
.
.
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Cross Connections
.
.
.
critical area
F F/2 F/2
Plywood / LVL,
glued, pressed by
screws
ad,c
F F/2 F/2
Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Openings
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Openings
V/2
V V
V/2
Openings
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
a a
t t
hro hd hro
ar a ar ar a ar r a r
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Literature
H. Kreuzinger
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Eurocodes - Background & Applications
EN 1995-1 Timber Structures
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 7
Serviceability limit states
Heinrich Kreuzinger
Deflections, Deformations
M M N N Q Q FF
w=
System
EI + EA + GA * ds + Verbindung
en K ser
K
= = 2 f
M
Section 2.2.3
E mean
E=
(1 + k def )
Chair of Timber Structures
4
and Building Construction
Deflections Vibrations
Frequency
5
f =
0,8 w
Vibrations:
If necessary
Fatigue
Durability
Serviceability (Ohlsen)
Viechtach, Bertsche
w (t)
R K
Frequency - Deformation
5 w
f = wg in cm !
wg
wg + 0,3 p = 6 mm = 0,6cm
5
f = = 7,2 Hz
0,8 0,6
Factor for beam
Chair of Timber Structures
13
and Building Construction
Zeit
Deformation
w
w0
t
Velocity
Deflection w v
Velocity v
Acceleration a t
v0
Accelerator
a
t
a0
Impuls
F(t)
Impuls I
Ti=0
F=infinite
ti
t
Heeldrop
I = F(t) dt = M v = M 2 g h =
55 2 9,81 0,05 = 55 kg m/s = 55 N s
Impuls
Velocity v
M
I
I N s m
v= =
M kg s
t= 0
Impuls
w(t) =
I
M 1 2
(( )
e t sin 1 2 t )
I
= 1 und = 0,01
M 1 2
Impuls Heeldrop I = 55 Ns
Experimental solution,
Found by testing
0,6 m
v= 0 , 25 0 , 25
m 0,5 EI l EI b s
7.3.3(2)
F0
w=
K bF
5q l 4
F l3 l EI
w= wF = bF = 4 b
384 EI 48 EI l b F 1,1 EI l
Information
Compare:
Kreuzinger, H.; Bla, H.J.; Ehlbeck, J.; Steck, G.:
Erluterungen zu DIN 1052:2004-08
Entwurf, Berechnung und Bemessung von Holzbauwerken.
Hrsg.: DGfH, Bruderverlag, Albert Bruder GmbH, Karlsruhe
Chair of Timber Structures
25
and Building Construction
Damping ratio
D, R/(2 M )
, logarithmic Damping ratio, 2 D, 2
Schweizer Norm
Swiss code
SIA 265
b = 6,3 m pz ,
Fz
y
x
z l=4,2 m
h = am a3 a1
am-2 Nx
x
Qx
Mx
Qy
Ny
y My
Biegesteifigkeiten:
EI l = 11000
1
12
( )
0,1553 0,0933 + 0,0313 = 2,70 MNm 2
1
EI b = 11000
12
( )
0,0933 0,0313 = 0,71 MNm 2
1
EI l +b = 11000 0,1553 = 3,41 MNm 2
12
Biegesteifigkeiten:
Il =
1
12
( )
0,1553 0,0933 + 0,0313 = 2,46 10 4 m 4 = 24600 cm 4
al 2 G R 1 0,124 2 75 1
Sl = = = 18,6 MN
n di 2 0,031
ab 2 GR 1 0,062 2 75 1
Sb = = = 9,3 MN
n di 1 0,031
155 Nherung:
31 93
1
efEI = EI
EI 2
Wirksame Steifigkeiten: 1+
S l2
1
efEI l = 2,704 = 2,50 MNm 2
2,704 2
1+
18,6 4,2 2
1
efEI b = 0,71 = 0,70 MNm 2
0,71 2
1+
9,3 6,3 2
Chair of Timber Structures
35
and Building Construction
w= - w=
F EARiegel F
EADiagonalen
F l3 F l
w = w =
48 EI 4 GA
Im Fachwerkmodell: Im Fachwerkmodell:
Elastische Gurte (EA), Dehnstarre Gurte (EA ),
Dehnstarre Diagonalen (EA ) Elastische Diagonalen (EA)
Abschnitt
Chair of Timber Structures 8.6, Anhang D 36
and Building Construction
Eurocodes - Background & Applications
EN 1995-1 Timber Structures
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Deflection, Frequency
Deflection, single span
5 g l4 5 3,83 10 3 4,2 4
w= =
384 efEI l 384 2,50
= 6,21 10 3 m = 6,21 mm
Frequency
5 5
f = = = 7,09 Hz
0,8 w 0,8 0,621
k 4 4 n 4 4 EJ l
m 2 = EJ l 4
+ EJ b 4
; f0 = 2
l b 2l m
EJ b l 4 4
f m,n = f 0 k 4 + n
Chair of Timber Structures
and Building Construction
EJ l b 4 38
EI b l 4 0,7 4,2 4
k4 + n4 = k 4 + n 4 = k 4 + 0,055 n 4
efEI b 4 2,50 6,34
n=1 n=3
f = 7,39
Eigenform1
Hz
f= 5.9 Hertz
fEigenform
= 16,8 3 f=Hz
8.6 Hertz
k=1
k=2
Eigenform 2,1
f =28,2 Hz
Eigenform 6 f= 23.3 Hertz
deflection
efEI
efEI (k def ) =
1 + k def
0,0112/
(1 + kdef)wG,inst
2(1 + kdef)wQ,inst 4,2 =
1
0,3(1+0,8)3,25= 11,2 mm 1/375
Wfin 1,85,25 =
1,8 mm
9,4 mm
F = 1kN
F l3 1 10 3 4,2 3
wF = = = 0,22 10 3 m = 0,22 mm
48 EI l bF 48 2,50 2,78
l EI 4,2 0,7
bF = 4 b = 4 = 2,78 m
1,1 EI l 1,1 2,50
0,22< 0,5 bis 4 mm
Impuls I=1 Ns
better performance
heeldrop I=55 Ns
0,6
v= =
m 0,5
EI l 0, 25 EI b 0, 25
0,6 m
0,5 0, 25 0, 25
= 0,027
383 2,50 0,70 s
Limit
Chair of Timber Structures
6 . 0,014 = 0,084 m/s > 0,027 48
and Building Construction
Eurocodes - Background & Applications
EN 1995-1 Timber Structures
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Decke: f = 7,19 Hz
Gehen: Resonanz
fs = 7,19 / 3 = 2,4 Hz
3 F0 0,1 700 m
V (3 f s / f1,1 ) = 33.3 = 0,925 2
M 2520 s
F (t) Summary
w (t)
R K
1
w
Deformation Rigidity
F (t)
w (t)
R K
Frequency
rigidity
f = f
mass
Chair of Timber Structures
52
and Building Construction
F (t)
I
w (t)
R K
1
Velocity v
mass
F (t)
w (t)
R K Acceleration
1 1
a
mass damping
Chair of Timber Structures
54
and Building Construction
Eurocodes - Background & Applications
EN 1995-1 Timber Structures
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
high mass no
A. Leijten
TU-Eindhoven
EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections EUROCODES
Background and Applications Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 2
TIMBER CONNECTIONS
by
We can not escape connections
Dr. Ad Leijten
TU-Eindhoven
THE WEAKEST LINK
The Netherlands
Former PT-member
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 3 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 4
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 5 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 6
EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Background and Applications Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 7 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 8
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 9 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 10
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 11 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 12
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 13 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 14
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 15 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 16
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 17 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 18
Design by testing:
-EN 1075, EN 1380, EN 1381, EN 26891, EN 28970
Design by calculation
- Model provided in EN1995-1-1
EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Background and Applications Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 19 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 20
single shear
Laterally loaded axially loaded fasteners
Background:
-Structural Education Timber Program (STEP 1)(1994) double shear
-Timber Engineering; Thelandersson & Larsen (2003) ISBN 0-470-84469-8
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 21 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 22
Double shear
Spacing requirements determine timber dimensions
ka1a1
ka1a1 a2
ka2a2
ka2a2
Forces in dowel type fastener
Only for connectors
Split-rings and 0 k a1 1
( k a1 ) 2 + ( k a 2 ) 2 1 with
shear plates 0 ka 2 1
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 23 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 24
Starting point for strength model - Embedment strength Determination of embedment strength EN 383
displacemen
t
Splitting
force
Eurocode 5 Design clause embedment strength
Idealised
embedment Nails (not pre-drilled) f h,k = 0,082 k d -0,3 N/mm 2
fstuik= f v
Nails pre-drilled
f h,k = 0,082 (1- 0,01 d ) k N/mm 2
Bolts/dowels
EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Background and Applications Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 25 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 26
120,0
Embedment
8mm data
60,0 12mm data
16mm data
40,0
20mm data
20,0 30mm data
Yasumura, M. and Sawata, K., Determination of embedment strength of wood for dowel-type-fasteners. In: Background: Leijten, A.J.M. & Khler, J.& A Jorissen, Review of Probability Data for Timber Connections
Journal of Wood Science, nr. 48, 2002, Japan Wood Research Society, Inst. Of Wood Techn, Akita, Japan with Dowel-Type Fasteners; In Proceedings of CIB-W18, paper 37-7-12, Edinburgh, UK, September 2004
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 27 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 28
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 29 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 30
Equations for every failure mode Equations for every failure mode
Fasteners in single shear Fasteners in double shear
f h,1,k t1 d (a)
f h,1,k t1d (g)
f h,2,k t2 d (b)
0,5 f h,2,k t2 d (h)
f h,1,k t1 d t t
2 2
t t
+ 22 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 2 1 + 2 (c) f td 4 (2 + ) M y,Rk F
1 + t1 t1 t1 t1
Fv,Rk = min 1,05 h,1,k 1 2 (1 + ) + + ax,Rk (j)
2+ f h,1,k d t12 4
Fv,Rk = min 1, 05 f h,1,k t1 d 2(1 + ) + 4(2 + ) M y,Rk + Fax,Rk (d) 1,15 2 Fax,Rk
2 + f h,1,k d t12 2 M y,Rk f h,1,k d + (k)
4
1+ 4
f h,1,k t2 d 4(1 + 2) M y,Rk Fax,Rk
1, 05 2 (1 + ) +
2
+ (e)
1 + 2 f h,1,k d t22 4
2 Fax,Rk
1,15 2 M y,Rk f h,1,k d + (f)
1+ 4
EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections EUROCODES
Background and Applications Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 31 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 32
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 33 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 34
Test results still higher than Johansen equations Fasteners in double shear
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 35 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 36
Mode III
Mode III
Taking both m - seperately
2
theory F= 2 M s f h ,1 d schroef 4 M e,k f
1+ Fd = d schroef h ,1,k k mod
1+ ym , s ym,h
k 0,9
Design value Fd = Fk mod = Fk = 0,69 Fk 4 M e,k f
ym 1,3 Fd = d schroef h ,1,k 0,9
1+ 1,1 1,3
4
Ms = yield bending moment steel fastener Fd = 0,79 M e,k d schroef f h ,1,k
1+
Partial material factor of timber m Fd = 0,79 Fk
applied to yield bending moment of steel
fastener!! 0,79 Fk
factor = = 1,15
0,69 Fk
Better seperate:
For Mode II factor is 1,05
EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Background and Applications Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 37 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 38
R
8.0
6.0
Eurocode 5 equations 4.0
2.0
Rotation
0.0
angle 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
diameter
d
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 39 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 40
Shear
Cumulatieve
stress
Tensile
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 41 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 42
Background:
Double shear timber connections with dowel type fasteners, A.J.M. Jorissen, ISBN 90-407-1783-4, DUP Delft,
1998
EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Background and Applications Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 43 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 44
Failure at fastener perimeter (Prof.Racher, Fr.) 1,5 Anet,t f t,o,k Tensile failure
Fbs,Rk = max
0,7 Anet,v f v,k Shear fracture
Block shear: "v,1 "v,2 "v,3 "v,4 1
tef
straight
Tensile or shear failure, which happens first? Not correct in
Literature: Johnson, H, Stehn, L, A Linear Fracture Mecanics Evaluation of Plug Shear Failure,In Proc of 8th
EC5
world conf on Timber Engineering WCTE 2004, Finland
see previous
sheet
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 45 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 46
Amendment A1 Amendment A1
Addition
Axially loaded screws
New design rules for:
compressive strength perpendiculer to grain Traditonal screws
Present rules unsafe Diameter thread=smooth shank
Not very effective
1 l not hardened
3 low bending moment
>8mm requires predrilled holes
lef
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 47 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 48
Amendment A1
Addition
Axially loaded screws
Very effective
hardened
self tapping
high axial stiffness
Background:
Bla, HJ; Bejtka, I: Self-tapping screws as reinforcements in connections with dowel-type fasteners. In:
Proceedings. CIB-W18 Meeting, Karlsruhe, Germany 2005. Paper 38-7-4
Blass H.J. Joints with dowel-type-fasteners, In: Timber Engineering Thelanderson and Larsen, editors, Wiley &
Sons (2003):
EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Background and Applications Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 49 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 50
Heco Topix/Fix
Rapid Komprex
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 51 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 52
Check:
- Withdrawal failure
Tecfi Woodpecker
- Tear-off failure of the head
- Pull through of the head
BMF Torx
- Tensile failure of the screw
SFS WT
- Torsional capacity
- Group effect (neff number of effective fasteners)
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 53 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 54
60 10 6 k
2
Rax;k = d lef
Frequentie..
15
sin 2 a + 43 cos 2 a
10
3,0 103 k
Rax ,k = 1,7 ( d1 lef )
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
0 ,8 ln(model/meetpunt)
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 55 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 56
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 57 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 58
Rax = A f ax
Eurocode 5:
Rk = (( 1
2
2 2
)
d k ) - ( 12 d s ) 3,0 f c ,90,k
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 59 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 60
9
Based on test by Gehri:
8
Eurocode 5
Zulassung 7 nef = n0,9
6
Frequentie
0
-1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5
ln (model/meetwaarde)
EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Background and Applications Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 61 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 62
b During festival
he h
stairs fully occupied
Fv,Ed,1
with people
Fv,Ed,2 b/2 b/2
b fell down
a) b) I person didnt survive
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 63 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 64
Cause of failure
Effective cross-section?
Splitting?
Shear off wooden pins?
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 65 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 66
1
for all other fasteners h
i =1 i
EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections
Background and Applications Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 67 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 68
Strength [N]
30000
balance after crack 25000
appears 20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
he/h
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 69 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 70
Simply supported F
Eurocode 5 max F
Cantilever beam h he
max F/2
F/2
H. Hartl
University of Innsbruck
Your
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
logo
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Components
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 2
Components
EUROCODE 5, part 1-1
Glued thin-webbed beams
Components and assemblies
Glued thin-flanged beams
Structural detailing and control
Mechanically jonited beams
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Components Glued thin-webbed beams EUROCODES
Background and Applications Components Glued thin-webbed beams
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 3 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 4
Design stresses of extreme fibres: Design shear force acting on each web:
For webs of wood-based panels, should be verified for secction 1-1 that:
Design shear stress at section 1-1:
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.1.1 Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.1.1
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Components Glued thin-flanged beams EUROCODES
Background and Applications Components Glued thin-flanged beams
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 5 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 6
Effective flange widths bef: The axial stresses in the flanges, based on the relevant effective
I-beams: flange width, should satisfy the following expressions:
U-beams:
If the spacing of the fasteners varies in the longitudinal direction, an Annex B, EN 1995-1-1:2004
effective spacing may be used: Normal stresses
Fastener load
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.1.3 Annex B Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.1.3 Annex B
Wall diaphragms
Bracing
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.1.4 Annex C Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.2
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.2.1 Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.2.2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assemblies Roof and floor diaphragms EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assemblies Wall diaphrams
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 13 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 14
Simplified analysis of roof and floor diaphragms Simplified analysis of wall diaphragms Method A
Design racking load-carrying capacity
External forces
the span l lies between 2b and 6b, where b is the diaphragm width
the critical ultimate design condition is failure in the fasteners (and not in the panels);
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.2.3 Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.2.4
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assemblies Wall diaphrams EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assemblies Wall diaphrams
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 15 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 16
Simplified analysis of wall diaphragms Method A Simplified analysis of wall diaphragms Method B
The external forces which arise in wall panels containing door or window openings and in Construction of walls and panels to meet the requirements of the simplified analysis
wall panels of smaller width, can similarly be transmitted to the construction
situated above or below.
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.2.4 Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.2.4
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assemblies Wall diaphrams EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assemblies Wall diaphrams
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 17 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 18
and:
Shear buckling of the sheet may be disregarded, provided that
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.2.4 Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.2.4
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assemblies Bracing EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assemblies Bracing
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 19 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 20
where:
Mean design compressive force:
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.2.5 Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.2.5
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural detailing and control EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural detailing and control - Materials
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 21 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 22
Preliminary remark:
Structural detailing and control according to the relevant material standards; grading and
classification.
Materials
Glued joints Straightness
Connections with machanical fasteners Climatic conditions
Assembly Moisture content
Transportation and erection
Control
Special rules for diaphragms
Special rules for trusses with punched metal plate
fasteners
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 10 Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 10.2
EUROCODES
Structural detailing and control - Glued joints / EUROCODES
Structural detailing and control -
Background and Applications
connections with mechanical fasteners Background and Applications
Connections with mechanical fasteners
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 23 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 24
General
Glued joints
Wane, splits, knots or other defects shall be limited in the
Reliability and quality of joint region of the connection
Adhesive manufactoring Nails
Nails should be driven in at right angles to the grain
Conditioning period Slant nailing should be carried out
The diameter of pre-drilled holes should not exceed 0,8d
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 10.3 / 10.4 Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 10.4
EUROCODES
Structural detailing and control - EUROCODES
Structural detailing and control Assembly /
Background and Applications
Connections with mechanical fasteners Background and Applications
Transportation and erection
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 25 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 26
Dowels
Assembly
The minimum dowel diameter should be 6 mm. The tolerances on the
The structure should be assembled in such a way that over-stressing of its
dowel diameter should be - 0/+0,1 mm. Pre-bored holes in the timber
members or connections is avoided. Members which are warped, split or
members should have a diameter not greater than the dowel.
badly fitting at the joints should be replaced.
Screws
Softwoods, smooth shank diameter d 6 mm, pre-drilling is not required. Transportation and erection
The over-stressing of members during storage, transportation or erection
Hardwoods and for screws in softwoods with a diameter d > 6 mm, pre- should be avoided.
drilling is required, with the following requirements: If the structure is loaded or supported in a different manner during
The lead hole for the shank should have the same diameter as the construction than in the finished building the temporary condition should be
shank and the same depth as the length of the shank considered as a relevant load case including any possible dynamic
The lead hole for the threaded portion should have a diameter of actions.
approximately 70 % of the shank diameter. In the case of structural framework, e.g. framed arches, portal frames,
special care should be taken to avoid distortion during hoisting from the
For timber densities greater than 500 kg/m3, the pre-drilling diameter horizontal to the vertical position.
should be determined by tests.
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 10.4 Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 10.5 / 10.6
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 10.7 Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 10.8
EUROCODES
Structural detailing and control - Special rules EUROCODES
Background and Applications
for trusses with punched metal plate fasteners Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 29 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 30
Fabrication
Requirements for the fabrication of trusses are given in EN 14250
Erection
Trusses should be checked for straightness and vertical
alignment prior to fixing the permanent bracing Thank you for
When trusses are fabricated, the members should be free
from distortion within the limits given in EN 14250 your attention
The maximum bow in any truss member after erection
should be limited. (10 to 50 mm)
H. Kreuzinger
Technische Universitt Mnchen
EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Flisa, Norwegen
Chair of Timber Structures
2
and Building Construction
1
EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
2 3
1 Timber 1
2 Concrete
3 Fastener
a) b)
2 3 4 4 2 3
1 Nail or screw c) d)
2 Pre-stressing bar or tendon
3 Glue-line between glued laminated members
4 Glue-line between laminations in glued laminated members
Figure 1.2 Examples of deck plates made of laminations
2
EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 1 General
Ruderting
3
EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 2 Basis of design
k mod R k
Rd
M
4
EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 4 Durability
Section 4 Durability
4.1 Timber
Chemical treatment
Constructive protection
Bridge in Eching
5
EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 4 Durability
Constructive
protection
Chemical treatment
Chair of Timber Structures
18
and Building Construction
6
EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 4 Durability
Timber protection:
Essential task
7
EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 4 Durability DN 1074 Dauerhaftigkeit
Anhang A (informativ)
8
EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 5 Basis of structural analysis
5.1.1 General
90
9
EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 5 Basis of structural analysis
1900
10
EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 5 Basis of structural analysis
5.1.3 Simplified analysis
bef = bw,middle + a
bef
Radlast 120 kN
11
EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 6 Ultimate limit states
Eurocode 5-1-1, System factor
Mmax,beam
b ef = Mbeam
mmax,plate mplate
mmax, plate
x
Mmax,beam
y
2
1
b ef
a) b) n=
2 3 4 4 2 3 blam
c) d)
12
EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 6 Ultimate limit states
N
p,min = 0,35
mm 2
l 1 = min30t
1,2m
2
?l1 1
13
EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Rectangular
prestressed deck plate
Oslo
2 Timber-concrete composites
1 concrete
3
2 Additional layer
3 timber
14
EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 8 Connections
2 3
M,fat
d,max is the numerically largest design stress from the fatigue loading;
d,min is the numerically smallest design stress from the fatigue loading;
fk is the relevant characteristic strength;
M,fat is the material partial factor.
(2) The fatigue loading from traffic should be obtained from the project specification in conjunction with
EN 1991-2.
(3) The number of constant amplitude stress cycles per year, Nobs, should either be taken from table 4.5 of
EN 1991-2 or, if more detailed information about the actual traffic is available, be taken as:
Nobs = 365 nADT tL Nobs = 365 n ADT t L (A.2)
where:
Nobs is the number of constant amplitude stress cycles per year;
nADT is the expected annual average daily traffic over the lifetime of the structure; the value of nADT
should not be taken less than 1000;
is the expected fraction of observed heavy lorries passing over the bridge, see EN 1991-2 clause
4.6 (e.g. = 0,1);
tL is the design service life of the structure expressed in years according to EN 1990:2002 (e.g. 100
years).
A.2 Fatigue loading
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EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Annex A (informative) Fatigue verification
fk
d,max f fat,d = k fat
M,fat
(4) The value of kfat should be taken as:
1 R
log ( N obs ) 0 1R
log( NOBS )
kfat = 1 (A.5)
a (b R )
k fat = 1
where: a (b R )
R = d,min d,max with 1 = R = 1; (A.6)
d,min is the numerically smallest design stress from the fatigue loading;
d,max is the numerically largest design stress from the fatigue loading;
Nobs is the number of constant amplitude stress cycles as defined above;
is a factor based on the damage consequence for the actual structural component;
a, b are coefficients representing the type of fatigue action according to table A.1.
a b
Timber members in
- compression, perpendicular or parallel to grain 2,0 9,0
- bending and tension 9,5 1,1
- shear 6,7 1,3
connections with
a
- dowels with d = 12 mm 6,0 2,0
- nails 6,9 1,2
a
The values for dowels are mainly based on tests on 12 mm tight-fitting dowels.
Significantly larger diameter dowels or non-fitting bolts may have less favourable fatigue
properties.
1R
k fat = 1 log( NOBS )
a (b R )
f
fk d k mod f k
d ,max k fat d k mod Mk
M , fat M
Dauerfestigkeit Dauerstandfestigkeit
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EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Annex A (informative) Fatigue verification
Fatigue ULS
fk fk
d ,max k fat d k mod
M , fat M
Art der Beanspruchung:
Biegung, Schub, Verbindungsmittel
Schwellen, Wechsel R
Anzahl Nobs
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
R=0,5
0,6
R=0
kfat
0,5
R=-0,5
0,4
R=-1
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
logN
Radlast k mod f v, k
k , L1 1,5
1,3
= +.. = -..
k , L1 f v ,k
k , fat = = k fat f v ,k
2 2 2,17
1
k fat = 0,23
2 2,17
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EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 7 Serviceability limit states
Deflections
Vibrations
Beams, plates
Construction part Action
and trusses
Pedestrian load
and l/200 to l/400
Low traffic load
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EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 7 Serviceability limit states
Deflections / Vibrations
F (t) System values
Systemwerte:
MM mass
Masse[t] t
KK stiffness
Steifigkeit[kN/m]
kN/m
RR attenuation
Dmpfung [kN/(m/s)]
kN/(m/s)
M
K
= = 2 f
w (t) M
R K G Mg g g
wg = = = =
K K 2 (2 f )2
5
f=
wg
frequency
5 5 1
f= =
0,8 l / X 0,8 / X l
10
f X = 300
Span
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EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 7 Serviceability limit states
F(t ) = G sin 2 f s t
M
z
K an
D
s on
Re a = G 1
1
M 2
K
= fE
M
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EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 7 Serviceability limit states
1 Person
G 1 200
avert ,1 = =
M 2 M B
Frequency of steps
5
4
Laufen L
3
2,5
2
Gehen 1 Gehen 2
1
Frequency of bridge
1 2 3 4 5 Brckenfrequenz fE
0,2
Gehen 2 ; fS = fE/2
0,4
Gehen 1 ; fS = fE
1,3
Laufen L ; fL = fE
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EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 7 Serviceability limit states
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EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Schwingung
F (t) F = F0 sin t
M = 60 t
M kN
R = 16,7
ms
w (t) D = 0,01
R K
K = 12530 kN m
M = 120.000 kg
Damping: D=0,01
a<0,7 m/s2
200 m
a vert,1 = = 0,17 2
120000 0,01 s
m
a vert,13 = 0,23 0,17 13 = 0,51 2
s
a vert,voll = 0,23 0,17 l b 0,6
m
= 0,23 0,17 67,7 3,24 0,6 = 5,14
s2
Chair of Timber Structures
69
and Building Construction
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EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 7 Serviceability limit states
F
MD
KD RD
M M
w
K R K R
(D) (D)
F = F0 sin t
M = 60 t MD = 3,4 t
kN
R = 16,7 R = 12,5
ms
D = 0,13
D = 0,01
K = 12530 kN m K = 636
50
40
Effect of damper
30
20
10
0
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5
Frequency of impact
Dmpferprotokoll, Gerb
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EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 7 Serviceability limit states
Connection:
a 1 2
FD = GD 1 1 + (2DD )
g 2DD
The calculation:
GD = MD x g = 3,2 t x 9,81 m/s2 = 32 kN
a = 0,7 m/s2 limit of acceleration of the bridge movement
DD = 0,1 value of damping
0,7 1 2
FD = 34 1 1 + (2 0,1) = 34 (1 0,07 4,81) = 34 (1 0,34 ) kN
9,81 2 0,1
Measure
Observe
Decide
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EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 7 Serviceability limit states
Horizontal vibrations!
Einmassenschwinger
26
EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Zweimassenschwinger
27