CS W4701

Artificial Intelligence
Fall 2013
Lisp Crash Course

Jonathan Voris
(based on slides by Sal Stolfo)
 Another Quick History Lesson
1956: John McCarthy organizes Dartmouth AI conference
Wants a list processing language for AI work
Experiments with Advice Talker
1958: MarCarthy invents LISP
LISt Processor
1960: McCarthy publishes Lisp Design
Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their
Computation by Machine, Part I
Implemented by Steve Russel
eval in machine code
1962: First compilers by Tim Hart and Mike Levin
 Another Quick History Lesson
Afterwards, tons of variant Lisp projects
Stanford LISP
ZetaLisp
Franz Lisp
PSL
MACLISP
NIL
LML
InterLisp
SpiceLisp
AutoLisp
Scheme
Clojure
Emacs Lisp
 Another Quick History Lesson
1981: DARPA sponsors meeting regarding
splintering
Several projects teamed up to define Common
Lisp
Common Lisp is a loose Language specification
Many implementations
Such as LispWorks
1986: Technical working group formed to draft
ANSI Common Lisp standard
1994: ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (R2004)
 Why Lisp?
Freedom
Very powerful, easily extensible language
Development Speed
Well suited for prototyping
Politics
McCarthy liked it, so should you
Symbolic
Homoiconic: code structures are the same as data
structures (lists!)
 The Big Idea
Everything is an expression
Specifically, a Symbolic or S-expression
Nested lists combining code and/or data
Recursively defined as:
An atom, or
A list (a . b) where a and b are s-expressions
 A Note on Syntax
Youll usually see (a b c)
Where are the dots?
(a b c) is a shortcut for (a . (b . (c . NIL)))
 Data
Atoms (symbols) including numbers
All types of numbers including Roman! (well, in the
early days)
Syntactically any identifier of alphanumerics
Think of as a pointer to a property list
Immutable, can only be compared, but also serve as
names of variables when used as a variable
Lists are the primary data object
There are others
Arrays, Structures, Strings (ignore for now)
S-expressions are interpreted list structures
 Data
Atoms (symbols) including numbers
All types of numbers including Roman! (well, in the
early days)
Syntactically any identifier of alphanumerics
Think of as a pointer to a property list
Immutable, can only be compared, but also serve as
names of variables when used as a variable
Lists are the primary data object
There are others
Arrays, Structures, Strings (ignore for now)
S-expressions are interpreted list structures
 Functions
Defined using the defun macro
(defun name (parameter*)
"Optional documentation string."
body-form*)
 Hello World
(defun hello ()
(print "hello world)
)
 Programs
Series of function definitions (there are many
built-in functions)
Series of function calls
Read/Eval/Print
(Setf In (Read stdio))
(Setf Out (Eval In))
(Print Out)
In other words (Loop (Print (Eval (Read))))
 Singly linked Lists
A cons cell has a First field (CAR) and a Rest
field (CDR)
X
car cdr

A
B
(Setf X `(A B C))
C
() = nil = empty list = FALSE
Nil is a symbol, and a list and its value is false.
 List Manipulation Funcs
Car, First
(Car (Car (Car L)))
Cdr, Rest
(Car (Cdr (Cdr L)))
Cons
(Cons 1 nil) (1)
(Cons 1 `(2)) (1 2)
 car and cdr: Whats in a Name
Metasyntatic? Arbitrary? Foreign?
Russel implemented Lisp on IBM 704
Hardware support for special 36 bit memory treatment
Address
Decrement
Prefix
Tag
car: Contents of the Address part of the Register
number
cdr: Contents of the Decrement part of the Register
number
cons: reassembled memory word
 List Manipulation Functions
List
(List 1 2 3) (1 2 3)
Quote,
Dont evaluate arguments, return them
(Quote (1 2)) = `(1 2) = (1 2) as a list with two elements
Otherwise 1 better be a function!
List vs quote: List does not stop evaluation
Listp
Push, Pop
Append
Remove
Member
Length
Eval
 Arithmetic
The usual suspects:
Plus +
Difference
Times *
Divide /
Incf
Decf
 Functional Composition
Prefix notation
aka Cambridge prefix notation
aka Cambridge Polish notation
(f (g (a (h t))) f( g( a, h(t)))
 Predicates
Atom
(Atom `(A)) is false, i.e. nil, because (A) is a list, not an atom
(Atom `A) is true, i.e. 1 or T
(Atom A) is either, depending upon its value! A here is regarded as a
variable
Numberp
Null
(Null `(1)) is nil
(Null nil) is T
Zerop
And/Or/Not
(And A B C) = T if the value of all of the variables are non-nil
(Or A B C) = the value of the first one that is non-nil, otherwise nil
 Property Lists Association Lists
Lisp symbols have associated property list
structures
Atom a has property p with value v
A computing context consists of a set of
variables and their current values
( (key1 val1) (key2 val2))

key is the name of a variable (a symbol)

 Property List Manipulation
Putprop/Get/Rempro all defunct in Common
Lisp
(Setf (Get Symbol Property) NewValue)
(Get Symbol Property)
 Assignment
Atoms are variables if they are used as
variables
Decided by syntactic context
setq, set, rplaca, rplacd
setf
The general assignment function, does it all
(setf (car list) 5)
(setf A 1)
 In case you hadnt noticed
PROGRAMS/FUNCTIONS have the same form
as DATA

Hmmm.
 The Special Expression let
let defines local variables
(let ( (var1 val) (var2 val) )
*body* )

*body* is a list of expressions

 Conditional Expression
(If expression expression) or (if expression expression
expression)
What about if-else?
Use cond!
(Cond
( Expression1 *list of expressions1*)
( Expression2 *list of expressions2*)

( ExpressionN *list of expressionsN*) )

First conditional expression that is true, the corresponding list of

expressions is executed, and the value of the last one is returned as
the value of the Cond.
 Conditional Expression
Use t for else in cond
(cond
((evenp x) (/ x 2))
((oddp x) (* x 2))
(t x)))
 Functions
(Defun Name (variables) *body*)
*body* is a list of S-expressions

Similar to:
(Setf Name (lambda(variables) *body*)

Lambda is the primitive (unnamed) function

(Setf X (lambda(y) (Incr y)))
Now you can pass X to a function where you can evaluate it with
apply, funcall
(mapcar f arglist)
Mapc
Map
(Mapreduce borrowed this off from LISP)
 Equality
Eq exact same object in memory
Eql exact same object in memory or
equivalent numbers
Equal List comparison too, each component
should be equal to each other
(Equal L M) means every element of L is exactly
equal to the corresponding element of M
L and M therefore must have the same length and
structure, including all sub-components
 Examples
(Defun mycount (n)
(Cond ((Equal n 1) one)
((Equal n 2) two)
(T `many)))
This function will return one of three Atoms as output, the atom one, or two or
many.
(Defun Sum (L)
(Cond
((Null L) 0)
(T (+ (Car L) (Sum (Cdr L)))))
This function returns the sum of numbers in the list L. Note: if an element of L is not
a number, the + function will complain. The LISP debugger will announce it.
 More examples
(Defun Reverse (L)
(Cond
((Null L) nil)
(t
(Append
(Reverse (Cdr L))
(List (Car L) ) ) ) )

This one is not a brain teasertry it out by hand with a) nil b) a

one element list c) a three element list. See how it works?
Recursion and functional programming can create interesting
results when combined.
 More examples
(Defun Member (x L)
(Cond
((Null L) nil)
((Equal x (car L)) L)
(t (Member
(x (Cdr L) ) ) ) )
Note: if the value of the variable x is actually a member of the
list L, the value returned is the sub-list where it appears as
the car. Hmmm Try it out by hand.
Second note: What happens if a) x isnt a member of L, and b)
L isnt a list?
Lets Give EQUAL a Shot