mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

CHAPTER 2
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

Element
Matter Substance that Compound
consists of only one Substance that contains
Anything that
type of atom. two or more elements
occupies space & has
that are chemically
mass.
bonded together.
Kinetic Theory of Matter
Matter is made up of
Physical State
Type of Particles tiny & discrete particle.
Particle vibrate, moving
Solid
Atom & collide with each other.
Particles move randomly. Liquid
Molecule
There are forces between Gas
Ion the particle. Stronger the
forces, particle close to
each other. Subatomic Particles
Atom Higher the temperature,
higher the kinetic energy Electron
Smallest particle of of particle.
an element that can Proton
take place in chemical Neutron
reaction.
Molecule
Diffusion
A group of two or Is a random movement
Ion more atoms which are between different
Is a positive charged chemically bonded particles from high
together. concentration to lower
or negative charged
concentration.
particle.

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Atom, Molecule & Ion

+ Molecule (ELEMENT)
Atom Atom

+ Molecule (COMPOUND)
Atom Atom

+ + - + - Ionic Compound
Cation Anion

Example: Formation of WATER Water Molecule

+
Oxygen Atom Hydrogen Atom

A Glass of Water

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Diffusion in Solid: Test tube is filled with a hot jelly and copper(II) sulphate crystal.

Difussion Rate:
Slow
Reason:
Particle arrangement of jelly
are closely packed together.
The particle of CuSO4 diffuse
slowly between jelly particles.

Diffusion in Liquid: A beaker is filled with water & potassium manganate (VII).

Difussion Rate:
Moderate Particle arrangement of water
are closely packed together but
Reason:
there are spaces between the
particles. The particle of KMnO4
can diffuse easily between
water particles.

Diffusion in Gas: A gas jar is filled with few drop of bromine liquid.

Difussion Rate:
High Particle arrangement of the air
Reason: are futher apart between each
other. The particle of Br2 can
diffuse very easily between air
particles.

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

States Particles Forces between Particles Motion

Arrangement particles

Held together Vibrate and rotate at

SOLID
very strong fixed position
Packed closely in
orderly manner

Vibrate, rotate and

Strong but weaker move through liquid &
LIQUID
than solid collide against each
other
Packed closely not in
orderly arrangement

Vibrate, rotate and

GAS weak
move freely
Far apart from each
other

Solid Liquid Gas

Shape : Shape : Shape :
Fixed Follow the shape Follow the shape
of container of container
Ability to be Ability to be Ability to be
compressed: compressed: compressed:
Cannot be compressed Difficult to compressed Can be compressed easily

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Change in the State of Matter

Melting Sublimation
SOLID

Freezing Sublimation

Condensation

Boiling/Evaporating
LIQUID GAS

Changes in the Heat Energy

Heat Energy Absorbed Heat Energy Absorbed

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Heat Energy Released Heat Energy Released

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Heating of Naphthalene Cooling of Naphthalene

1. Why is solid naphthalene, C10H8 not heated directly with Bunsen burner?
Solid naphthalene is highly flammable.
2. Why is water bath used to heat the naphthalene?
To get even heating on solid naphthalene.
3. During the cooling of naphthalene, explain why
a) the boiling tube must place in a conical flask?
To get even cooling.
b) the naphthalene must stirred continuously?
To preent supercooling.
4. What happens to the temperature of naphthalene during
a) melting? Give a reason.
The temperature remain constant because heat energy absorbed by the particles is used to breakdown
the force of attraction between the particles. It is called as latent heat of fusion.
b) freezing? Give a reason.
The temperature remain constant because heat energy released by the particles during formation of
the force of attractions is equal to the heat lost to the surroundings.
5. The melting point of sugar is 184oC. The melting point of sugar cannot be
determined using same apparatus. Why? What apparatus can be used
instead?
Because the melting point of sugar is higher than water. Water bath can be replaced by sand bath to
melt the sugar.
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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

The Heating Curve of Naphthalene

Temperature (oC)

MP
B C

Time (min)
Why the temperature
Melting Point Physical State
increase from A to B?
When solid is heated,
Is the temperature at AB = SOLID
heat energy is
which a solid changes into absorbed
________________.
a liquid at a particular BC = SOLID + LIQUID This cause particles to
gain kinetic energy
_________
pressure.
CD = LIQUID faster
and vibrate __________.

Why the temperature Why the temperature

remains constant at BC? increase from C to D?
absorbed
Heat energy ___________ Also known as When liquid is heated,
by the particles is used to latent heat of heat energy is
overcome the force absorbed
________________.
between the particles so fusion. This cause particles to
that the solid turn into gain
_________ kinetic energy
liquid. faster
and move __________.

* label the melting point of the naphthalene in the diagram above as MP.

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

The Cooling Curve of Naphthalene

Temperature (oC)

FP
F G

Time (min)

Why the temperature

Freezing Point Physical State
decrease from E to F?
When liquid is cooled,
Is the temperature at EF = LIQUID
heat energy is
which a liquid changes released
________________.
into a solid at a particular FG = LIQUID + SOLID This cause particles to
pressure. lose kinetic energy
_________
GH = SOLID slower
and move __________.

Why the temperature Why the temperature

How to avoid supercooling?
remains constant at FG? decrease from G to H?
lost
Heat energy ___________ By placing the boiling tube in When solid is cooled,
to the surroundings is the empty conical flask and heat energy is
exactly same as the heat released
________________.
stir the naphthalene
energy released by This cause particles to
continuously during cooling. lose
_________ kinetic energy
particle to form the
forces to become a solid. slower
and vibrate __________.

* label the freezing point of the naphthalene in the diagram above as FP.

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

The Atomic Structure

[Draw the atomic model & briefly explain]

Mass of atom concentrated at nucleus

Atom is indivisible, cannot be which is contain positively charged
particles called proton.
produced or destroyed in a
(1) John Dalton
chemical reactions. Electrons located outside the nucleus
(1766 1844)
forming negatively charged cloud.

Found negative charged particles called

electrons.

Electrons spread throughout sphere-

(2) J.J. Thomson shaped atom which is positively charged.
(1856 1940)
(3) Ernest Rutherford
(1871 - 1937)

Electron move around the nucleus

in fixed orbits.

Each orbit has fixed distance from

(5) James Chadwick Nucleon contain proton
the nucleus. (1891 - 1974) (+ve) & neutron (neutral).

Mass of proton & neutron

is almost similar.
(4) Neils Bohr
(1885 - 1962) Electrons move around
the nucleus ain fixed orbit.

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Subatomic Particles of an Atom

NEUTRON
Symbol : n
PROTON
Relative electric
Symbol : p charge : 0

Relative electric Relative mass: 1

charge : +1

Relative mass: 1 ELECTRON

Symbol : e

Relative electric
NUCLEUS
charge : -1
Proton + Neutron
Relative mass: 0.0005
NUCLEON NUMBER =

Proton + Number of
Number Neutron Definition

Nucleon number is
NEUTRAL ATOM the total number of
Number of proton proton and neutrons
is equal to the in its atom.
number of electron.
Atom Q has a proton number
of 11 and a nucleon number of
23. How many protons, Definition
electrons and neutrons are
Proton number is the
present in the atom?
number of protons in
Proton number = 11 Number of neutrons its atom.
Number of protons = 11 = Nucleon proton
Number of electrons = 11 = 23 11 = 12

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Symbol of Elements

Element Symbol Element Symbol Element Symbol Element Symbol

Hydrogen H Carbon C Sodium Na Sulphur S

Helium He Nitrogen N Magnesium Mg Chlorine Cl

Lithium Li Oxygen O Aluminium Al Argon Ar
Beryllium Be Fluorine F Silicon Si Potassium K

Boron B Neon Ne Phosphorus P Calcium Ca

Nucleon Number
Symbol of Element
Proton Number

23
11
Na A fluorine atom has 9 protons and
10 neutrons. What is the proton
number and nucleon number of
Also represented the atom? Represent the atom in
the form of .
by sodium-23
Proton number = 9
Bromine-80 has 45 neutrons. Nucleon number = Proton + Neutron
What are the proton number = 9 + 10
and nucleon number of the = 19
atom? Represent the atom
in the form of .
19
Nucleon number = 80
9
F
Proton number = Nucleon Neutron
= 80 45 = 35
80
35 Br
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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Nucleon Proton No. of No. of

Element
ISOTOPES Number Number Neutron Electron
Hydrogen-1 1 1 0 1
Atoms of the same Hydrogen-2 2 1 1 1
element has same Hydrogen-3 3 1 2 1
proton number but Carbon-12 12 6 6 6
different number of Carbon-13 13 6 7 6
neutron Carbon-14 14 6 8 6
Oxygen-16 16 8 8 8
Why isotopes element Oxygen-17 17 8 9 8
has similar chemical Oxygen-18 18 8 10 8
properties? Chlorine-35 35 17 18 17
Because isotopes has Chlorine-37 37 17 20 17
same proton number. Bromine-80 80 35 45 35
Thus, it has same Bromine-81 81 35 46 35
valence electron.

CARBON-14
To determine
PHOSPORUS-32 Also used to
To determine the the age of
detect blood clot.
rate of absorption artifact.
of fertilisers by
plants. SODIUM-24
To detect leaks in
USES OF underground
ISOTOPES petroleum pipe.
IODINE-131
To detect the
location of a
tumor in the brain. COBALT-60
To treat
cancer.
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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

The Electronic Structure of an Atom

FIRST SHELL

SECOND SHELL

ELECTRON

NUCLEUS

THIRD SHELL

FOURTH SHELL

Maximum number
For atoms with The last shell filled
of electron filled in
more than 20 with electrons
the shell:
electrons, the third known as the
1st = 2 electrons
shell can filled up outermost
2nd = 8 electrons
to 18 electrons. occupied shell.
3rd = 8 electrons
4th = 8 electrons

Electron Write the electron

Valence Electrons Configuration arrangement for
potassium & state the
Chlorine has valence electrons.
Electrons in the
proton number 17. Proton number = 19
outermost
occupied shell. E.C = 2.8.7 E.C = 2.8.8.1
Valence Electrons = 1
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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Electron
Proton Number of Configuration
Element Electronic Structure
Number Electron & Valence
Electrons

E.C = 1
Hydrogen 1 1
V.E = 1

E.C = 2
Helium 2 2
V.E = 2

E.C = 2.1
Lithium
3 3
V.E = 1

E.C = 2.2
Beryllium
4 4
V.E = 2

E.C = 2.3
Boron
5 5
V.E = 3

E.C = 2.4
Carbon
6 6
V.E = 4

E.C = 2.5
Nitrogen 7 7
V.E = 5

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Electron
Proton Number of Configuration
Element Electronic Structure
Number Electron & Valence
Electron

E.C = 2.6
Oxygen 8 8
V.E = 6

E.C = 2.7
Fluorine
9 9
V.E = 7

E.C = 2.8
Neon 10 10
V.E = 8

E.C = 2.8.1
Sodium 11 11
V.E = 1

E.C = 2.8.2
Magnesium 12 12
V.E = 2

E.C = 2.8.3
Aluminium
13 13
V.E = 3

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Electron
Proton Number of Configuration &
Element Electronic Structure
Number Electron Valence
Electron

E.C = 2.8.4
Silicon 14 14
V.E = 4

E.C = 2.8.5
15 15
Phosphorus
V.E = 5

E.C = 2.8.6
Sulphur
16 16
V.E = 6

E.C = 2.8.7
Chlorine
17 17
V.E = 7

E.C = 2.8.8
Argon
18 18
V.E = 8

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Electron
Proton Number of Configuration &
Element Electronic Structure
Number Electron Valence
Electron

E.C = 2.8.8.1
Potassium 19 19
V.E = 1

E.C = 2.8.8.2
Calcium 20 20
V.E = 2

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