Is 16108 2012

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IS 16108 (2012): Photobiological Safety of Lamps and Lamp

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IS 16108 : 2012
IEC 62471 : 2006
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Indian Standard
PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF LAMPS
AND LAMP SYSTEMS
ICS 29.140.40
BIS 2012
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
February 2012 Price Group 12

Electric Lamps and Their Auxiliaries Sectional Committee, ETD 23
NATIONAL FOREWORD
This Indian Standard which is identical with IEC 62471 : 2006 Photobiological safety of lamps and
lamp systems issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) was adopted by the
Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendation of the Electric Lamps and Their Auxiliaries Sectional
Committee and approval of the Electrotechnical Division Council.
The text of IEC Standard has been approved as suitable for publication as an Indian Standard without
deviations. Certain conventions are, however, not identical to those used in Indian Standards. Attention
is particularly drawn to the following:
a) Wherever the words International Standard appear referring to this standard, they should
be read as Indian Standard.
b) Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian Standards, the current
practice is to use a point (.) as the decimal marker.
The technical committee has reviewed the provisions of the following International Standards referred
in this adopted standard and has decided that they are acceptable for use in conjunction with this
standard:
International Standard Title

CIE 17.4-1987 International lighting vocabulary (ILV) Joint publication IEC/CIE
CIE 53-1982 Methods of characterizing the performance of radiometers and photometers
CIE 63-1984 The spectroradiometric measurement of light sources
CIE 105-1993 Spectroradiometry of pulsed optical radiation sources
ISO Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, ISO, Geneva, 1995
Only the English language text of the International Standard has been retained while adopting it
in this Indian Standard, and as such the page numbers given here are not the same as in the
IEC Standard.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the
final value, observed or calculated expressing the result of a test, shall be rounded off in accordance
with IS 2 : 1960 Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised). The number of significant places
retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
IS 16108 : 2012
IEC 62471 : 2006
Indian Standard
PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF LAMPS
AND LAMP SYSTEMS
1. SCOPE
This International Standard gives guidance for evaluating the photobiological safety of lamps and lamp
systems including luminaires. Specifically it specifies the exposure limits, reference measurement
technique and classification scheme for the evaluation and control of photobiological hazards from all
electrically powered incoherent broadband sources of optical radiation, including LEDs but excluding
lasers, in the wavelength range from 200 nm through 3000 nm.
2. NORMATIVE REFERENCES
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
CIE 17.4-1987 International lighting vocabulary (ILV) Joint publication IEC/CIE
CIE 53-1982 Methods of characterizing the performance of radiometers and photometers
CIE 63-1984 The spectroradiometric measurement of light sources
CIE 105-1993 Spectroradiometry of pulsed optical radiation sources
ISO Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, ISO, Geneva, 1995.
3. DEFINITIONS, SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

For the purposes of this standard, the following definitions, symbols and abbreviations apply.
3.1 actinic dose (see ILV 845-06-23)

Quantity obtained by weighting spectrally the dose according to the actinic action spectrum value at the
corresponding wavelength.
-2
Unit: Jm
Note: This definition implies that an action spectrum is adopted for the actinic effect considered, and
that its maximum value is generally normalized to 1. When giving a quantitative amount, it is
essential to specify which quantity dose or actinic dose is meant, as the unit is the same.
3.2 angular subtense ()

Visual angle subtended by the apparent source at the eye of an observer or at the point of
measurement. In this standard subtended angles are denoted by the full included angle, not the half
angle.
Unit: radian
Note: The angular subtense will generally be modified by incorporation of lenses and mirrors as
projector optics, i.e. the angular subtense of the apparent source will differ from the angular
subtense of the physical source.
3.3 aperture, aperture stop

Opening that defines the area over which average optical emission is measured. For spectral
irradiance measurements this opening is usually the entrance of a small sphere placed in front of the
radiometer/spectroradiometer entrance slit.
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3.4 blue light hazard (BLH)

Potential for a photochemically induced retinal injury resulting from radiation exposure at wavelengths
primarily between 400 nm and 500 nm. This damage mechanism dominates over the thermal damage
mechanism for times exceeding 10 seconds.
3.5 continuous wave (CW) lamp

Lamp that is operated with a continuous output for a time greater than 0,25 s, i.e., a non-pulsed lamp.
Note: In this standard, General lighting service (GLS) lamps are defined to be Continuous wave
lamps.
3.6 erythema (see ILV 845-06-15)

Reddening of the skin; as used in this standard the reddening of the skin resulting from inflammatory
effects from solar radiation or artificial optical radiation.
Note: The degree of delayed erythema is used as a guide to dosages applied in ultraviolet therapy.
3.7 exposure distance

Nearest point of human exposure consistent with the application of the lamp or lamp system. For
lamps radiating in all directions the distance is measured from the centre of the filament or arc source.
For reflector-type lamps the distance is measured from the outside edge of the lens or the plane
defining the end of the reflector in a lens free reflector.
Unit: m
3.8 exposure limit (EL)

Level of exposure to the eye or skin that is not expected to result in adverse biological effects.
3.9 eye movements

The normal eye, when focused on an object, moves slightly in a random motion with a frequency of a
few hertz. This rapid eye movement causes the image from a point source to be spread over an area
of the retina equivalent to an angular subtense of about 0,011 radians. Furthermore, for times greater
than about 100 seconds the focused stare capability breaks down causing further spreading of the
radiant power over the retina due to task determined eye movements, e.g. as in reading.
3.10 field of view

Solid angle as "seen" by the detector (acceptance angle), such as the radiometer/ spectroradiometer,
out of which the detector receives radiation.
Unit: sr
Note 1: The field of view should not be confused with the angular subtense of the apparent source .
Note 2: A plane angle is sometimes used to describe a circular symmetric solid angle field of view.
3.11 general lighting service (GLS) lamps

Term for lamps intended for lighting spaces that are typically occupied or viewed by people. Examples
would be lamps for lighting offices, schools, homes, factories, roadways, or automobiles. It does not
include lamps for such uses as film projection, reprographic processes, "suntanning", industrial
processes, medical treatment and searchlight applications.
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3.12 hazard distance

See skin hazard distance or ocular hazard distance.
3.13 illuminance (at a point of a surface) (Ev) (see ILV 845-01-38)

Quotient of the luminous flux dv incident on an element of the surface containing the point, by the
area dA of that element.
d v
Ev = (3.1)
dA
Unit: lx
3.14 infrared radiation (IR) (see ILV 845-01-04)

Optical radiation for which the wavelengths are longer than those for visible radiation.
6
Note: For infrared radiation, the range between 780 nm and 10 nm is commonly subdivided into: IR-
6
A (780 nm to 1400 nm), IR-B (1400 nm to 3000 nm), and IR-C (3000 nm to 10 nm).
Infrared radiation is often evaluated in terms of the spectral total radiation per unit area (irradiance) incident upon a surface.
Examples of applications of infrared radiation are industrial heating, drying, baking, and photo-reproduction. Some applications,
such as infrared viewing systems, involve detectors sensitive to a restricted range of wavelengths. In these cases, the spectral
characteristics of the source and detector are of importance.
3.15 intended use

Use of a product, process or service in accordance with specifications, instructions and information
provided by the supplier.
3.16 irradiance (at a point of the surface) (see ILV 845-01-37)

Quotient of the radiant flux d incident on an element of a surface containing the point, by the area dA
of that element, i.e.,
d
E = (3.2)
dA
-2
Unit: Wm
3.17 lamp (see ILV 845-07-03)
Source made to produce optical radiation, usually visible.
Note: The term "lamp" is sometimes used for certain types of luminaires.
These types of luminaires consist of a lamp with shade, reflector, enclosing globe, housing, or other accessories.
As used in this standard, the term means an electrically powered source, other than a laser, that produces radiation in the
visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Devices that generate light and have integral components for optical control,
such as lenses or reflectors, also are considered lamps. Examples include a lensed LED, lens-end lamp, and reflector types,
that consist of a source within a parabolic or elliptical reflector assembly, normally including a lens cover.
3.18 lamp system

Any manufactured product or assemblage of components that incorporates or is intended to
incorporate a lamp.
3.19 large source

Size of the source image on the retina which is so large that radial heat flow in the radial direction from
the center of the image to the surrounding biological tissue is negligibly small compared to heat flow in
the axial direction.
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3.20 laser
Source emitting coherent optical radiation produced by stimulated emission.
3.21 light
See visible radiation.
3.22 light emitting diode (LED) (see ILV 845-04-40)

Solid state device embodying a p-n junction emitting optical radiation without gain when excited by an
electric current.
3.23 lumen (see ILV 845-01-51)

SI unit of luminous flux: Luminous flux emitted in a unit solid angle (steradian) by a uniform point
source having a luminous intensity of 1 candela, or equivalently, the luminous flux of a beam of
12
monochromatic radiation whose frequency is 54010 hertz and whose radiant flux is 1/683 watt.
3.24 luminaire (see ILV 845-10-01)

Apparatus which distributes, filters or transforms the light emitted from one or more lamps and which
includes, except the lamps themselves, all the parts necessary for fixing and protecting the lamps and,
where necessary, circuit auxiliaries together with the means for connecting them to the electric supply.
The words "luminaire" and "lamp system" are often assumed to be synonymous. For the purposes of this standard, the word
"luminaire" is restricted to apparatus used for distributing light in general lighting, while "lamp system" implies use of lamps in
other than general lighting applications.
3.25 luminance (in a given direction, at a given point of a real or imaginary surface) (Lv) (see ILV 845-
01-35)
Quantity defined by the formula
d v
Lv = (3.3)
dA cos d
where dv is the luminous flux transmitted by an elementary beam passing through the given point and
propagating in the solid angle d containing the given direction; dA is the area of a section of that
beam containing the given point; is the angle between the normal to that section and the direction of
the beam.
-2
Unit: cdm
3.26 lux (see ILV 845-01-52)

SI unit of illuminance: Illuminance produced on a surface of area 1 square metre by a luminous flux of
1 lumen uniformly distributed over that surface.
3.27 ocular hazard distance

Distance from a source within which the radiance or irradiance for a given exposure duration exceeds
the applicable exposure limit.
Unit: m
3.28 optical radiation (see ILV 845-01-02)

Electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths between the region of transition to X-rays (wavelength
6
approximately 1 nm) and the region of transition to radio waves (wavelength approximately 10 nm).
Ultraviolet radiation in the wavelength range below 180 nm (vacuum UV) is strongly absorbed by the oxygen in air. For the
purpose of this standard the wavelength band of optical radiation is limited to wavelengths greater than 200 nm. Further, the
eye transmits optical radiation to the retina between 380 and 1400 nm. Thus this wavelength range requires special
consideration in determining the photobiological safety of the retina.
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3.29 photokeratoconjunctivitis
Inflammatory response of the cornea and conjunctiva following exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Wavelengths shorter than 320 nm are most effective in causing this condition. The peak of the action
spectrum is approximately at 270 nm.
Note: Different action spectra have been published for photokeratitis and photoconjuctivitis (CIE
106/2 and CIE 106/31993); however, the latest studies support the use of a single action
spectrum for both ocular effects (CIE 106/11993).
3.30 pulsed lamp

Lamp that delivers its energy in the form of a single pulse or a train of pulses where each pulse is
assumed to have a duration of less than 0,25 s. A lamp with a continuous train of pulses or modulated
radiant energy where the peak radiated power is at least ten times the average radiated power.
Note 1: The duration of a lamp pulse is the time interval between the half-power points on the leading
and the trailing edges of the pulse.
Note 2: In this standard, General lighting service lamps are defined to be Continuous wave lamps (see
clause 3.5). Examples of pulsed lamps include photoflash lamps, flash lamps in photocopy
machines, pulse-modulated LEDs, and strobe lights.
3.31 radiance (in a given direction at a given point of a real or imaginary surface) (L) (see ILV 845-01-
34)
Quantity defined by the formula,
d
L= (3.4)
dA cos d
where d is the radiant power (flux) transmitted by an elementary beam passing through the given
point and propagating in the solid angle d containing the given direction; dA is the area of a section of
that beam containing the given point; is the angle between the normal to that section and the
direction of the beam.
-2 -1
Unit: Wm sr
The same definition holds for the time-integrated radiance Li if, in the equation for L, the radiant power d is replaced by the
radiant energy dQ.
3.32 radiant energy (see ILV 845-01-27)

Time integral of the radiant power, over a given duration, t.
t

Q = dt
0
(3.5)
Unit: J
3.33 radiant exposure (at a point of a surface, for a given duration) (see ILV 845-01-42)
Quotient of the radiant energy, dQ, incident on an element of the surface containing the point over the
given duration, by the area dA of that element.
dQ
H= (3.6a)
dA
-2
Unit: Jm
Equivalently the radiant exposure is defined as the integral of the irradiance, E, at a given point over a
given duration, t.
H= E dt
t
(3.6b)
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3.34 radiant power () (see ILV 845-01-24)

Power emitted, transmitted or received in the form of radiation. Radiant power is often called radiant
flux.
Unit: watt (W)
3.35 retina (see ILV 845-02-01)
Tissue situated inside the back of the eye that is sensitive to light stimuli; it contains photoreceptors,
the cones and the rods, and nerve cells that transmit to the optic nerve the signals resulting from
stimulation of the photoreceptors.
3.36 retinal burn

Photochemical or thermal retinal lesion.
3.37 retinal hazard region

Spectral region from 380 nm to 1400 nm (visible plus IR-A) within which the normal ocular media
transmit optical radiation to the retina.
3.38 skin hazard distance

Distance at which the irradiance exceeds the applicable exposure limit for 8 hours exposure.
Unit: m
3.39 spectral distribution (see ILV 845-01-17)

Quotient of the radiant, luminous or photon quantity dX() contained in an elementary range d of
wavelength at the wavelength , by that range.
dX ( )
X = (3.7)
d
-1
Unit: [X]nm
Note: The term spectral distribution is to be preferred when dealing with the function X() over a
wide range of wavelengths, not at a particular wavelength.
3.40 spectral irradiance

Quotient of the radiant power d() in a wavelength interval d, incident on an element of a surface, by
the area dA of that element and by the wavelength interval d.
d ( )
E = (3.8)
dA d
-2 -1
Unit: Wm nm
3.41 spectral radiance (for a wavelength interval d, in a given direction at a given point) (L)
Ratio of the radiant power d() passing through that point and propagating within the solid angle d
in the given direction, to the product of the wavelength interval d and the area of a section of that
beam on a plane perpendicular to this direction (cos dA) containing the given point and to the solid
angle d.
d ( )
L = (3.9)
dA cos d d
-2 -1 -1
Unit: Wm nm sr
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3.42 steradian (see ILV 845-01-20)

SI unit of solid angle. A solid angle that, having its vertex at the centre of a sphere, cuts off an area of
the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the
sphere.
3.43 ultraviolet radiation (UV) (see ILV 845-01-05)

Optical radiation for which the wavelengths are shorter than those for visible radiation.
Note: For ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the range between 100 nm and 400 nm is commonly subdivided
into: UV-A, from 315 nm to 400 nm; UV-B, from 280 nm to 315 nm; and UV-C, from 100 nm to
280 nm.
These designations for the UV should not be taken as precise limits, particularly for photobiological effects.
In some fields of photobiology the wavelength bands are taken from 200 nm to 290 nm, from 290 nm to 320 nm, and from 320
nm to 400 nm. Sometimes these are (incorrectly) called by the names UV-A, UV-B and UV-C, respectively. Ultraviolet radiation
at wavelengths less than 180 nm is considered vacuum ultraviolet radiation. Note that radiation between 380 nm and 400 nm is
considered visible radiation although it is also within the formal definition of the ultraviolet band.
3.44 visible radiation (see ILV 845-01-03)

Any optical radiation capable of directly causing a visual sensation.
Note: There are no precise limits for the spectral range of visible radiation since they depend upon
the amount of radiant power reaching the retina and the responsivity of the observer. The
lower limit is generally taken between 360 nm and 400 nm and the upper limit between 760 nm
and 830 nm.
3.45 visual angle

Angle subtended by an object or detail at the point of observation is considered to be the visual angle.
The SI unit for the angle is the radian although it may also be measured in milliradians, degrees, or
minutes of arc.
4. EXPOSURE LIMITS (ELS)
4.1 General
Individuals in the vicinity of lamps and lamp systems shall not be exposed to levels exceeding the limits
developed in the following sections. The exposure limit (EL) values are taken from various ICNIRP
guidelines which, in turn, are based on the best available information from experimental studies (see
Annex A for summary of publications).
The exposure limits represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all individuals in the
general population may be repeatedly exposed without adverse health effects. However, they do not
apply to abnormally photosensitive individuals or to individuals concomitantly exposed to
photosensitizing agents, which makes individuals much more susceptible to adverse health effects
from optical radiation. Such individuals, in general, are more susceptible to adverse health effects from
optical radiation than individuals who are not abnormally photosensitive or concomitantly exposed to
photosensitizing agents. The susceptibility of photosensitive individuals varies greatly, and it is not
possible to set exposure limits for this portion of the population.
The exposure limits in this standard apply to continuous sources where the exposure duration is not
less than 0,01 ms and not more than any 8-hour period, and should be used as guides in the control of
exposure. The values should not be regarded as precisely defined lines between safe and unsafe
levels.
The limits for exposure to broad-band visible and lR-A radiation for the eye require knowledge of the
spectral radiance of the source, L, and total irradiance, E, as measured at the position(s) of the eye of
the exposed person. Such detailed spectral data of a light source are generally required only if the
4 -2
luminance of the source exceeds 10 cdm . At a luminance less than this value, the exposure limits
are expected to be not exceeded. The exposure limits are given in clause 4.3.
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4.2 Specific factors involved in the determination and application of retinal exposure limits
4.2.1 Pupil diameter

The radiant flux that enters the eye and is absorbed by the retina (380 nm to 1400 nm range) is
proportional to the pupil area. It is known that the pupil diameter decreases from around 7 mm
-2
diameter at very low luminance (< 0,01 cdm ) to about 2 mm at luminance values on the order of
-2
10000 cdm . A weak visual stimulus is defined herein as one whose maximum luminance (averaged
-2
over a circular field-of-view subtending 0,011 radian) is less than 10 cdm . For a given luminance the
individual pupil diameter varies considerably. Therefore, in the establishment of these exposure limits
only two different pupil diameters were assumed, as follows:
-2
When the luminance of the source is adequately high (> 10 cdm ), and the exposure duration is
greater than 0,25 s, e.g., as applicable for the blue light hazard or retinal thermal hazard, a 3 mm
2
pupil diameter (7 mm area) was used to derive the exposure limit.
When the luminance of the source is low, i.e., infrared radiation is present with little or no visible
2
stimulus, the EL is based on a 7 mm (38,5 mm area) pupil diameter. The 7 mm diameter is also
assumed when evaluating the photobiological hazard from pulsed sources and/or for exposure
durations of less than 0,25 s.
For situations where a near infrared source is used with high ambient light levels a pupil diameter
of 3 mm may be assumed and the EL limits may be adjusted to higher values by the square of the
2
ratio of the pupil diameter. Under such conditions the EL can be increased by a factor of (7/3) =
5,5.
4.2.2 Angular subtense of source and measurement field-of-view

For radiation in the wavelength range 380 nm to 1400 nm the area of the retina irradiated is an
important element in determining the ELs for both the blue light and retinal thermal hazards. Since the
cornea and lens of the eye focuses the apparent source on the retina the best method to describe the
irradiated area is to relate this area to the angular subtense of the apparent source, . Due to physical
limitations of the eye the smallest image that can be formed on the retina of a still eye is limited to a
minimum value, min, even for a point source. In this standard the value for min is 0,0017 radian.
Measurements of emitted radiation from apparent point sources, either pulsed or very high radiance
continuous wave sources, that relate to the retinal thermal ELs at 0,25 second (blink reflex time), shall
use the 0,0017 radian angular subtense as the measurement field of view.
For times greater than about 0,25 second, rapid eye movements begin to smear the image of the
source over a larger angle, called eff in this standard. For exposure times of ten seconds the smeared
image of a point source covers an area of the retina equivalent to an angle of about 0,011 radian. Thus
the effective angular subtense eff to be used in measuring radiance to compare to the EL for the
retinal thermal or blue light hazard at ten seconds exposure duration shall be 0,011 radian. For
continuity the dependence of eff between 0,25 s and 10 s is assumed to increase from min to 0,011
0,5
radian as the square root of time, i.e., eff is proportional to mint , i.e., eff = min(t/0,25). Little data
is available to support this time dependence, so it should be used with caution. The time dependent
relationship is normally not needed as the source radiance is usually evaluated at 0,25 s or at 10 s, as
can be determined by reviewing the risk criteria described in clause 6.
In addition, for the blue light hazard, for exposure times greater than 100 seconds, the irradiated area
of the retina from a small source will be further spread over a larger area due to task determined eye
movements, except for situations where the eye is fixed medically, e.g., during ophthalmological
operations. For measurements of radiance from sources to be compared to the blue light hazard
exposure limit, the effective angular subtense eff is set equal to 0,011 radian for times less than 100 s.
For times greater than 10000 s, eff is set to 0,1 radian. Again, for convenience, it is assumed that eff
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grows roughly as the square root of time with time between 100 s and 10000 s, i.e., eff =
0,011(t/100), (note that the formula is not exact). The maximum value of the angular subtense, max,
is 0,1 radian for all retinal hazards in this standard. Thus note that above 10000 seconds eff is equal
to max.
For apparent sources subtending an angle above the maximum angular subtense, max, the EL for
retinal hazards are independent of the source size.
The angular subtense of an oblong source shall be determined by the arithmetic mean of the
maximum and minimum angular dimensions of the source. For example, for a 20 mm long by 3 mm
diameter tubular source at a viewing distance of r = 200 mm in a direction normal to the lamp axis
would be determined from the mean dimension, Z.
Z = (20+3)/2 = 11,5 mm.
Thus
= Z /r = 11,5/200 = 0,058 radian.
Any angular dimension larger than max shall be limited to max and any angular dimension smaller than
min shall be limited to min, prior to the determination of the arithmetic mean. Thus in the above
example if the linear distance was larger than 20 mm, only the 20 mm value would be used in the
calculation of the effective source size.
4.3 Hazard exposure limits
4.3.1 Actinic UV hazard exposure limit for the skin and eye
The limits for exposure to ultraviolet radiation incident upon the unprotected skin or eye apply to
exposure within any 8-hour period. Continuous exposure for times greater than 8 hours in any day
-2
need not be considered. The exposure limit for effective radiant exposure is 30 Jm .
To protect against injury of the eye or skin from ultraviolet radiation exposure produced by a broadband
source, the effective integrated spectral irradiance, Es, of the light source shall not exceed the levels
defined by:
400
Es t = E (,t ) S
200 t
UV ( ) t 30 Jm
-2
(4.1)
where:
-2 -1
E(,t) is the spectral irradiance in Wm nm ,
SUV() is the actinic ultraviolet hazard weighting function,
is the bandwidth in nm,
t is the exposure duration in seconds.
The actinic weighting function, SUV(), is shown in graphical form in Figure 4.1. Since the function
ranges over many orders of magnitude SUV() is shown logarithmically. In addition the spectral values
of SUV() are listed in Table 4.1.
The permissible time for exposure to ultraviolet radiation incident upon the unprotected eye or skin
shall be computed by:
30
t max = s (4.2)
Es
where:
tmax is the permissible exposure time in seconds,
-2
Es, is the effective ultraviolet irradiance in Wm .
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Table 4.1 Spectral weighting function for assessing ultraviolet hazards for skin and eye.
1
Wavelength UV hazard function Wavelength UV hazard function
, nm SUV() , nm SUV()
200 0,030 313* 0,006
205 0,051 315 0,003
210 0,075 316 0,0024
215 0,095 317 0,0020
220 0,120 318 0,0016
225 0,150 319 0,0012
230 0,190 320 0,0010
235 0,240 322 0,00067
240 0,300 323 0,00054
245 0,360 325 0,00050
250 0,430 328 0,00044
254* 0,500 330 0,00041
255 0,520 333* 0,00037
260 0,650 335 0,00034
265 0,810 340 0,00028
270 1,000 345 0,00024
275 0,960 350 0,00020
280* 0,880 355 0,00016
285 0,770 360 0,00013
290 0,640 365* 0,00011
295 0,540 370 0,000093
297* 0,460 375 0,000077
300 0,300 380 0,000064
303* 0,120 385 0,000053
305 0,060 390 0,000044
308 0,026 395 0,000036
310 0,015 400 0,000030
1
Wavelengths chosen are representative: other values should be obtained by
logarithmic interpolation at intermediate wavelengths.
* Emission lines of a mercury discharge spectrum.
4.3.2 Near-UV hazard exposure limit for the eye

For the spectral region 315 nm to 400 nm (UV-A) the total radiant exposure to the eye shall not exceed
-2
10000 Jm for exposure times less than 1000 s. For exposure times greater than 1000 s
(approximately 16 minutes) the UV-A irradiance for the unprotected eye, EUVA, shall not exceed
-2
10 Wm .
These specifications can be expressed as follows:
400
EUVA t = E (, t ) t 10000
315 t
Jm
-2
(t < 1000 s) (4.3a)
-2
EUVA 10 Wm (t 1000 s) (4.3b)
where:
-2 -1
E(,t) is the spectral irradiance in Wm nm ,
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1E+00
1E-01
Spectral efficacy
1E-02
1E-03
1E-04
1E-05
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
Wavelength [nm]
Figure 4.1 Spectral weighting function, S UV( ) , for actinic UV hazard

for skin and eye.
The permissible time for exposure to ultraviolet radiation incident upon the unprotected eye for
times less than 1000 s, shall be computed by:
10000
t max s (4.4)
EUVA
Note: For eye exposure in the UV-A region ICNIRP, in 1989, changed the above EL to extend the
-2 2
radiant exposure of 10000 Jm from 1000 s to 10000 s (2,6 h) and to 1 W/m for 10000 s t
30000 s (8 h).
4.3.3 Retinal blue light hazard exposure limit

To protect against retinal photochemical injury from chronic blue-light exposure, the integrated spectral
radiance of the light source weighted against the blue-light hazard function, B(), i.e., the blue light
weighted radiance, LB, shall not exceed the levels defined by:
700
LB t = L (,t ) B( ) t 10
300 t
6 -2
Jm sr
-1 4
(for t 10 s) (4.5a)
700
LB = L B( ) 100
300
Wm sr
-2 -1 4
(for t > 10 s) (4.5b)
where:
-2 -1 -1
L(,t) is the spectral radiance in Wm sr nm ,
B() is the blue-light hazard weighting function,
The blue-light spectral weighting function, B(), is shown in graphical form in Figure 4.2 along with the
retinal thermal weighting function, R(). Again, as in Figure 4.1, since the functions range over many
orders of magnitude the ordinate values are plotted logarithmically. In addition the spectral values of
B() and R() are listed in Table 4.2.
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Table 4.2 Spectral weighting functions for assessing retinal hazards from broadband optical sources.
Wavelength Blue-light hazard function Burn hazard function

nm B() R()
300 0,01
305 0,01
310 0,01
315 0,01
320 0,01
325 0,01
330 0,01
335 0,01
340 0,01
345 0,01
350 0,01
355 0,01
360 0,01
365 0,01
370 0,01
375 0,01
380 0,01 0,1
385 0,013 0,13
390 0,025 0,25
395 0,05 0,5
400 0,10 1,0
405 0,20 2,0
410 0,40 4,0
415 0,80 8,0
420 0,90 9,0
425 0,95 9,5
430 0,98 9,8
435 1,00 10,0
440 1,00 10,0
445 0,97 9,7
450 0,94 9,4
455 0,90 9,0
460 0,80 8,0
465 0,70 7,0
470 0,62 6,2
475 0,55 5,5
480 0,45 4,5
485 0,40 4,0
490 0,22 2,2
495 0,16 1,6
500-600 10[(450-)/50] 1,0
600-700 0,001 1,0
700-1050 10[(700-)/500]
1050-1150 0,2
1150-1200 0,2100,02(1150-)
1200-1400 0,02
-2 -1
For a weighted source radiance, LB, exceeding 100 Wm sr , the maximum permissible exposure
duration, tmax, shall be computed:
106 4
t max = s (for t 10 s) (4.6)
LB
where:
tmax is the maximum permissible exposure duration in seconds,
LB is the blue-light hazard weighted radiance.
Note 1: The spectral radiance L shall be averaged over a right circular cone field-of-view of eff, as
described in clause 4.2.2.
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1E+01
R
Spectral efficacy 1E+00
1E-01
1E-02
B
1E-03
1E-04
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Wavelength [nm]
Figure 4.2 Spectral weighting functions for retinal hazards:

B( ) and R( ).
Note 2: In the case of multiple source elements that are not contiguous, this criterion applies to a
single source element. Also, it applies to the source as a whole when the average radiance
over the full source is used.
4.3.4 Retinal blue light hazard exposure limit - small source

For a light source subtending an angle less than 0,011 radian the limits of clause 4.3.3 lead to a
simpler equation based on the spectral irradiance rather than the spectral radiance. By application of
Equation (5.4) it can be shown that the relationship between L and E, for a subtended angle of 0,011
4
radian is a factor of approximately 10 . Thus the spectral irradiance at the eye E, weighted against the
blue-light hazard function B() (see Table 4.2) shall not exceed the levels defined by:
700
EB t = E (,t ) B( ) t 100 Jm
300 t
-2
(for t 100 s) (4.7a)
700
EB = E B( ) 1
300
Wm
-2
(for t > 100 s) (4.7b)
where:
-2 -1
E (,t) is the spectral irradiance in Wm nm ,
B() is the blue light hazard weighting function,
-2
For a source where the blue light weighted irradiance, EB, exceeds 0,01 Wm , the maximum
permissible exposure duration shall be computed:
100
t max = s (for t 100 s) (4.8)
EB
where:
tmax is the maximum permissible exposure duration in seconds,
EB is the blue light hazard weighted irradiance.
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Note 1: Note that the exposure time at which EB becomes independent of time is 100 s rather than the
10000 s given for LB in Equation (4.6). The reason for this change is that for exposure times
greater than 100 s it was assumed that the diameter of the irradiated area of the retina
increases as the square root of time. Hence the effective irradiance of the retina decreases
and the retinal radiant exposure deposited becomes independent of time for exposure
durations between 100 s and 10 000 s due to the assumption of task-oriented eye movements.
This behaviour is shown in the graphical representation of EB in Figure 5.4.
Note 2: For ophthalmic instruments or for a stabilized eye during surgery where eye movements are
minimal the exposure time is extended to 10 000 s. This implies that in such cases the blue
-2 -2
light weighted irradiance should be 10 Wm , i.e.,100 times smaller than that given in
Equation (4.7b).
4.3.5 Retinal thermal hazard exposure limit

To protect against retinal thermal injury, the integrated spectral radiance of the light source, L,
weighted by the burn hazard weighting function R() (from Figure 4.2 and Table 4.2), i.e., the burn
hazard weighted radiance, shall not exceed the levels defined by:
1400
50000
LR = L
380
R ( )
t 0,25
-2
Wm sr
-1
(10 s t 10s) (4.9)
where:
-2 -1 -1
L is the spectral radiance in Wm sr nm ,
R() is the burn hazard weighting function,
t is the viewing duration (or pulse duration if the lamp is pulsed), in seconds,
is the angular subtense of the source in radians.
Note 1: L shall be averaged over a right circular cone field-of-view of not less than 0,0017 radian, and
not more than 0,1 radian, included angle.
Note 2: In the case of multiple source elements that are not contiguous, this criterion applies to a
single source element. Also it applies to the source as a whole when the average radiance
over the full source is used.
4.3.6 Retinal thermal hazard exposure limit weak visual stimulus

For an infrared heat lamp or any near-infrared source where a weak visual stimulus is inadequate to
activate the aversion response, the near infrared (780 nm to 1400 nm) radiance, LIR, as viewed by the
eye for exposure times greater than 10 s shall be limited to:
1400
6000
LIR = L
780
R ( )

-2
Wm sr
-1
(t > 10 s) (4.10)
where:
-2 -1 -1
L is the spectral radiance in Wm sr nm ,
R() is the burn hazard weighting function,
t is the exposure time in seconds,
is the angular subtense in radians.
A weak visual stimulus is defined herein as one whose maximum luminance (averaged over a circular
-2
field-of-view subtending 0,011 radian) is less than 10 cdm .
Note 1: L shall be averaged over a right circular cone field-of-view of not less than 0,011 radian nor
more than 0,1 radian included angle.
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Note 2: The limit expressed in Equations 4.11a and b is based upon a 7 mm diameter ocular pupil
because it is assumed that the source luminance is weak. For situations where the ambient
light can only be high, a pupil diameter of 3 mm may be assumed which implies that the EL
can be adjusted to higher values by the square of the ratio of the pupil diameters (a factor of
-2 -1
5,5), i.e., the EL can be increased to 33000/ Wm sr (see clause 4.2.1).
4.3.7 Infrared radiation hazard exposure limits for the eye

To avoid thermal injury of the cornea and possible delayed effects upon the lens of the eye
(cataractogenesis), ocular exposure to infrared radiation, EIR, over the wavelength range 780 nm to
3000 nm, for times less than 1000 s, shall not exceed:
3000
EIR = E
780
18000 t 0,75 Wm
-2
(t 1000 s) (4.11a)
For times greater than 1000 s the limit becomes:

3000
EIR = E 100
780
Wm
-2
(t > 1000 s) (4.11b)
where:
-2 -1
E is the spectral irradiance in Wm nm ,
-2
Note 1: In cold environments, the limits for long time exposure may be increased to 400 Wm at 0C
-2
and 300 Wm at 10C for applications where infrared sources are used for radiant heating.
Note 2: The contribution from IR-C is already incorporated in these limits for all incandescent sources.
4.3.8 Thermal hazard exposure limit for the skin

Visible and infrared radiant exposure (380 nm to 3000 nm) of the skin shall be limited to:
3000
EH t = E (,t ) t 20000 t
380 t
0,25
Jm
-2
(t 10 s) (4.12)
where:
-2 -1
E (,t) is the spectral irradiance in Wm nm ,
t is the exposure time in seconds.
Note: This exposure limit is based on skin injury due to a rise in tissue temperature and applies only
to small area irradiation. Exposure limits for periods greater than 10 s are not provided. Severe
pain occurs below the skin temperature required for skin injury, and an individual's exposure
normally will be limited for comfort. Large area irradiation and heat stress are not evaluated
since this involves consideration of heat exchange between the individual and the
environment, physical activity, and various other factors, which cannot be applied in a product
safety standard, but must be evaluated by environmental heat-stress criteria.
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5. MEASUREMENT OF LAMPS AND LAMP SYSTEMS

The measurement of optical radiation for the purpose of computing photobiological radiation values
poses significant challenges for the radiometrist. Typical photobiological action spectra such as SUV()
have rapidly changing values with slight change in wavelength. Furthermore, transmission of radiation
from lamp sources with glass envelopes have rapidly increasing output with increasing wavelength in
the region where SUV() is rapidly decreasing. Hence issues of accuracy of the weighted results must
be thoroughly considered.
While irradiance measurements are routinely performed, radiance measurements are not routine and
often difficult to make, especially for the photobiological hazards, as they involve a field of view that
changes depending on the hazard evaluation.
For these reasons it was thought necessary to include a rather lengthy discussion on the conditions
and procedures needed to make emission measurements that will be used to assign risk group
classification of various lamps and lamp systems.
It should be noted that the measurement procedures described in this standard are designed to
account for biophysical phenomena. Specifically, they can involve averaging over apertures or field-of-
views which would be considered inappropriate for general radiometric measurements. However,
hazards might be overestimated if non-averaged measurement values were to be compared with the
respective exposure limits.
To better provide a comparison of the various exposure limits, developed in clause 4.3, including the
effects of the field-of-view, both a tabular and graphical summary are shown at the end of this clause.
Thus Figure 5.4 and Table 5.4 summarizes the maximum values for each of the irradiance based
hazard exposure quantities as a function of exposure time, while Figure 5.5 and Table 5.5 summarizes
the maximum radiance based (retinal) hazard exposure quantities, also as a function of exposure time.
Note: The upper wavelength range for evaluation of any hazard is given as 3000 nm in clause 1.
Spectral irradiance or radiance measurements using a monochromator are often difficult to
make in the IR, particularly between 2500 and 3000 nm due to a lack of signal response and
difficulty in obtaining calibrated sources. However, no weighting function is defined at
wavelengths greater than 1400 nm. Thus broadband measurements for wavelengths between
1400 and 3000 nm are suitable in evaluating IR hazard conditions for the eye and skin in this
region.
5.1 Measurement conditions

Measurement conditions shall be reported as part of the evaluation against the exposure limits and the
assignment of risk classification.
5.1.1 Lamp ageing (seasoning)

To maintain stable output during the measurement process and provide reproducible results, lamps
shall be seasoned for an appropriate period of time. During the initial period of operation a lamp output
characteristic will change as its components come to near equilibrium. If measurements are taken of
an unseasoned lamp, the variations within the measurement period and between measurements could
be significant. As the output of a lamp generally decreases over life, the seasoning time should be
short to result in conservative hazard evaluations.
Seasoning of lamps shall be done as stated in the appropriate IEC lamp standard.
Note: The seasoning time for discharge lamps, e.g., fluorescent or High Intensity Discharge (HID)
types, is typically 100 h, for tungsten lamps it is on the order of one percent of rated lamp life.
However, these seasoning criteria may differ for special applications, e.g. for solaria lamps.
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5.1.2 Test environment

The accurate measurement of light sources requires a controlled environment. The operation of
sources and measurement equipment is impacted by environmental factors. Additionally the formation
of ozone in the measurement path may compromise accuracy and may present a safety hazard. For
specific test conditions, see the appropriate IEC lamp standard or in the absence of such standards,
the appropriate national standards or manufacturers recommendations.
The ambient temperature will significantly influence the output of certain light sources; e.g., fluorescent
lamps. The ambient temperature in which measurements are taken shall be maintained in accordance
with the appropriate IEC lamp standard.
The characteristics of some light sources are also significantly affected by draughts. Air movement
over the surface of test lamps, other than that caused by natural convection due to the lamp itself,
should be reduced as much as possible consistent with safety considerations (ozone production).
When the system under test provides interlocks that maintain circulation, measurements shall be
performed with circulation.
5.1.3 Extraneous radiation

Careful checks should be made to ensure that extraneous sources of radiation and reflections do not
add significantly to the measurement results. Often baffles are used to reduce extraneous radiation.
Note that visually black surfaces can be reflective to UV and IR radiation. In addition radiation from hot
baffles must be considered in infrared measurements due to the large input angle subtended by
baffles.
5.1.4 Lamp operation

Operation of the test lamp shall be provided in accordance with the appropriate IEC lamp standard. If
no standard for the lamp type exists, the lamp manufacturers recommendation for operation should be
used.
5.1.5 Lamp system operation

The power source for operation of the test lamp shall be provided in accordance with the appropriate
IEC standard. If no standard for the control gear exists, the lamp manufacturers recommendation for
operation should be used.
5.2 Measurement procedure
5.2.1 Irradiance measurements

The description given applies both to broadband and spectral irradiance measurements. An ideal
instrument to measure irradiance involves a plane circular area detector of diameter D, sufficient to
achieve the desired signal-to-noise ratio and, that:
accepts radiation within a right circular cone whose centerline is normal to the plane of the detector
area,
has an angular spatial response varying as the cosine of the angle from the normal to the detector
area,
has a spectral response that is constant with position within a specified wavelength band from 1 to
2.
In this standard the minimum input aperture diameter shall be 7 mm with a maximum input aperture
diameter of 50 mm. A plane circular aperture of 25 mm diameter is common on small integrating
spheres, recommended above as the input for monochromators. The 25 mm diameter aperture is
recommended for sources with spatially uniform optical radiation patterns. For sources that do not
produce a spatially uniform irradiance, e.g., narrow beam reflector lamps, the peak irradiance
(intensity) may be significantly higher than that obtained by measurement using the under-filled 25 mm
diameter aperture. In such cases the detector aperture should be limited to a 7 mm diameter aperture.
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Figure 5.1 schematically shows the main concepts involved in making irradiance or spectral irradiance
measurements, including, if needed, the aperture to limit the field of view, of half angle, A, at some
distance from the receptor that is large with respect to the detector diameter.
The measurement shall be made in that position of the beam giving the maximum reading. The
instrument shall be calibrated to read in absolute incident radiant power per unit receiving area.
Note 1: From a practical point changing the input aperture requires significant extra work in re-
calibration of the radiometer or spectroradiometer. If the change of irradiance with distance is
known, one method of achieving the lower aperture requirement is to move the detector
aperture (assume 25 mm diameter is used) away from the source to a measurement distance
where the 7 mm aperture cone at a distance of 200 mm now fills the 25 mm aperture, i.e., a
distance about 3,5 times the standard evaluation distance.
Note 2: The measured irradiance should not be averaged over a smaller aperture than specified, as
this might result in an overestimation of the hazard. The minimum size of the averaging
aperture is related to physiological and behavioural factors that result in the averaging of the
incident radiation over a certain surface area.
Note 3: For a number of reasons, including the physiology of the eye, all the exposure levels for
ultraviolet radiation discussed in clause 4.3.1 and 4.3.2 apply to sources that subtend an angle
less than 80 degrees (1,4 radian), i.e., sources within 40 degrees of the normal to the
irradiance area. Thus emission from sources that subtend a greater angle need to be
measured only over a full angle of 80 degrees.
Irradiance measurements apply to the following hazards described in clause 4.3 of this standard.
315 nm 400 nm ocular exposure limit, EUVA
IR hazard exposure limit, EIR
Skin thermal hazard exposure limit, EH
Spectral irradiance measurements apply to the following hazards also described in clause 4.3 of this
standard.
200 400 nm skin and ocular exposure limit, ES
Retinal blue light hazard exposure limit small source, EB
A
Aperture
to lim it
field of
view
Detector
H >> D
D
Figure 5.1 Schem atic - Irradiance measurements.
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5.2.2 Radiance measurements
5.2.2.1 Standard method

The description given applies both to broadband and spectral radiance measurements. Radiance
measurements are performed with an optical system that (see Figure 5.2):
images the radiant source onto a detector,
has a circular field stop to establish the specified angular extent of the averaging field of view eff,
has a circular entrance pupil (aperture stop) which acts as an averaging aperture in the sense of
irradiance measurements and fulfils the same requirements as stated in clause 5.2.1. For small
angles the relationship between the detector diameter and the focal distance of the imaging device
is seen to be d = effH.
As with irradiance measurements, the minimum aperture stop diameter D, as shown in Figure 5.2,
corresponds to a 7 mm pupil diameter for pulsed sources and is a biophysically recognised averaging
aperture for cw sources where the pupil could be smaller but eye and head movements allow for this
aperture averaging. As with irradiance measurements, the aperture stop can exceed 7 mm if the
incident irradiance profile is sufficiently uniform.
H
D
Source
Detector/
Field Stop
eff
eff
Entrance and Exit Aperture Stop

Pupils Coincident
Figure 5.2 Example of an imaging device for radiance measurements.
The instrument shall be calibrated to read in absolute incident radiant power per unit receiving area
and per unit solid angle of acceptance averaged over the field of view (FOV) of the instrument.
Note: The measured radiance should not be averaged over a smaller field of view than specified, as
this might result in an overestimation of the hazard. The size of the averaging field of view is
related to the extent of eye movements that distribute the radiant power of the source image
over a larger area on the retina. The size of the averaging field of view eff is independent of
the source size . For sources that subtend an angle smaller than the specified field of view
eff, the averaged radiance value will be smaller than the actual physical radiance of the
source; however this biologically effective value is the appropriate value to be compared to the
exposure limit.
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Spectral radiance measurements apply to the following hazards also described in clause 4.3 of this
standard.
Retinal blue light hazard exposure limit, LB
Retinal thermal exposure limit, LR
Retinal thermal exposure limit weak visual stimulus, LIR.
5.2.2.2 Alternative method

Radiance measurements can be conceptualised as an irradiance measurement performed with a well-
defined field of view where the measured irradiance value is divided by the measurement field of view
to obtain the radiance value. Alternatively to an imaging radiance set-up (above), an irradiance
measurement set-up with a circular field stop placed at the source can be used to perform radiance
measurements (Figure 5.3). The size of the field stop, F, and the distance of the field stop to the
aperture stop, r, define the field of view, i.e.:
= F/r (5.1)
This set-up implies that the field stop can be placed sufficiently close to the apparent source to
produce the required field of view.
The relationship between the measured irradiance, E, and the source radiance, L, for detection normal
to the source area, ( = 0 in definition 3.31), for small angles, is given as:
E = L , (5.2)
where , angle in sr, is the measurement field of view, i.e., the solid angle subtended by the planar
angle, , angle in radian, shown in Figure 5.3. Furthermore, for small angles the relationship between
the plane angle and the solid angle is:
2
= (5.3)
4
Thus using the dimensions shown in Figure 5.3, the irradiance in terms of the source radiance is given
by:
2 F2
E = L = L (5.4)
4 4r2
Source
r
Detector/
Aperture Stop

F
Field Stop
Figure 5.3 Alternative radiance technique.
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When using the irradiance measurements to obtain radiance values to compare against a given
hazard, the field stop diameter, F, must be set such that
= eff (5.5)
Note: The blue light hazard small-source-irradiance limit is equivalent to the radiance limit for the
specified measurement averaging field of view. The irradiance limit is derived by multiplying
the radiance limit with the averaging measurement field of view using Equation (5.4).
5.2.3 Measurement of source size

The determination of , the angle subtended by a source, requires the determination of the 50%
emission points of the source. Common methods using photography or solid state cameras should be
used only after verifying that the spectral uniformity is sufficient to warrant the use of visible radiation
as an analog for the IR radiation. Changes in spectra across a source can lead to different sizes in
different regions of the spectra. (See Sliney and Wolbarsht, 1980, clause 12.6.6.)
5.2.4 Pulse width measurement for pulsed sources

The determination of t, the nominal pulse duration of a source, requires the determination of the time
during which the emission is > 50% of its peak value. Common methods, e.g., using a photocell with
an oscilloscope, should be applied only after verifying that the spectral uniformity is sufficient to warrant
the use of visible radiation as an analog for the UV or IR radiation. Changes in spectra during a pulse
can lead to different pulse widths in different regions of the spectra.
5.3 Analysis methods
5.3.1 Weighting curve interpolations

The weighting curves defined in Table 4.1 are normally not sufficiently resolved to perform the
weighted source emission calculations. The functions are reasonably linear in any local region on
semi-log coordinates. Therefore to standardize interpolated values, use linear interpolation on the log
of given values to obtain intermediate points at the wavelength intervals desired, e.g., one nanometer
interval recommended. Anti-logarithm of the interpolated numbers result in the values needed for the
interpolated weighting factors.
5.3.2 Calculations
The calculation of source hazard values shall be performed by weighting the spectral scan by the
appropriate function and calculating the total weighted energy. To provide a repeatable method this
standard suggests interpolation or summing to one nanometer (1 nm) for the spectra below 400 nm.
Weighting and summations are then performed at this 1 nm resolution. Above 400 nm, a step size of 5
nm is recommended.
5.3.3 Measurement uncertainty

The quality of all measurement results must be quantified by an analysis of the uncertainty. All
calculated results must be paired with uncertainty values that conform to the guidance in the normative
references. The uncertainty of each result will be reported as the expanded uncertainty, which is
calculated from the combined standard uncertainty, uc , by use of a coverage factor, k=2, as defined in
the ISO guide listed in Clause 2. The values of uncertainty should be propagated from the calibration
uncertainties, through the calculations and include all sources as described in Annex C.
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Table 5.4 Summary of the ELs for the surface of the skin or cornea (irradiance based values)
Wavelength Exposure Limiting EL in terms of

Hazard Relevant
range duration aperture constant irradiance
Name equation -2
nm sec rad (deg) W m
Actinic UV
skin & eye
Es = E S() 200 400 < 30000 1,4 (80) 30/t
Eye UV-A E UVA = E 315 400

1000
1,4 (80)
10000/t
>1000 10
Blue-light
small source
EB = E B() 300 700
100
>100
< 0,011
100/t
1,0
0,75
Eye IR E IR = E 780 3000
1000
>1000
1,4 (80)
18000/t
100
Skin thermal E H = E
380 3000 < 10 2 sr 20000/t
0,75
Table 5.5 Summary of the ELs for the retina (radiance based values)
Wavelength Exposure Field of EL in terms of

Hazard Relevant
range duration view constant radiance
Name equation -2 -1
nm sec radians Wm sr )
6
0,25 10 0,011(t/10) 10 /t
6
Blue light LB = L B() 300 700
10-100 0,011
100-10000 0,0011t
10 /t
6
10 /t
10000 0,1 100
0,25
Retinal
thermal
LR = L R() 380 1400
< 0,25 0,0017
0,25 10 0,011(t/10)
50000/(t )
0,25
50000/(t )
Retinal
thermal
(weak visual IR
L = L R() 780 1400 > 10 0,011 6000/
stimulus)
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1E+07
1E+06
Irradiance [Wm-2] 1E+05

1E+04
1E+03
1E+02
E Ss
1E+01
E UVA
UVA
1E+00
E BB
1E-01
E IR
IR
1E-02
1E-03
1E-03 1E-02 1E-01 1E+00 1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05
Time [sec]
Figure 5.4 Weighted irradiance exposure limits vs. time
for constant exposure.
1E+09
1E+08
Radiance [Wm -2sr-1]
1E+07
1E+06
1E+05 L R_amin
R_amin
1E+04 LL R_amax
R_amax
L BB
1E+03
L
L IR_amin
IR_amin
1E+02 LL IR_amax
IR_amax
1E+01
1E-03 1E-02 1E-01 1E+00 1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05
Time [sec]
Figure 5.5 Weighted radiance exposure limits vs. time
for constant exposure.
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6. LAMP CLASSIFICATION
This standard was developed by CIE TC 6-47 with representation of IEC SC34A. This joint effort was
deemed important so that issues concerning risk group classification and distance at which the
photobiological hazard values due to lamp radiation are reported could be agreed upon. Since lamps
may be hazardous from several aspects, a classification scheme is helpful. For the purposes of this
standard it was decided that the values shall be reported as follows:
for lamps intended for general lighting service (GLS), see definition 3.11, the hazard values shall
be reported as either irradiance or radiance values at a distance which produces an illuminance of
500 lux, but not at a distance less than 200 mm;
for all other light sources, including pulsed lamp sources, the hazard values shall be reported at a
distance of 200 mm.
This clause is concerned with lamp classification. However a similar classification system could be
applicable to luminaires or other systems containing operating lamps. For lamps intended for general
lighting, the distance at which the irradiance measurements are made is left to the discretion of the
measurement facility.
The classification scheme indicates only the potential risk. Depending upon use factors, time of
exposure, and luminaire effects, these potential hazards may or may not actually become real hazards.
Table 6.1 summarizes the various irradiance and radiance emission limits for each of the hazards
discussed in clause 4.3 for each risk group classification.
Note: In some cases the same lamp may be used in both GLS and special applications and in such
cases should be evaluated and rated for the intended applications.
6.1 Continuous wave lamps
6.1.1 Exempt group

The philosophical basis for the exempt group classification is that the lamp does not pose any
photobiological hazard for the end points in this standard. This requirement is met by any lamp that
does not pose
an actinic ultraviolet hazard (Es) within 8-hours exposure (30000 s), nor
a near-UV hazard (EUVA) within 1000 s, (about 16 min) nor
a retinal blue-light hazard (LB) within 10000 s (about 2,8 h), nor
a retinal thermal hazard (LR) within 10 s, nor
an infrared radiation hazard for the eye (EIR) within 1000 s.
These lamps are in the Exempt Group.
-2
Also, lamps that emit infrared radiation without a strong visual stimulus (i.e., less than 10 cdm ) and
do not pose a near-infrared retinal hazard (LIR) within 1000 s are in the Exempt Group.
6.1.2 Risk Group 1 (Low-Risk)

The philosophical basis for this classification is that the lamp does not pose a hazard due to normal
behavioral limitations on exposure. This requirement is met by any lamp that exceeds the limits for the
Exempt Group but that does not pose
an actinic ultraviolet hazard (Es) within 10000 s, nor
a near ultraviolet hazard (EUVA) within 300 s, nor
a retinal blue-light hazard (LB) within 100 s, nor
a retinal thermal hazard (LR) within 10 s, nor
These lamps are in Risk Group 1 (Low-Risk).
-2
do not pose a near-infrared retinal hazard (LIR), within 100 s are in Risk Group 1 (Low-Risk).
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6.1.3 Risk Group 2 (Moderate-Risk)

The philosophical basis for the Risk Group 2 (Moderate-Risk) classification is that the lamp does not
pose a hazard due to the aversion response to very bright light sources or due to thermal discomfort.
This requirement is met by any lamp that exceeds the limits for Risk Group 1 (Low-Risk), but that does
not pose
an actinic ultraviolet hazard (Es) within 1000 s exposure, nor
a near ultraviolet hazard (EUVA) within 100 s, nor
a retinal blue-light hazard (LB) within 0,25 s (aversion response), nor
a retinal thermal hazard (LR) within 0,25 s (aversion response), nor
Such lamps are in Risk Group 2 (Moderate-Risk).
-2
do not pose a near infrared retinal hazard (LIR) within 10 s are in Risk Group 2 (Moderate-Risk).
6.1.4 Risk Group 3 (High-Risk)

The philosophical basis for this classification is that the lamp may pose a hazard even for momentary
or brief exposure. Lamps which exceed the limits for Risk Group 2 (Moderate-Risk) are in Risk Group
3 (High-Risk).
6.2 Pulsed lamps

Pulsed lamp criteria shall apply to a single pulse and to any group of pulses within 0,25 second.
A pulsed lamp shall be evaluated at the highest nominal energy loading as specified by the
manufacturer.
The relevant weighted radiant exposure, (H or Et), or time-integrated weighted radiance dose, (Lt), for
each pulse shall be obtained by integration of the weighted irradiance or radiance emitted from the
source over the full pulse width, with the integration time limited to a maximum of 0,25 s. The weighted
radiant exposure or weighted radiance dose calculated shall be compared to the exposure limits (ELs)
given in clause 4.3 for each of the photobiological hazards evaluated.
Note: The weighted radiance values obtained shall be averaged over a right circular cone field of
view of 0,0017 radian included angle as discussed in clause 4.2.2.
The risk group determination of the lamp being tested shall be made as follows:
A lamp that exceeds the exposure limit shall be classified as belonging to Risk Group 3 (High-
Risk).
For single pulsed lamps, a lamp whose weighted radiant exposure or weighted radiance dose is
below the EL shall be classified as belonging to the Exempt Group.
For repetitively pulsed lamps, a lamp whose weighted radiant exposure or weighted radiance dose
is below the EL, shall be evaluated using the Continuous wave risk criteria discussed in clause 6.1,
using time averaged values of the pulsed emission.
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Table 6.1 Emission limits for risk groups of continuous wave lamps.
Action Emission limits

Risk Symbol Units
spectrum Exempt Low risk Mod risk
-2
Actinic UV SUV() Es 0,001 0,003 0,03 W m
-2
Near UV EUVA 10 33 100 W m
-2 -1
Blue light B() LB 100 10000 4000000 W m sr
Blue light, -2
B() EB 1,0* 1,0 400 W m
small source
Retinal -2 -1
R() LR 28000/ 28000/ 71000/ W m sr
thermal
Retinal
thermal, weak -2 -1
R() LIR 6000/ 6000/ 6000/ W m sr
visual
stimulus**
IR radiation, -2
EIR 100 570 3200 W m
eye
* Small source defined as one with < 0,011 radian. Averaging field of view at 10000 s
is 0,1 radian.
** Involves evaluation of non-GLS source
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ANNEX A
(informative)
SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Bioeffect datasheet #1: Infrared cataract

A.1 Bioeffect: INFRARED CATARACT also known as "industrial heat cataract",
"furnaceman's cataract", or "glassblower's cataract".
A.1.1 Organ/Site: Eye/Crystalline Lens.
A.1.2 Spectral range: 700 nm to 1400 nm and possibly to 3000 nm.
A.1.3 Peak of action spectrum: Not known; probably between 900-1000 nm.
A.1.4 State of knowledge: Limited threshold data available for acute cataract for rabbit at 1064 nm
(Wolbarsht, 1992) and lR-A region (Pitts and Cullen, 1981); no data for man. Degree of
additivity and action spectrum unknown. Good epidemiological evidence (Lydahl, 1984).
A.1.5 Time course: Noticeable clouding of the lens generally following years of chronic high-level
exposure, the elapsed time depending upon how much difference between exposure and
threshold, heavy exposures producing reaction in shortest time.
A.1.6 Mechanism: Generally presumed to be thermal, although recent evidence suggests possible
photochemical reaction - details not understood. The lens may be heated either from direct
irradiation (Vogt, 1919) or by conductive heating from the heated iris (Goldmann, 1983).
A.1.7 Symptoms: Clouding of vision.
A.1.8 Needed information: Action spectrum, if existent, for acute and for effects of concomitant
ultraviolet radiation exposure; additivity of multiple exposures, and the possibility of delayed
effects from recurrent exposures.
A.1.9 Experience with lamps: Accidental injury is not known, even from exposure to heat lamps.
Limited population exposed.
A.1.10 Key references:
GOLDMANN, H. Experimentelle Untersuchungen ber die Genese des Feuerstars. 111
Mitteilung. Die Physik des Feuerstars I. Teil. Arch. fr OphthalmoI., 130, 93-130 (1983).
LYDAHL, E. Infrared Radiation and Cataract. Acta Ophtalmologica, Suppl. 166, 1-63 (1984).
PITTS, D.G. and CULLEN, A.P. Determination of Infrared Radiation Levels for Acute Ocular
Cataractogenesis. von Graefes Arch. Ophthal., 217, 285-297 (1981).
SLINEY, D.H. and WOLBARSHT, M.L. Safety with Lasers and Other Optical Sources. New
York, Plenum, (1980).
VOGT, A. Experimentelle Erzeugung von Katarakt durch isoliertes kurzwelliges Ultrarot, dem
Rot beigemischt ist. Klin. Mb/ Augenheilk., 63, 230-231 (1919).
WOLBARSHT, M.L. Cataract from Infrared Lasers: Evidence for Photochemical Mechanisms.
Lasers and Light Ophthalmology, 4, 91-96 (1992).
Bioeffect datasheet #2: Photokeratitis

A.2 Bioeffect: PHOTOKERATITIS
A.2.1 Organ/Site: Eye/Cornea.
A.2.2 Spectral range: (180-200) nm to (400-420) nm; principally 200-320 nm.
A.2.3 Peak of action spectrum: approximately 270 nm (Pitts, 1971); approximately 288 nm (Cogan
and Kinsey, 1946).
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A.2.4 State of knowledge: Good acute threshold data available for rabbit (200 nm to 400 nm); for
monkey (200 nm to 320 nm); for man (200 nm to 300 nm). Data from different laboratories are
generally in good agreement.
A.2.5 Time course: Noticeable reaction generally delayed by 4 to 12 hours following the exposure,
the elapsed time depending upon how much difference in exposure and threshold, heavy
exposures producing reaction in shortest time; clearing in 24 to 48 hours, except for extremely
severe exposures.
A.2.6 Mechanism: Photochemical reaction initiates chain of biological reactions; details not
understood.
A.2.7 Symptoms: "Sand in the eye", blepharospasm (sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of
the muscles of the eyelid), some clouding of vision; reaction in the palpebral fissure (opening
between the upper and lower eyelids).
A.2.8 Needed information: Higher resolution of thresholds in 305 nm to 320 nm range; possibility of
delayed effects due to recurrent exposures.
A.2.9 Experience with lamps: Not uncommon accidental exposure from germicidal lamps and
mercury and xenon-arc lamps, but only in special applications. Limited population exposed.
COGAN, D.G. and KINSEY, V.E. Action Spectrum of Keratitis Produced by Ultraviolet
Radiation. Arch. Ophthalmol., 35, 670-617 (1946).
HEDBLOM, E.E. Snowscape Eye Protection. Arch. Environ. Health, 2, 685-704 (1961).
LEACH. W. M. Biological Aspects of Ultraviolet Radiation, A Review of Hazards. BRH/DBE 70-
3, U.S. Public Health Service, Bureau of Radiological Health, Rockville, Maryland (Sept. 1970).
MACKEEN, D., FINE, S., AARON, A., and FINE, B.S. Preventable Hazards at UV
Wavelengths. Laser Focus, 7(4), 29 (1971).
PITTS, D.G. and TREDICI, T.J. The Effects of Ultraviolet on the Eye. Ameri. Ind. Hyg. Ass. J.
32(4), 235-246 (1971).
Bioeffect datasheet #3: Photoretinitis

A.3 Bioeffect: PHOTORETINITIS or "blue-light retinal injury"
A.3.1 Organ/Site: Eye/Retina.
A.3.2 Spectral range: 400 nm to 700 nm (principally 400-500 nm) in phakic eye (crystalline lens
intact); 310 nm to 700 nm in aphakic (crystalline lens removed) eye (principally 310 nm to 500
nm).
A.3.3 Peak of action spectrum: Approximately 445 nm (Ham, 1976); approximately 310 nm in
aphakic (Ham, 1980) in rhesus monkey.
A.3.4 State of knowledge: Good acute threshold data available for monkey and some corroborative
data for man at medically used laser wavelengths and from accidental viewing of the sun or
welding arcs.
A.3.5 Time course: This mechanism of injury is dominant over thermal injury only for lengthy
(greater than 10 seconds) exposures. Noticeable reaction generally delayed by more than 12
hours following the exposure, the elapsed time depending upon how much difference in
exposure and threshold, heavy exposures producing reaction in shortest time; greatest
reaction generally noted at 48 hours. Some recovery is noted in human accidental exposures
to arcs and sun-gazing.
A.3.6 Mechanism: Photochemical reaction initiates chain of biological reactions, apparently
centered in retinal pigment epithelium; details not understood.
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A.3.7 Symptoms: "Blind spot", or scotoma where the bright arc was imaged on the retina. A retinal
visible lesion (normally depigmented from blue light or hyperpigmented from some ultraviolet
wavelengths) is seen under ophthalmic examination within 48 hours post-exposure. Loss of
vision may be permanent, although recovery is noted in mild cases.
A.3.8 Needed information: More knowledge of injury mechanism; data at 400 nm to 450 nm for
exposure durations less than 10 seconds; data on additivity of multiple exposures and the
possibility of delayed effects from to recurrent exposures at levels below the acute threshold.
A.3.9 Experience with lamps: Extremely rare or largely unreported injuries due to excessive
exposure from staring at lamps. The natural aversion response normally limits exposure to
preclude photoretinitis. Limited population potentially exposed.
HAM, W.T. Jr, MUELLER, H.A., and SLINEY, D.H. Retinal Sensitivity to Damage by Short-
Wavelength Light. Nature, 260(5547), 153-155 (1976).
HAM, W.T. Jr, RUFFOLO, J.J. Jr, MUELLER, H.A., and GUERRY, D. The Nature of Retinal
Radiation Damage: Dependence on Wavelength, Power Level and Exposure Time. Vision
Res., 20(12), 1105-1111 (1980).
MAINSTER, M.A. Spectral Transmission of Intraocular Lenses and Retinal Damage from
Intense Light Sources. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 85, 167-170 (1978).
MARSHALL, J. Light Damage and the Practice of Ophthalmology. In: Intraocular Lens
Implantation, Rosen E., Arnott, E., and Haining, W. (eds). London, Moseby-Yearbook, Ltd.
(1983).
PITTS, D.G. The Human Ultraviolet Action Spectrum. American Journal Optom. Physiol. Opt.,
51, 946-960 (1974).
SLINEY, D.H. Eye Protective Techniques for Bright Light. Ophthalmology, 90(8), 937-944
(1983).
SLINEY, D.H. and WOLBARSHT, M.L. Safety with Lasers and Other Optical Sources. New
York, Plenum (1980).
SPERLING, H.G. (ed). Intense Light Hazards in Ophthalmic Diagnosis and Treatment.
Proceedings of a Symposium, Vision Res., 20(12), 1033-1203 (1980).
VARMA, S.D. and LERMAN, S. (eds). Proceedings of the First International Symposium on
Light and Oxygen Effects on the Eye. Oxford: lRL Press (1984) [also published as Current Eye
Res., 3(1) (1984).]
WAXIER, M. and HITCHENS, V. (eds). Optical Radiation and Visual Health. Boca Raton, CRC
Press (1986).
WILLIAMS, T.B. and BAKER, B.N. (eds). The Effects of Constant Light on the Visual System.
New York, Plenum Press (1980).
YOUNG, R.W. A Theory of Central Retinal Disease. In: New Directions in Ophthalmic
Research, Sears, M.L. (ed). New Haven, Yale University Press, 237-270 (1981).
Bioeffect datasheet #4: Retinal thermal injury

A.4 Bioeffect: RETINAL THERMAL INJURY
A.4.1 Organ/Site: Eye/Retina and Choroid.
A.4.2 Spectral range: 400 nm to 1400 nm (principally 400 nm to 1100 nm).
A.4.3 Peak of action spectrum: Approximately 500 nm (Ham, 1966).
A.4.4 State of knowledge: Good acute threshold data available for rabbit and monkey, and limited
data for man. Data from different laboratories generally in good agreement.
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A.4.5 Time course: This mechanism of injury is dominant over photochemical retinal injury for
short (less than 10 seconds) exposures or at wavelengths greater than 700 nm. Noticeable
reaction is normally immediate (or within 5 minutes) following the exposure. Recovery is limited
or nonexistent.
A.4.6 Mechanism: Thermochemical reaction denatures proteins and other key biological
components of cells with destruction of biological tissue. Light absorption and initial injury
centered in retinal pigment epithelium and choroid.
A.4.7 Symptoms: "Blind spot" or scotoma where the bright source was imaged on the retina. A
retinal lesion visible (normally depigmented) is seen under ophthalmic examination normally
within 5 minutes, and certainly within 24 hours post-exposure. Loss of vision will be greatest
just after the exposure and some limited recovery may occur within 14 days.
A.4.8 Needed information: More data on large image size (> 1 mm) exposures.
A.4.9 Experience with lamps: Virtually no lamp is capable of causing this type of injury. A xenon arc
focussed into the eye can cause the effect as shown clinically. Hence the incidence must be
extremely rare or largely unreported injuries from staring at magnified xenon arc. Natural
aversion response normally limits exposure to preclude injury.
ALLEN, R.A. Retinal Thermal Injury. Proc ACGlH Topical Symposium, 26-28 November 1979,
ACGlH, Cincinnati, Ohio (1980).
HAM, W.T. Jr, RUFFOLO, J.J. Jr, MUELLER, H.A., and GUERRY, D. The Nature of Retinal
Radiation Damage: Dependence on Wavelength, Power Level and Exposure Time. Vision
Res., 20(12), 1105-1111 (1980).
HAM, W.T. Jr, WILLIAMS, R.C., GEERAETS, W.J., MUELLER, H.A., GUERRY, D., CLARKE,
A.M., and GEERAETS, W.J. Effects of Laser Radiation on the Mammalian Eye. Trans. NY
Acad. Sci., 28, 517-526 (1966).
SLINEY, D.H. and WOLBARSHT, M.L. Safety with Lasers and Other Optical Sources. Plenum,
New York (1980).
Bioeffect datasheet #5: Ultraviolet cataract

A.5 Bioeftect: ULTRAVIOLET CATARACT
A.5.1 Organ/Site: Eye/Crystalline Lens
A.5.2 Spectral range: 290 nm to 325 nm; possibly to 400 nm.
A.5.3 Peak of action spectrum: Approximately 305 nm (Pitts, 1977) for acute cataract; no action
spectrum available for effect at wavelengths > 325 nm (Lerman, 1980, Zigman, 1979).
A.5.4 State of knowledge: Good acute threshold data available for rabbit and monkey (295 nm to
325 nm); no data for man for acute cataract, but epidemiological evidence exists for chronic
exposure to UV-B radiation (Taylor, 1988).
A.5.5 Time course: Noticeable clouding of the lens generally delayed by 4 or more hours following
the exposure, the elapsed time depending upon how much difference in exposure and
threshold, heavy exposures producing reaction in shortest time; some clearing within days only
near threshold; otherwise permanent opacification of the lens.
A.5.6 Mechanism: Photochemical reaction; details not understood.
A.5.7 Symptoms: Clouding of vision.
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A.5.8 Needed information: Action spectrum, if existent, for acute and effects for UV-A exposure;
additivity of multiple exposures and the possibility of delayed effects from recurrent exposures.
A.5.9 Experience with lamps: Accidental injury is known, even from exposure to xenon-arc lamps.
Limited population exposed.
BRACHEM, A. Ophtalmic ultraviolet action spectra. Am. J. Ophtalm., 41, 969-976 (1956).
LERMAN, S. Radiant Energy and the Eye. Mac Millian, Inc., New York, (1980).
PARRISH, J.A., ANDERSON, R.R., URBACH, F., and PITTS, D. UV-A: Biological Effects of
Ultraviolet Radiation with Emphasis on Human Responses to Longwave Ultraviolet. Plenum
Press, New York (1978).
PITTS, D.G. The Ocular Ultraviolet Action Spectrum and Protection Criteria. Health Physics,
25, 559-566 (1973).
PITTS, D.G., CULLEN, A.P., and HACKER, P.D. Ocular Ultraviolet Effects from 295-1000 nm.
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 16(10), 932-939 (1977).
SLINEY, D.H. Estimating the Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure to an Intraocular Lens
Implant. J. Cataract Refract. Surg., 13, 296-301, May 1987.
SLINEY, D.H. Physical Factors in Cataractogenesis - Ambient Ultraviolet Radiation and
Temperature. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 27(5), 781-790, 1986.
TAYLOR, H.R., WEST, S.K., ROSENTHAL, F.S., MUNOZ, B., NEWLAND, H.S., ABBEY, H.,
and EMMETT, E.A. Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Cataract Formation. New England
Journal of Medicine, 319, 1429 (1988).
WAXIER, M. and HITCHENS, V. (eds). Optical Radiation and Visual Health. Boca Raton, CRC
Press (1986).
ZIGMAN, S., DATILES, M., and TORCYZNSKI, E. Sunlight and Human Cataracts. Invest.
Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 18(5), 462-467, 1979.
ZUCLICH, J.A. and CONNOLLY, J.S. Ocular Damage Induced by Near Ultraviolet Laser
Radiation. Invest. Ophthalmol., 15, 760-764 (1976).
Bioeffect datasheet #6: Ultraviolet erythema

A.6 Bioeftect: ULTRAVIOLET ERYTHEMA
A.6.1 Organ/Site: Skin
A.6.2 Spectral range: 180-200 to 400-420 nm; principally 200-320 nm.
A.6.3 Peak of action spectrum: Approximately 295 nm (Urbach, 1968, Anders, 1995);
approximately 254 nm (Hausser, 1928, Coblentz, 1932, Freeman, 1966).
A.6.4 State of knowledge: Good acute threshold data available for man (254 to 400 nm). Data from
different laboratories generally in good agreement if one takes into account two action spectra
one for 4 to 8 hours and another for 24 to 48 hours.
A.6.5 Time course: Noticeable reaction generally delayed by 4 to 12 hours following the exposure,
the elapsed time depending upon how much difference in exposure and threshold, heavy
exposures producing reaction in shortest time; clearing in 24 to 48 hours, except for extremely
severe exposures.
A.6.6 Mechanism: Photochemical reaction initiates chain of biological reactions; details not well
understood (van der Leun, 1965).
A.6.7 Symptoms: "Sunburn", reddening of the skin at sites of ultraviolet radiation exposure.
A.6.8 Needed information: Higher resolution of thresholds in 305-320 nm range; possibility of
delayed effects due to recurrent exposures.
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A.6.9 Experience with lamps: Not uncommon accidental exposure from germicidal lamps and
mercury and xenon-arc lamps, but only in special applications. Intentional exposure from
sunlamp products.
ANDERS, A., ALTHEIDE, H., KNALMANN, M., and TRONNIER, H. Action Spectrum for
Erythema in Humans Investigated with Dye Lasers. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 61, 200,
(1995).
COBLENTZ, W.W. and STAIR, R. Data on the Spectral Erythemic Reaction of the Untanned
Human Skin to Ultraviolet Radiation. Bur. Stand. J. Res., 8, 541 (1932).
COBLENTZ, W.W. and STAIR, R. Data on the Spectral Erythemic Reaction of the Untanned
Human Skin to Ultraviolet Radiation. Bur. Stand. J. Res., 12, 13-14 (1934).
COBLENTZ, W.W., STAIR, R., and HOGUE, J.M. The Spectral Erythemic Reaction of the
Human Skin to Ultraviolet Radiation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 17, 401-403 (June 1931).
FITZPATRICK, T.B., PATHAK, M.A., HARBER, L.C., SIEJI, M., and KUKITA, A. (eds).
Sunlight and Man. Tokyo, Tokyo University Press (1974).
th
FITZPATRICK, T.B. Dermatology in general medicine 5 ed. McGraw Hill, New York, pp.
1555-1561, (1999) and its references.
FREEMAN, R.G, OWENS, D.W., KNOX, J.M., and HUDSON, H.T. Relative Energy
Requirements for an Erythemal Response of Skin to Monochromatic Wavelengths of
Ultraviolet Present in the Solar Spectrum. J. Invest. Dermat., 64, 586-592 (1966).
HAUSSER, K.W. Influence of Wavelength in Radiation Biology. Strahlentherapie, 28, 25-44
(1928).
HAUSSER, K.W. and VAHLE, W. Sunburn and Suntanning. Wissenschaftliche
Verffentlichungen des Siemens Konzerns 6(1), 101-120 (1927), Translated in: Biologic
Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation (F. Urbach, ed), Pergamon Press, New York (1969).
HAWK ed. Photodermatology. Arnold, London, pp. 43-52, (1999) and its references.
ISO 17166:1999 / CIE S007 1998 Erythema reference action spectrum and standard
erythema dose.
van der LEUN, J.C. Theory of Ultraviolet Erythema. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 4, 453,
(1965).
LUCKIESH, M., HOLLADAY, L.L., and TAYLOR, A.H. Reaction of Untanned Human Skin to
Ultraviolet Radiation. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 20, 423-432 (1930).
PARRISH, J.A., JAENICKE, K.F. and ANDERSON, R.R. Erythema and melanogenesis action
spectrum of normal human skin. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 36, 187, 1982.
SCHMIDT, K. On the Skin Erythema Effect of UV Flashes. Strahlentherapie, 124, 127-136
(May 1964).
URBACH, F. (ed). The Biologic Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation. Pergamon Press, New York.
pp. 83-39, 327-436, 541-654, (1968).
World Health Organization. Ultraviolet Radiation. Environmental Health Criteria 14, WHO,
Geneva (1979).
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ANNEX B
(informative)
MEASUREMENT METHOD
B.1 Instrumentation
B.1.1 Double monochromator: Recommended instrument

The measurement of a source for the purpose of hazard classification requires accuracy during
calibration and testing. The detectors broad spectral response and high spectral resolution required to
provide accurate weighting leads to stringent requirements for out-of-band stray light rejection.
Calibration sources provide wide spectral output that must be rejected out of the pass-band. The ratio
of out-of-band energy to pass-band energy at 270 nm for tungsten or tungsten-halogen calibration
-4
lamps should be smaller than 10 . The double monochromator is the only instrument that provides the
needed selectivity, and it is recommended for hazard measurements involving UV and visible radiation.
It is recognized that monochromator systems introduce limitations in convenience and speed. Use of a
single monochromator in the UV or visible spectrum should be used only if comparable results to that
from a double monochromator can be obtained. For example, a single monochromator may be
sufficient for lamps such as LEDs known to have a very limited spectral emission band.
B.1.2 Broadband detectors

Modern broadband detectors, when calibrated against the appropriate action spectrum, and with
appropriate precaution, may be used. When faced with short duration pulsed or low intensity sources,
they are convenient to use. Broadband hazard sensors normally attempt to match the weighting
spectra by the use of filters. The matching is never exact and leads to some amount of error. Spectral
error contributes to uncertainty only to the extent that the sources spectrum or the detectors spectral
response is unknown.
If the source spectrum is unknown, then the point of largest percentage deviation between the detector
and the action spectrum must be assumed as the uncertainty. This uncertainty determination shall
include consideration of the spectral region where the action spectrum is zero.
When both the detector's response and source's spectrum are known, straightforward calculations can
generate a correction factor. Used with an appropriate correction factor, the broadband detector
provides a valid method for measurements under this standard. It is incumbent upon the radiometrist
to show that the correction factor is valid in each specific case. Variations that lead, or may lead, to
changes in spectra require re-determination of the correction factor.
Note: The combination of weighted broadband radiometers and a double monochromator can
improve the measurement process in many instances. A survey of spatial, temporal, or item-
to-item variations of a source type can be rapidly accomplished using the filtered detector.
B.2 Instrument limitations
B.2.1 Noise equivalent irradiance

All instruments have a limit below which measurements are not possible. For hazard analysis, it is
improper to report zero signal when the only known fact is that the measurement is below the
instruments limit. The instrument used for hazard testing must be characterized to determine the
measurement limit level or levels. When the instrument reading is zero, or below the measurement
limit, the corresponding measurement limit will be reported. If the value for the instrument limit is of
significant level to affect the classification of sources then it is clear that a higher quality instrument is
required.
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Note: The measurement limit of a spectroradiometer is usually dominated by the noise limit of the
detector. The noise limit of the detector can be taken as the RMS variation in the detector dark
signal. The detectors noise limit is multiplied by the calibration spectrum for the system to give
a spectrum with the same dimensions as the measurements, called the "noise equivalent
input", NEI. The reported spectral measurement is the higher value at each wavelength of the
measured spectrum and the NEI.
B.2.2 Instrument spectral response

The shape of the spectral response (slit function) and the ratio of the measurement interval to the
bandwidth will determine whether the system is able to accurately measure signals with narrow
spectral extent, for example atomic emission lines. (See Kostkowski, 1997, chapter 5.)
A monochromator with perfect triangular spectral response (slit function) used in a system that has a
reporting interval that evenly divides into the bandwidth will accurately measure all signals regardless
of their spectral shape. (See CIE 63 - 1984, clause 1.8.4.2.1, or Kostkowski, 1997, clause 5.9.)
Deviations from this may lead to errors in measured energy. The spectral response of the system must
be determined by high spectral resolution measurement of a narrow wavelength source. The
measured spectrum must be symmetrical about the source wavelength to represent the systems
response when set to the single wavelength. The systems ability to accurately measure the energy
from a narrow band signal is the accuracy of obtaining the sum of the spectral responses at each
reported wavelength. The variation across the summed spectrum is the potential error in total
measured signal and must be included in the uncertainty analysis.
The result of hazard evaluations will be influenced by the instruments characteristics. The bandwidth
of the monochromator will change the weighted results of any spectrum with varying levels. All finite
bandwidth instruments report signal at the wrong wavelength, leading to errors in the weighted sum.
Table B.1, below, lists the recommended bandwidth for 2% upper bound of uncertainty in weighted
sums.
Table B.1 Recommended bandwidths
Range (nm) Bandwidth (FWHM)
200 400 4 nm
400 600 8 nm
600 1400 20 nm
1400 no bandwidth limitation
A more complete analysis that takes the source spectrum into account may be used to relax the
suggested bandwidth accuracy. The results of the analysis must be included in the stated uncertainty
of the measurement.
Note: Systems that constantly integrate the signal during the spectral scan will not experience errors
in total measured power from spectral response shape or from the ratio of bandwidth to
reporting interval. Large bandwidths will still lead to errors in weighted results with this type of
instrument.
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B.2.3 Wavelength accuracy

The wavelength accuracy of the instrument used to determine the spectral shape of a source has a
great impact on the weighted values. For example, the UV hazard weighting function, SUV(), changes
at an extreme rate, i.e. 250% over 3 nm at 300 nm. If a reasonable limit of error is desired then the
measured energy must be assigned to its proper wavelength, so that it is appropriately weighted.
Table B.2 is an example showing the change in weighted results from a measurement reporting
interval when the interval is moved by 0,1 nm. The measured values are calculated by assuming a
spectroradiometer with a triangular response, 2 nm bandwidth, and 1 nm reporting interval. The sum of
the measured values is equal as the line is shifted because of the principles described in clause B.2.2.
The weighted measurement changes by 2 % for a wavelength change of 0,1 nm. Errors of this
magnitude may occur if the wavelength of the instrument is in error by 0,1 nm.
Table B.2 Example of error in weighted value for wavelength error

305 nm 305,1 nm
nm SUV()
Measured Weighted Measured Weighted Ratio of sums
304 0,08485 0,25000 0,02121 0,22500 0,01909
305 0,06000 0,50000 0,03000 0,47500 0,02850
306 0,04540 0,25000 0,01135 0,27500 0,01249
307 0,03436 0,00000 0,00000 0,02500 0,00086
Sums 1,0000 1,0000 100%
Sums 0,06256 0,06094 97,4%
SUV() is the UV hazard weighting function.

The wavelength accuracy of the monochromator used for hazard testing should be sufficient to provide
weighted results with an error arising from wavelength inaccuracy less than three percent (3%). The
needed accuracy therefore depends on the region of the spectrum and the weighting function used.
Table B.3 summarizes the suggested accuracy which will bound the error to ~ 3 %.
Table B.3 Recommended wavelength accuracy
Range (nm) Wavelength accuracy

200 300 0,2 nm
300 325 0,1 nm
325 600 0,2 nm
600 1400 2 nm
A more complete analysis that takes the source spectrum into account may be used to relax the
suggested wavelength accuracy. The results of analysis must be included in the stated uncertainty of
the measurement.
B.2.4 Stray radiant power

The absolute calibration of spectroradiometers requires the use of sources with broad spectral output
and high energy. If the spectral rejection is insufficient, additional energy from other parts of the
spectrum will be included in the calibration. The result of this type of error is to under-calibrate the
spectroradiometer and leads to lower readings of the potential hazard. Typical ratios between the total
4
energy and the signal passed by the monochromator are on the order of 10 . To obtain 1% accuracy,
6
rejection of out-of-band radiation needs to be on the order of 10 . (See CIE 63 - 1984.)
35
IS 16108 : 2012
IEC 62471 : 2006
B.2.5 Input optics for spectral irradiance measurements: Recommendation

A number of issues occur with monochromators using normal input optics. The calibration source and
measurement source may not have the same polarization nor will they have the same source size
leading to input angle variations. Furthermore the sources measured will subtend both small and large
angles. These differences can lead to erroneous measurements. Using an integrating sphere as the
input device to the monochromator is the recommended method for irradiance measurements because
the random reflectance of the coating depolarizes the incoming light and proper design should match
as closely as possible a cosine response and, further, multiple reflections within the integrating sphere
consistently fill the radiometers input. More difficulties may occur with the cosine response of UV-
detectors.
A properly designed diffuser may also suffice as the input device to the monochromator or radiometer.
B.2.6 Linearity
The individual lamp or device under test must be assumed to have a different radiometric magnitude
than the source used to calibrate the testing system. For the calibration to be useful, the linearity of the
system must be known, and the test measurements must be performed within the range that is linear.
Non-linearity within the system may be corrected using a calibration function to bring the system to
linearity. Note that this adjustment must be applied to the calibration and the measurements.
B.3 Calibration sources

The recommended sources for calibration are the deuterium discharge lamp, for the UV region, and
the calibration-grade tungsten or tungsten-halogen lamp for the higher wavelength UV, visible and near
infrared region of the spectrum. The deuterium lamp may vary in output level while maintaining its
spectral shape. Therefore the calibration of the system in the 200 nm to 350 nm region using the
deuterium lamp shall be adjusted by comparison to the calibration level from the tungsten (or tungsten-
halogen) lamp between 250 nm and 350 nm. The wavelength below which the deuterium shape is
used shall be at as short a wavelength as practical considering the noise in the tungsten (or tungsten-
halogen) lamp calibration.
36
IS 16108 : 2012
IEC 62471 : 2006
ANNEX C
(informative)
UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
The analysis of uncertainty requires that all sources of uncertainty be quantitatively evaluated. The first
step in uncertainty analysis is identifying the various uncertainty sources. Below is a list that can be the
start of the evaluation of uncertainty for measurements used in classifying lamps and lamp systems.
See further details in CIE 53 1982 Methods of characterizing the performance of radiometers and
photometers.
Instrument
Wavelength
Bandwidth
Response to varying spectra
Linearity
Stability
Stray light
Out-of-path
Out-of-band
Calibration
Standards (assigned uncertainty)
Distance
Alignment
Electrical operation
Measurement
Alignment
Distance
Source under test
Stability
Temperature
Size
Electrical operation
The individual uncertainty factors must be found or estimated. Each factor must then be propagated
through the measurement to find the impact on the weighted values used in hazard classification. As
seen in clause 5.3.3 above, the percent impact on the weighted values may be different from the
percent uncertainty of the individual factor. This is seen in the change in output from an incandescent
lamp as a function of the input current. The change in current changes the energy dissipated in the
lamp and therefore changes the lamps resistance and temperature. A change in current will not be
followed linearly by a change in lamps total output. Because of the change in temperature, the output
at a single wavelength may not follow the change in total output. Though the changes are not linear, for
small changes they can be considered linear. The normal way to propagate the uncertainty is to find
the amount of the final values change to the initial factors change. This ratio of the impact to the input
change is called sensitivity. For the incandescent lamp example, a change in the lamps current by a
small percent leads to a change in the output at the wavelength of interest as shown.
Table C.1 Example of uncertainty propagation.
Lamp Current Signal at 300 nm

Setting 1 8,2000 8451
Setting 2 8,2011 8461
Change 0,0134% 0,118%
37
IS 16108 : 2012
IEC 62471 : 2006
Sensitivity is 0,118% / 0,0134% = 9.

An uncertainty of 0,1% in current will be an uncertainty of 0,9% in output at 300 nm.
Each of the uncertainties must be carried through to the final value and expressed as a percentage.
The full sets of uncertainties are combined in quadrature and this combined uncertainty expressed as
a percentage is then reported with the measured value.
38
IS 16108 : 2012
IEC 62471 : 2006
ANNEX D
(informative)
GENERAL REFERENCES
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). TLVs and BEIs; Threshold Limit
Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents; Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, ACGIH.
ANSI/IESNA (American National Standard Institute / Illuminating Engineering Society of North
America) RP27.1-96. Recommended Practice for Photobiological Safety for Lamps General
Requirements. New York, IESNA 1996.
America) RP27.2-00. Recommended Practice for Photobiological Safety for Lamps Measurement
Systems Measurement Techniques. New York, IESNA 2000.
America) RP27.3-96. Recommended Practice for Photobiological Safety for Lamps Risk Group
Classification & Labeling. New York, IESNA 1996.
CIE 134/3 1999 Recommendation on Photobiological Safety of Lamps. A review of standards. In CIE
Collection in Photobiology and Photochemistry (1999).
CIE x016-1998 Measurements of Optical Radiation Hazards.
ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection). Guidelines on UV radiation
exposure limits. Health Physics 71, 978, (1996).
ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection). Guidelines on limits of
exposure to broadband incoherent optical radiation (0.38 to 3 m). Health Physics 73, 539-554, (1997).
IEC Technical Report 60825-9 Safety of laser products, Part 9: Compilation of maximum permissible
exposure to incoherent optical radiation, 1999.
IRPA/INIRC (International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee). Guidelines on limits of exposure to
ultraviolet radiation of wavelengths between 180 nm and 400 nm (Incoherent optical radiation). Health
Physics 49, 331-340, (1985) and 56, 971-972, (1989).
KOSTKOWSKI, H.J. Reliable Spectroradiometry. Spectroradiometry Consulting, La Plata, MD (1997).
SLINEY, D.H. and WOLBARSHT, M.L. Safety with Lasers and Other Optical Sources. Plenum, New
York (1980).
___________
39
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IS 16108 (2012): Photobiological Safety of Lamps and Lamp

February 2012 Price Group 12

International Standard Title

3. DEFINITIONS, SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

3.1 actinic dose (see ILV 845-06-23)

3.2 angular subtense ()

3.3 aperture, aperture stop

3.4 blue light hazard (BLH)

3.5 continuous wave (CW) lamp

3.6 erythema (see ILV 845-06-15)

3.7 exposure distance

3.8 exposure limit (EL)

3.9 eye movements

3.10 field of view

3.11 general lighting service (GLS) lamps

3.12 hazard distance

3.13 illuminance (at a point of a surface) (Ev) (see ILV 845-01-38)

3.14 infrared radiation (IR) (see ILV 845-01-04)

3.15 intended use

3.16 irradiance (at a point of the surface) (see ILV 845-01-37)

3.18 lamp system

3.19 large source

3.22 light emitting diode (LED) (see ILV 845-04-40)

3.23 lumen (see ILV 845-01-51)

3.24 luminaire (see ILV 845-10-01)

3.26 lux (see ILV 845-01-52)

3.27 ocular hazard distance

3.28 optical radiation (see ILV 845-01-02)

3.30 pulsed lamp

3.32 radiant energy (see ILV 845-01-27)

3.34 radiant power () (see ILV 845-01-24)

3.36 retinal burn

3.37 retinal hazard region

3.38 skin hazard distance

3.39 spectral distribution (see ILV 845-01-17)

3.40 spectral irradiance

3.42 steradian (see ILV 845-01-20)

3.43 ultraviolet radiation (UV) (see ILV 845-01-05)

3.44 visible radiation (see ILV 845-01-03)

3.45 visual angle

4. EXPOSURE LIMITS (ELS)

4.2.1 Pupil diameter

4.2.2 Angular subtense of source and measurement field-of-view

4.3 Hazard exposure limits

4.3.2 Near-UV hazard exposure limit for the eye

Figure 4.1 Spectral weighting function, S UV( ) , for actinic UV hazard

4.3.3 Retinal blue light hazard exposure limit

Wavelength Blue-light hazard function Burn hazard function

Figure 4.2 Spectral weighting functions for retinal hazards:

4.3.4 Retinal blue light hazard exposure limit - small source

4.3.5 Retinal thermal hazard exposure limit

4.3.6 Retinal thermal hazard exposure limit weak visual stimulus

4.3.7 Infrared radiation hazard exposure limits for the eye

For times greater than 1000 s the limit becomes:

4.3.8 Thermal hazard exposure limit for the skin

5. MEASUREMENT OF LAMPS AND LAMP SYSTEMS

5.1 Measurement conditions

5.1.1 Lamp ageing (seasoning)