Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2 - Defects & Remedies
2 - Defects & Remedies
1. Thermal movement
Prevention
2. Chemical reaction
Prevention
Use dense and good quality concrete i.e. richer mix of cement
concrete 1:1.5:3 to prevent cracks.
3. Curing
Fine materials take more surface area and require more water
for mix.
The use of excessive fine materials i.E. Silts; clay and dust in
aggregate create more shrinkage.
Prevention
5. Moisture movement
Prevention
Prevention
7. Shrinkage
a. Excessive Water
b. Quantity of Cement
Prevention
Do not use excessive cement in the mortar mix.
c. Un-graded Aggregate
Prevention
Use largest possible aggregate and ensure good
grading of
materials.
1. Creep
2. Overloading
3. Elastic Deformation
Crack on walls -
It is the nature of many construction materials to crack as they age and as
they expand and contract, particularly with exposure to moisture as they
get wet and dry out alternately.
There are cracks in common areas, such as exterior walls, interior walls at
corners of doors and windows, and ceilings (usually in the middle).
Type of cracks
Vertical crack away from
corners -The crack is running along
between the foundation and the top
of the building. Cracks are usually
the widest at the top of the building
diminishing to a hairline crack at or
near the foundation.
Peeling Paint-
Peeling usually occurs on building facades, mainly on plastered walls,
columns and other areas which are exposed to excessive rain and great
dampness.
Some buildings that are located near the sea may face a much higher risk
once the signs of peeling paint are visible on the exterior walls.
Peeling paint is always the result of poor surface preparation. The majority
of peeling paint problems occurs on surfaces exposed to the rain, sun, and
the variation degree of temperature.
d) Services leaks It may not just from pipes and tanks, but also the
overflowing of condensation forming together with ventilation systems.
f) Use of the building This may includes the cleaning of the building,
spills, and apparatus leaking.
Timber Decay-
Timber defect are classified into two major groups, non-biological and
biological deteriorations. Non-biological deterioration consists of
physical decay, excessive moisture content, dimensional instability and
chemical deterioration
Timber that is used in the building during construction may have high
sapwood (high in nutrients) content and have been susceptible to beetle
infestation. However, as the sapwood has been depleted and the moisture
levels within the timber remain stable, the beetle infestation will die out.
Insects or
Termite attacks-
Termites are small, pale to brownish black in color, insect that capable of
feeding on mostly anything including timber. The timber is easily
deteriorated if exposed to water penetration, high moisture content and
loading beyond its capacity as this greedy and colony-living insect is easily
attracted to it. Insect or termite attacks pose a threat to damp and
digestible timber found in wall plates, the feet of rafter, bearing ends of
beams and trusses.
SOLUTION: To avoid this, the forest must be cleared for building, and the
dead wood should be removed and are not left to rot under the residence.
Fungi and Small plant attack-
Mold and fungi are found everywhere either both indoors and outdoors
all the year round. The terms fungi and mold are often used
interchangeably, but mold is actually a type of fungi. Concerning about
indoor exposure to mold has increased along with public awareness
that exposure to mold can cause a variety of adverse health effects.
There are many thousands of species of mold and most, if not all of the
mold found indoors comes from outdoor sources. It seems likely to grow
and become bigger threat only when there is water damage, high
humidity, or dampness.
Molds produce tiny spores to reproduce, just as same as those plants that
produce seeds. These mold spores can be found in both indoor and outdoor
air, and settled on both of the surfaces. When mold spores land on a damp
spot, they may begin growing and digesting whatever they are growing on
in order to survive. Since molds gradually destroy the things they grow on,
you can prevent damage to building materials and furnishings and save
money by eliminating their growth.
The moisture of wall occurs due to many causes. There are water leakages,
drain block, roof leakage and so on.
In addition, improper material also was used for the building. Other causes
of moisture due to DPC that is not installed correctly for the particular
building.
The both of plaster and renders have different function. The plaster
insides the walls to make the walls smooth, easy to clean, avoid from
insect, and for better appearance. Apart from that, the plasters act as a
protection against fire. The other functions are breathable for walls,
abrasion resistant, and suitable for decorating or covering with coating,
wallpaper and tiles. For the renders, is provided to protect them from the
influences of weather.
10. Popping or Pitting- When the renders is finished with cement lime or
sand render and calcium oxide, this problem will occurs.
Roof Defect-
Roof as usually exposed to the element, particularly to the extremes of
temperature degree and change, solar radiation, and wind action. Roofs
have special risk due to the design of the building itself such as services
passing through the roof covering, and internal gutters. The consequence
small defective of roof will may be greater effect of similar defect in a
wall or other element.
Roof defect are divided into structural faults and defect in the
waterproofing material. The majority of roof defect that occurs is
distortion of either the roof or of the wall at roof level . Normally,
structural defect can be identified from the visual inspection. For the
defect of waterproofing material, it will provide the building to be
durable under wide range of exposure condition. The pitch roof sagging
result is from the slating or tilling that has dished appearance, and the
ridge may also have sagged. This defect is more commonly found in older
pitched and tiled or slated roof.
iii. The bond between brick and mortar is broken or the mortar is soft or
crumbling
Mortar joints are not intended to be a permanent part of a masonry wall, but
rather, an expendable component that does have to be replaced at intervals.
Removing deterioration of mortar joint is having through the repointing process
and replacing it with new mortar.
Tension forces stretch a material by pulling its ends apart Tensile strength
measures the largest tension force the material can withstand before failing.
https://www.google.co.in/search?q=cracks+caused+in+building+due
+to+curing
http://www.city-
data.com/forum/attachments/house/105579d1357155827-vertical-
foundation-crack-how-fix-outsidecrack1
http://theconstructor.org/concrete/causes-of-cracks-
remedies/5392/.
http://www.ijera.com/papers/Vol5_issue5/Part%20-
%202/S50502119123.pdf