Biology T-lymphocytes processed in the thymus that

initiates the attack on foreign bodies

Hypertonic environment cell has a lower Cell-mediated response accomplished by T-
concentration of solutes; higher water potential than lymphocytes; involves attacking the virally infected
surrounding extracellular fluid cells and cancer cells
Osmosis diffusion of water
Mutation alteration of the form of a particular gene
An erythrocyte placed in a hypertonic solution or chromosome that results in a new trait to be
would crenate, become distorted in shape. inherited; can occur in chromosome structure or
chromosome number
Hypotonic environment cell has a higher Frameshift mutation the whole frame of the
concentration of solutes than the solution outside the genetic sequence is changed
cell which causes the cell to well Insertion of I
Isotonic environment cell has equal concentration THE CAT AND DOG RUN
with the solution outside the cell THE CAI TAN DDO GRU N
Point mutation only one nucleotide is modified to
Membrane proteins act as enzymes and receptor become another nucleotide
sites; function for chemical transport, intercellular THE CAT AND THE DOG RUN
communication, cell-to-cell recognition, and THE RAT AND THE DOG RUN
attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular Three type of point mutation:
matrix a) Silent mutation causes no change in the
Formation and transport of vesicles: activity of the protein
1. Secretory proteins are assembled by the b) Missense mutation results in a change of the
ribosomes on the rough ER which, in turn, activity of the protein
extrudes them across the ER into its channels c) Nonsense mutation results to a protein
2. Enzymes embedded the smooth ER may shorter than usual; non-functional
chemically modify some of the proteins
3. Proteins pass through more channels to the Golgi Population density population size per unit
body area/volume; two kinds of factors: dependent and
4. Proteins are encapsulated in vesicles by the independent
pinching together of membranes of the Golgi Density-dependent factor intensifies as the
body population increases in size
5. Vesicles then pass through the cytoplasm, fuse Density-independent factor not related to
with the interior surface of the plasma membrane population size
and release their contents to the exterior.
Homeostasis ability to maintain a stable internal
Lymphocytes subclass of white blood cells that are environment
divided into two types: B-lymphoctes and T- Development transform from an immature to a
lymphocytes mature functional form
B-lymphocytes secretes antibodies for humoral Adaptation structural modification in organisms
immune response, where it binds to the antigen and that enables them to adjust to a changing
eventually destroys it. environment
Non-specific defenses surface barriers and Growth irreversible increase in the number, size
defensive chemical cells (which are made in the and/or number of cells
body), cellular and chemical defenses such as
neutrophils and interferons (that affect its actions Procambium derivative meristem that develops
one pathogens invade the tissues) into the vascular tissue
Protoderm - develops into surface or dermal tissues
Ground meristems produces fundamental/ground Blood type AB universal recipient because it can
tissues (parenchyma, collenchymas and receive all blood types; has antigen A and B and has
schlerenchyma) no antibody
Cork cambium produces the protective layer of the Blood type O universal donor because it can
bark, cork donate to all blood types, has no antigen but has
antibody against A and B
Kingdom - highest level of classification of living
things Prokaryotes do not have nuclear membrane, has
Five kingdoms: its DNA exposed to the cytoplasmic environment;
Monera Kingdom Monera (bacteria, reproduces through
Protista water mold binary fission, and blue-green algae)
Fungi yeast, mushroom, bread mold
Plantae Developmental biology study of the development
Animalia shark and milkfish (Kingdom of animals; processes involved in the transformation
Animalia, Phylum Chordata), turtle and snake of fertilized egg to a more complexed individual
(Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Gametogenesis (production of gametes) >
Reptilia) Fertilization > Cleavage > Gastrulation (formation
D Kings Play Chess On Fat Green Stools of germ layers) > Organogenesis (development into
different tissues and organs) > Growth and
Vitiligo disorder in which melanocytes, cells which histological differentiation
produce melanin pigment, are unable to function;
results to white patches on the skin Biome ecological community dominated with
Albinism chromosomal mutation that results in the distinctive plants and animals
cessation of melanin production or a considerable Tropical rainforests found in areas near the
decline in the amount of melanin equator where rainfall is abundant and the dry
Dihybrid cross cross that involves two traits season lasts for no more than a few months; richest
Mendelian Laws of Inheritance traits will biome in terms of number of species
segregate and assort independently Taiga heavy snowfall; conifer forests
Genotype genetic makeup or genes of an individual Desert sandy and receive less rainfall
Allele one of the alternative pair of genes; may be Savannah grassland regional and seasonal rain
in two forms: dominant and recessive Tundra cold with frozen undersoil
Dominant mast the effect of the recessive allele; Estuary part of a river (freshwater) joined with the
represented by a capital letter sea (saltwater)
Recessive allele that is masked by the dominant
allele; represented by a small letter Diplohaplontic life cycle alternation of generation
Phenotype shows the physical appearance of an (life cycle of plants)
individual dictated by the genotype Dominant diploid sporophyte ferns, pine trees
and common weeds
Antigen - any substance foreign to a body that evoke Dominant haploid gametophyte mosses
an immune response Haploid gametophyte part of the plant life cycle
Antibody any of a large number of proteins of high having haploid nuclei; gives rise to sex cells that
molecular weight that are produced normally by produce a diploid sporophyte after fusing.
specialized B cells after stimulation by an antigen; act
specifically against the antigen in an immune Meiosis cell division responsible for the formation
response of gametes or sex cells which results to four cells with
Blood type A has antigen A and antibody against B half the ploidy number of the mother cell; divided
Blood type B has antigen B and antibody against A into two stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II where
during Telophase I, the number of chromosomes shape to function effectively to the tissue it belongs;
will be reduced to half metabolically active to perform its function for a
Mitosis somatic cell divides to form to identical specific organ; examples are muscle cells, nerve cells
diploid daughter cells and red blood cells
a) Prophase - condensation/coiling of
chromosomes Cell cycle divided into two parts: interphase and
b) Metaphase alignment of chromosomes along M-phase (dividing phase)
the equatorial plate Interphase:
c) Anaphase separation of sister chromatids a) Gap 1 (G1) phase has a specific checkpoint that
d) Telophase mitotic apparatus formed during decides whether or not to begin replication;
prophase is disassembled enters G0 phase, if the condition is not ideal,
where they are maintained for prolonged periods
Sinoatrial node found at the right atrium; send in a non-dividing state; growth and production of
impulses through the atria resulting in atrial systole; substances needed inside and outside the cell
considered as the pacemaker of the heart b) Synthesis (S) phase - DNA replication and
Atrioventricular node the hearts electrical formation of proteins in DNA
system activated by the impulse caused by the SA c) Gap 2 (G2) phase organization of specialized
node; passes impulses down to the bundle of His structures required for chromosome movement
resulting in the ventricular systole and replication
Cardiac cycle:
a) Deoxygenated blood travels through the vena Scientific name made up of two names: genus
cava (generic name) and species (specific epithet)
b) The blood will flow through the right atrium,
right ventricle and lungs and becomes oxygenated Dichlorophenlytrichloroethane (DDT) and
c) It will then travel through the left atrium, left Polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs) well-known
ventricle, aorta and to all the cells in the body pesticides that are harmful and becomes more
The sound of pumping of the heart is caused by the concentrated in the successive trophic levels of the a
valves. food web

Order from the outside of a woody eudicot (true Traffic of molecules across the membrane:
cotyledon) stem: a) Small polar uncharged molecules (water and
cortex -> primary phloem -> secondary phloem -> carbon dioxide) will easily pass
vascular cambium -> secondary xylem -> primary b) Hydrophobic molecules (hydrocarbons and
xylem -> pith oxygen) can cross with ease because they can
dissolve in the lipid bilayer
Centriole can only be found in animal cells c) Large polar uncharged molecules (proteins and
Cell wall exclusive to plant cells sugars) will not pass
d) Ions (H+, Na+, Cl-, K+) will not readily pass and will
Ethylene plant hormone that promotes ripening; need transport proteins or channels
carbon dioxide will inhibit the action of ethylene by Sodium-potassium pump one of the important
preventing ethylene from accumulation means of transport of molecules
a) An active transport process that uses up energy
Organogenesis - formation of organs in the form of ATP
Differentiation cells choose to become a b) Responsible for establishing the charge difference
particular type of cell that will function for a specific maintaining the nerve cell membrane resisting
organ potential
Differentiated cell utilizes a particular set of c) Works through a series of conformation changes
proteins to perform its function; assume a specific in the transmembrane protein
 the external physical appearance of a female and
Progesterone substance that prepares the does not develop secondary sex characteristics;
endometrium in the uterus for implantation of shows the appearance of only one X chromosome due
fertilized egg; inhibits the follicle-stimulating to non-disjunction (sex chromosomes fail to separate
hormone thus preparing the uterus for pregnancy; during the formation of the egg)
secreted by the corpus luteum Aneuploidy a type of numerical chromosomal
Corpus luteum comes from a ruptured follicle that abnormality that refers to an extra or missing
is repaired and turned yellowish chromosome such as in Trisomy 21 (Down
Infundibulum funnel-shaped distal end of each Syndrome) or Monosomy (Turner Syndrome)
uterine tube (fallopian tube) Polyploidy another type of numerical
Graafian follicle mature ovarian follicle chromosomal abnormality that refers to an addition
Seminiferous tubule site of spermatogenesis of an entire complement of haploid chromosomes
such as triploidy in which three haploids sets occur
Charles Darwins Natural Selection as the like XXX, XXY or XYY.
conditions of nature change, individuals that are These abnormalities may involve either autosomes or
fittest and can adapt will survive and evolve sex chromosomes. Some common trisomies are:
Genetic drift chance events result in a change of a) Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) gross multiple
allele frequencies structural defects involving polydactyly (having
Migration populations exchange members to more than the normal number of fingers and
converge toward one another toes) and cleft lip or palate
Theory of Uses and Disuse as the organism b) Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) severe
continues to use a certain part of its body, it enlarges psychomotor and growth retardation
or elongates c) Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) most common
viable autosomal trisomy; depressed nasal
Cell cleavage increase in cell number and in the bridge, shortened extremities and mental
amount of genetic material; formation of blastula retardation
Development of neural crest happens after the
formation of the three germ layers; derived from the Producers placed on the base of the energy
ectoderm pyramid because they have the large quantity of
energy available by being the organism that can
Cellular respiration enables cells to harvest the convert light energy into chemical energy
energy stored in food; a catabolic process in which
organic compounds breakdown into simpler Pituitary gland divided into anterior and
substances through the transfer of electrons during posterior pituitary
redox reactions; an oxidation-reduction process; Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) produces
occurs in the mitochondria of cells growth hormones, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-
Anabolic processes consume energy to build stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone
complex molecules from simpler ones and follicle-stimulating hormone
Growth hormone targets body cells and
Unicellular organism made up of only one cell; stimulates growth and repair
undergoes reproduction when its cell divides Adrenocorticotropic hormone targets the
Multicellular organism undergoes growth when cortex of adrenal glands; helps in metabolism
its cell divides regulation and body stress release
Development transformation from an immature to Prolactin stimulates milk production and
a mature functional form secretion
Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)
Turner syndrome - a disorder caused by missing or produces oxytocin and the antidiuretic hormones
incomplete X chromosomes (XO); individual shows
 Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
targets the kidneys; increases reabsorption of Recombinant DNA one of the successful
water during urine production which results applications of genetics in our society; reason behind
to less urine mass production of vaccines, hormones, and others
Oxytocin causing the contraction of the (i.e. insulin production)
uterus and ejection of milk Insulin production insulin gene from human DNA
is cut with the use of restriction enzyme, combined in
DNA structure double strand twisted with one a plasmid (secondary DNA) and inserted into
another to form a spiral staircase; complementary Escherichia coli
bases are A-T (Adenine and Thymine) and G-C
(Guanine and Cytosine) Primary ecological succession:
1. Begins in a lifeless area where soil has not yet
Extraembryonic membranes developed by some formed such as a new volcanic island or a rubble
vertebrates because of the delicate condition of the left behind by a retreating glacier
eggs of animals (i.e. yolk sac, chorion, allantois and 2. In glaciers (like in Glacier Bay, Alaska), the barren
amnion, which contains the amniotic fluid) ground is occupied by mosses and lichens then by
Amniotic fluid serves as a cushion sac around the dwarf willows
embryo against physical trauma; bathes the embryo 3. After approximately 50 years, alders form dense
serving as a barrier of the embryo against mechanical stands
injury 4. These eventually give way to Sitka spruce, joined
later by hemlock (spruce-hemlock forest)
Skeletal muscle elongated, multinucleated, recognize today as taiga
striated, nucleus found at the periphery of the cell
(i.e. muscles of the arm) Oogenesis meiosis that occurs in the ovary of
Smooth muscles spindle-shaped, uninucleated, female organisms
non-striated, nucleus found at the center (i.e. During the process of Meiosis I and II, the primary
stomach, blood vessels) oogonium divides the cytoplasm unevenly (one polar
Cardiac muscles striated, uninucleated, nucleus body produce from Meiosis I, another polar body
found at the enter of the cell, presence of intercalated produced from Meiosis II), producing a polar body,
disks (i.e. heart) thus only one active cell is formed.
Myofibrils rod-like bundles in each muscle fiber
containing a thin protein, actin, and a thicker protein, Autonomic nervous system section of the nervous
myosin system which controls involuntary functions; has two
divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
Phylum Arthropoda animals characterized by
joined legs; five classes namely: Insecta, Crustacea, 1. Sympathetic division prepares the body
Arachnida, Chilopoda, and Diplopoda for emergency responses; has effects such as
Class Crustacea arthropods having two pairs of the widening of the trachea, increasing of the
antennae and various pairs of legs (i.e. crabs, heart rate and liver stimulation for glucose
lobsters, shrimps) release
Class Arachnida scorpions 2. Parasympathetic division rests the body
Class Chilopoda centipedes and produces calm responses, has effects
Class Insecta grasshoppers such as the increasing of stomach
contractions to promote digestion, narrowing
Macronutrients elements needed by the plants in of the pupils of the eyes and the constriction
relatively large amounts (i.e. oxygen, carbon, of the trachea
hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
phosphorus, and sulfur.
Neuron functional unit of the nervous system
Parts of the neuron:
Dendrite receives the message
Axon send the message to another dendrite
Soma cell body where nucleus is located

Germinal layers - includes the ectoderm, mesoderm

and endoderm; rudiments from which the different
organs of the body are derived
Ectoderm outer germinal layer; gives rise to the
skin epidermis and organs of the nervous system
Mesoderm origin of the skeletal muscles and blood
vascular system; divided into two layers: dorsal
mesoderm and lateral mesoderm
Dorsal mesoderm three regions: myotome (form
the muscles), sceleretome (form the vertebra and
other bones, except facial bone) and dermatome
(form the dermis of the skin of the lower back)
Endoderm develops the digestive tracts and glands

Hemophilia an X-linked recessive genetic disorder

in which blood fails to clot properly due to gene
mutations; individual affected may experience easy
bruising and sudden bleeding

Symbiosis interaction between two different

organisms
Mutualism both the host and the symbiont benefit
from each other
Commensalism relationship in which the symbiont
benefits but the host is neither helped nor harmed
Parasitism the symbiont benefits at the expense of
the host by either living within the host
(endoparasite) or outside the host (ectoparasite)

Source: MSA National Medical Admission Test (NMAT)

Practice Test I in Biology