PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

(ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS)

Formation of PDE:

Note:1 If the number of arbitrary constants are less than or equal to the number of
independent variables then the differential equation so formed by eliminating those
arbitrary constants will result in a Partial differential equation of first order.

Note:2 If the number of arbitrary constants exceed the number of independent variables
then the resultant equation will be a Partial differential equation of higher order which is
not unique.

I) Obtain the Partial differential equation by elimination of the arbitrary constants

from the following:

1. = ( 2 + 2 )( 2 + 2 ) : = 4

2. ( )2 + ( )2 + 2 = 2 : 2 (2 + 2 + 1) = 2
2 2 2
3. + 2 + 2 = 1 : + 2 = 0 + 2 = 0
2

4. = + 2 + 2 + : + =

5. + = 2 + : = 1

6. = ( )2 + ( )2 : 4 = 2 + 2

7. 2 + 2 = ( )2 1 : =

8. ++ =1 : = 0

9. = + + : = + +

10. = + 2 2 + 2 : = 22

11. = + + 2 + 2 : = + + 2 + 2
1
12. = + 2 2 2 + : = + 2

13. = + + : = + +

14.log( 1) = + + : ( + 1) =

15. = 4 + 4 : + = 4

16. = ( 2 + )( 2 + ) : = 4

17. = + (1 ) + : + = 1
18.2 = + + + 2 : 2 + 2 = 162 2 ( + )

2 2
19. = ( + ) + ( ) + + : () () = 4 ( )

2 2
20.2 = 2 + 2 : 2 = +

II) Obtain the Partial differential equation by elimination of the arbitrary functions from the
following:

Note: If the given equation contain one arbitrary function say f then by eliminating this
function we get a PDE of first order. Similarly, if the given equation contain two arbitrary
functions say f & g then by elimination of these functions results in a PDE of second
order and so on. Thus, the order of the differential equation depends on the number of
arbitrary functions in the given equation.

1. = ( + ) + ( ) : = 2

2. = ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) Ans: py = qx

3. = . ( + ) + ( + ) : 2 = +

4.( + + , 2 + 2 2 ) = 0 : ( + ) ( + ) = ( )

5. = ( 2 + 2 ) : = 0

6. = ( ) : + =

7. = () + () : = +

8. = ( + 2) + ( 3) : 2 + 6 = 0

9. = (2 + 3) + (2 + ) : 3 8 + 4 = 0

10. = ( + 2 , + + ) = 0 : ( 2) + (2 ) =

12. = ( + 4) + ( 4) : 16 = 0

13. = . () : + =

14. = + + () : =

15. = + ( 2 + 2 ) : = 2 2

16. = ( 2 + 2 + 2 , 2 2) = 0 : ( ) =

17. = ( + + ) : ( ) + ( ) = ( )

18. = ( + ) + ( ) : + = 0

19. ( + + , + + ) = 0 : ( ) + ( ) = ( )
20. ( 2 , + + ) = 0 : ( 2) ( 2) = 2 ( )

III) Solve the following Linear Partial differential equations: (P p +Q q=R)

Note: In the equation P p +Q q=R , P,Q and R are functions of x, y, z. First identify the
functions P , Q & R and substitute these in the Char pits subsidiary equations or the

Auxiliary equations given by = = .The complete integral involve two independent

integrals say = = , then the complete integral can be written in any one of the
following forms (, ) = 0 (, ) = 0 = () = () identify

I. Method of grouping: In the method of grouping, we intend or pull out to group those two
ratios of the char pits subsidiary equations which can be directly integrated to get one
independent solution say u=a , similarly we can choose another set of two ratios and
integrating we get the second independent solution say u=b and combining these two
independent solutions we can write the complete integral as (, ) = 0 (, ) = 0 =
() = ()

Example.1

Find the complete integral of 2 + 2 = 2

Here the auxiliary equations are 2 = 2 = 2 , choosing the first two ratios we get

1 1 1
= + = = ,
2 2

= , = ( ) is the required solution.

In some problems, we are required to make use of the first independent integral in order to
obtain the second independent integral.
Example.2
Find the complete integral of + =

Here the auxiliary equations are = = choosing the first two ratios we get

= = = + =

. , . .

= =
= , , = .


Now, integrating = , we get the second independent integral as
2 2
= + 2 2 = 2 2 = + 2 = .
2 2 2

II. Method of using Lagranges Multipliers: If the subsidiary equations are not directly
integrable or the two required independent integrals cannot be obtained in grouping the
ratios in different combinations then, we proceed to use what is known as the Lagranges
multipliers.

Note (1): The procedure involves in choosing the multipliers , in such a way that
+ + = 0 so that each of the ratios can be written as
 + + + +
= = = = + + = 0,
+ + 0
,
+ + = (1)
similarly, we can choose another set of multipliers say, 1 , 1 , 1 in such a way that 1 +
1 + 1 = 0 so that each of the ratios can be written as
1 + 1 + 1 1 + 1 + 1
= = = = 1 + 1 + 1 = 0,
1 + 1 + 1 0
,
, 1 + 1 + 1 (2)
Now, combining (1) and (2) we can write the complete integral as
( + + , 1 + 1 + 1 ) = 0 + + = (1 + 1 + 1 )

Note (2): some times while multiplying the terms with l, m, n it may so happen that the
numerator will become the differential coefficient of the denominator, in such cases log of
the denominator will be the solution.
Note (3): The Lagranges multipliers can be variables or constants or it can be a
combination of both variables and constants.

1. ( + ) = : ( 2 2 , 2 2 ) = 0

2. ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) = 2 : { , } = 0

1
3. + 2 = 1 + 2 + : (2 , + 2 + 2 ) = 0

4. ( ) + ( ) = ( ) : (, + + ) = 0

5. ( 2 2 ) + ( 2 2 ) = ( 2 2 ) : (, 2 + 2 + 2 ) = 0

6.( ) = 2 2 : (, 2 + 2 + 2 ) = 0

7.( + ) ( + ) = : { + + , ( + )/( + )}

( 2 +2 + 2 )
8. ( 2 2
2 )
+ 2 = 2 : { , }=0

9. 2 + 3 = 1 : (3 2, 3) = 0

10. = : ( + , 2 + 2 ) = 0

11. 2 = ( 2) : ( 2 + 2 , + 2 )=0
1 1 ()
12. 2 2 = ( + ) : {( ) , }=0

13. ( + ) + ( + ) = + : ____________________________________________

14. 2 2 = 2 Ans:_________________________________

15. + = Ans:_________________________________
16. ( / ) + ( /) = ( /) : (, + + ) = 0

17. ( 2 2 ) + ( 2 2 ) = ( 2 2 ) : (, 2 + 2 + 2 ) = 0

18. + = : _______________________________________

19. + 3 = 5 + tan( 3) : ________________________________________________________

20. + 2 = 2 2 : log( 2) = + ( 2) = +

21. 2 = 3 2 sin( + 2) : 3 sin( + 2) = ( + 2)

22. = + : ( + ) = ( + )

23. 2 3 + = 0 : (, 3 2 + 3 ) = 0

24. ( + ) + ( ) = 2 + 2 : 2 2 2 = (2 2 )

2
25. ( 2 + 2 ) = : ( , 2 + 2 + 1) = 0

26. ( 3 2 4 ) + (2 4 3 ) = 9( 3 3 ) : 3 = {( 3 + 3 )/( 2 2 )}

27. = log( + ) : ( + ) = ( + )

IV. Standard forms (Non-Linear PDE of first order)

A) Standard form I: (, ) =
Equations involving only p and q an no other variables.
the complete integral is given by z = ax + by +c
where, a and b are connected by the relation f(a, b)=0 from which we can find b in terms of
a say b =(a) substituting this in the complete integral we get z = ax + (a)y + c which is
called general integral. The Envelope of the complete integral is called the Singular Integral.
Note: The singular integral may not exist for every standard type problem.
Solve the following Non-linear Partial Differential equations:
1. 2 + 2 = 1 2. = 3. 2 2 = 1 4. = +

5. = 2 2 + 1 6. 2 2 = 4 7. 2 + 2 = 2 8. + = 1

9. 2 + = 2 10. = 32 11. 2 1 = 4 .

B) Standard form II: (, , ) =

To find the complete integral of this standard type we take the following substitutions

= , = , = +

.
gives the complete integral.
Note: In most of the problems the resulting differential equation will reduce to a variable
separable equation.
1. 2 (2 2 + 2 ) = 1. 2. = 4 3. ( + ) + = 0

4. 2 = 2 (1 ) 5. 9(2 + 2 ) = 4 6. 2 = 1 + 2 + 2
7. 2 = 2 2 (1 2 ) 8. 2 2 + 2 = 2 9. (3 + 3 ) = 3

10. 3 + 3 = 27 11. = 1 + 2 12. (1 + 2 ) = ( )

C) Standard form III: (, ) = (, )

In the given equation if the terms containing x & p and the terms containing y & q can be
separated then the resulting equation will be of standard type III.
To find the complete integral, equate each side to a constant k (say).
i.e. 1 (, ) = 2 (, ) = from these equations we can find the values of p and q
put these values of p and q in = + and then integrating, we get the required
complete integral.
1. = 2. 2 = 3. 2 + 2 = +

4. = 2 5. + = 2 6. =

2
7. ( ) = 8. = 2 + 9. 2 = 2

10. (1 + ) = (1 + ) 11. 2 (1 + 2 ) = 2 12. = + 2

1 1
13. 3 + 3 = 3 2 14. 3 2 = 2 15. 2 + 2 = 2 + 2

D) Standard form IV: = + + (, )

Here the complete integral is obtained by replacing p by and q by b in the given equation
i.e. z= ax +by +f(a ,b)
The envelope of the complete integral is called the singular integral.
Find the complete integral and if possible the singular integral for the following:

1. = + + 2 + 2 2. = + + 3. = + 2 3

4. = + 2 2 4. = + 2 5. = + + 1 + 2 + 2

CHAR PITS METHOD.

Consider the differential equation (, , , , ) = 0 if we are able to find another

relation involving the variables x, y, z, p, q in the form (, , , , ) = 0 and solving these,
we get the values of p and q. then put these values in dz = p dx + q dy and integrating we
get the required complete integral.

Note: In general this method can be applied to solve any standard form and in particular it
can be applied for Problems which do not fall under any of the Standard forms.

The procedure first involves in writing down the char pits subsidiary equations given by

= = = = =
+ + 0

the purpose of these auxiliary equations is to find the value of p or q. Once we get the value
of either p or q. we substitute that value in the given equation and find the value of p and
q. we then put these values in dz = p dx + q dy and integrating we get the required
complete integral.
V) Find the complete integral for the following equations by using Char pits Method.

1. 2 2 2 + = 0 : log( ) = + +

2. + + = : (z ax)(y + a)a = by

3. (1 + 2 ) + ( ) = 0 : ___________________________________________________________

4. = + : ___________________________________________________________

5. 2( + + ) = 2 : ___________________________________________________________

6. 2( 2 2 + 1) = : ___________________________________________________________

7. = ( + )2 : ___________________________________________________________

8. (2 + 2 ) = : ___________________________________________________________

9. 2 2 = 2 2 : ___________________________________________________________

10. 2 + + = : ___________________________________________________________

11. 2 (2 2 + 2 ) = 1 : ___________________________________________________________

12. 2 = : ___________________________________________________________

13. 2 + 2 + + 2 2 = 0 : ___________________________________________________________

14. 2 = : ___________________________________________________________

15. = 2 + 2 . : ___________________________________________________________

Refer the following Books:

1. Higher Engineering by B.S.Grewal

2. Engineering Mathematics by N.P.Bali

3. Engineering Mathematics by B.V.Ramana