Astm d2035
Astm d2035
Astm d2035
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D2035 13
measures should be taken to avoid heat being imparted by the Prime Coagulants
illumination system which may counteract normal settling. Alum[Al2(SO4)318H2O]
Ferric sulfate [Fe2(SO4)3xH2O]
7.2 Jars (or Beakers), all of the same size and shape; Ferric chloride (FeCl36H2O)
1500-mL Griffin beakers may be used (1000-mL recommended Ferrous sulfate (FeSO47H2O)
Magnesium carbonate (MgCO33H2O)
minimum size). Sodium aluminate (NaAlO2)
Coagulant Aids
7.3 Reagent Racks A means of introducing each test Activated silica
solution to all jars simultaneously. There should be at least one Anionic (polyelectrolyte)
rack for each test solution or suspension. The racks should be Cationic (polyelectrolyte)
Nonionic Polymer
similar to that shown in Fig. 1. Oxidizing Agents
Chlorine (Cl2)
8. Reagents Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)
Potassium permanganate (KMnO4 )
8.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall be Calcium hypochlorite [CaCl(ClO)4H2O]
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit- Alkalis
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, Dolomitic lime
where such specifications are available.3 Other grades may be (58 % CaO, 40 % MgO)
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of Lime, hydrated [Ca(OH)2]
Magnesium oxide (MgO)
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
accuracy of the determination. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Weighting Agents
8.2 Purity of WaterReference to water that is used for Bentonite
reagent preparation, rinsing or dilution shall be understood to Kaolin
Other clays and minerals
mean water that conforms to the quantitative specifications of Miscellaneous
Type IV reagent water of Specification D1193. Activated carbon (powdered)
8.3 The following chemicals and additives are typical of 8.4 Coagulant Aids There are numerous commercially
those used for test solutions and suspensions. The latter, with available coagulant aids or polyelectrolytes. All polyelectro-
the exception of coagulant aids, may be prepared daily by lytes are classified anionic, cationic or nonionic, depending
mixing chemicals with water to a concentration of 10 (60.1) upon their composition. These aids may have the ability to
g/L (1.0 mL of test solution or suspension when added to 1 L produce large, tough, easily-settled floc when used alone or in
of sample is equivalent to 10 mg/L): conjunction with inorganic coagulants. A small dosage (under
1 mg/L) may permit a reduction in the dosage of, or complete
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Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications , American elimination of, the coagulant. In the latter case, the polyelec-
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not trolyte would be considered the prime coagulant rather than a
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory coagulant aid. Aids come in powdered and liquid form.
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, Powdered aids should be prepared as 0.1 % solutions with
MD. appropriate aliquots to provide proper dosage. Always add
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D2035 13
powdered aids to the dissolving water rather than the reverse, the slow mix period. Slow mix for 20 min. Record the time
and add slowly to the shoulder of a vortex created by stirring. for the first visible floc formation. Every 5 min (during the
If a vortex is not formed, the dry powder will merely collect on slow mix period), record relative floc size and mixer speed
the surface of the water in gummy masses and become very (rpm). If coagulant aids are used, mixing speed is critical
difficult to dissolve. Dissolving time may vary from several because excessive stirring tends to break up early floc forma-
minutes to several hours. Suggested manufacturers procedures tion and may redisperse the aid.
for wetting, dissolving, and storing should be followed when 10.5 After the slow mix period, withdraw the paddles and
available. Liquid forms can be readily prepared to the above observe settling of floc particles. Record the time required for
strength without difficulty.4 the bulk of the particles to settle. In most cases this time will
9. Sampling be that required for the particles to settle to the bottom of the
beaker; however, in some cases there may be interfering
9.1 Collect the water sample under test in accordance with convection currents. If so, the recorded settling time should be
the applicable Practices D3370. that at which the unsettled or residual particles appear to be
moving equally upward and downward.
10. Procedure
10.6 After 15 min of settling, record the appearance of floc
10.1 Measure equal volumes (1000 mL) of sample into each
on the beaker bottom. Record the sample temperature. By
of the jars or 1500-mL Griffin beakers. As many sample
means of a pipet or siphon, withdraw an adequate sample
portions may be used as there are positions on the multiple
volume of supernatant liquor from the jar at a point one half of
stirrer. Locate beakers so that the paddles are off-center, but
the depth of the sample, to conduct color,5 turbidity, pH and
clear the beaker wall by about 6.4 mm (14 in.). Record the
other required analyses, (Note 1) determined in accordance
sample temperature at the start of the test.
with Test Methods D6855 or D7315 (for turbidity) and D1293
10.2 Load the test chemicals in the reagent racks. Use one (for pH). A suggested form for recording results is appended
rack for each series of chemical additions. Make up each tube (see Fig. 2).
in the rack to a final volume of 10 mL, with water, before
NOTE 1Tests for residual chemicals should be included, for example,
using. There may be a situation where a larger volume of alum; residual Al2O3; copperas; residual Fe2O3; etc.
reagent will be required. Should this condition prevail, fill all
tubes with water to a volume equal to the largest volume of 10.7 Repeat steps 10.1 10.6 until all pertinent variables
reagent in the reagent rack. When adding slurries, it may be have been evaluated.
necessary to shake the rack to produce a swirling motion just 10.8 The times given in 10.3, 10.4, and 10.6 are only
prior to transfer. suggestions.
10.3 Start the multiple stirrer operating at the flash mix 11. Reproducibility
speed of approximately 120 rpm. Add the test solution or
11.1 It is recognized that reproducibility of results is impor-
suspensions, at predetermined dosage levels and sequence.
tant. To demonstrate reproducibility, the so-called 3 and 3
Flash mix for approximately 1 min after the additions of
procedure is suggested. In this procedure, duplicate sets of 3
chemicals. Record the flash mix time and speed (rpm).
jars each are treated simultaneously with the same chemical
10.4 Reduce the speed as necessary to the minimum re- dosages in jars 1 and 4, 2 and 5, and 3 and 6.
quired to keep floc particles uniformly suspended throughout
12. Keywords
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12.1 coagulation; flocculation; jar tests
A periodically updated Report on Coagulant Aids for Water Treatment is
published by the Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Supply,
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Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, listing coagulant aids that may be used in water treatment For the color determination, reference is made to Standard Methods for the
without adverse physiological effects on those using the water, based on information Examination of Water and Waste Water, Fourteenth edition, American Public Health
submitted by the manufacturers or distributors, or both. Association, Inc., New York, NY, 1975, pp. 6471.
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D2035 13
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Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 1 10:19:02 EST 2016
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