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RYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, GHAZIABAD
CHAPTER ACIDS BASES AND SALTS
CLASS X ACIDS AND BASES Indicators Substances which show one colour in the acidic medium and a different colour in the basic medium are known as acid base indicators. (I) INDICATORS SHOWING DIFFERENT COLOURS IN ACIDIC AND BASIC MEDIUM They are of two types i) Natural indicators eg. LITMUS ii) Synthetic indicators eg. PHENOPHTHALEIN AND METHYL ORANGE.
Litmus solution as indicator
Litmus solution is a purple coloured dye extracted from Lichen plant. In the neutral solution, it has purple colour. Litmus solution itself is neither acidic nor basic. To use it as indicator, it is made acidic or alkaline to give it red or blue colour. Instead of using the litmus solution as such, two types of litmus solution are used called RED LITMUS and BLUE LITMUS. Instead of blue litmus or red litmus solution, paper strips soaked in these solutions are used. Red litmus solution is obtained by acidifying the purple litmus extract whereas blue litmus solution is obtained by making the purple litmus extract alkaline. Acidic substances turn blue litmus solution into red eg. vinegar, lemon juice ,orange juice , tamarind juice etc. Basic substances turn red litmus solution into blue colour eg. Baking soda solution, Washing soda solution, neem extract, cucumber extract.
Synthetic Indicators Synthetic indicators are the compounds which are manufactured in the industry or prepared in the laboratory.
Indicator Colour in the Colour in the acidic Colour in the basic
neutral medium medium medium PHENOLPHTHALEIN Colourless Colourless Pink METHYL ORANGE Orange Red Yellow
(II) INDICATORS SHOWING DIFFERENT ODOURS IN ACIDIC AND BASIC
MEDIUM These are the substances which give one type of odour in acidic medium and a different odour in basic medium. They are also known as OLFACTORY INDICATORS. Examples of olfactory indicators (i) Onion odoured cloth strips Onions have a characteristic smell in the acidic medium which is completely destroyed in the basic medium. (ii) Vanilla essence Vanilla retains its smell in the acidic medium but loses its smell in the basic medium. (iii) Clove oil Has different odour in acidic and basic medium.
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS
Acids are sour in taste. Acids turn blue litmus solution red. Most of the acids are corrosive in nature. They are never stored in metal containers. They are always stored in containers made of glass or ceramics as they are not attacked by acids. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS Reactions with metals Acids react with active metals like Zinc , Magnesium etc with the evolution of hydrogen gas.
Metal + Acid --------------> Metal salt + Hydrogen gas
Mg + 2HCl --------------> MgCl2 + H2 Zn + 2HCl ---------------> ZnCl2 + H2 Fe + 2HCl ---------------> FeCl2 + H2 Cu + 2HCl ---------------> No reaction Magnesium reacts most vigorously. Zinc reacts less vigorously. Iron reacts slowly Copper does not react at all. Reactions with metal carbonates and bicarbonates Acids react with metal carbonates and bicarbonates to form corresponding salt, water and carbon dioxide
Metal carbonates or Bicarbonates + Acid ---------> Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 --------------> Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 NaHCO3 + HCl -------------> NaCl + H2 O + CO2 CaCO3 + 2HCl -------------> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 On passing carbon dioxide gas through lime water it turns milky due to the formation of white precipitate of calcium carbonate. Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) -------------> CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) Lime water White Precipitate On passing excess carbon dioxide in lime water the turbidity or milkiness disappears due to the formation of soluble calcium bicarbonate. CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) -------------> Ca (HCO3)2(aq) Calcium bicarbonate
Reaction with Bases
When an acid reacts with a base it forms salt and water. This reaction is also known as NEUTRALISATION reaction. Acid + Base -------------> Salt + Water
HCl + NaOH -------------> NaCl + H2O
Reaction with metallic oxides
Metallic Oxides + Acid -------------> Salt + Water
This reaction shows that metallic oxides are basic in nature and it is also known as neutralization reaction
CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) -------------> CaCl2(aq) H2O(l)
Like metal oxides metal hydroxides are also basic in nature and neutralize the acids forming salt and water Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl -------------> MgCl2 + 2H2O Magnesium Hydroxide Hydrochloric acid Magnesium chloride (Milk of Magnesia) The acidity produced in the stomach due to ingestion is because of hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach. Milk of magnesia is given as an Antacid medicine to neutralize the acid. SOME NATURALLY OCCURING ACIDS AND THEIR SOURCES
