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Inverse and Analytic Functions PDF

The document is a lecture on inverse functions of analytic functions. It introduces the logarithm function and defines the principal branch Log z. It then shows that Log z is continuous everywhere except along the negative real axis, and is analytic everywhere except along the nonpositive real axis. It also proves a general theorem about inverses of analytic functions and applies it to the square root and complex square functions. Finally, it defines terminology related to injective, surjective, and bijective functions.

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jayroldparcede
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176 views

Inverse and Analytic Functions PDF

The document is a lecture on inverse functions of analytic functions. It introduces the logarithm function and defines the principal branch Log z. It then shows that Log z is continuous everywhere except along the negative real axis, and is analytic everywhere except along the nonpositive real axis. It also proves a general theorem about inverses of analytic functions and applies it to the square root and complex square functions. Finally, it defines terminology related to injective, surjective, and bijective functions.

Uploaded by

jayroldparcede
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Analysis of a Complex Kind

Week 4

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions

Petra Bonfert-Taylor

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 1/9
The Logarithm Function

Motivation: Given z C \ {0}, find w C such that ew = z.


How? Write z = |z|ei , then ew = |z|ei .
Next, write w = u + iv . Then eu eiv = |z|ei .
Thus eu = |z| and eiv = ei , so u = ln |z| and v = + 2k = arg z.
Definition
For z 6= 0 we define

Log z = ln |z| + i Arg z, the principal branch of logarithm,

and

log z = ln |z| + i arg z, a multi-valued function


= Log z + 2k i, k Z.

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 2/9
Examples

Log z = ln |z| + i Arg z.

Log 1 = ln |1| + i Arg 1 = 0.


Log i = ln |i| + i =i .
2 2

Log(1) = ln | 1| + i = i.


Log(1 + i) = ln 2 + i .
4

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 3/9
Continuity of the Logarithm Function

Log z = ln |z| + i Arg z.


We notice:
z 7 |z| is continuous in C.
z 7 ln |z| is continuous in C \ {0}.
z 7 Arg z is continous in C \ (, 0].
Thus, Log z is continuous in C \ (, 0].
However,
as z x (, 0) from above, Log z ln x + i, and
as z x from below, Log z ln x i,
so Log z is not continuous on (, 0) (and not defined at 0).

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 4/9
Is the Logarithm Function Analytic?

Fact
The principal branch of logarithm, Log z, is analytic in C \ (, 0].

What is its derivative?

Since eLog z = z, we find


d
eLog z Log z = 1 so
dz
d 1
Log z = .
dz z

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 5/9
More General Theorem
Theorem
Suppose that f : U C is an analytic function and there exists a continuous
function g : D U from some domain D C into U such that f (g(z)) = z for all
z D. Then g is analytic in D, and

1
g 0 (z) = for z D.
f 0 (g(z))

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 6/9
Application 1
Let f : C C, f (z) = z 2 . Then f 0
(z) = 2z.
Let g : C \ (, 0] C, g(z) = z be the principal branch of the square root.
Then

f (g(z)) = z for all


z D = C \ (, 0]
g is continuous in D, thus
g is analytic in D, and

1
g 0 (z) =
f 0 (g(z))
1
=
2g(z)
1
= .
2 z
Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 7/9
Application 2

Again, let f : C C, f (z) = z 2 . Then f 0 (z)


( = 2z.
z, Im z 0,
This time, let h : C \ [0, ) C, h(z) = .
z, Im z < 0
Then

f (h(z)) = z for all


z D = C \ [0, ).
h is continuous in D, thus
h is analytic in D, and

1
h0 (z) =
f 0 (h(z))
1
= .
2h(z)

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 8/9
Some Terminology

Lets finish up by recalling some terminology: Let f : U V be a function.


f is injective (also called 1-1) provided that f (a) 6= f (b) whenever a, b U with
a 6= b.
f is surjective (also called onto) provided that for every y V there exists an
x U such that f (x) = y .
f is a bijection (also called 1-1 and onto) it f is both injective and surjective.
Examples:
f : {z C | Re z > 0} C \ (, 0], f (z) = z 2 is a bijection.
f : C C, f (z) = z 2 is not injective but is surjective.

f : C \ (, 0] C, f (z) = z is injective but not surjective.

Lecture 1: Inverse Functions of Analytic Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 9/9

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