COAST

ARTILLERY.
JOURNAL.

MAJOR GENERAl. \XfILLIAM F. HASE

I MAY-JUNE, 1934 }
 Gunners' Instruction
THE COASTARTILLERYJOURNALannounces that it has issued a complete series of new and
thoroughly up-to-date GUNNERS' INSTRUCTION PAMPHLETS for all branches of the
Coast Artillery, covering the requirements for qualification as set forth in Training Regula-
tions 435-310 (Examination for Gunners).

NUMBER GUNNERS' INSTRUCTION PAMPHLETS PRICE

I. 2nd Class Gunner, Antiaircraft Artillery (Except Searchlight Btry.) $0.75

II. 2nd Class Gunner, Antiaircraft Artillery (Searchlight Btry.) 0.50
III. 1st Class Gunner, Antiaircraft Artillery (Except Searchlight Btry.) 0.65
IV. 1st Class Gunner, Antiaircraft Artillery (Searchlight Btry.) 0.40
V. 2nd Class Gunner, Fixed Seacoast Artillery (All Units) 0.65
VI. 1st Class Gunner, Fixed Seacoast Artillery (All Units) 0.65
VII. 2nd Class Gunner, Mobile Seacoast Artillery (All Tractor-Drawn and
• Railway Units) .. 0.75
VIII. 1st Class Gunner, Mobile Seacoast Artillery (All Tractor-Drawn and
Railway Units) .. 0.75
IX. Expert Gunner, Antiaircraft Artillery 1.25
X. Expert Gunner, Fixed Artillery 1.00
XI. Expert Gunner, Mobile Seacoast Artillery 1.25
XII. Submarine Mining 1.50

All Pamphlets are now available. They cover the instruction of all 2nd Class, 1st
Class, and Expert Gunners of Antiaircraft, Fixed and Mobile Artillery.

The above prices are retail (postpaid) for single copies. On orders for 10 or more
copies we allow a discount of lOj{ (postpaid).

To ORGANIZATIONS of the military establtshfllent a discount of 20% will be allotl'ed all

allY order regardless of 1l1tmber. F.OB. Washington, D. C.

The Coast Artillery Journal

IllS 17th St.~N. W. Washington.,D.~ .

• THIS IS NOT A PAlO ADVERTISEMENT

THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
Member Affiliated Military Magazines

Published as the Journal of the U. S. Artillery from 1892 to 1922

LIEUT. COL. E. E. BENNETT, C.A.C., Editor

VOLUME LXXVII MA Y- JUNE, 1934 NUMBER III

Publication Date: June 1,1934'

Contents
The United States Coast Artillery Association 162 History of Gunners' Examinations in the 240th C.A. (TD). 209
By Captain S. R. Dow.
General Hase's Message to the Corps 163
Coast Artillery- School Courses for 1934-35 211
Chaptersof the United States Coast Artillery Association.. 164
By Major K. T. Blood, C.A.C.
Notes of the Coast Artillery Association 165
Coast Artillery Board Notes 212
Frontispiece 168
Coast Artillery Activities 215
Antiaircraft Defenses: Their Development During the Fort Monroe News Letter-Hawaiian Separate
Coast Artillery Brigade News Letter--Fort Mac-
World War (Part I) 169 Arthur' Notes--Panama Canal Department News
By Major A. F. Englehart, C.A.C. Letter.

AutomotiveMaintenance for Coast Artillery Units 174 Coast Artillery Orders 224

National Guard Notes 226

Jungle Warfare (Part I) 177
The Act of June 15, 1933-Na.tional Guard Ap-
By l11gram Cal'Y.
propriations-Notes of the 197th C.A.....:248th
C.A. Bn. (HD) Gets Insignia and Colors-Notes
Elimination, Promotion, or What Have You 187 from Coast Artillery Brigade, N.Y.N.G.

Training for Mobilization 189 News and Comment 232

By Capta.in John J. Albright, 29th Infantry. Preparation for EfficiencyReports-What Is It~
-Activities of the 621st C.A. (HD)-Coast Ar-
Howthe<Disarmament of Germany Cameto Pass 196 tillery Target Practice-Let the J oumal Handle
By Major Alexa.nderL. P. Johnson. Your Magazine Subscriptions-Notes fr.omCoast
Artillery Brigade, N.Y.N.G.
Rifle Antiaircraft Notes of Rebel Forces 203
Reserve Notes 234
As told to Lieutenant Burgo D. Gill, C.A.C.
Second Coast Artillery District-Washington
Conferences-Trenton Chapter Meets.
Changesin Target Practice Instructions 205
By Captains S. L. McCroskeyand C. S. Harris, C.A.a. Book ReViews :- ',.' 235

THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR OPINIONS EXPRESSED IN PUBLISHED CONTRIBUTIONS

THE COASTARTILLERY JOURNAL pays for original articles upon publication.

Published bi-monthly under the supervision of the United States Coast Artillery Association for the information of the Coast
Artillery personnel of the Regular Army, National Guard and Organized Reserve.
Publication Offices, 1406 East Franklin Street, Richmond, Virginia; Editorial<Offices,.1115 17th.Street, N.W.,.Washington, D. C.
Terms: $4.00 per year. (Coast Artillery Association members, $3.00 per year.) Single copies, 75 cents.
Entered as second class matter at Richmond, Virginia, under the Act of March 3, 1879, for mailing at special rate of postage
provided for in Section 412, Act of October 3, 1917.
Copyright, 1934 by the United States Coast Artillery Association.
 The United States
Coast Artillery Association

. ffThe purpose of the Association shall be to promote the efficiency of the Coast Artil-
lery Corps by maintaining its standards and traditions, by disseminating professional
knowledge, by insPiring greater effort towards the improvement of material and methods
of training, and by fostering mutual understanding, respect and cooperation among all
arms, branches and components of the Regular Army, National Guard, Organized Re-
serve and Reserve Officers' Training Corps."

••u<c!) •• @N..o ••

OFFICERS
President
MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM F. HASE

Vice-President
COLONEL H. E. CLOKE
Secretary. Treasurer
UEUT. COL.E.E. BENNETT

Additional Members of the Executive Council

BRIG. GEN. J. J. BYRNE COLONEL HARRY H. MOREHEAD
UEUT.COL.F.C.TENNEY UEUT. COL. HARRy P. NEWTON
UEUT. COL. W. T. CARPENTER MAJOR ELMORE B. GRAY

MEMBERSHIP
"The Association shall consist of Active, Associate, "The following shall be eligible for Associate member-
and Honorary Members. ship:
a. Commissioned officers and former commissioned offi-
"The following shall be eligible for Active member-
cers in good standing of the United States Army,
ship: Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and Public Health
a. Commissioned officers, active or retired, of the Service.
Coast Artillery of the Army of the United States. b. Warrant officers and noncommissioned officers of
b. Commissioned officers, active or retired, of the Staff the Coast Artillery of the Army of the United
Corps and Departments of the Army of the United States.
States who at any time have served in the Coast c. Members of the Coast Artillery Units of the Re-
Artillery. serve Officers' Training Corps and Citizens' Military
Training Camps.
c. Commissioned officers, active and retired, of the
Philippine Scouts who have served in the Coast "The following shall be eligible for Honorary member-
Artillery. ship:
d. Former commissioned officers of Coast Artillery of a. Civilians who have demonstrated their interest in
honorable records in the Army of the United States. national military preparedness.
e. General officers, active or retired, of the Army of b. Persons who have rendered distinguished services to
the United States. the Association or to the United States."

•
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~ ~

~ WAR DEPARTME""f ~
It OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF COAST ARTILLERY ~
~ WASHINGTON ~
It ~
~ ~
It TO THE COAST ARTILLERY CORPS: ~
~ I appreciate deeply the honor which has been conferred upon me in my recent ~
~ appointment as Chief of Coast Artillery and I also realize full well the great Jt
~ responsibility which has been placed upon me. Having just served as Executive j'\
It. in this office under my most able predecessor, General Gulick, with whose aims Je
~ and policies I am familiar, I feel that we can further, without interruption and ~
~ under favorable auspices, necessary steps to insure progress of the Coast Artil- Jt
It. lery Corps. ~
~ To continue progress, the support and cooperation of. all members of the ~
It Coast Artillery Corps are essential to the Chief. I bespeak the same loyal sup- ~
~ port and the same efficient cooperation which you have accorded my predecessor 'Jt
It in all of his undertakings. There is much to be accomplished, but by working "
~ together I am confident that we can overcome all obstacles that may confront ~
It. us, however formidable they appear. The excellent results of the past four ~
~ years, attained in spite of the limited funds available, prove the possibility of 'JI!
1\ real accomplishment despite unfavorable conditions. So let us carefully de- ~
~ termine our essential needs, "hew to the line" in all our endeavors, and although )t
~ progress may seem slow, accomplish as much as we can. ~
If. We must take full advantage of every opportunity to train every officer, even ~
~ every recruit, to fit in his proper niche, so that when an emergency arises the Jt
It Coast Artillery will fulfill its proper mission. This we can do by utilizing to ~
~ the maximum the facilities of our limited number of training centers in the ~
It continental United States and our foreign service stations. Our overseas garri- ~
\t sons offer golden opportunities for the exercise of initiative and force, and serv- Je
It ice there should be sought eagerly by all looking forward to their future. Here ."
\t opportunities abound for potential leaders to demonstrate their capabilities and Je
It capacities. "
~ The mission of our Corps under mobilization plans is a stupendous one and Je
1\ requires the best endeavors of all officers of all components. The enthusiastic j'\
~ interest displayed by the civilian components,-the National Guard, the Organ- ~
l"\. ized Reserves, and the R.O.T.C. units of the Coast Artillery-has been out- Je
~ standing. and I look forward to its continuance. We need this interest and your ~
~ support and cooperation in all Coast Artillery matters. For my part, it shall be Je
)l, my purpose and endeavor to do everything possible to provide you with the best )'\
1\ modern artillery equipment available and to remove the handicap which now Je
~ exists for many' of you in training with antiquated materiel. For the benefit of ~
~ both Regular Army personnel and personnel of the civilian components, I Je
It. shall exert every effort to equip our training centers also with the latest arma- ~
~ ment and accessories. Je
It With every confidence in the future, I am ~
~ Sincerely yours, Jt
~1\ W. F. HASE, ~
'Jt
1\ Major General} )'\
~ Chief of Coast Artillery. 'Jt

~ ~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Chapters of the United States Coast Artillery Associatior
The following list of the active chapters of the United States Coast Artillery Association shows the name ani
address of the Chapter, and the name of the President, Secratary, and Treasurer of each. Undoubtedly there havi
been changes in personnel of which the national headquarters has no record.
Chapter Address Officers
Dallas, 538 Federal Building, President, Capt. G. R. -Prout, CA-Res.
Dallas, Texas. Secretary, Capt. e. T. Baer, CA-Res.
Seattle Sector, 2<:19First Avenue, S., President, Col. W. S. Pollitz, CA-Res.
Seattle, Washington. Secretary, 1st Lt. A. E. Swift, CA-Res.
Cincinnati, 607 Chamber of Commerce Building, President, Lt. Col. W. W. Merrill, CAe.
Cincinnati, Ohio. Secretary, 1st Lt. K. e. Smith, CA-Res.
Indiana, Hq. Ind. Mil. Area, President, Col. Bowman Elder, CA-Res.
Indianapolis, Indiana. Secretary, Major e. W. Ardery, CA-Res.
Philadelphia, Room 1009, President, Capt. H. S. Dimmick, CA-Res.
Gimbel Building, Secretary, 1st Lt. S. M. Lovenstein, CA-Res.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Treasurer, Maj. A. G. Frick, CAe.
Richmond, 1500 First National Bank Building, President, Capt. J. A. e. Conrace, CA-Res.
Richmond, Virginia. Secretary, Major R. M. Carswell, CAe.
242d e.A. Connecticut, The Armory, President, Major A. e. Smith.
Bridgeport, Connecticut. Secretary, 2d Lt. J. W. Mudge.
Treasurer, Capt. 1. R. Peterson.
522d Western New York, The Armory, President, Lt. Col. F. W. Gilchrist, CA-Res.
Buffalo, New York. Secretary, Capt. J. P. Toler, Jr., CA-Res.
Houston Antiaircraft, Houston, Texas. President, Lt. Jeff Barnette.
Secretary, Lt. James A. Smith.
Illinois, Rms. 416-433, 160 N. LaSalle Street, President, Col. e. e. Dawes.
Chicago, Illinois. Secretary, Major C. J. Herzer, CAe.
Washington Branch, National Guard Armory, President, Major W. W. Burns.
Washington, D. e. Secretary, Major E. B. Gray.
San Francisco, State Armory, 14th and Mission Sts. President, Col. H. G. Mathewson.
San Francisco, California. Secretary, Major W. R. Miller.
Western Pennsylvania, 1200 Jones Law Building, President, Lt. Kenneth D. Wing.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Secretary, Lt. F. R. Sack.
'vVest Point, West Point, New York. President, .
Secretary, Capt. W. H. Donaldson, CAe.
The First Defenders, The Armory, President, Col. e. J. Smith.
Allentown, Pennsylvania. Secretary, Capt. H. e. Blank.
Treasurer, Major J. D. Eisenbrown.
Metropolitan New York, 641 Washington Street, President, Gen."J. J. Bryne.
New York, N. Y. Secretary, Lt. Col. W. M. Colvin.
Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota. President, Lt. Col. F. e. Tenney.
Secretary, 2d Lt. H. S. Peyton.
Delaware, The Armory, President, Col. A. E. T armer.
Wilmington, Delaware. Secretary, 1st. Lt. e. M. Meyers.
Schenectady, 243 State Street, President, Major N. E. Devereux, Jr., CA-Res.
Schenectady, New York. Secretary, 1st Lt. F. A. Drams, CA-Res.
Plans are being formulated for the formation of new chapters. It is hoped that the official family will be ma-
terially increased during the coming year. There should be a chapter in all metropolitan centers where a n~
of Coast Artillerymen reside.
 Notes of the Coast Artillery Association

Information Concerning the Meeting and Gen- elusive. When purchasing a going ticket be sure to re-
eral Assembly of the United States Coast quest a "certificate plan" certificate from the ticket agent.
Artillery Association, to be Held in DQ not make the mistake of asking for a receipt. These
New York City, on June 8-10, 1934 certificates are not available at all stations. Members
should inquire in advance at the ticket officeof their home
THE following general information and program of
events for the meeting and general assembly of the
United States Coast Artillery Association will be of in-
station to ascertain whether or not agents can issue
through tickets and "certificates" to the place of meeting.
If not, members should purchase a local ticket to a sta-
terest to all members.
tion that can issue a certificate and from there purchase a
In the early part of 1934 the New York Chapter of the
through ticket to N ew York City.
Associationextended an invitation to the Executive Coun-
cil to hold a general assembly in the metropolitan area of At the time of registration present your certificate to
New York City. The invitation was immediately ac- the Secretary-Treasurer of the Association. The reduced
cepted and the President of the New York Chapter, fare for the return journey will not apply unless the cer-
BrigadierGeneral J. J. Byrne, appointed a committee to tificate is properly endorsed by the Secretary and validated
formulate plans and make arrangements for the meeting. by a railroad special agent. Tickets cannot be validated
This committee has labored long and faithfully in order after 5:00 p.m., June 9,
that visiting members may receive the maximum amount In order to take advantage of the special reduced rate
of benefit in the way of instruction, inspiration, pro- it is necessary that not less than roo "certificate plan"
fessional advancement, promotion of "relations cordial" certificates or special round trip excursion tickets be
among the various components of the Coast Artillery and turned in for validation. If less than this number are pre-
to promote.the efficiency of the Coast Artillery Corps by sented no reduced fares can be made available to any
maintaining its standards and traditions. The social and member. A little cooperation on the part of all visiting
recreational side has not been overlooked. Provision has members will react to the financial advantage of those
been made for the entertainment of wives and sweet- making the journey by train.
hearts; they will playa prominent part in the picture and Round trip excursion tickets of all classes sold prior to,
their presence will contribute greatly to the success of the or on, the dates of sale authorized for the convention
meeting. It is believed that a most interesting and in- (i.e. June 5th to 9th inclusive) from points from which
muctive program has been arranged. All those who can one way adult fare to place of meeting is $2.00 or more,
attend will be amply repaid for the expense, time and may be counted. These will help to provide the 100
effort involved. tickets required before members will be given the 1':3
Special consideration has been given to the necessity fare rate for the return trip; therefore, holders of round
of keeping the cost to the minimum. The committee in trip excursion tickets should turn them in for validation.
charge of arrangements believes that it has reached a so- This will react to the benefit of others although no re-
lution that will meet with the approval of all, regardless duction will accrue to the holders of round trip excursion
of the status of the pocketbook. Realizing that the great tickets.
City of New York is, in itself, always a strong attraction, Failure to obtain a proper certificate when purchasing
a little time has been left available for shopping, sight- the going ticket will debar members from taking ad~
seeingand other recreational activities. Perhaps more de- vantage of the two-thirds reduction on the return ticket.
tailed information will better illuminate the picture and If the necessary minimum of 100 certificates, or a com-
explain the arrangements made for the entertainment of bination of "certificates" and round trip excursion tickets,
visitingmembers. are presented and the certificate is dufy validated by the
RAILROAD RATES Secretary of the Association and the special agent of the
Arrangements have been made through the Central railroads the holders thereof will be entitled-up to ;i-ri.J
P:ssenger Association whereby members of the Associ- ineluding June 13, 1934-to purchase a return ticket
atIOnattending the convention will be given the advan- via the same route over which the going journey was
tage of special redHced fares. made at one-third of the regular one way tariff fare from
Round trip fares will be made available at the rate of New York City to the initial point at which the certifi-
I 13 regular fare, provided certain requirements are ful- cate was issued.
fille~;briefly these are summarized as follows: The return tickets purchased under this plan will be
. TIckets at the regular one way tariff fare for the going good for return passage to starting point within 30 days
jOurneymust be obtained between June 5th and 9th; in- from date of sale of going ticket. The special railway
166 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
agent for validating certificates can be found at the tem- vention. Your membership card will be sufficient identi-
porary headquarters, Hotel Astor, from noon to 5:00 p.m., fication for obtaining concessions. The Militaty and
on June 9th. Certificates should be called fot during this !C
~aval Club of .New o.rk, 4 West 43d Sr:eet, has very
period. The "certificate plan" will apply for members, kmdly offered Its faCIhtles, on a cash basiS, to visiting
and dependent members of their families. Members members; single rooms, $2.00 per day and up; gentlemen
should be careful to comply with the requirements of only.
the Central Passenger Association in order that they
REGISTRATION FEE
(and other members) may profit by the reduced fare.
In order to provide revenue for printing, postage, pub.-
To REACH FORT TOTTEN FROM NEW YORK licity and other incidental expenses a registration fee of
Fort Totten can be reached by the Long Island Railway 50 cents per member will be charged.
from Pennsylvania Station. Detrain at Bayside. One-way
DETAILED SCHEDULE
fare, 40 cents. Time required for journey, about 40 min-
utes; or take the subway to Flushing, time required, about Friday, June 8 - 1:00 p.m. (Daylight-saving Time).
45 minutes. Fare by subway, 10 cents. Busses will meet Registration Headquarters, Fort Totten, New York. At
trains at above detraining points. Those who are plan- this time members will give information as to natne,
ning to reach Fort Totten by either of the above routes rank, organization, home address, hotel address in New
should indicate, by suitable replies on the questionnaire, York City, and whether or not accompanied by members
whether they desire bus transportation from station to of their family. Information will be furnished giving any
Fott Totten. change in schedules, hotels, etc.
2:00 P.M.-Display of equipment of the 62d c.A.
TRAVEL By AUTOMOBILE
(AA), exhibition of materiel in position and communi.
The following information may be helpful to those who cation hookup. Short explanations of antiaircraft ma-
contempla~e making the journey by privately owned teriel and equipment will be given by officersof the 62d
transportation. CA. (AA).
If approaching New York from the notth, take the Col- 3:30 P.M.-Visit to points of interest in Fort Totten,
lege Point Ferry, thence to Whitestone and Fort Totten. inspection of barracks and other activities. Note: Officers
The Long Island end of the Ferry is quite dose to Fort will be arranged in groups of reasonable size and underthe
Totten, and members using this route will avoid the guidance of an officer will be conducted on a tour of in-
traffic congestion of New York City and effect a great spection of the post and installations.
saving in time and mileage. 4:00 P.M.-Aerial review and demonstration by Air
Those who approach New York from the south or west Corps units ..
should take the Holland Tunnel, at the end of the T un- 4:30 P.M.-Review of troops at Fort Totten termi-
nel turn north on the elevated highway to the end of nating with retreat parade.
same, thence west side of City to 57th Street, turn right 5: 30 P.M.-Supper served at Fort Totten. The expense
(east) to")d Avenue, turn left (north) to 59th Street and of this will not exceed 75 cents per person. Band concert.
cross the East River via Queensboro Bridge. Follow North- 6:30 P.M.-Business meeting of the Association. The:
ern Boulevard to Bayside, then turn left on Bell Boule- President of the Association, Major General Wm. F.
vard; the end of this boulevard is quite near the entrance Hase, will preside. He will review the accomplishments
to Fort Totten. of the Association and outline plans for its future de-
velopment. The Secretary-Treasurer will present a re~
TRAVEL By MOTOR Bus and briefly review the financial condition of the As~-
No effort will be made to induce bus lines to grant tion. Addresses will be made by prominent Coast Art!!-
special reduced fares, however, if a sufficient number can lery officers. Representatives of the several chapte:5.~
arrange to assemble at a designated time and place it is be called upon to give reports of their chapter actlvltle5.
believed that a considerable reduction in transportation The order of business will include the appointm~nt of a
rates can be obtained by chartering a bus for the trip. committee on resolutions and such other .comt:llttees;
Unit instructors of Reserve and National Guard regiments may be deemed necessary; also, oppottUnIty WIll be ..
can work out this detail. forded for a general discussion of ways and means ~o~
prove the effectiveness and usefulness of the As~atl~
HOTELS
8:30 P.M-Dancing. Note: Arrangem~~~ Will.
Several of the leading hotels of New York City have made for the comfort and convenience of VlSltlllgI~.
granted special concessions to members of the Associa- 9:30 P .M.-A searchlight display' and demonstrauon
tion. The Hotel Astor will be the official headquarters. in picking up and illuminating aerial targets. A
The rates at this hotel ate very reasonable. A single room Saturday Morning, June 9 - Visits to units of the~
Hi .
without bath, $2.00 per day; single room with bath, $3.00
per day. Other rates in proportion. The Hotel Roosevelt
has agreed to grant special rates to members of the con-
lantic Fleet which will be anchored in N ew York
Special attention to the aircraft carriers and to
antiaircraft materiel. The time and place from
the;
1934 NOTES OF THE COAST ARTILLERY ASSOCIATION 167
small boats will depart to convey members to the various Uniform will be optional. Many will be present in civilian
ships will be announced on Friday afternoon. It is antici- clothes and it will cause no embarrassment to be without
pated that this inspection will require all of Saturday fore- uniform. It will be appropriate to wear uniform when
noon. Visiting officers will be divided into groups of visiting the Fleet. Either uniform or civilian clothes will
reasonable size and arrangements will be made for the be appropriate for the banquet. Dinner coats (tuxedo)
groups to be escorted over the several ships by officers of not required.
the Navy. Ladies are invited to visit the Fleet. It is especially important that the committee in charge
Saturday, 4:00 p.m.-A review and parade of the New of arrangements and the Secretary of the Association be
YorkNational Guard Brigade of Coast Artillery compris- informed as early as possible as to the number who will
ing the 2IIth C.A. (AA), the 244th c.A. (TD), and attend. To accomplish this with the least trouble to all
the 245th c.A. (HD) will be held in Central Park. The concerned it is requested that the questionnaire furnished
officerreceiving the parade has not (at this writing) been each member be accomplished and mailed at the earliest
selected but he will be a prominent official.Note: The practicable date. It is requested that no cancellations be
interval between the return from the inspection of the made after Thursday, June 7,
Fleet to the time for the review will be left open for shop- For further information address the Chairman of the
ping or sight-seeing. committee in charge of arrangements, Colonel F. K. Fer-
7:30 P.M. -Banquet at the Employers Association gusson, 641 Washington Street, New York, or the Sec-
Club, 2 Park A venue. The cost of this will not exceed retary-Treasurer of the Association, IlI5 17th Street,
$2.50 per plate, including liquid refreshments. The guest N.W., Washington, D. C.
speaker of the occasion has not (at this writing) been 0( 0( 0(

selected but he will be a public official of national im- Sabers to be Awarded

portance. Invitations will be extended to the Governor
of New York, the Mayor of New York City, the Com-
manding General of the Second Corps Area, the Com-
T HE Executive Council of the United States Coast
Artillery Association has decided to continue the pol-
icy established last year and award a saber to the Coast
manding General of the 2d c.A. District, the Command-
Artillery Reserve officerin each Corps Area who accumu-
ing General of the New York National Guard, the Com-
lates the greatest number of credit hours, by means of ex-
manding General of the Coast Artillery Brigade, New
tension school work, during the year ending June 30,
York National Guard, and others. At the conclusion of
1934. Corps Area commanders will be requested to
the banquet there will be a short business session of the
designate the winners within their respective Corps Areas.
Association for the completion of any unfinished business,
The award of this trophy has been made possible through
report of standing committee and committee on resolu-
the generosity of a reserve officer who established an
tions. This business meeting will be made as short as
endowment fund, the proceeds from this to be used to
possible. Following the business meeting there will be
provide suitable trophies for outstanding performance on
dancing.
the part of individual reserve officers. Last year the award
Sunday, June la-After discussing many proposals the
of this trophy created a considerable amount of interest.
committee on arrangements decided that Sunday would
Very little time remains before the competition closes but
be left open for sight-seeing. Suggested trips which will there is yet time for those near the top to make secure their
prove of special interest to out-of-town members are:
lead.
a. A trip up the Hudson River by boat to the U. S.
May the best man win.
Military Academy. The special features of that day at
l' .,. l'
West Point will be a concert in the afternoon and the
evening parade of the Corps of Cadets. Note: Graduation Back Copies of The Coast Artillery J oumal
exercisestake place on Tuesday, June 12. Sunday, June
10,will present an unusual opportunity for a visit to West F ROM time to time req-nests are received for 'back
copies of the COASTARTILLERYJOURNAL.We have
attempted to maintain a small supply of previous issues
Point, and will prove most interesting to those who have
not previously visited this historic place. It is recom- but find that certain numbers are completely exhausted.
mended that the trip be made by train or by boat. Those Very frequently officers desire to dispose of old files
whocontemplate the trip by automobile undoubtedly will of the JOURNAL.If any officer has on hand JOURNALS of
find traffic congested and parking difficult. the issues listed below and desires to dispose of these it
b. A trip by boat around Manhattan Island. The view will be appreciated if they will notify the JOURNALoffice.
of Manhattan Island and greater N ew York will prove Postage will be sent to cover transportation or reimburse-
to be an unusual and inspiring sight. mentwill be made upon receipt of the JOURNALS.We are
c. A trip to Coney Island. especially anxious to obtain copies of the following:
All of the issues of 1929'
GENERAL February, March, April, October, and December, 1930'
Reservations for hotels can be made individually or This is an opportunity to reduce the weight on your
cl:mugh the Secretary of the Association. Hotel Astor book shelves and at the same time assist the JOURNAL
will be the official headquarters during the convention. in filling orders for back numbers.
Antiaircraft Defenses: Their Develop-
Illent During the World War
By MAJOR A. F. ENGLEHART, CA.C

PART I
o what extent should antiaircraft artillery be re- found to be useless, even against the slow-moving lighter-

T lied upon for the defense of ground troops, cities

and fortifications against hostile aircraft? A study
of this question requires a review of the historical facts
than-air craft. Late in 1915 some I3-pounder Horse Ar-
tillery guns were mounted on omnibus chassis, and es-
tablished around London. By 1916 a better gun had
rdating to aerial bombardment and the steps taken to been developed by relining the field IS-pounder to pro-
combat these attacks. This history is not extensive, the duce higher velocity, which increased the effective ceiling
first serious air raids having been made only twenty years to 17,000 feet. These were placed around London in
ago. single gun positions, rather than in batteries of four guns.
ENGLAND For example: In the London West Subcommand, there
At the time of her entrance into the World War, Eng- were nineteen guns emplaced in nineteen stations.
land had given very little thought, and no preparation Eighteen of these gun stations were within supporting
to the defense against hostile aircraft of her cities and distance of each other, although some were three to four
ground troo~s. Directly. raiding began by the Germans miles'apart. The nineteenth gun was situated about eight
in 1915 agamst the Cities of England, thoughts were miles from the nearest supporting gun.
focused on the necessary protection against these raids. The antiaircraft guns were not expected to bring down
The first air raids by the Germans were made with targets, but to fire barrages, thus keeping the enemy at
Zeppelins. The only means of combating these raids was high altitudes, breaking up formations and making bet-
to use what is now termed the "pursuit" airplane. These ter targets for the defending airplanes. Though ammuni-
planes took the air after receiving warning of the ap- tion was ineffective and fire control undeveloped, the
proach of hostile ships, but with no results. This was record made by the guns was very good. According to
due to the failure of proper and timely reports, and the Captain Morris' account of the airplane raids, eleven
inability to communicate with the airplane, once it had attackers were shot down by defending airplanes and
taken the air. Country constables reported over com- twelve were brought down by antiaircraft gunfire.
mercial wire to the landing fields the approach and loca- The defense system was quite successful in the day-
tion of hostile aircraft. Such reports took considerable time, but less so at night, due to the fact that defending
time, and by the time of their receipt were of little value. airplanes and antiaircraft guns could not locate the target.
Early in 1915 an observation system was devised in Searchlights, for use in illumination of the airplane, or,
order to furnish information of the approach of hostile in event of inability to pick up the airplane, for pointing
planes more rapidly and accurately. This system con- the beam in the direction of the enemy, were installed.
sisted of placing observers some thirty miles out from Once the hostile airplane was illuminated it became an
particularly vulnerable areas. London was provided with excellent target for a friendly airplane, as the hostile
a double cordon. Coastal posts were established. At first, aviator was blinded and could not direct his defense
these observers reported over the commercial telephone against an enemy that might attack him from any direc-
lines,having to ring up for each report. This system clog- tion, in the air or by gunfire from the ground.
ged the telephone lines, and resulted in late and erroneous Balloon barrages were employed in order to force the
reports. Later special telephone lines were used to con- attacker to fly at higher altitudes when over sensitive
nect each observer direct with the sub-control posts, areas. These consisted of captive balloons, rising to a
which in turn were connected to the main central sta- height of about 10,000 feet, tied together with cables.
tion in the Horse Guards. This latter system allowed the from which hung weighted wire streamers. No evidence
central officer to be informed immediately, and accurate- of an airplane striking these cables was noted, but it did
~y,of the approach and location of hostile planes. This cause the enemy to avoid known balloon barrages, or
mformation, in turn, was given to all aircraft fields and fly above them.
gun stations for their use in combating the hostile planes. - In July, 1917, it was decided to combine all the ele-
Sufficient airplanes to cover all the country could not ments of the defense, both on the ground and in the air,
be secured nor could they be kept in the air all the time. under one commander. Under this unified command,
Th~ough unsatisfactory results from, this kind of pro- constant improvements in the use of defending airplanes,
tection came the development of antiaircraft guns to observation and intelligence system, and antiaircraft guns
supplement the airplane defense. At first only some old and searchlights, were made. This system of intelligence
I-pounder and 2-pounder guns were available. These were and observation, antiaircraft gun and airplane areas was
170 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
MaY-lan~
•...~ 'HARWICH
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..._~..u.::::~ NORTH
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.
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SEA
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S
AIR DEFENCES
OF LONDON, 1918 HORSHAM
SQUAORON HQ. 0
PATROL LINES
APRON LINES -----
s u s s E x
GREEN LINE -----.- SCALE OF MILES
GUN FIRE AREAS ~
o 10 20 ~O

started in 1917, but was not completed and placed in full This was not a hard and fast rule, as an order of 1917
operation until September, 1918. All observation sta- prescribed: .
tions, gun stations, searchlight stations and air fields were "During such time as any hostile formation is approach.
connected direct by telephone with the central station in ing London, all guns outside the Green Line (line between
the gun and airplane areas) will normally have priority of
London. A radio transmitter was able to communicate
action; that is to say, while crossing all gun areas, any for-
with airplanes in Right. mation of our machines will fly to a flank, to give unre-
At the end of the war the London Air Defense area stricted action to antiaircraft guns. If, however, at any
consisted of an outer ring of guns, approximately twenty time while the hostile formation is crossing these gun
areas, the patrol leader considers he has a really favorable
miles from the outer limits of the city proper, thickened
opportunity to attack, he will do so, and the antiairc.raft
on the east to include the mourh of the Thames, with guns will stop firing. Inside the Green Line our machm:s
three belts further our: one extending to the north of the will always have priority of action, that is to say, all an~I'
Thames, the other two south of the Thames, reaching aircraft guns will give preference to our machines, and WIll
out as far as the ceast at Dover and Ramsgate. In between fire only up to that time when it becomes plain that our
pilots have seen the enemy, and are in a position to attack
this ring of guns and the city was an airplane area, with-
him."
out guns, but with many searchlights. Then on the outer
The last raid on England was made on the night 19"20
ring of the city and within the city itself was another
May, 1918, before this system was fully developed. Even
ring of guns. A balloon barrage was placed on the na-
with the system only partially developed, raidi,ng proved
tural avenue of approach from the east and northeast, just
too expensive for the enemy, and was discontlllued ..
outside the limits of the city.
The principle of the defense was to furnish rapid and The British Expeditionary Forces in France in 1914 did
accurate information of the approach of a raiding force not have any antiaircraft defenses. In 1915' fifteen I)-
C
to the central command at London. The proper -antiair- ounder Horse Artillery guns, mounted on busses, wff
P . I . ()ll
craft gun batteries to take the enemy under fire when sent to the front, except the few kept at critica pomts
within range, in order to break up the formations or the lines of communication. No fire control instrumen£S
drive them off, were notified. The defending airplanes were available for these guns.
took the air to meet the enemy when he had passed over In 1916 an IS-pounder gun was rebored to th~ee inches.
the gun area and had entered the airplane area. If these giving a maximum ceiling of 19,000 feet. ThIS gun It'-
defensive measures were unsuccessful in destroying or mained the standard for the duration of the war. I'.J.
. h E (J1.51'
turning back the enemy, the antiaircraft guns on the At the end of 1915 there were twenty-el~. t .n:;> _
outer ring of the city attempted to fustrate the enemy divisions at the front, and only thirteen antiaircraft ~
by fire. tions (of two guns each). As new sections arrived In
1934 ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSES 171
France, they were attached to the headquarters of the notify guns and searchlights of the approach of hostile
RoyalFlying Corps for brief preliminary training in recog- airplanes. Later the friendly airplanes were included in
nition and characteristics of contemporary aircraft. By this warning system.
April 22, 1916, General Haig had a total of eighty anti- The combination of an efficient observation and intel-
aircraft guns. On July I, 1916, at the beginning of the ligence system, with quick alerts to friendly airplanes
Battle of the Somme, he had 113 guns, eighteen of which and antiaircraft guns, soon brought sttiking results. Raids
were protecting the lines of communication, eight were by bombers and low-flying attack airplanes on that part
at General Headquarters, and eighty-seven were along of the front were stopped.
the front of the four armies in the line.
FRANCE
In June, 1915, the antiaircraft sections were combined
into batteries of four guns each, and were placed for tacti- For the air defense of Paris, the French depended al-
cal purposes under the army artillery commander. most entirely on antiaircraft guns. By September, 1915'
By 1918 the guns assigned to the army were placed in there were 41 fixed gun positions around Patis, each con-
two rows, the front row consisting of two-gun stations taining two 75-mm. quick-firing field guns, one 37-mm.
about three miles apart covering the forward part of the quick-firing gun, two machine guns, and one searchlight,
area, and the second row of two or four-gun stations im- capable of illuminating aircraft at 10,000 yards. The outer
mediately in the rear. This defense took about 40 per line of posts consisted of eight positions, roughly fifteen
cent of the antiaircraft guns available in France. The re- to twenty miles distant to the north and east of the city
maining guns were employed in the protection of vulner- (the points most liable to attack) .
able points in the rear. The second, third and fourth lines completely encircled
Planes brought down on the English fronts by antiair- the city, and were from five to fifteen miles distant. There
craft fire during the war, were: were fifteen posts in the second line, eleven in the third,
. and seven in the fourth. Four 49-mm. quick firing and
In 1914 - none.
six machine guns were posted on high buildings to defend
In 1915-20.
the most susceptible points within the city.
In 1916- about 50'
The guns were so arranged that any aircraft, while cross-
In 1917-95. ing the line of defense at any point, would be under the
In 1918- 176.
fire of four guns simultaneously.
In 1918, the average number of rounds fired, to one There were some sixty airplanes attached to the city for
enemy machine shot down, was 4,000 (only 1,800 in its protection. Three were constantly on patrol duty over
March, the best month, when there was a great deal of the city, while four others were ready to take off on re-
low flying) ceiving warning of an attack. Instructions to planes in
At first searchlights were employed in the defense of the air were given by placing a large white arrow on the
General Headquarters at St. Omer only. Later, after at- ground pointing in the general direction of the enemy.
tackson the back areas in the vicinity of Calais, Audruicq, Airplanes were to attack the enemy even though friendly
St. Omer, etc., it was decided to establish a lighted belt antiaircraft guns were firing on them at the time.
from the coast behind Nieuport to the neighborhood of The French developed an extensive intelligence and
Ypres. Sixteen sections, of two lights each, were concen- observation net that extended approximately fifty miles
trated in this zone. As a result of this lighted area, enemy from Paris. There were 42 posts, each post being con-
bombers were driven up from 4,000 to more than twice nected with headquarters in Paris by two independent
that height, decidedly decreasing the effectiveness of their telephone lines.
bombing. Extensive use was made of smoke screens to hide strik-
Low flying planes attacked horse lines and battery posi- ing landmarks, such as prominent bends in the river, etc.
tions along the front. Two sections of searchlights were A balloon defense, consisting of both small single
placed on the Somme front to combat this, the beginning balloons and pairs of balloons in tandem, which could
of the lighted belt at the front. rise to about 4,000 meters, was also provided.
A Lewis machine gun was attached to each projector in The effectiveness of the defense is borne out by the
orderto protect the crew. A searchlight commander writes fact that on thirteen different occasions, when a total of
of this device: !O7 airplanes were directed against the city, not one
"The Lewisgun had a good effecton the morale of the reached its objective. There were 483 airplanes directed
searchlightsections. When Y~lU are being attacked with a
machinegun by an airplane in the beam, you can clearly against Paris in 1918, with only 37 reaching their objec-
see the bullets traveling toward you, and it is quite com- tive, thirteen of these being brought down.
forting to be able to see another stream of bullets traveling The last air raid on Paris was made on September 16,
in the opposite direction." 1918. The total air raid casualties throughout the war
Antiaircraft guns and searchlights were operating sepa- amounted to 266 killed and 603 wounded. The long-range
rately. Not until the results of the defenses of London German gun "Big Bertha," which fired into the city on
Werereally appreciated in France, were they combined. 44 days between March 23 and August 9, 1918, produced
Along with the combination, came an alert system, to very much the same results, 256 killed and 620 wounded.
172 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-Junr

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llocqu€l'/cour!- •

Ver~a.i.n~

ANTIAIRCRAFT GUNS
LISTENING
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Antiaircraft defenses of Paris, 11/ly, 1918

The antiaircraft guns attached to thi armies in the field and 1,000 balloons, with a majority being emplo~'ed In
were of two types; semi-fixed, with limited mobility, and the protection of rear areas.
auto-cannon. They were used to protect the front line During the war, the antiaircraft artillery brought down:
troops and establishments in the rear of the army. The In 1916 - 60 airplanes.
batteries were located in the form of aT, with two bat- Iu 1917 - 120 airplanes.
teries in front and one in rear. Searchlights were used to In 1918 - 220 airplanes.
a limited extent. Machine guns were not employed in The ammunition expenditure per airplane brough
defense of ground troops, except for protection of search- down was: I 1,000 shots in 1916, and 7,500 in 1918. I
f
light and antiaircraft gun crews, and a few fixed establish- only motor propelled 75-mm. guns are considered. the
ments. expenditure at the end of the war falls to 3,200 shots.
In 1918 the antiaircraft defense was attached to the air GERMANY
service, where it remained for the duration of the war. The Germans began to consider air defense fr~m ~
By the end of the war the antiaircraft service of France ground as early as 1912. By October, 1914, t~I~'-S.l);
consisted of 900 guns, 600 searchlights, 600 machine guns, special guns had been constructed for firing agaInst :l1r-
1934 ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSES 173

craft. Six of these were sent to the field armies, and the exceptions, were located well back from the shore line.
remainder were kept at home for the protection of im- The only antiaircraft gun battery that was found on the
portant points, such as the Rhine bridges, airship estab- shore line was Battery Zeppelin (so named by the Allies) .
lishments, and the works of Krupp and Ehrhardt. This hattery was of necessity placed there in order to pra-
As a result of the French attack on Freiburg on Decem- teet the Mole at Zeebrugge, but it could also be used for
ber 4, 1914, the industrial areas of Germany clamored general harbor defense purposes. This Mole was the rest-
for more protection against air rai~s.. At th~s.ti~e all ing place for many seaplanes, and many hangars were
air defense was in the hands of the CIVIlauthontles m the erected thereon. Antiaircraft machine guns were located
different states. Reports of the approach of hostile ~ir- close to the battery or group of stations to which they
planes had to be made through military channels, whIch pertained. Practically every battery above Ios-mm. had
were totally inadequate. at least two machine gun positions. These positions were
Early in 1915 a joint cornn;ittee, composed of civilia~ usually on the flanks and generally symmetrically dis-
and military members, consIdered the problem ~f aIr posed.
defense. Of first priority, they insisted on a proper mtel- At Heligoland, a very important harbor with its sub-
ligence and warning system. By the end of 1915 a double marine base so vulnerable to attack, installations for anti-
cordon of observers, approximately parallel to the W e~t- aircraft defense consisted of:
ern Front, was connected by telephone to the central 4 88-mm Antiaircraft guns
6 76.2-mm Antiaircraft guns (transformedRussianguns)
headquarters at Frankfort.
3 52-rom Antiaircraft guns
In October, 1916, General van Hoeppner was appointed 8 37-rom Antiaircraft guns
to wmmand the whole Military Air Service-airplanes, 1 105-mm Antiballoon gun.
airships, balloons, weather bureau, antiaircraft troops at The mission of the antiaircraft artillery was to keep the
the front and the Home Air Defense. pilots high up and harrass them in their work. This had,
About this time it was believed that airplanes were a heartening effect on the ground troops to which it gave
needed to complete the antiaircraft defense. At first six visible protection. Incidentally, the bursts signalled the
flights were assigned to the Home Defe~se, and were whereabouts of hostile aircraft to friendly pilots who
stationed in small groups to protect local pOIntS. In actual might be near. Most important of all, from the flying
practicethey flew off to engage in the ge?eral flig~t, leav- personnel point of view, was the fact that good ground
ing their point unguarded. Lat~r these aIrcraft UnIts were defenses reduced the demands made on the airplanes for
consolidated and directed from the central headquarters. protection and so released them for their more urgent
Searchlights in considerable number were available for primary duties.
Home Defense in 1917. These lights were not used to The first line of defense was located from 2,200 to 2,100
establish a searchlight barrage, but for the illumination of yards behind the front. Antiaircraft guns were spaced less
targets.... than 6,000 yards apart, out of barrage range and screened
With the advent of airplanes ghdmg low to bomb theIr from balloon observation. Cross-fires were organized in
targets, balloon defenses were established around some of order to keep an enemy airplane under constant fire. Other
the most important works .... lines were organized in rear of the first line, extending
The warning system was SImIlarto that of the English.
back to include important points in the rear, such as rail-
Care was taken to limit the areas alarmed as much as pos- way stations, ammunition dumps, engineer dumps, air-
sible, in order to avoid stoppage of work in places not dromes and bridges.
immediately threatened. It was decided that the better
The engagement of the enemy's infantry airplanes de-
the observation and intelligence system, the smaller would
volved upon the infantry and field artillery at the front.
be the warning districts and the less disturbance created.
Each unit detailed machine guns for that specific purpose.
With the Home Defense operating, the enemy suffered
Only in the rear areas were antiaircraft machine guns
heavily in all their attacks. For instance, in the course of
used to protect ground forces and installations.
a raid by the Independent Air Force on July 30, 1918,
Searchlights were used to illuminate targets for the anti-
seven machines were lost. Again on August 21, 1918,
aircraft guns, machine guns and friendly pursuit air-
after a raid on Frankfort and Cologne, seven machines
planes. This lighted belt extended well up into the divi-
were lost. sion zone of action.
The effectiveness of the antiaircraft defenses at the
The following table shows the amount of antiaircraft
front is established by the statement of Captain R. A.
guns in use by the Germans on October, 1918:
Jones, in his book The War in the Air: In Germany:
"British airplanes by the end of 1.915' suffered far .more 122 sections of two guns each 244 guns
70 batteries of four guns each 280 guns
from gun fire than from enemy aIrcraft. Rarely dId an In the field:
airplane come back from a job over the lines undamaged 253 sections of two guns each 506 guns
by shell splinters, and the repair and replacements of 155 guns on motor lorries 155 guns
110 batteries of four guns each 440 guns
damaged parts often kept a machine out of work for
several days." ... TOTAL 1,265 guns
Along the Belgian coast, antIaIrcraft guns, WIth few (Concluded in next issue.)
 Autom.otive Maintenance for Co'ast
Artillery Units
(Prepared under direction of the Commandant, The Coast are overspeeding, overloading, and lack of consideration
Artillery School. *See footnote.)
for others on the road. A driver of this type causes serious

O
PERATION and maintenance of automotive ve- damage to the vehicle and embarrassment to the responsi-
hicles in a Coast Artillery Regiment are of neces- ble officer of his organization. Drivers should be told that
siry interlocked. Because the operating agency violations of traffic regulations will not be tolerated, and
must know what vehicles are in operating condition, even that insistence on the strictly legal right-of-way,
the battery commander is charged with the first and when causing accidents, will not be countenanced.
second echelons or what is known as "Preventive Main- Unless under the immediate supervision of his superior,
tenance" (See Circular HO OQMG, May 18, 1933)' the driver should know that he is responsible for the
At present, our training literature limits maintenance distribution of the load and should see that it is properlv
by the Coast Artillery to preventive maintenance within secured and is safe for tra~sit. He ~hould.refuse to accePt
the battery, placing the responsibility upon the unit a load beyond the capacity of hiS vehicle or one im-
commander. As a matter of fact, both in peace and war, properly loaded. Officers in loading vehicles should re-
it has been found necessary to improvise a coordinating member that an over-loaded tmck is naturally the slow-
unit within the regiment which, at home stations, has est one in a column and is the one most likely to develop
been employed to supplement the functions. of the so- trouble.
called third ~chelon maintenance. Under the present Modern trucks are capable of speeds in excess of those
policy of purchasing commercial type vehicles whenever at which they will normally be authorized to operate.
possible, it is -assumed that third echelon maintenance Final drive ratios in these tmcks are high and the engine
will become more a function of the regimental or post is necessarily mnning at a much higher rate than the
commander, and generally will be performed by Coast engine of a passenger car at a like road speed. Speeding
Artillery personnel. It is on this assumption that the such vehicles will shorten their useful lives and will otten
following proposed outline of motor vehicle maintenance make them a menace on the highways. Particularly
for Coast Artillery motorized organizations is written. dangerous is speeding on down grades. Under no con-
ditions should a driver descend a grade with the trans-
1ST ECHELON MAINTENANCE mission gears in neutral or with the clutch disengaged.
Likewise, the engine should never be permitted to knock
First echelon maintenance is performed by the driver,
working with the took prescribed for his type of vehicle or labor while ascending grades. The driver must, by a
timely change of gears, utilize a gradual transition of
and such supplies as are necessary for the proper cleaning
power, thus avoiding excessive strains on the mechanism.
and lubrication of his vehicle.
Heavy traffic, dangerous curves and intersections call
Under first echelon mainte~ance, the driver is charged
for reduced speeds. Poor roads set up stresses and strains
with obeying and causing obedience to all regulations
which may go unnoticed for a time but ultimately cause
bearing upon the proper operation and safety of his ve-
trouble. Speeding over such roads should be avoidedso
hicle on the road together with any special instmctions
that time may be saved in the end. Bad weather coo-
that may be issued by his unit commander. He is held
ditions and slippery roads call for reduced speeds ~d
responsible for the exercise of common sense and judge-
possibly for the use of skid chains. In a word, the driver
ment in unusual situations.
must have his vehicle under control at all times and be
In addition to the ability to drive his vehicle in a prepared to meet any traffic emergency ..
proper manner and to make emergency roadside repairs, Except in emergency the driver should be sa1aly
the driver should have a knowledge of vehicle loading, limited to such minor repairs as have been specifically
approximate speeds on various roads and grades, pre- authorized. Improvised repairs to enable him to r~ to
cautions against fire and proper procedure in case of acci- the garage or keep in a convoy and which do not ~y(
dents. This requires that the new driver be given definite mechanically moving parts or mechanical, elecrric"l ()l
instmction and a clear and concise explanation of the carburetor adjustments, should be authorized.
functions of the various units of the vehicle. Drivers, On the other hand, the cleanliness of the vehidc._~
who, after prop.er instmction, continue the more common tightening of loose nuts, the replenishing of £udi~oil.
practices of vehicle abuse, such as allowing the engine to water and anti-freeze, the examination of the f~jJdt.
labor, excessive use of the brake, turning curves too fast the care of the tires, the water level and cleanliness iiJ~
and continuing to drive with minor maladjustments, battery, draining of the air storage tank and the" .
should be relieved. the cooling system are items that should be made; di-
The three outstanding faults of drivers operating alone rect responsibility of the driver. Finally and most ~'
1934 AUTOMOTIVE MAINTENANCE FOR COAST ARTILLERY UNITS 175
tant, the driver should be a~signed to one vehicle and road. They should know how to disconnect driving
kept on it. axles on multi-wheel driven vehicles, how to get vehicles
In addition, the driver should be trained to inspect his out of the mud and sand, and how to get a vehicle back
vehicle at halts and to note its performance while run- on the road.
ning. Any deficiencies noted should be reported to the A schedule of maintenance should be established by
motor sergeant or to the dispatcher immediately upon the Motor Transport Officer as follows:'
returning from a trip or at the first roadside halt when Daily Maintenance: These are repairs, often of an
in convoy. When repairs or adjustments are being made emergency nature, based upon defects reported by the
by a mechanic, the driver should report as his assistant driver. If the repairs needed are extensive, proper ar-
and thus obtain more detailed knowledge of his vehicle. rangements should be made to lay up the vehicle either
In organizations where a vehicle is in intermittent use, within the organization or in a higher echelon.
the driver can be trained in and held responsible for the Weekly Maintenance: This includes the inspection
lubrication of his vehicle, the employment of cold- and servicing of the storage battery, and in cold weather,
weather expedients, the care of the battery, the cleaning a check of the anti-freeze solution.
of the cooling system arid even the painting of the ve- Bi-Weekly Maintenance: This includes the very im-
hicle. Where the driver's time is limited, or in a motor portant technical inspection .and the repair work con-
pool, these operations should be the responsibility of a nected with it. In large pools, the vehicles are usually
motor sergeant, truck master or a specialized mechanic held i~ the garage for lubrication and inspection a~ the
and they should be coordinated by the responsible offi- same time.
cer. In other words, when the driver is busily engaged Seasonal Maintenance: This includes such items as
or the organization increases in size, it is believed that changing oil with the season, cleaning the radiator be-
this individual responsibility should be decreased and fore and after use of anti-freeze, periodic overhaul and
the second echelon functions of inspection, supervision painting of vehicles.
and maintenance should be extended. Finally, the unit commander should devise a system of
2ND ECHELON MAINTENANCE
servicing that is rapid, economical, and convenient; an
accurate set-up of his record and supply functions and a
In general the unit commander's responsibilitiesin the
thorough system of instruction for replacement personnel.
secondechelon maintenance are the supervision and en-
forcement of all operation and maintenance functions, HIGHER MAINTENANCE
the training of personnel and the making of technical In the past, especially in peace time, conditions have
and non-technical inspections. In peace time, the unit either forced the battery repair personnel to perform re-
commandermay find his maintenance functions extended pair work which properly belonged to higher echelons, or
to include those of higher echelons, but in active opera- have made it necessary that improvised unit repair shops
tio?s the ter:d?ncy will be to restrict second echelon re- be established by the regimental organization at its home
pairs to a mimmum. station. There follows a proposed outline of what should
The enlisted personnel for this echelon is prescribed in be incorporated in training literature and tables of organi-
tablesof organization while the tool sets, both on the ve- zation for a motorized Coast Artillery Regiment to bridge
hiclesand for mechanics, are prescribed in publications of the gap between "preventive maintenance" in the battery
the Quartermaster General's Office. The use of machine and the Motor Maintenance Units of the Quartermaster
tools is not contemplated in preventive maintenance. Corps, both under peace and war conditions.
Supplies furnished are largely of an expendable nature Essentially, a motorized unit of artillery has but two
such as can be installed without tearing down a unit as- functions to perform; namely: To move to a designated
sembly. A few items such as distributors, carburetors, position and to supply effective fire. To do this it must
brake shoes and batteries should also be kept on hand transport itself, establish communications, supply itself
for emergencies. The proper lubricants should always and bring forward ammunition. The direction of the
be kept available. whole is the function of the commander and his staff.
The battery motor sergeant is in direct charge of the Remove the transportation and the regiment would cease
mechanics. Normally he supervises the first echelon to function, yet in the Coast Artillery Regiment the
maintenance,makes or assistsin the technical inspections, Commanding Officer has no single officer on his staff
looks after the property and maintains the required rec- charged by tables of organization with the supervision of
ords. this element. In the past, thru necessity, commanders
Battery motor mechanics are not expected to be ex- have arbitrarily designated officers for such duty, the
perts but rather they should be trained to handle the selectionusually being a lieutenant assigned to the service
common repairs and adjustments on the various vehicles battery. After 16 years experience, the practice should
and to assistin the technical inspections. They should be be accepted and made part of our organization.
thoroughly trained to diagnose symptoms and to locate In the Corps there is a Motor Transport Officer with
troubles readily so that they may be able to handle the Quartermaster Repair Units who works in close con-
emergencyrepairs, replacements and adjustments on the tact with G-+ It is thought that this organization should
176 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
be paralleled in the regiment by assigning a lieutenant portation situation from one technically trained source
in the service battery as the "Motor Transport Officer," and knows the whole is being supervised by one head.
and by giving him a small enlisted cadre of the best motor No responsibility is shifted from the battery commander.
mechanics in the regiment, including two staff sergeants but no longer is he assumed to be a technical motor ex-
(Electrical "B"), a truck master and a clerk, possibly a pert in additional to his other professional requirements.
dispatcher and "the necessary mechanics, chauffeurs and In garrison, unless the necessary Quartermaster per_
vehicles. 'sonnel is available, it will generally be necessary to ex-
When the regiment is actively engaged the Motor pand the Motor Transport Section into a third echelon
Transport Officer would find his time occupied by duties shop and possibly to organize a motor transport pool.
of the following nature: Naturally suitable buildings and tool equipment must he
Attending G-4 Motor Transport Conferences. provided to meet these requirements. If, under the pres-
Furnishing data to S-3 for the preparation of move- ent motorization program, the unit replacement Svstem
ment tables. is largely superseded by allotment of funds to the sta-
Arranging and handling improvised convoy move- tion Quartermaster for purchases of replacement parts,
ments. then all repair work which can be handled locally will
Consulting with the .Provost Marshal as to police be done in the regiment. Otherwise, it is thought that
and traffic control. vehicles of major units will be sent to Corps Area fourth
Supervision or preparation of vehicles for move- echelon shops when local facilities are lacking or the ex-
ments. pense is too great to have the work done by commercial
Coordination with battalion staffs. firms.
T railin.g any movement with a regimental malll- Under such an organization it is not contemplated that
tenance umt. the regiment should take on the functions of a staff de-
When the regiment is in a rest area or in a stabalized partment, carry additional equipment, or limit its mo-
situation, his duties would become more technical. Proba- bility. But in the field it must be prepared to carry on in
bly at first he should make an inspection of all tehicles, an emergency and to push its second echelon maintenance
deciding which could be repaired in the organization, by as far as facilities permit, while in peace it is doubtful
his cadre, or by the Corps Maintenance Battalion, or
if the Quartermaster Corps will ever have the required
which must be replaced from a depot. With this infor-
personnel to meet all the additional third echelon re-
mation he would then submit his requirements for ve-
qUIrements.
hicles and parts to the G-4 Section and prepare an over-
haul schedule. In an emergency, by pooling the availa9le *With the present trend toward army motorization, the need for
tools and parts and by stripping unserviceable vehicles a policy governing the operation and maintenance of motor ve-
hicles in motorized Coast Artillery regiments is becoming more
and by the detail of part of each battery's mechanics, he and more apparent. The scheme here outlined has been evolved
could establish a temporary unit repair section. Other- after careful consideration of the corresponding policies of other
branches and of the views of numerous experienced officersst~.
wise, when so directed, he could coordinate the efforts tioned at Fort Monroe. Before recommending definite chang~s.10
of the regiment in the salvage of worn-out vehicles and in the various regulations, in tables of organization and in tramml(
literature it is felt that officers of the Coast Artillery Corpsat
securing replacements of units, motor supplies and small large shduld be afforded opportunity for constructive comment.
parts. The Chief of Coast Artillery invites all officers of the Corpsto
In the meantime, the Regimental Commander, at all submit such comments directly to The Commandant, Th~ Coast
Artillery School. Fort Monroe, Va. They should be submlttedas
times, has pertinent information as to the motor trans- soon as possible after the appearance of this article.

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR FIGHTING VEHICLES can best be met by the formation of
small units of vehicles similar in marching and fighting characteristics so that they
may be marched, maneuvered, and fought as a unit.-MAJOR RAYMOND MARSH,
ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.
 Cary
Part I the sea. Neither the origin or the cause of this movement
was ever clearly understood by the Americans, but it is

T HREADING its course carefully through the coral certain that when "Papa Pablo" raised his crimson stand-
reefs, the trim coast guard cutter steamed for the ard the mountain natives Rocked by thousands to enlist
entrance to a deep and almost land-locked bay, at in his fighting bands. The name "Pulajan" came from
the head of which a strip of sandy beach gave promise of the red uniform worn by the fanatics, "pula" being the
a landing place for the troops on board. The coast had Visayan for "red," but the Pulajans called themselves
no indication of human habitation and its general aspect "Militant Soldiers of the Church." After nearly a year
was somber and forbidding. There was no relief from the of bloodshed and strife, "Papa Pablo" had almost ac-
monotony of dark green forest extending in an unbroken complished his threats.
sweep from the water's edge to the rain-lashed crests of Under orders from the general in command, Captain
the mountains in the interior, and even the shore line Cochrane had embarked his company of Macabebe Con-
was obscured by an impenetrable tangle of mangrove stabulary on the cutter Basi/an with the mission of estab-
trees growing half submerged in water and ooze as though lishing a base at San Ramon on the northeast coast,
the luxuriant vegetation had overcrowded the land by its where the peaceably inclined coast people could be given
own fecundity and was now forced to enter the water in protection and from which operations could be carried
search of less restricted environment. into the interior. Cochrane and a lieutenant were on the
The coast was uncharted and the interior was "Terra bridge with Westover, Commander of the Basi/an, when
Incognita," for this was northeast Samar, a region which the ship entered San Ramon bay.
the Spaniards, during their three hundred and fifty odd
"Where is the place? I don't see it" the Captain
years of rule, had left untouched and unvisited except by
asked, as he scanned the shore line with his glasses. "I've
an occasional hemp trader, and which the A~ericans
never been here before," answered Westover, "and I
likewise had as yet neither garrisoned nor thoroughly ex-
hope I shall never have to return. One trip along this
plored. The salient features of the Island, as remembered
coast is enough for me, with no chart to go by and a
by the white men who have campaigned on it, are the
saw-toothed reef poking out of the water every ship's
steamy heat of the days, the chill of the nightly rains,
length. Your town is su pposed to be on the north shore
the jungle-matted swamps alternating with the steep
near the head of the bay; at least that's what the patron
sloped mountains, the mud everywhere, and the dank
;lOd gloomy forests infested with hostile natives and
every variety of poisonous reptile, insect and plant. Marooned two months in the
After the termination of the Philippine Insurrection
there was a short period of comparative peace and a civil jungles of Samar,surrounded
government was established, the jurisdiction of which,
however, extended merely to towns on the coast. Then
by hordes of fanatic Pula-
"Papa Pablo," the weird "pope," organizer and leader jantes, Captain Cochrane's
of the mysterious movement known as Pulajanism,
preached a holy war against the coast natives and the company of Ma,cabebe Con-
Americans, and announced the intentions of burning
every town on the Island, slaughtering the inhabitants
stabulary battles with star-
who failed to join him, and driving the Americans into vation.
178 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
of that Spanish boat at Lauang said. Maybe the Pulajan.s ceased a deep bellowing note, too prolonged and sonorous
have burnt it." to be of any but human origin, came from the mountain
Cochrane turned the glasses in the direction indicated. side above the burnt village. This sound was repeated
"I believe you're right," he said presently, handing the from a promontory across the bay, again from a hill
glasses to Westover. "Look just to the left of the Strip farther in the distance, and yet again from a crest far in
of beach over the top of the the interior. There was
long grass and you can see something about it which
blackened timbers." made Westover feel as
The cutter moved slowly though an icy hand had
ahead, almost without mak- touched the back of his
ing a sound, through water neck. He called to one of
the color of emerald. When Cochrane's noncommis-
a projecting cape of man- sioned officers, who was
groves was rounded and the standing on the lower deck.
site where San Ramon had
stood came fully into view,
it was apparent that the
village had long since been
)~ and asked him what the
sound
ca pitan,"
Macabebe
was. "That, senor
answered
sergeant,
the
coming
smartly to attention and sa-
burned and abandoned.
luting, "is a boudjon, the
As soon as the Basi/an
war horn of the Pulajans.
dropped anchor, a boat was
Capitan Cochrane has heard
lowered and the Constabu-
it many times and he will
lary officers took a platoon
tell you that with it they
and went ashore to recon-
can send messages from hill-
noiter. Westover wished to
top to hilltop entirely across
accompany the party, but
the Island. But see, we shall
after Cochrane had sug-
have news from on shore
gested that the ship's one-
now, for they are signalling
pounders and gatlings be
to us. "
trained on the shore, either
The message wig-wag-
to cover the landing or to
.ged to the cutter was sent
protect the withdrawal in
case of attack, he decided to by Cochrane to inform
remain on board. Leaning Westover that the village
over the railing of the was burned and abandoned,
He spellt the rest of the after- a nearby Pulajan outpost
bridge, he watched the 110011 ill the sentry box all the
whaleboat, as rowed by six roof
had been driven away, and
sturdy Tagalog seam~n, it that he would return on
moved swiftly towards the ~l\ board before dusk. In about
beach. an hour he returned with his party. If he did not. like
Not a sound came from the land except the lapping the situation his face gave no indication of his feehngs,
and gurgling of the water, washing about the roots of for it was as serenely impassive as usual. .
the mangroves. Mountain and shore seemed deserted, One of the Macabebes carried some murderous lookmg
yet Westover had the feeling that every movement of the bolos, crescent shaped and over two feet in length. We~r-
new-comers was being watched. Three squads leaped over took one from the man to examine it. It was heavily
ashore when the boat touched the beach and, each mov- weighted towards the point, with an edge like a razor,
ing in a different direction, disappeared in the long grass. and the handle had no guard but consisted merely. of 3
Cochrane followed the center squad with the rest of the round knob of caribao horn, thickly inlaid with SIlver.
party, except two soldiers who remained with the sailors Another soldier brough; two bloodstained tunics made. of
at the boat. red cloth and ornamented on the breast and back with
Presently the stillness was broken by a single shot fol- large white crosses. I
lowed by several others in rapid succession. The un-
wonted noise disturbed from their feeding place among
some trees near the shore a flock of large birds with
Cochrane accepted the drink proffered by the we!
trained mess boy, but postponed giving an account
what had happened, saying that he wished to take a -
t
enormous red bills, and they flapped up giving raucous vantage of the last opportunity to dress for dinner. ~e
cries of anger and remonstrance. appeared later in spotless white and during the eveOl~g
The firing lasted but a few moments. After it had meal refused positively to "talk shop," as he expressed It,
1934 JUNGLE \,\-'ARFARE 179

The edifice had a bizarre and yet formidable appearance

with anyone. Finally, when the table had been cleared somewhere in this region, perhaps just back of these
and the mess boys withdrew after setting out whiskey, . "
mountains.
ginger ale, and a box of Manila cigars, he was induced "Is that the place every officer on the Island, Regulars,
to give his views upon the situation.
Scouts and Constabulary included, has been trying to
"What I have to say," he announced, "can be said in locate for so long?" asked one of the ship's officers.
a few words. The Pulajans attacked San Ramon, chopped Hazzard, the Lieutenant, replied: "Yes, and probably
up all the people who didn't get away, looted the stores praying to God that he wouldn't find it."
of the traders, then burned the place-this at least three All laughed. There was an element of truth in this
months ago. My men jumped a small party of them this remark, for the campaign against the Pulajans involved
afternoon at a spring near the village. We killed two every form of hardship and danger and was without the
men; the others escaped, some of them wounded. Alto- usual incentive of credit or glory to be won.
gether there were not over a dozen of them. From the
Leaving the junior officers to continue the conversation,
papers found on the dead men, I gather that they be-
Westover rose, and taking the Constabulary captain by
longed to Cinicio Lasara's band, which incidentally is
the arm, led him into the tiny compartment reserved for
one of the best fighting outfits Papa Pablo has. I know the commanding officer of the ship. "I want to know
about Cinicio for I had the pleasure of meeting him in a what you intend to do, Cochrane," he said. "My orders
big fight over on the Gandara river last year." Cochrane lit are to drop your company here and return to Catbalogan.
one of the cigars and leaned back in his seat as though he I was told, however, that there was a fair sized town with
had finished speaking. plenty of fishing boats so you would at least have means
'They seem to have this coast pretty well occupied, of communication by sea with other stations. You have
judging by the boudjons," Westover said. Cochrane seen now that there is nothing here except a hundred,
leaned forward. "Yes," he answered, "I can explain the five hundred, maybe five thousand Pulajans, and the
presence of fighting bands on this desolate and thinly nearest military force is the Scout company at Lanang,
populated coast only by the assumption that Maslog, distant two days by ship and probably two weeks march
their so-called impregnable stronghold and general head- overland. If you disembark here you cut yourself off from
quarters, where Papa Pablo is supposed to hang out, is support, and if your whole company doesn't get chopped
 -..,
180 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL l1fa)'- / 1111 e

to pieces it will be a miracle." salt, and canned meat. Each soldier, in addition to rifle
Westover paused, but as Cochrane said nothing, he bayonet, ammunition belt and canteen, carried a small
continued: "Our orders were given in ignorance of the haversack and a light blanket in which were wrapped an
true situation; my advice, therefore, is for you' to stay extra shirt and pair of trousers. A bolo, captured from the
right on board this ship, and if you don't take it you are enemy, also formed part of the individual armament.
a bigger fool than 1 think you are." Westover spoke Thus armed and equipped, the men were prepared to sta\,
earnestly, for he had grown very fond of the young cap- in the field indefinitely ..
tain during the few days of companionship on board. Cochrane deployed the first boat-load of men in a semi-
'Thanks for the advice," Cochrane answered. "I am circle about what had been the plaza of the village. Then,
quite sure the situation is different from what the Gen- as others were disembarked, he set them to work with
eral thought it was. Nevertheless, their knives, cutting down the grass that had grown to
1 shall occupy and
hold San Ramon, or rather, the place where it stood, in ten or fifteen feet in height since the village was burned,
compliance with my orders. Undoubtedly the feathery fronds of which would form an excellent
some of the
villagers who escaped are hiding in the jungle and will thatch for the temporary shelters to be erected as Soon as
come in; anyway there will be good hunting, for 1 think the clearing was well in progress. When the disembark-
the Pulajans are fairly numerous in this region. We may ation was completed the Basi/an heaved anchor and got
find Maslog and capture it, too." under way, Westover waving a farewell from the bridge
"Or more likely get taken in yourselves;" Westover as the vessel steamed out.
growled, "however, have your own way, man, have your A less practical person than the captain might have
own way." found food for morbid thought at the severing of this lasr
''I'll send a report of the situation to headquarters bylink with civilization, but there was no time for sentiment
you and also a requisition for supplies, if you will do me even had he been so minded, for there was an immense
the favor to take them," Cochrane continued, "We have amount of work to be done.
rations for only ten days, which 1 can stretch out to last He planned to construct a stockaded cuartel large
twenty, so"please stress the importance of getting some- enough to shelter the ~ntire company and stron~ enough
thing to eat over to us within that time. You see, they to enable him to leave It under a small guard while on ex-
expected me to get rice from the hemp traders in San peditions in the interior. His first thought, ho",:,ever, was
Ramon and 1 stumbled over some skulls in the grass, to provide for the immediate shelter and secunty of the
which probably are those of said traders. Let's have a company. He realized that the camp would be watched
drink now and turn in for 1 want to get an early start constantly aad that safety lay only in unremitting vigi-
tomorrow. " lance at all hours of the day and night, therefore he
• By daybreak the next morning the disembarkation established the most rigid guard routine .
was well under way. The company travelled with a sur- Three sentry squads were posted at the outskirts of the
prisingly small amount village, two squads
of baggage, a few were held at the biv-
cases of extra ammu- ouac as a support,
nitIon, some flce another squad was de-
kettles, a water can, tailed to accompany
two tin buckets and men leaving the per-
an axe, pick, and imeter for any purpose,
shovel comprising and the men engaged
about all of it. The in clearing the field of
rations consisted mere- fire and putting up
ly of rice, coffee, sugar, the grass shelters w~re
required to work WIth
arms at hand. Even
the kitchen police ,~ere
prohibited from go~ng
for water to the spring
at the edge of the
jungle without an es-
cort of one squad. A
lookout station for
both sea and land was
also established in the
top of a tall tree t~a[
stood near the landlOg
The men would have worked until night withoul murmuring place.
1934 JUNGLE \'{f ARFARE 181

The situation was peculiar in that ordinary measures

for security were inapplicable. Small patrols could not
be sent out because every advantage lay with the Pulajans
hiding in the jungle, and the killing of two or three
soldiers and capture of their arms would constitute a
victory for them, while to Cochrane it would mean a loss
which could not be replaced. What he had to anticipate
was a sudden rush from the jungle of hundreds of fanatics
who believing that the anting-antings and other charms
which they wore, blessed by their priests, made them im-
vulnerable in battle, knew solely the desire to close in order to utilize th~ pick and shovel to the greatest ad-
upon the soldiers and exterminate them with their heavy vantage had left SIXmen as three reliefs at the work of
bolos. Such an onslaught could be stopped in the few excavation. He had also found time to select a slender
yards of cleared space available, if at all, only by steady and lofty palm tree for a flag pole and to install it in the
compact volleys delivered by men standing shoulder to center of the camp with the Stars and Stripes hoisted at
shoulder and in readiness to present a wall of bayonets to the peak.
those who survived the bullets. It was clear, therefore, The skulls ?f the villagers were collected and placed in
that the men must be kept together. A few coils of a neat pyramid near the foot of the Rag pole with those
barbed wire would have been invaluable for protection of of the children on top. The Macabebes needed no such
the camp, but as they were not on hand, it was useless to souvenirs to inRame them against the Pulajans, but this
long for them. obje~t lesson constantly before their eyes was a salutary
The temperature during the day was like that of a hot- remmder that there must be no negligence in the per-
house, but the work continued without Ragging. Coch- formance of guard duty.
rane utilized the .spurs of c.o~petition, personal example T~1e men would hav~ worked until night without mur-
and ~ther expe~lents familIar to those experienced in munng, but the Capta1l1 had unconsciously acquired the
handlmg men With such good results that, without .their ~ac~lty of keepil:g his finger on the pulse of the organ-
suspecting it, the Macabebes were kept going throughout IzatIOn so, observll1g that they were tired, he had the recall
the day at almost a frantic pace. Before evening snug sounded while the sun was yet high above the mountain
and comfortable shelters had been built in a semicircle p~ak~ to the west. When the men had been assigned to
around the tree at the landing place, a rain-proof kitchen sleeptng places and the posts they were to occupy in case
and. a store room had b~en constructed nearby, and pro- of alarm, the first sergeant announced that "retreat" fol-
tection had been establrshed for the night posts of two lowed by "inspection" would be held at six o'clock, and
sentry squads. In addition, a field of fire over a hundred then dismissed them.
yards in wi.dth ha? been cleared and the entire space en- . It was Cochrane's theory that native troops on service
10 the field, being in a natural environment, are more
closed ~y Improvised chevaux .de frisc made of tough
stakes tightly bound together With bejuco, and anchored. inclin.ed ~han white troops to forget or ignore the princi-
This obstacle was intended merely to delay the rush of ples mstilled on the training ground, without which
the Pulajans the few seconds that would be needed to get combination o.f effort is impossible. It was his practice,
the company into action. The jungle growth had been cut therefore, to tighten rather than relax the bonds of dis-
for a few yards outside the obstacle and left as it had cipline under the hardships and dangers of actual cam-
fallen. Cochrane had observed that the Pulajans could paign. With white troops his methods might not have
advance almost noiselessly through standing underbrush, been successful, but it was doubtless due to them that in
but that except during a heavy rain it was impossible for several years of active service the company had never re-
t~em to move over vegetation which had been cut without treated from an engagement, never abandoned a dead or
disclosing their presence. As an added precaution some wounded man and never lost a gun. At the retreat for-
empty cans found in the ruins of the traders' houses were mation the Captain himself read and explained the orders'
~uspended from vines stretched along the edge of the for the security of the station, among which was the im-
Jungle. portant provision th~~ each. n:an should keep his rifle,
bayonet and ammuOitlOn wlth1l1 reach at all times. The
Every house in the village had been burnt to the
ceremony was concluded by the sounding of "to the
ground, but the uprights and framing of hard wood had
colors" by the field music of the company. The sun
not been destroyed. In a spirit of wanton destruction.
dipped below the horizon as the Rag fluttered down.
however, the Pulajans had built fires around the uprights NIght fell before the meager supper had been finished.
at the base, in order to burn them through, and this With the darkness came a deluge of chilling rain, but
spared the soldiers much work, for Cochrane had the the men were dry and warm under the thatched shelters
ti~bers collected as the clearing progressed for use in and even the sentinels were comfortably protected from
bUilding the stockade to be started on the morrow. Haz- the downpour by rain capes plaited from leaves of the
lard had marked out the trench for the stockade, and in palm. At nine o'clock the liquid notes of "taps," rising
182 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL .May-Julie

Sketch of San Ramon and Vicinity (from memory)

above the soughing of the monsoon and swish of the rain, which direction the monsoon blew continually. A single
floated out over mountain and shore to proclaim the end gate gave access to the ground floor from which a wide
of the day and that all was well with the little garrison at bamboo ladder led to the second floor. This gate was the
San Ramon. invention of Hazzard and he was rather proud of it. Mad,e
The night passed without incident. The next and of heavy logs, it must have weighed half a ton, but It
several succeeding days were occupied from dawn until was balanced on a vertical axis and could be opened by a
dusk in the construction of the fort. A trench of rectangu- push, while on the other hand it could be latched securely
lar trace, with salients at each corner, was dug near the by a heavy bar which could not be reached from the out-
beach opposite the center of what had been the village side. The hardwood uprights which formed the stock-
plaza. The hardwood uprights from the burnt dwellings ade were impervious to such cutting tools as were at hand.
were placed on end, side by side in' the trench, with a so the problem of making a double tier of loopholes waS
third piece opposite the interval between each two, thus a difficult one. It was cleverly solved, however, by the
rendering the interior bullet-proof. The trench was then company artificer, who made blow pipes of bamboo and
filled in and the earth tamped. The stockade was strength- burnt out the holes with the pick head and some wow
ened by cross pieces securely lashed to the inner wall with out bolos, heated until they were red.
bejuco at a height of ten feet above the ground, and a It was not deemed probable that fresh water could be
flooring of split bamboo was laid at the same height over found so close to the shore, but a well was started, ne~-
the entire enclosed space. A steep pyramidal roof, well theless, and at a depth of a few feet water was fou.
thatched with leaves of nipa palm, covered the whole which although slightly brackish, would do for cook\l~
structure including the bastions at the corners. At the rice and, at a pinch, could be used for drinking. At the
peak of the roof a circular sentry box extended around end of the first week the heavy work was done, and t~
the flag pole which projected through the center. The remained only the finishing touches to be added.
building had no sides except on the face to seaward, from edifice had a bizarre and yet a formidable appearance.
1934 JUNGLE WARFARE 183

but it fulfilled thoroughly the dual purpose of shelter "call to arms" had been sounded a few times in order to
from the elements and protection from the enemy. How- habituate each man to taking his post quickly and with-
ever, it had one serious defect; this was the vulnerability out confusion, the entire company could be formed in
of the palm leaf roof to fire, a weapon with which the readiness to fight within a few seconds at any time.
pulajans were very familiar. The Captain As the fort approached completion, the offi-
did not rest until he had found the unique cers began to formulate plans for exploration
solution of rearranging the lashings which of the adjacent coast and the interior. No
held the four sections of the roof in place so Pulajans had been seen, but their constant
that by cutting only one bejuco, the particu- presence in the vicinity was indicated by fresh
lar section secured by it would slide down tracks in the jungle near by, and the fact
and fall outside, presumably on the heads of that the boudjons never failed to give warn-
the assailants. ing from every hilltop whenever unusually
A less serious, yet at the same time impor- large work or foraging parties left the clear-
tant question, was that of a name for the ing. Additional rations were necessary be-
fort. As Cochrane's male relatives had all fore an extended reconnaissance of the coun-
fought on the side of the Confederacy under try could be made. The twenty day period
Forrest, he was disposed to name the stronghold after that drew rapidly to a close and yet no steamer came. Al-
noted leader. On the other hand, Hazzard's male parent most from the first day the scanty supplies had been eked
had marched with Sherman to the sea and he asserted out by such few articles of food as the jungle afforded.
with considerable reason that for an outpost such as this, A large fish trap, built with much effort near the head
which was upholding the sovereignty of the United States of the bay where the water was shallow, brought only
on its farthest frontier, a name of less partisan nature sparse results, the catches as a rule consisting mainly of
would be more appropriate. The work was therefore jelly fish and octopi. The latter were boiled and eaten
called "Fort Defiance," with the understanding, however. with avidity, but even hungry native soldiers were unable
that a conspicuous height near the head of the bay should to find nourishment in the jelly fish. Singularly enough
be called Forrest Hill, and a higher peak between the bay on one morning an eight foot shark was found in the trap
and the inlet to the north should be known as Lookout and its capture excited no little excitement and amuse-
Mountain. ment, for in its struggles to escape when the men arrived,
It was a day of general rejoicing when the flag was it broke down the trap and also the platform on which
hoisted on the Fort for the first time and the bivouac was they were standing, and they fell'in the water on top of
abandoned for the relatively comfortable new quarters. the powerful fish.
Guard duty then became far less arduous, as a single The inhabitants of the village had been hemp gatherers
sentinel in the sentry box on the roof sufficed during day- and fishermen, consequently but few food products had
light hours, and a double post in each of two diagonally been raised in the vicinity and everything edible to be
opposite bastions provided ample security at night. Two found in the small patches under cultivation had long
squads armed with riot guns were assigned sleeping since been gathered by the Pulajans. There was a limited
quarters and combat stations on the upper floors of three supply of cocoanuts, and the forest yielded to the expert
of the four bastions, their mission being to deliver a flank- seeker such articles of food as palm cabbage, bamboo
ing fire along the outer face of the stockade. The bastion shoots, obud, a nut-like substance found in the heart of a
nearest the sea was reserved by the two officers as their small palm. gabi, a root similar to that growing in the
own quarters. The ground floor, utilized as a kitchen, Hawaiian Islands from which poi is made, and palawan,
store room, work shop, guard room and place-at-arms, a root as large as a man's thigh which when cooked, as
was assigned for defense to the platoon on guard and a Hazzard remarked, looked and tasted like issue soap.
squad consisting of the mess and quartermaster sergeants. As the days lengthened into weeks and still no boat ar-
cooks and kitchen police. Cochrane very properly ap- rived, it became necessary to search farther and farther
preciating the advantages for night fighting of the grazing afield to find sufficient nourishment to keep alive the
fire and better visibility afforded by the lower tier of loop hundred and forty-six human organisms for whose wel-
holes. The man slept practically at their stations, so after fare the Captain was responsible. Salt was made by

Every fOOl of il good meal excePllhe head

184 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
evaporating sea water in one of the rice kettles, and a Jungle and forest were infested with leeches, and these
subsritute for sugar was found occasionally in the form of creatures fastened themselves upon the men by hundreds,
honey stored in the dead and dried out trunks of bamboo suckin~ the blood they cou.ld but illy: spare and hanging
trees. on unnl each loathsome thlllg was dIstended to the size
The men suffered most of all from the lack of tobacco. of a little finger. The wounds made by the leeches con-
The cigarette and cigar stumps carelessly tossed aside rinued to bleed after they dropped off and often developed
during the first few days following the disembarkation into tropical ulcers.
were eagerly searched for afterwards and used as stakes So far not a native had been seen. Although it Was
in the endless games of panguingue with which the men doubtful if any of the villagers could read, proclamations
whiled away the pangs of starvation. Papaya leaves, in both Spanish and Visayan, inviting the people to re-
dried and rolled into cigarettes, were used as a wretched turn and rebuild their homes under the protection of the
substitute for tobacco until the few trees to be found in troops, had been posted conspicuously on trees at the inter-
the environs were stripped of their foliage. sections of trails, but there had been no response to the
The two officers alternated in the dangerous expedient invitation. This fact led to the conclusion that the Pula-
of creeping out after midnight with two or three of the jans, in the pursuance of a well organized plan of supply,
best hunters to spend the long hours until daylight had driven the coast natives into the interior in order to use
perched in the branches of a tree in the hope of shooting a them to plant crops and carry burdens for the fightinl1
wild pig, but not often were their efforts rewarded with bands. Such being the case, accomplishments of the rni~
success. Hazzard said his teeth chattered so from the cold sian at San Ramon would involve an expedition of several
that the noise frightened the pigs away from their feeding days duration beyond the mountains to the west for the
grounds, purpose both of seeking the Pulajan stronghold and of
From lack of use the few trails leading along the coast rescuing the people of the coast. The Captain of course
and into the interior had become choked with a dense was reluctant to make such at attempt before the arrival
growth in which vines covered with long sickle-shaped of the long overdue boat bringing rations. There was
thorns intermingled with spiky grass, the serrated leaves every reason to expect the boat's coming, and as day after
of which cut like knives. It was a question whether the day passed without even an indication of smoke 41nthe
mountains or the swamps were more difficult of passage. horizon to seaward the delay became more and more puz-
There was mud everywhere-even on the sides of the zling. The situation was inexplicable and under the cir-
steepest mountains-and in the mangrove swamps it was cumstances there was justification for abandoning the sta-
waist deep. On one occasion Hazzard attempted to cross tion and trying to win through to the military post at
a swamp and after wading for several hours in mud and Lauang, but Cochrane did not give this idea a moment's
water up to his shoulders, was driven by the incoming consideration.
tide to a refuge in the tree tops where he spent the night, The loyalty and abnegation of tQ.eMacabebes was spIen-
being "gnawn to the bone," as he facetiously asserted, did. During week after week of gradual starvation their
by millions of mosquitos. cheerfulness and prompt obedience to orders remained
An expedition led by Cochrane in the same direction unimpaired. As for their devotion to Cochrane, neverwas
was more successful, for after skirting the swamp he a choice delicacy such as a fish, a bird, a yam, or a morsel
found higher ground and a stretch of forest peopled by of dried meat obtained by any soldier that he did not
large gray apes. He shot several of these and brought proffer it at once to Sa Capitan.
them back to the fort, to the delight of the Macabebes, The Macabebes are natural musicians and the company
who built fires on the beach and roasted them whole. possessed an orchestra of many pieces; the instruments
The "corpses" bore a striking resemblance to those of varying from a banjo made by attaching a hardwood
human beings as they were laid on the coals. Hazzard neck to the half of a cocoanut shell, to wind instruments
remarked that the scene made him think of descriptions of several notes ingeniously constructed of different sized
he had read when a boy, of cannibals preparing a feast of joints of bamboo. A concert was given nightly and the
"long pig," which is the South Sea Island term for roast music helped materially to deaden the craving for f~
missionary. This was a feast day for the officers as well, and tobacco, which otherwise would have been at Its
as Cochrane had also shot one of the red billed birds, worst during the evening hours.
which was found to be deliciously tender with a flavour Cochrane had commanded these native troops for sev-
resembling that of turkey. _eral years, yet he never ceased to wonder at their consranr
Another discovery was that the inlet to the north of cheerfulness under conditions of service severe eno~~:':;
the San Ramon peninsula extended inland for a long dis- sap the spirits of any body of men. His was a ~Q""-
tance, probably several day's march. The operations of service company, sent wherever there was fighting tn.any
the company were restricted, therefore, to the region part of the archipelago. The prospect before the men~
south of it until a boat could be obtained. By common therefore one of continued campaigning, with death~
consent this important body of water was given the name many painful forms ever lurking in the foreground.
of Ape Inlet, and it was duly entered as such on the cipline was strict if not harsh, the pay was small,
r:
sketch of the locality under preparation. clothing and equipment inferior, and the food poor even
 1934 185
under ordinary circumstances; yet they not only reen-
listed in the company when their terms of service expired,
but there was a waiting list of friends and relatives at
Macabebe in readiness to fill vacancies caused by death
or disease. They were ever ready to follow, or to precede
the white officers into any danger, blindly and without
question, so. long as they reali.zed the. officer was there to
<Tuideand dIrect them. In theIr devotIOn and eagerness to
~lease, they resembled a pack of well-trained hunting
dogs.
The first sergeant, who had served in the Spanish army
and was himself an excellent patrol leader and scout, asked
permission several times to take a few men and surprise
one of the various Pulajan outposts known to be in the
vicinity; but Cochrane was unwilling to risk the loss of
men and arms or to burden the command with prisoners
before the receipt of rations would enable him to make
the projected expedition in search of Maslog. His plan
was to hold out if possible until the steamer came, then
to surprise one of the outposts, and ~ith the guides thus
obtained, to make a dash for the mam stronghold before
the alarm could be given. He had no illusion as to the
difficulties of such an undertaking, but he assumed that
his prolonged inactivity would have induced the enemy
to become careless, and in any case no other practicahle Samar
course was presented.
cially christened the Ark, was Soon in readiness for ust'.
The fish ttap gave poor results and it was also the cause
Cochrane regretted that he had left at Catbalogan a brass
of an almost fatal injury to one of the best men of the
swivel gun captured in a preceding campaign against in-
company. The poor fellow was in water up to his waist
surgents on the Island of Leyte, which would have been
trying to see what was in the trap when he was bitten all
an ideal piece of ordnance for installation in the bow of
the leg by a fish so poisonous that he fainted outright from the Ark.
the pain. Within an hour the leg swelled until it was a
Fishing tackle was improvised by plaiting lines with
large as a barrel and the man was in convulsions. Noth-
hemp fiber and carving out hooks from bits of shell, bul-
ing could be done to help him and it was thought that he
lets being utilized as sinkers. A number of small fish
would die, but after several days of intense suffering he
taken from the trap having been cut up for bait, the boat
began to recover; several weeks passed however before
put to sea on the afternoon of the day following its dis-
\ he was again fit for duty.
This incident, added to the failure of the trap to pro-
covery, with Hazzard and fifteen Macabebes on board,
the destination being a reef near the entrance to the bay
{ vide hsh in -any but negligible quantities, led to a syste-
where it was thought there would be good fishing. A
matic search of the coastline for some kind of embark-
great deal depended upon the success of the new venture so
ation that could be used for hshing off the shore.
the boat was watched by anxious' eyes as it left the beach
There had been plenty of boats in the village before its
and moved from the bay, the paddles dipping in unison
destruction and it was hoped that the Pulajans had con-
and apparently everything going well on board. When it
cealed one for their own use somewhere in the vicinity.
had disappeared beyond the mangrove cape, the hungry
To the great joy of everyone Hazzard stumbled acci-
soldiers sat down to await its return, meanwhile licking
dentalIy upon an immense banca concealed in a man-
their lips in anticipation of a supper of broiled hsh with
grove swamp and half filled with mud. This boat had perhaps enough for each to eat his hll.
b~en dug out of the tClink of a giant tree and the com-
Ranks had just been broken after the evening ceremony
bIned effort of half the men in the company was required
of retreat, when the sentry on the roof called down that
to dislodge it from its bed. Two large holes had been
the boat was returning, and there was a chorus of joyful
b~rned in the bottom but the artificer plugged them with
ejaculations when it was observed that the returning
~Ieces of a cork-like wood of the variety used by the na-
fishermen were waving their hats and the boat lay heavily
tIves for making paddles, and stopped all apertures with
in water as though well loaded. A hundred eager hands
the dried hber of the wild hemp plant, held in place by an
laid hold of the A rk when its bow touched the shore and
adhesive gum found in the forest. The stability of the drew it up on the beach.
hoat was improved by attaching outriggers of bamboo to
"You must have had good luck," Cochrane said, as
ea~h side. Several paddles had been found among the
Hazzard, with a grin on his face, strode up and shook
dnftwood on the beach, so the queer looking craft, offi- hands with him.
186 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
"So we did, but not the kind you expect," answered was repeated several times. Cochrane was both perplexed
the Lieutenant. "Come and see what we've got." and alarmed but there was nothing he could do except to
Stepping to. the side of the boat, the Captain looked wait as there was no way of reaching the Island, and even
down and saw, half filling it from bow to stern, not piles to get to the point opposite would have taken half a day.
of gleaming fish as he had hoped, but a reddish coloured He spent the rest of the afternoon in the sentry box on
furry-looking mass that quivered in places, and from the roof searching the land and water with glasses, and
which came a smothered intermingling of snarls and he had a feeling of deep thanksgiving when just before
squeaks. dusk the Ark appeared with no one missing. The beach
"What in the devil have you got here, Hazzard," he scene of the preceding day was repeated, Hazzard step-
asked, as soon as his astonishment would permit him to ing on shore this time with a broader grin than usual on
speak. A grinning soldier gave the answer by detaching his reckless young face.
an object form the mass and holding it up before Coch- "What have you been up to now?" Cochrane asked,
rane's eyes. It was an immense bat, nearly a yard from too relieved at the safe return of the party to feel any re-
tip to tip, covered with reddish brown fur, and with a sentment for the anxiety he had suffered.
head resembling that of a small dog. Cochrane was For reply Hazzard pointed to his men, who were pas-
aghast at its hideousness. "You are a hell of a fisherman," sing out of the boat, hand-over-hand, what seemed in the
he said, with rather a forced laugh, "I send you after fish dim light to be an endless length of rubber fire hose about
and you bring a boat load of bats. " the size of a man's thigh. At last the head of an im-
Noticing the disappointment the Captain was unable mense python came into view, then the tail of another
to conceal, Hazzard sp0ke quickly: "But they are good appeared and the passing from hand-to-hand continued
to eat, at least the men say so. They say that if you skin until two huge reptiles of equal length lay streached on
them and wash them in vinegar they are as good as the sand. Hazzard paced off the distance from one end
chicken." to the other of the long line and then exclaimed in a
Cochrane's chagrin vanished when he witnessed the triumphant tone, "There's forty-eight feet of snake for
men's happiness at the sight of the repulsive creatures. you, and every foot of it good meat except the heads."
Dozens of willing assistants helped the cooks to skin and As a rule Cochrane was not given to mirth, but this inci-
dress them, and at supper that night the accumulated dent broke down his reserve and he sat down and gave
hunger of weeks was satiated with broiled bat's breast way to laughter.
topped off by a nutritious, if not savoury, stew of bat meat Hazzard continued in a slightly aggrieved tone, "We
and palawan. There was no vinegar with which to take were on out way to the Island when we noticed that the
away the rank odour and taste of the meat, but it was point opposite it is also a roosting place. We landed there
edible and nourishing; consequently it was a God-send to to save time and saw these snakes in the trees after the
the famished men. bats. The men said they are good to eat so we opened
During supper Hazzard related between mouthfuls fire at them. After they were wounded they showed
that while his party was en route to the reef they passed fight and we had to do a lot of shooting to kill them. I
an island covered with small trees, to the branches of knew the firing would alarm you but here was a chance
which thousands of bats were hanging, and that yielding I didn't like to let pass to get a big supply of meat that
to the solicitations of the men who declared the bats to be the men say is better than chicken."
excellent eating, he authorized the landing, with the re- The next day Cochrane went in charge of the fishing
sult that a boat load of the animals was obtained within parry and returned with a boat half filled with fine fish.
a short time simply by knocking them down with poles. Thereafter the officersalternated in making daily journeys
to the reef and to Bat Island. At the end of a week
That night the two officers conferred at length upon
enough fish and bats had been obtained and cured to last
the situation. It was now nearly two months since the
the company for several days.
Basilan had steamed away leaving them marooned on the
Plans for the expedition having been completed, the
inhospitable shore, as isolated froin their kind as they
early morning of the day following the next was then
would have been on a desert island in the midst of the
designated as the time for departure. Eighty of the men
Pacific. Cochrane had never given up the idea of a march in best condition were selected to accompany Cochrane
into the interior, and the discovery made by Hazzard now and were issued food to suffice them for several days
led him to resume his planning. It was decided, there- when supplemented by the camotes and palawan it was
fore, that for the time being the lieutenant should make hoped would be found en route: In spite of his strong
daily journeys to get a cargo of bats and fish, and that all protestations, Hazzard was ordered to stay at the ~ort
food not needed for immediate consumption should be with the remainder of the company. His instructlons
preserved by salting and drying for use as a reserve. were simple, namely; to hold San Ramon and never for
Taking advantage of the ebbing tide the Ark left next one moment to relax his vigilance. If Cochrane failed.to
day before noon. Early in the afternoon heavy firing was return, he was to continue holding the place until rehel
heard in the direction of the Island. The sound rose to came, as it was bound to come finally.
considerable volume, died down, then rose again, and this (To be continued)
Elimination, Promotion, or What Have You
The Editor of THE JOURNAL:
There is an old saw that "fools rush in where angels
There is something wrong
fear to tread." Undoubtedly I should be classed in this with the system of promotion
category. I admit the allegation but I also believe that
something should be done to improve existing conditions.
in the Army.
For the past score of years we have heard much concern-
ber of strong iron bars between the twister and the
ing "the hump,". slowness ~f .l?ton:otion, stagnation,. re-
tirement for age 1ll grade, elImlllatlOn, class B, selectlOn, restaurant department of the aforementioned lion. I am
rewardfor merit, elimination of the unfit and many other convinced that if the scheme which I am about to propose
terms which fecund imaginations succeed in coini~g. In is put into effect a long, loud roar, approaching in volume
the final analysis they all mean the same thing, i.e., that that created by a thunderstorm, will be heard from the
there is something wrong with the system of promotion Army, especially from that part of it which will be the
recipient of the pruning knife. When the roar starts I
in the Army.
It is scarcely necessary to review the history or to re- hope to be in a cyclone cellar protected from the fury of
count the conditions which brought this about. Briefly, the storm. Before proceeding further with this disserta-
it is the result of the hump-two humps in fact. Why tion, I believe it to be desirable to enunciate certain
these humps were created, why they have remained with basic premises, the correctness of which will be admitted
us, why they have proved to be such a source of unrest by all those who have given the question careful con-
and dissatisfaction have no place in this picture. It is their sideration. These may be summarized as follows:
presenceand not their cause with which we are now pri- a. There is something wrong with the system of promo-
tion when officersare required to serve approximately
marily concerned. They may be likened to a malignant seventeen years before reaching the grade of captain,
tumor in an individual. The doctors having correctly with the prospect of spending twelve more years in that
diagnosedthe case and determined that there is a tumor grade, or twenty-nine years to a majority.
-two tumors in fact, the answer seems quite simple and b. There is something wrong when officershave remained
obvious. Put the patient under the influence of an anes- in the grade of colonel for fourteen yearswith no hope
thetic and have a skillful surgeon wield the scalpel. Of of ever reaching a higher grade.
c. There is something wrong when capable, energetic,
course, this is going to be painful to the patient, both
young officersare forever debarred from any reasonable
physically and financially, but we hope that the patient prospect of reaching higher command before they have
willsurvive and that he will be better after the operation. passed the half-century milestone.
This is common sense. Why cannot we apply the same d. There is something wrong when many officersin the
principle to the two malignant growths now strangling grade of colonel will not be given command of regi-
promotion among the commissioned personnel of the ments, or smaller units, or when they cannot be assigned
Army? to duty on the general staff. Places for them must be
found where they can do little damage. This is a brutal
Many schemes have been proposed to accomplish this statement but it is no secret. It is not limited to anyone
desirable result. Some of them have been wonderfully arm or service. It is an unfortunate situation growing
conceived, some are exceedingly drastic, .others are a out of circumstanceswhich have long since passed into
timorous attempt at applying a palliative. history.
Perhaps it transcends the ridiculous, it may even be It is this latter premise which is indirectly responsible
reductio ad absurdum for the writer, considering his total for the conditions enunciated in the others and it is for
lack of qualifications for playing the role of a surgeon, to the correction of this condition that I am proposing a
even suggest a means by which the officer personnel of remedy. In case the reader cannot stand the suspense any
th~ army can be saved from threatened calamity. It is longer I will now expound, in a broad general way, my
qUlte evident that if the constituted authorities of the proposal. The details need not be mentioned here. They
Army do not devise some means to ~orrect the evil our will require much prayerful thought combined with hope
friends(?) in Congress will devise a means for us. The and a large dose of charity.
resultsmay not be so good. I shudder when I vision even Suppose a statute could be placed upon the great books
the shadow of the terrible calamity lurking in the back- (or wherever statutes are supposed to be placed), pro-
ground. viding in substance that brigadier generals of the line will
But what is this panacea, this cure-all that will rejuve- be appointed by the President upon the recommendation
~te the commissioned personnel and start it on its way of a board of major generals convened for the purpose;
Wit? new confidence, new life and new vigor? Why be and provided further that when a vacancy exists in the
so Uupatient? I am coming to that in a minute, but first grade of brigadier general it will be filled by the promo-
I want to explain that I have no ax to grind; also, that I tion of the senior colonel of the line, unless the board finds
am n~t a lion tamer and have no intention of sticking my that he is not qualified for the increased rank and respon-
~ ~nthe lion's mouth. I may not be adverse to twist- sibility. In this case the vacancy will be filled by the pro-
mg hIStail but I want to be certain that there are a num- motion of the next senior colonel of the line unless he is
188 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL .May-June
also found to be unqualified for the promotion, and so on financial and physical pain. I believe that the method
down the list in numerical sequence until an officer is proposed will cause less financial and physical discomfort
found who meets all the requirements. This process to than will result from any other method. After all, We
continue until all the vacancies in the grade of brigadier owe a certain protection, perhaps gratitude, to these offi-
general have been filled. So far the operation is simple cers and we should seek diligently for ways and means to
and painless.. injure them as little as possible.
Now comes the intricate part. The man does not eXIst It will increase the list of retired officers and the conse-
who is infallible. So far as we know only one person ever quent expense. We cannot deny this allegation--so
approached omnipotence and even He could not select would any other scheme which has ever been proposed
twelve tried and true Disciples without making a mis- -but this scheme has certain inherent advantages which
take, therefore, it is not reasonable to assume that a board other schemes lack in that it provides adequate reward
of major generals could be infallible. We will grant that for service rendered, and it has the great advantage of
and we want to reduce the chance of making a mistake. leaving no tin can tied to an officer to rattle every time
Now if the senior colonel of the line is passed over the sec- his name is mentioned.
ond time by the board of officers in making their recom-
This plan will undoubtedly prove anathema to the
mendations then it becomes reasonably certain that this
proponents of promotion by selection. Right here we
colonel is not qualified for higher command and higher
want to state that we do not believe in promotion by se-
responsibilities, therefore, he should automa:icall~ pass out
lection; that plan has been considered too often and has
of the picture and be relegated to the retIred lIst. The
too many serious objections. We do not believe in se-
same procedure would be followed in filling all vacancies
lecting up, what we are proposing is to select out. These
in the grade of brigadier general. .Each colonel in turn: if
are hvo very different conditions. Under this plan all
twice passed over, would not contlnue to block promotion
officers will be assured of promotion by seniority up to
for years to come merely waiting for remors~less and re-
and including the highest grade that they can ever ex-
lentless time to tick off its fateful seconds until he reached
pect to hold. If they are gently but firmly requested to
the age of sixty-four ..
step from ip front of the footlight and take a place in
Suppose we examine some of the pros and cons of this
the audience no one will be the loser thereby. They have
plan. I admit that there are cons' although they are greatly
received their full share of the acclaim of the public and
outnumbered and outweighed by the pros. Nothing can
the emoluments of the office. The only possible difference
be perfect and it is not possible to devise any scheme
is a reduction in their pay a few years earlier than it
which is free from imperfections and objections. Some of
would otherwise occur, a minor conside.ration when com-
the pros are: ..
a. It will create a healthy flow of promotiOnby knockmg pared to the advantages to the service, which, after all is
off the top of the dam without destroying its founda- the primary objective.
tion. I might go on and elaborate upon this thin~ in greater
b. It will eliminate from the picture those officers who detail but why prolong the "cry in the wilderness." I
have passed their prime and are now marking time
merely waiting for the inevitable.. am willing to bet that this proposal never gets to first
c. It will make it possible for the War Department itself base. Do I hear a weak voice way back in the audience
to clean its own dirty linen without calling in the con- raising the question "why?" I was afraid this would
gressional washwoman. come up but since I am forced to answer it I will. The
d. It will make it possible to remove painle~slyfro~ the very officers whose approval would be necessary before
picture t~lOsewho are ~o longer p~rformmg theIr ~ull
mission 1ll the army, WIthoutresortmg to the operatlOn this scheme could be put into effect are afraid that by the
of class B with its attendant stigma and disgrace. simple process of the passage of time they will arriveat
But, says some one, we now have a law for removing the position of number one on the list of colonels and
from the picture the inapt and inefficient. True enough: how they recoil from the thought of cold steel being ap-
that law should continue to operate. The proposed scheme plied to their Adam's apple. Need I go farther. I hopeI
is not intended to supplant the class B procedure, it augn- have started something but I am not an optimist and I
ments and supplem~nts it. It will accelerate prorr:otion, do not expect this to receive any serious consideration. I
it will tend to reduce the humps, and over a perIOd of have dared to twist the lion's tail and I dare you to pub-
years it wil1 operate to correct those con~itions wh.ich we lish it.
recognize as needing or perhaps demandmg correctiOn.
Yours for more rapid promotion,
Now for some of the cons. It will operate to retire
IMA JINX, Major, S.O.L.
officers who are still physically sound and capable of
rendering a degree of service to the Government. True EDITOR'S NOTE: We have accepted the dare, with the h<!
enough, but remember I stated in the preamble that it that, as the author states, "we may start someth.mg."May 115l"b)c
...
hear from others on the subject. The JOURNAL is not respo
was impossible to eliminate the tumor without causing for the personal opinions of contributors.
Training for Mobilization
By CAPTAIN JOHN J. ALBRIGHT
29th Infantry

F
OR the past four years the training program of
the 29th Infantry has included a short period for
a "mobilization test." The expressed purpose of
these practice mobilizations is "to provide for the orderly
mobilization and entrainment of the regiment for a four-
da)' rail movement." By choosing this type of move-
ment-by rail-and by visualizing a prolonged absence
from the post, the problem is complete in that the solu-
tion requires practice in everything that would be per-
formed in any kind of an emergency or for departure by
any means of transportation. Each year the officers and
men of the regiment have learned something new, and
the training has been so valuable that it has been deemed Blocking detail at work
wise to repeat it in the next training year.
In 1930 and 193 I the regiment was able to secure complished in the order listed, but may be completed in
actual trains of box, stock, and flat cars. This made possi- the order found desirable for any particular length of
ble a very realistic test, in which the regiment with all of time which the organization may have to prepare for the
its equipment was loaded on trains and moved a short move.
distance. Even this short move, with the characteristic Of these plan"s, that for the rifle company is the simple-
jats of American trains, tested the efficiency of the load- est and will serve well as an example. Under the head-
ing of baggage, the blocking of wheeled transportation, ing, "Individual Soldier, Initial Steps," five separate steps
and the set-up of the field ranges. provide for the assembly and inspection of the individual
As a result of these years of experience, the regiment clothing and equipment, the disposal of surplus govern-
has evolved complete and detailed mobilization plans that ment property and the man's personal belongings, and
ate available for ~he present or an entirely new comple- the necessary arrangements to be made for the family in
ment of officers. It is now possible to effect a move of the case of a married man. Under succeeding headinas the
regiment on very short notice, without confusion, loss of duties of the squad leader, section leader, platoo~ ser-
time, or a following flood of letters and papers "to be geant, mess sergeant, supply sergeant, company clerk, first
completed" after the troops have departed. sergeant, and those of the company commander and the
company officers are listed in detail. Each one must him-
Requests for copies of these plans, received from indi-
self accomplish the initial steps of the individual soldier,
vidual officers and from other organizations, seem to
and in addition must perform the duties that pertain to his
warrant giving wider dissemination of the details of the
plans. assignment in the company. These latter duties are very
definitely stated, and recite to each officer and noncom-
The plan for the regiment consists of a series of plans
for the various organizations and officers of the regiment. missioned officer his particular duties and responsibilities.
These separate plans are: The final paragraph of the plan contains a check list
for the use of the company commander. This list is made
(a) Regimental Staff Plan.
up under two headings, (a) lists and forms to be pre-
(b) Rifle Company Plan.
pared prior to M-day and filed with the company plan,
(c) Machine Gun and Cannon Company Plan.
(b) lists of all things to be accomplished before entrain-
(d) Hea?quarters Company Plan.
ing. With these plans containing assignments to specific
(e) ServIce Company Plan.
(f) Train Commander's Plan. duties and the resulting spread of responsibility to various
(g) Train Quartermaster's Plan. individuals, the company commander can, by a reference

~ach plan contains two main divisions, (a) those

t~tngs to be accomplished by the individual to prepare
M Day plans as prepared by
hImself and his personal belongings for the move, (b) a regiment that believes it
th?s~ things for which the various officers and noncom-
ml~slOnedofficers are responsible in preparing the organi- could efficiently leave its
zation for the move. Under each division, everything
neces~ary to be done is listed by numbered steps. The
post within 24 hours or less
plan IS flexible in that the various steps need not be ac- in case of necessity.
190 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
to his check list, be assured of boarding the train with a to their mobilization duties, checked all details according
carefr~e ~ind and a thoroughly prepared and efficient to a careful prepared check list.
orgamzatlOn. Immediately after the completion of the problem, each
In 1934 lack of any funds for the rent of railroad cars company turned in a file of all papers prepared in con-
forced the regiment to use its ingenuity to make an actual formity with the conditions of the problem. These papers
rest of its plans. Permission was obtained from the rail- were checked as to completeness and correctness.
road to use two empty box cars and two flat cars, which In brief everything was done to make the test as real-
happened to be on siding on the day of the test mobili- istic as it was possible to make it. The results were (I)
zation. Organizations were assigned to load these cars a very clear picture in the mind of each officer and man
with kitchens, baggage, animals, carts, wagons and roIl- of exactly what would be done in case of an actual move,
ing kitchens. Assignments were divided so as to give as (2) a regiment that believes it could efficiently leave its
many companies as possible experience in loading actual post within 24 hours or less in case of necessity, (3) a
cars. Each car was loaded twice, once for each of two very thoughtful consideration of many serious problems
different trains, and all organizations sent officersand non- which are ordinarily forgotten in the peace-time routine
commissioned officers to observe. Complete trains, less of the average post to which the organization has become
the four actual cars, were staked out on the drill ground more tightly bound with each passing peace-time year.
by means of tent stakes, tape, and a tag showing the kind The rifle company mobilization plan, the problem as
of car-box, flat, ~tock, tourist, or pullman. This expedi- worked out by the 29th Infantry, and the Field Order
ent was much more realistic than it sounds or than it was follow:
expected to be. Rations for a four day trip and baggage Rifle Company
were loaded, animals were placed in the synthetic cars and Twenty Ninth Infantry
held in place by the drivers, transportation was blocked in Mobilization Plan
place according to instructions contained in Paragraph Phase "A"
19, AR 30-955, and finally the companies marched to 1. PURPOSE: To provide for the orderly mobilization
the train and boarded the cars assigned to them. T r,ain and entrainment for a four day rail movement.
commanders and train quartermasters completed their 2. Upon receipt of mobilization orders the following
duties as for a real train.# procedure will govern:
Within barracks the steps of the plan had been fully (a) INDIVIDUAL SOLDIER, INITIAL STEPS:
carried into effect. Personal belongings had been Step I. Each. man will display his full-field equipment
wrapped in bundles, utilizing the paper saved from on his cot for inspection. In addition to normal articles
laundry bundles. These bundles were addressed for mail- displayed, he will place on the cover of his trunk locker
ing home or tagged for storage with the Quartermaster. all extra articles of clothing and equipment that are to be
In order to save the men the cost of laundry and pressing carried in the barrack bag.
bills, the men's best uniforms and civilian clothing were Step II. Upon completion of the inspection he will as-
permitted to be left in the wall lockers and surplus cloth- semble his full-field equipment and hang it on the foot
ing was placed in neat piles on one end of the bunk in- of his bunk. The additional articles will be packed in the
stead of being turned in to the supply room. All other barrack bag and this, also, tied to the foot of his bunk. .
steps were faithfully carried out. Step III. Each man will turn in to his section leader.In
Property was segregated for ease of checking by repre- the platoon squad room all articles of clothing and eqUIp-
sentatives of the Quartermaster and Ordnance Officer. ment not listed to be taken-see company Appendix No.
I. Bunks, pillows, mattresses, foot-lockers and wall lock-
Credit memo receipts and receiving reports for salvage
were prepared with lists of items and the actual numbers ers will be left in position to be checked ..
of each item of clothing and equipment. Requisitions for Step IV. Each man .will prepare a bundle of all hIS
all existing shortages in organization property were pre- surplus personal property not to be taken with him, wrap
pared. Company fund property was crated and stored, and tie it securely, and label it with his name, rank and
or arrangements were made for its sale. All papers con- organization and the name and address of his nea~
cerning personnel-telegrams, discharge and reenlistment relative. This bundle will ordinarily be mailed im~edl-
papers, transfers, relief from special duty, return from ately. If not desired to be mailed, it will be turned 10 to
furlough or detached service, clearance certificates for the Supply Sergeant for storage with the Quartermasm.
officers-were actually prepared and stamped "PROB- Step V. If married, he will make necessary arrange-
LEM." Barracks were cleaned and ready for inspection. ments for moving his family from the post.
Fires were put out in the kitchen stoves. Store rooms' (b) PLATOON SERGEANT: . f
were cleared of everything except property to be taken Step I. He will himself perform the initial dutIes 0
over by the Quartermaster. Stables were emptied, policed the individual soldier.
and disinfected. During the day of the test the Regi- Step II. He will have the platoon prepare for inspl:'-
mental Commander inspected all activities. All of the tion on the bunks, all equipment listed to be taken per
regimental staff and battalion commanders, in addition company Appendix No. 1.
 Step III. He will supervise the issuing of additional
equipment, per company Appendix No. I.
Step IV. He will assist the platoon commander in the
full-field inspection and the assembly of rolls and bar-
rack bags immediately thereafter. He will have the pack
assemblies and barrack bags hung on the end of the
bunks.
Step V. He will supervise the performance of the
initial steps of the men in his platoon, per paragraph 2-a.
Step VI. He will organize his platoon into new squads
and sections with the present available strength, the run-
ners to be assigned to squads.
Step VII. He will have the platoon squad room thor-
oughly policed.
Step VIII. He will report to the First Sergeant when
Steps I to VII have been completed.
(c) SECTION LEADER:
Step I. He will himself perform the initial duties of
the individual soldier.
Step II. He will assist the platoon sergeant in reorgan-
izing the platoon, issuing equipment, preparing it for
inspection and assembling it thereafter.
Step III. He will check in all surplus clothing and
equipment of the members of his section. He will have
these articles assembled in bundles of ten each and turned
in to the Supply Sergeant.
Step IV. He will check all bundles of personal prop-
erty. Those for mailing will be turned in to the Orderly
Room. Those for storage will be checked in to the Sup-
ply Sergeant.
(d) SQUAD LEADER:
Step I. He will himself perform the initial duties of
the individual soldier.
Step II. He will supervise the preparation of the equip-
ment of his men for inspection by the platoon com-
mander and supervise its assembly upon completion of
the inspection, per company AppeAdix No. I. He will
see that each man's barrack bag is labeled with his name,
rank, organization, company number and Army serial
number.
Step III. He will assist the section leader in the check-
ing of the surplus clothing and. equipment.
Step IV. Upon reorganization of his squad, he will
secure the necessary additional equipment per company
Appendix No. I, and issue it to his squad.
Step V. He will supervise the policing of his area of
the barracks.
(e) MESS SERGEANT:
Step I. He will himself perform the initial duties of
the individual soldier.
Step II. He will perform the duties of a Section Leader
f~r his kitchen force per paragraph 2-C, and will cause the
k~t~hen force to take turns in complying with the pro-
VISionsof paragraph 2-a, in so far as it pertains to them.
Step III. He will secure the necessary rations for the

The sYllthetir ttaim

192 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
period the company will be on the train. (Four days.) (g) FIRST SERGEANT:
Step IV. He will cause all surplus kitchen equipment Step I. He will notify the company officers and kev
to be thoroughly cleaned and placed in the kitchen sup- noncommissioned officers of the mobilization ..
ply room ready to be checked by the Quartermaster. Step II. He will himself perform the initial steps for
China and silver will be placed on tables in mess hall. the individual soldier.
Mess stools and tables will be cleaned and left in the Step III. He will confer with the Company Clerlc in
mess pall for checking. reference to reports to be made oui in transferring men
Step V. He will cause the kitchen and mess hall to be to be left behind (men awaiting trial or result of trial by
swept and scrubbed; the garbage stand and cans to be General Courts-Martial; men with less than three months
cleaned; and the vegetable cellar to be empried and to serve in current enlisrment who do not desire to rein-
cleaned. list; sick in hospital; absent sick) and with reference to
Step VI. He will draw from the Supply Sergeant all telegrams and reports on men to be returned for duty
necessary field equipment and be prepared to place the (D.S., Special Dury, furloughs, garrison prisoners and
field range and fire-proof box in the kitchen car, to store those awaiting trial or result of trial of Special or Sum-
the food for meals enroute, and to have plans and menus mary Court-Martial), and discharge and reenlistment of
for feeding enroute. men with less than three months to serve who desire to
Step VII. He will secure from the Supply Sergeant reenlist.
an extra joint of stove pipe, an extra elbow, wire and Step IV. He will furnish the Supply Sergeant and
nails for secming stove pipe of field range in the baggage Platoon Sergeants the names of the men to be transferred
or box car. to other organizations and those to be discharged.
Step VIII. He will secure the necessary firewood for Step V. He will perform the duties of a section leader
fuel enroute. for the clerks and buglers.
Step IX. When he has completed Steps I to VIII, he Step VI. He will prepare a report of the strength of
will report that fact to the First Sergeant. the company showing the number of men by grade who
(f) SUPPLY SERGEANT: actually accompany the organization on the move. This
Step I. He will himself perform the initial duties of report will be submitted to Assistant S-I at the train.
the individual soldier. . Step V I I .. H e Wl"IIh ave t he company faII' m m
. proper
Step II. He, or his representative, with the section tlme to entram.
leaders, will check in all surplus government equipment
and clothing in the large attic Supply Room and will sort (h) COMPANY CLERK:
it into piles of the same kind of clothing and equipment. Step I. He will himself perform the initial steps for
Step III. He will prepare credit Memorandum Re- the individual soldier.
ceipts by branch, of all government properry that is to be Step II. He will prepare telegrams for the recal of all
left behind, will check it with the accountable officer, and men of the company on furlough.
receive receipts therefor. Breakage allowance for china to Step III. He will prepare and submit to Assistant 5-1.
include the date of departure will be completed. separate rosters of: (a) men sick in hospital and absent
Step IV. He will requisition and draw--rounds of sick, (b) prisoners awaiting trial or result of trial by
cartridges, caliber .30, ball, tracer, armor piercing; caliber General Court-Martial, (c) men with less than three
.45 and Very Pistol Ammunition. months to serve and who do not desire to reenlist, (d)
Step V. He will prepare lists of all bundles of personal men with less than three months to serve and who de-
property (not shipped by soldiers to relatives) cause sire to reenlist.
them to be placed in the large attic supply room and Step IV. He will prepare and submit to Assistant 5-1
receive receipts from the Quartermaster for them. an informal report of the number of replacements neces-
Step VI. He will prepare the necessary property for sary to fill the company to full strength when transfers
shipment with the company and list it with all necessary have been completed.
data for shipping tickets and bills of lading. Step V. He will prepare and submit to Assistant ~I
Step VII. He will accomplish the shipping tickets and a roster of garrison prisoners and prisoners awairing tria1
Form No. 33 and clothing accounts of all men who are by Special or Summary Court-Martial, who will be re-
to be transferred to other organizations, or to be dis- turned to the company for dury.
charged and reenlisted, upon being furnished their names Step VI. Prepare necessary records for discharge of all
by the First Sergeant. enlisted men holding reserve commissions if they have
Step VIII. He will perform the duties of a section been called to active dury as such.
leader for the barber, tailor, articifer, and armorer. Step VII. He will prepare records of men to be traIlS'"
Step IX. He will furnish to the Platoon Sergeants, the ferred and those to be discharged for reenlistment.
necessary shipping tags for barrack bags and bundles of Step VIII. He will check and pack the Field Desk.
personal property. (i) OFFICERS: .
Step X. When Steps I to IX are completed, he will re- S~ep I. Each officer will prepare his own clothing and
port that fact to the First Sergeant. eqUlpment.
1934 TRAINING FOR MOBILIZATION 193
Step II. Each officerwin obtain proper clearance from 6. Menus for four days on ttain.
Post Headquarters. 7. Requisition for food supplies for four days on
Step III. Each officer will make necessary arrange- train, showing in Column I, amounts required; in
ments for disposition of his personal effects and for mov- Colulfln II, amount on hand; in Column III, amounts
ing his family from the post, if mamed. to be requisitioned. Column II and III to be filled in
Step IV. Platoon Leaders will see that their platoons on receipt of orders.
comply with the provisions of paragraph 2-a-b-c-d. 8. Requisition for ammunition.
Step V. The officer in charge of the mess win have 9. Copies of AR 30-930, 30-935, 30-94°, 30-945.
general supervision. of the mess. The first squad of his (B) To be completed before entraining:
platoonwill report to the mess sergeant upon completion I. Requisition for existing shortages of clothing

of the duties enumerated in paragraph 2-a-b-c-d. and equipment.

Step VI. The Company Supply Officer will have gen- 2 • Telegrams for recall of all enlisted men on
eral supervision of the supplies. The first squad of his furlough.
platoonwill rep.ort to the Supply Sergeant upon comple- 3. Separate roster of men sick in hospital, prison-
tion of the dutles enumerated In paragraph 2-a-b-c-d. ers awaiting trial by or result of sentence of General
Step VII. The other platoon leader will have general Court-Martial, and of men with less than three months
supervisionof the company headquarters group and dis- to serve in current enlistment who do not desire to re-
position of c~mpany fund property. The first squad. of enlist, who are to be transferred from the regiment.
his platoon WIll remove the property from the recreatIOn 4. Check lists of men to be returned to duty
and reading rooms to the attic supply room, pack and from Special Duty, D.S., garrison prisoners.
crateit for storage or will complete the arrangements for 5. Records for discharge of men who have less
thesale of part or all of it in accordance with the decision than three months to serve in current enlistment who
of the Company Commander as to its disposal. desire to reenlist.
Step VIII. The second in command will assist the 6. Records of men transferred to other orgam-
CompanyCommander, particularly supervising the; settle- zations, complete.
ment of accounts, disposition of Post Exchange Shares, 7. Report of shortage of personnel to Assist-
return of Post Exchange and U.S.A.M.P. coupons and ant S-I.
saleof company fund property. He will check the nec- 8. DispositIOn of Company Fund property.
essary reports, shipping tickets, lists of property to be 9. Vouchers for payments received from return
shipped, memorandum receipts, etc., which must be ac- of Post Exchange Shares.
complished. 10. Receiving report of clothing being turned in
(j) COMPANY COMMANDER: for salvage.
Step I. The Company Commander will complete I I. List of bundles of personal property left be-
Steps I to III, for officers. hind to be stored by Quartermaster.
Step II. He will exercise a general supervision of the I 2. Shipping tickets for freight shipped and lists
company. of boxes, crates, etc., to be entered on bills of lading.
Step III. He will submit a Ration Return to date of de- 13. Credit memorandum receipt for Quarterma~~-
parture, and, if necessary, one for the duration of the ter property left behind ..
Journey. 14. Breakage allowance for china to date of de-
. Step IV. He will personally accompany the representa- parture.
tivesof the Quartermaster on the final inspection of the 15. Credit memorandum receipt for Ordnance
barracks. property turned in.
Step V. He will get $roo.oo in cash from the Com- 16. Credit memorandum receIpt for property
panyFund for miscellaneous purchases, or be prepared to turned in to R. S. O.
pay for them by check. 17. Credit memorandum receipt for property
3- COMPANY COMMANDER'S CHECK LIST. turned in to Department of Experiment.
(A) Prepared prior to M day and filed as appendices 18. Credit memorandum receipt for rolling kitch-
to this plan: en equipmt'nt returned to the Service Company.
I. Complete list of organization and individual
19. Receipt for U. S. A. M. P. coupon books.
property to be taken, showing how it will be carried. 20. Roster of company showing number of mer:
2. Specimen tag for mailing personal property.
by. grade who accompany the organization on the
3. Specimen tag for marking barrack bags. tram.
4. List of officers' equipment and weight allow-
2 I. Clearance papers for all officers.
ances.
5. Articles to be returned to Quartermaster, Ord-
Headquarters Twenty-Ninth Infantry
llances,Engineer, Signal, Department of Experiment,
etc., listed on the proper form for receipt by the ac- Office of the Regimental Commander
COUntableofficer. - Fort Benning, Georgia,
194 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
MOBILIZATION mixed with others. This exception holds good for this
Mobilization and movement by rail. test only. These articles will be grouped and placed on
SITUATION: one end of his bed.
The following radio from the Commanding General (b) A list of all articles named in (a) above will be
Fourth Army-transmitted by the Commanding Gen- made by each man, turned in by the man through squad
eral, Fourth Corps Area-is assumed to have been re- section and platoon leaders to the Supply Sergeant and ~
ceived at Fort Benning 7:30 a.m. today, January 24, consolidate~ list of these articles prepared for the Quartcr-
1934. master recetpt.
"Commandant, The Infantry School, 3. Details as to trains and entraining will be published
Fort Benning, Georgia. later.
"M day special mobilization plan X January twenty 4- Company Commanders will read the basic mobili-
fifth stop Twenty Ninth Infantry will entrain at Fort zation plan on file in Regimental Headquarters.
Benning starting January twenty fifth as follows colon 5.. ~ot later than 8:00 a.m. January 26th, 1934, the
trains numbers one and two will depart at ten AM stop onglllal of all papers prepared to carry out the provisions
Trains number three and four will depart at femr PM of the problems will be turned into the regimental com-
stop All serviceable motor transportation assigned regi- mander. They will be clearly marked "problem" to indi-
ment will move overland under its own power to arrive cate that they belong to the problem. The regimental
at -- by noon twenty seventh semicolon plan X Adjutant has rubber stamps available for this purpose.
changed accordingly stop In addition every officer will submit an informal report
Signed MOSELEY" not later than noon January 27th, 1934, which will state
NOTES: what part he individually played in the mobilization of
I. The regimental commander desires that each officer his organization and whether or not his organization
and enlisted man of the regiment enter into the spirit of mobilization plan Phase "A" was sufficient and correct
this problem and by carrying out his part to the last de- for its purposes. He will note in this report any corrections
gree and in the most realistic manner possible within the necessary in the plan or any suggestions for its better-
limits of the problem, make it a real test of the prepara- ment, as well as the lessons he has learned.
tion of the regiment for war. Included in this report will be his plan for caringfor
2. With the above in mind the following will be ob- his personal effects left behind. Married officerswill in-
served: clude the disposition of their families on the basis of
a. Rations and forage will actually be drawn. their not being able to occupy their quarters beyond 14
b. Ammunition will be drawn and issued as per table M.
of basic allowances. An ammunition dump will be es- 6. The actions and orders of all concerned to carry out
tablished at the entraining point and distribution made this problem will be checked, in accordance with basic
there. Mobilization Plan.
'c. The necessary telegrams covering leaves, furloughs, By order of
detached service, and Reserve Officers, will be prepared
but not sent. Captain, 29th Infantry.
d. The Commandant has been requested to release all Adjutant.
officers and enlisted men on special duty and undergoing OFFICIAL:
sentence of Special and Summary Court-Martial for the Captain, 29th Infantry,
problem January 25th. Necessary action will be taken Adjutant.
in the premises.
e. All necessary paper work-in connection with offi- Headquarters Twenty-Ninth Infantry
cers and enlisted men to be transferred will be prepared. Office of the Regimental Commander
It will be assumed that all ""enlistedmen except one in Fort Benning, Georgia.
each organization with less than thre~ months to serve, January 24, 1934,
desires to accompany the regiment.
FIELD ORDERS )
f. Property will be handled as prescribed in company NO. I )
mobilization plans. All necessary papers will be accom-
plished and a clearance obtained. I. The regiment will move by rail pursuant to the
Outer civilian clothing and hat and one special meas- Regimental Mobilization Plan ..
urement uniform per man need not be packed but will 2. During the movement, companies of the S~
be left in wall locker. All other clothing of enlisted men Units Battalion will be attached as follows: I
will be disposed of as prescribed in company mobilization To the 1st Battalion: R.M.G. Co., Setvlce'Cocss .J

plans Phase "A." detachments.

Exception: I. (a) Surplus articles of government To the 2nd Battalion: Cannon Co., HeadquatttlS
clothing and equipment will be grouped for each man, Co.
so that no man's clothing and equipment will become 3' The entrainment will be carried out as foll()\1VS:
1934 TRAINING FOR MOBILIZATION 195
Entraining Points: a. Two (2) box cars and two (2) open end coal cars
See Mobilization Memorandum dated January will be spotted at the red hangar for loading as follows:
24th, 1934.
TRAIN No. I-the east box car--Company "F"
Train Nos. Time of the east coal car-2 wagons-Hq.
From Points Departure Co.
- TRANSPORTATION
A B TYPE DATE HOUR I rolling kitchen,
-- GROUPINGS
Adv. Ech. RHQ, RHQ TRAIN No.2-the
Hq. Co.
west box car-Company "B"
Co. and Band Co. E, Co.
1 2 F, Det. Servo Co. Train Jan. 25 10:00A.M. the west coal car--8 carts, Co. "D"
Comdr: Major
-- -- Co. B, Co. D, Det. Servo
Co. and Servo Co. less
I rolling kitchen,
Service Co.
2 1 do. 10:00 A.M. TRAIN No. 3-the west box car-animals, Service
Dets. Train Comdr:
Major Co.
-- -- Hq. & Hq. Co. 1st Bn.,
the west coal car--8 carts, R. M. G.
Co. A, Co. C, R.M.G. Co.
3 1 Co., Det. Servo Co. do. 4:00p.M.
Train Comdr: Lieut. x rolling kitchen,
Co. "A"
-- --
Colonel
Rear Ech. RHQ, Hq. TRAIN NO.4-the east box car-Company "G"
& Hq. Co. 2nd Bn. Co. the east coal car--8 carts, Cannon
4 2 G, CO. H, Cann., Det. do. 4:00p.M. Co.
Servo Train Comdr:
Lieut. Colonel I wagon, Cannon
Co.
a. Regimental Entraining Officer and Assistant:
All officers will inspect one of the above trains of cars
Post: In vicinity of R. R. scales.
during or after loading.
b. Baggage and transportation will not arrive at en-
training points prior to three hours before scheduled de- b. Entraining Point A:
parture of trains. The contents of all wagons will be Troops, stock and Rat cars of Trains Nos. I & 4 will be
staked out in the north half of the cuartel.
placed in baggage cars. Wagon covers will be removed.
C. Each train commander will prepare for the R.T.O. Entraining Point B:
a statement showing the number officers, men, animals Troop, stock and Rat cars of Trains Nos. 2 & 3 will be
staked out in the south half of the cuartel.
an~ vehicles and the amount of baggage to go on his
tram. Box cars, except those companies actually loading in
4. Motor Transportation will move at 5:00 a.m., Jan- paragraph a above will be staked out by organizations
uary 25th. concerned inside the cuartel, opposite their respective bar-
Initial Point-29th Infantry Motor Park. racks.
The motor column will be commanded by the Com- Men, animals, baggage, equipment, etc., will actually
manding Officer, Motor Platoon, Service Company. (F. be placed in the outlined car spaces, (wagons, carts, etc.,
W. D's are considered unserviceable and will not be will be blocked) and ready for the train of outlined cars
taken.) Drivers of all vehicles will be attached to the to be assembled as shown in the schedule of departure.
ServiceCompany for rations. 2. The Regimental Entraining Officer or his representa-
5. Regimental Headquarters will close at 3=45 p.m., tive will be stationed at the Band Stand in the cuartel.
January 25th and open upon the arrival of the first train 3. Trains Nos. 2 & 3 consist of the following:
at the destination.
Type I: I Pullman
By order of 10 Tourist
6 Flat
Captain, 29th Infantry, 5 Stock
Adjutant. 3 Box (kitchen and baggage)
Trains Nos. I & 4 consist of the following:
Headquarters Twenty-Ninth Infantry Type II; I Pullman
Office of the Regimental Commander 9 Tourist
Fort Benning, Georgia, 3 Flat
January 24, 1934, 2 Stock
MEMORANDUM ON MOBILIZATION. 3 Box (kitchen and baggage)
ATrACHED TO: FIELD ORDER NO. I. By order of
(MOBILIZATION)
~. For the purpose of this mobilization, loading of Captain, 29th Infantry,
tralUswill be carried out as follows: Adjutant.
HoW"the DisannaInent of Gennany
Ca:m.eto Pass
By MAJOR ALEXANDER L. P. JOHNSON
34th Infantry
"It would he a shame to leave
temptation at poor Germany's
HEN, on November II, 1918, the signing of

W the Armistice suspended actual hostilities, a

war-weary world was anxious that the carnage
door. "
of more than four years cease forever. It was patent that I:0intment of a commission consisting of two represen~
the internal situation of Germany would not permit her tlves each of the five principal powers and five dele~
to renew hostilities, and the Allied High Command, ap- at large of the lesser nations represented at the Peace Coo-
preciative of the great sacrifices the victory had entailed, ference. This commission was (1) to advise on an Un-
naturally wished to secure that victory by providing safe- mediate and drastic reduction in the armed forces of tht
guards against a possible comeback by the enemy such as enemy, and (2) to prepare a plan in connection with ~
was staged by Napoleon after Elba. Leagues of Nations for a permanent reduction in the
The terms of the Armistice were sufficiently drastic, so burden of military, naval and aerial forces and armaments.
it seemed, to make Germany militarily impotent at least The first of these was a burning q~estion wi~h Uoyd
for a time. On the other hand, so great was the versatility George. He, therefore, urged that It be consIdered in
of the beaten foe, so formidable his military power and connection with the terms for a renewal of the ar.tnistict:.
prowess in that titanic struggle against a world in arms, The second clause, being essentially in the nature of a
that many of the military leaders and most of the political political "beau geste", could well be left to some und~
leaders of the victorious powers were disinclined to ac- termined, more auspicious future date.
cept the completeness of their victory without a trium- President Wilson seriously objected to the term "dras-
phal march through the Brandenburger Tor. Allied po- tic" as conveying the impression of a threat. The canny
litical leaders were moreover concerned with the latent Welshman, however, had no intention of hurting German
military powers of the vanquished T euton, and the susceptibilities. He did not intend his draft for "bache"
thought was uppermost in their minds that Germany eyes at all, but merely to serve as a guide or "Richtschnur".
must be disarmed completely, not only to prevent a re- as the Germans would more aptly call it, for the Allied
newal of hostilities, but also to permit their own armed Commission which he proposed to set up. The Germans
hosts to turn to more productive occupations. were merely to be informed that they were expected to
Mr. Lloyd George in particular felt grave concern over red~ce thei~ forces to a minimum necessary for the preser-
this matter in view of the political situation back home, vatIOn of tnternal order. No doubt that was simple
which was anything but reassuring. Unless the enemy's enough for the Germans who were well trained to accept
forces could be reduced without delay, the British Gov- and obey orders. Mr. Wilson, however, entertained serio
ernment might have had to face the stern necessity of ous conscientious scruples in the matter, and he wanted
maintaining compulsory military service which was nei- to make sure that it would actually be possible to go
ther to the liking of Lloyd George nor to that of the Brit- ahead with the plan without consulting the Germans.
ish people. The British War Office had informed the He believed that it might be better to take up this propo-
Premier that compliance with Marshal Foch's require- sition with the Armistice Commission first so as to give
ments would necessitate the keeping of 1,700,000 British the Germans a chance to say what number of troops they
troops with the colors. This certainly was a formidable would actually need.
demand ~hich Lloyd George knew the British people Mr. Clemenceau rose to the occasion and with tnle
were not lIkely to concede. He was, therefore, determined Gallic politeness offered to summon Marshal Foch. The
to ~ring about a drastic disarmament of the enemy, al- matter, however, was of vital political moment to Lloyd
lOWIngthe German Government to retain only enough George and he declared his unwillingness to accept any
armed forces to maintain internal order. He also felt views Marshal Foch might express unless they had the
that German armaments and instruments of war ought to support of the British military experts. He knew tha.t.be
be limited to the actual needs of the forces Germany was could not honor Marshal Foch's demands for Bnush
to be permitted to retain. troops, and it was really for this reason that he pro~
Wi~h these :rractical objectives in view, Lloyd George the reduction of German armaments as an alternaove to
submItted to hIS confreres a draft resolution which was keeping up those of the Allied and associated powers.
made the subject of discussion at a conference held at It will be remembered that Marshal Foch had demanded
quai ?'Orsay on January 2}, 1919, by the delegates of the as a part of the Armistice conditions that the ~
BIg FIve. Mr. Lloyd George's draft provided for the ap- surrender certain artillery, aviation and other maraUl.
1934 HOW THE DISARMAMENT OF GERMANY CAME TO PASS 197
but, being a soldier, he did not impose upon the enemy I, would consist of fifteen divisions in the zone of armies

any requirement of demobilization of the German Army. and five divisions at or near embarkation points. The
Marshal Foch himself eXplained this omission by saying, United States forces, he estimated, would amount to 1,-
that he did not wish to put anything into the Armistice 400,000 men, half of them representing actual combat
agreement that he could not possibly enforce. strength. The Italian Army was also counted upon to
In the meantime the German internal situation had muster in excess of 1,000,000 fighting men. This, Marshal
grown perceptibly worSe. Relations between. Germans Foch was satisfied, would constitute a sufficient military
and Poles were strained to the breaking point. German force to oppose Germany along the Western Front up to
troOpswere being massed on the Polish frontier. Marshal April 1. It would perhaps be unfair to accuse Marshal
Fochwas afraid that the hot-headed Poles might be foolish Foch of undue apprehension, or an incliniation to over-
enough to attack the Germans. Of course the Allies were estimate the enemy's strength. He may not have feared
staunch supporters of the Poks, but even so, it would not the T euton, but he most certainly did not trust him either,
have been good form, and it certainly would have been and consequently took no chances.
unbecoming a distinguished military man, to support the Now then, just what did Marshal Foch expect to face
Polesin attacking Germany and at the same time demand with this formidable fighting force of approximately four
of Germany that she disarm. million men? A commission consisting of General Wey-
Mr. Lloyd George had, however, another trump to gand, French Army, General Thwaites. British Army,
play. In order to forestall any course of action detrimental and General Nolan, American Army, submitted a G-2
toBritish interests, he declared to his associates that Great estimate of the enemy's strength on February I, 1919.
Britainwas unable to maintain the armed forces demanded We must, therefore, take their word for it since that was
by Marshal Foch. This statement had the desired effect, the best information at Marshal Foch's disposal and, no
forall realized that British withdrawal at this juncture of doubt, upon this information he based the estimate of his
the proceedings would jeopardize everything. Signor' own requirements. This commission estimated that at
Orlando, clever diplomat of sunny Italy, at once sought the end of January, 1919' there were at least 600,000 to
to reconcile the conflicting interests and demands. He 700,000 men with the colors in the German Army. Vari-
agreedthat Mr. Lloyd George really had some good and 0us materiel with the fighting forces, exclusive of materiel
validreasons, and M. Clemenceau's anxiety was no less in depots, factories and arsenals was estimated as follows:
justified, hence he deemed it unnecessary to disagree Machine Guns, all types, at least 50,000
"oversomething that is not even a matter of concern to Field Guns, including antiaircraft, 8,000
the Peace Conference, but something that should be dis- Heavy Guns, mcluding super-heavies, 2,500
posedof as a mere incident of the Armistice". He there- Trench Mortars, between 4,000 and 6,000
foresuggested that Marshal Foch include the disarma- Rifles for the fighting troops of the line, 1,300,000,
ment of Germany as a condition sine qua non for renew- and probable total of 3,500,000 to 4,000,000 at the
ing the terms of the Armistice, and that the Marshal and front, in the interior and in arsenals
his crowd of military advisors see to it that the same be German aviation was more difficult to estimate. At the
properlyenforced. That passed the buck to the military time at the Armistice there were 3,000 machines stationed
whereit belonged. Orlando's good and timely suggestion along the front. On account of the intensity of produc-
savedthe day and the Dove of Peace once more hovered tion, and the necessiry of frequent replacements this
andfluttered over a peaceful Peace Conference which then number was presumed to represent only a fraction of the
and there summoned the military experts and advisors, grand total actually at Germany's disposal. That number
md charged them with the duty of determining the size was estimated at 10,000 to 12,000 machines. Although
of armies the Allied and associated powers were to main- Germany had surrendered a large part of the machines
~ on the Western Front and, more particularly, what belonging to the squadrons at the front, it was quite possi-
untnediate and drastic reductions could be effected in the ble that her factories had been able to turn out an equal
enemy's still extant military forces. nt;mber since then.
On February 7, 1919' the curtain rose on the second act These estimates did not take into consideration the
<»: the great drama, when the Supreme War Council con- large quantities of war materiel taken by the Germans on
Yelled at the Quai d'Orsay for a further consideration of the Western Front in course of war, nor the huge quanti-
the vexing problem of military matters, checks and bal- ties of Russian materiel that still remained in German
ances. Marshal Foch rendered a report on what Allied hands. To be sure, Germany still was a formidable foe,
bt:es he expected to have at his disposal at the end of nevertheless Allied superiority in manpower and resources
March along the Western Front. His analysis showed was sufficiently apparent to lay at least some of Mr.
tktt F:ance at that time still would have approximately Lloyd George's worst fears. But his fears, like Banco's
Ltty-slX full strength divisions aggregating about 1,- ghost, refused to be laid. Perforce the disarmament of
]5oiOOO men. British fighting strength would still Germany was to be the prerquisite of a renewal of the
~nt to over 200,000 men, comprising ten infantry Armistice, which was due to be signed on February 20,
~ two cavalry divisions. The American Army, on April when the Armistice then in force would expire.
198 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL JUar-!lIne
Again, President Wilson assumed the thankless role of by the gracious remark that, surely, the Allies would
the conscientious objector. He seriously apprehended the avoid doing anything improper, such as exacting tenus
grave danger that perchance the Armistice might not be that would only risk a renewal of the war and bring
renewed if it were attempted to enforce serious and ex- about an intolerable state of affairs.
tensive additions to the original terms, and if renewed Mr. Lloyd George was not a~ all ~ot~ered by scrupb
under such conditions, he just naturally wondered such .ass.eemedto pr~y upon WIlson s ~md. To his Way
whether the Allies could actually enforce them. of thmkmg, the AllIes were bound neIther by honor ~
Marshal Foch was quite certain the Germans would sportsmanship. He did not know how long the Armis.
not accept these additional terms without pressure, but tice would last, and all that concerned him was to prevent
he was quite prepared to apply the thumbscrews. He a renewal of hostilities. And there was the real rub.
would not haggle at all over the proposition, least of all America had commenced to withdraw her troops soon
would he base Allied demobilization plans upon German after the signing of the Armistice. Great Britain was also
promises, the fulfillment of which could not be insured. reducing the size of her forces in France, and Uoyd
With him it was simply a question of making the George fully shared the apprehensions of Sir Douglas
"boche" sign on the dotted line and see himself to the Haig, that if the Germans really meant mischief thev
enforcement of the terms. could easily get together an army of three to four million
The discussion then turned to the question whether well trained men with a full complement of officers,non-
the surrender of materiel demanded by M. Loucheur commissioned officers, and the necessary equipment and
would sufficiently weaken Germany at least for the dura- materiel.
tion of the Armistice and how long it would take Ger- There also was present the danger of Germany chang-
many to replace the armament she would have to sur- ing her government over night and that, of course, might
render, and other equally interesting but purely academic entail a change of policy. Nobody really knew who
questions. Again Mr. Wilson proved the marplot by would be on top in Germany a .fewweeks hence. "And,"
putting just a simple, practical question, such as would added Lloyd George with a touch of piety, "it would be a
occur to the average American whose mind was still free shame to leave temptation at 'poor Germany's door". Cer-
of the virus of European intrigue and skulldug~ery. He tainly, under circumstances such as these, he thought, it
just wanted to know how it was proposed to get all the would indeed be. anything but unfair to impose upon
materiel Germany might promise to surrender and later Germany conditions that would constrain her to good
should refuse to give up. Whereupon Marshal Foch bit behavior. As long as everybody agreed with that view,
the corner of his martial moustache and bluntly replied: Lloyd George really saw no objection to following the
"By war!" line of action suggested by President Wilson. "But."
President Wilson had got into the war and had enough added the Premier, "there was nothing said in the Armis-
of it. The very possibility of more war was enough to tice about furnishing Germany with food and raw ma-
give him the cold shivers. He felt, moreover, that it was terials, and he wanted it to be understood, that if it was
not quite sportsmanlike to correct errors of omission in fair to change the terms of the Armistice in favor of Ger-
the original Armistice agreement, and he feared that by many, it was equally fair to change them in favor of the
attempting to do that very thing, the Allies were run- Allies."
ning the grave risk of bringing about a situation where Mr. Wilson was frankly ruffled by the attitude of his
their bluff might be called. The President also feared British colleague. He was a moral and humane man and
that the enforced reduction of the German Army would had no desire to let the German people starve. To be
merely swell the ranks of the unemployed and thereby sure, the price Mr. Lloyd George had in mind to ex:u:r
add the element of unrest to the danger and detriment not for such concessions was not at all extravagant. Agam.
only of Germany but the Allies as well. He, therefore, if the Allies were prepared to assist Germany to rene'\\'
advanced the very practical plan of appointing a civil her economic life, they had a right to exact guarantees
commission to meet a similar commission appointed by for their own security. Thus argued Mr. Wil.son, the
the German Government, to negotiate with them and practical statesman, with Mr. Wilson, the idealIst. The
tell them that if Germany would reduce her military former won the argument and the latter was c~mpdled
forces and yield a proportion of her mischief-making to acknowledge that, under the circumstances, it would
equipment, the Allies would counter by reducing the size be both right and honorable to impose conditions upon
of the Army of Occupation and cut down charges for its Germany such as were advocated by Mr. Lloy~ George.
upkeep; they would at the same time relax the blockade That brought the twain together on the same Sideof the
of Germany, allow the passage of sufficient raw materials, fence and it was M. Clemenceau's turn to disagree.
except for armaments, to enable Germany to renew her The Tiger saw the Allied military force dwindle and
economic life. This was a very practical as well as gener- that spelled danger to France unless a firm attitude .w.rft
ous suggestion, and it had the merit of eliminating the
military from the consideration of a military problem.
Mr. Wilson endeavored to make it even more palatable
while yet the Allies possessed a sufficiently l~rg?
As he saw it, the question was not one of WlllOlllg
fo:
adopted. The present moment, to his mind, was deCISIve.
1934 HOW THE DISARMAMENT OF GERMANY CAME TO PASS 199
war, but ~f los~ng:he f~i~ ~f victory. He cared nothing arrange with ~e Germansthat controlled quantitiesof food
about ethical mcetles or Jundlcal subtleties. However, he and raw matenals, other than those required for the manu-
knew his Germans. Clemenceau favored menacing the facture of material of war, shall be allowed to reach Ger-
many. That it shall be an essential part of the above ar-
Germans and he meant "to do it now!" The "bache" un- rangement that the demands set forth in M. Loucheur's
derstood the language of force, and that was precisely the report be complied with.
language the bellicose Tiger proposed to use. He had no
patienc? with Mr. Wilson's idea of buying German M. Loucheur headed a committee consisting of Mar-
good-Willby the offer of food and raw material. With shal Foch: Genera~ Bliss, General Sir Henry Wilson,
dramatic pathos M. Clemenceau declared that if he so far General Sir Fredenc Sykes and General Diaz. His re-
forgot the interests of his country and of Europe as to port, in printed form, had been handed to the delegates
consent to such a proposal, the Chamber would forthwith as they assembled that morning. M. Loucheur's com-
dismiss him, and it would be fully justified in doing so. mittee, in view of the uncertainty regarding the actual
That got the pot boiling. Mr. Wilson was all for strength of the German Army and the resources of raw
negotiations; Clemenceau declared in favor of the mailed material at its disposal, recommended specifically that the
fist. Having started the log-rolling, Mr. Lloyd George ~trength o~ :~e German Army be reduced to twenty-five
had reason to be pleased. He. was satisfied with the result mfantry dlVlslOnsand five cavalry divisions, and that all
of his e~orts. He had Clemenceau argue precisely for the material in excess of the requirements of such a force be
very thlllgs he wanted. Now if he could side with Mr. handed over to the Allied and Associated Powers. The
Wils~n long enough, heJe~t ~ure he could bring about committee also insisted that the German Government
an adJustment of these confhctlllg views. should pledge itself to discontinue the manufacture of
"Marshal Foch is a great soldier," said the Tiger in war materiel during the Armistic,e. In order to insure
c?ncluding his argument, "and we are prepared to honor correct execution of these demands certain German muni-
~Im as such, b~t he is not a military Pope. He some- tion factories were to be placed under Allied control.
times makes mistakes. as a matter of fact, it is the Likewise it was stipulated that certain special machinery
Marshal who is opposed to the idea of disarming Ger- was to be removed and destroyed. -
many." Fundamentally M. Clemenceau had no objec- !he committee, of course, anticipated that Germany
tions to the granting of concessions to the Germans but might attempt to put obstacles in the way of proposed
he ~nsfstedthat they should in ~he first place accep~ the control. It was therefore recommended as an alternative
Allies deman,ds as.a matt~r of nght. That was precisely guarar:tee, perhaps less comprehensive but sufficiently
Lloyd George s pOlllt of view. If he could only convince efficaclOu~,that absolute control by military occupation
1!r. Wilson, th~re would be complete accord among the be established over the area extending east of the Rhine
Big Three, leavlllg Italy to pronounce the benediction. for an .average depth of fifty kilometers from Cologne
B~ron,So.nnino an~ Signor Orlando ably seconded the to a pomt fifteen kilometers north of Duisburg, in such a
Tl~er s vle,:s, and It wo~ld. have been simple enough to way as to include Essen witl~ the famous Krupp Works,
dectde.the Iss~e.by a maJonry vote leaving Mr. Wilson the greater part of the Rhemsh Westphalian coal fields,
alone III Opposltlon. ~nd the metallic. indu.stries dependent upon them. The
~ut that would never do. Mr. Wilson held the purse- ~mportance of t~IS regIOn from a strategical point of view
stnngs: He h?l? the balance of power. He controlled the ISso great th~t It would practically be impossible for Ger-
strategl~alposltlon. Nothing could be done without him many, once d~sarmed, to take up arms again if she did not
and cert~inly nothing against his will. Besides all that, have at her disposal the free use of its resources.
Mr. Wdson was a high~J: sensiti:e man. Nothing he In case of ~ecessity, these arrangements could be made
resented ~ore than Opposltlon to hiS own views. He had even. n:~re stnngent, the report pointed out, by a simple
to be caJoled and wheedled into seeing alike with his prohl~ltlOn o~ a~l trade between the occupied and un-
opponents. Sonnino and Orlando, who played the astute occupied tert1tone~. M. Loucheur's report naively sug-
~ame of t:?e silent o~lookers, now proceeded to employ gested that the deSired results could be obtained by means
1the guiles and artifices of European diplomacy to en- of negoti~:ions or they could be enforced upon the enemy
snare t~e obdurate American. "Why Mr. President," as a condItIOnof the renewal of the Armistice.
th~Ital.landelegates suggested, "the proposition is really Ge?eral Bl.is,sdissente:d from this report on the ground
qUItesimple. All that was desired, is to take the guns that ItS proVISIOnsseekmg to extend the Allied Zone of
away~rom Europe's Bad Man, and relieve Europe of the O~cupation negatived the: i~ea of re~ching an agreement
necessityof remaining an armed camp." With ~~rmany by ?egOtlatlOns. Pnor to the signing of
£ At the psychological moment Mr. Lloyd George of- the ongtnal.Armlstlce, General Bliss had insisted upon a
ered a draft of possible solution as follows: complete .dlsarmament of Germany. His terms were
The Supreme War Council agree: then conSidered too harsh. General Bliss deemed it now
. (1) That a civilian commissionof the Allied and asso- i~consiste~t to go bey~nd the terms of the original Armis--
aate~ powers shall be attached to Marshal Foch on the tlce. In hIS blunt, straightforward manner the old Indian
occa~lOno.f the next renewal of the Armistice and in con- fighter of the Western prairies declared that M. Louch-
nectIOnWith the Marshal's negotiations shall endeavor to eur's proposal, if accepted, would constitute nothing less
200 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL MaJ-June
than a breach ot the Armistice on the part of the Allies effect. After a great deal of caviling, President Wilson
and the United States. and M. Clemenceau agreed to make an immediate de-
Although Mr. Lloyd George's adroit draft resolution mand upon the Germans that they supply information
attempted to stampede the Supreme War Council into concerning the number of machine guns, field guns
accepting M. Loucheur's report, neither M. Clemenceau ~eavy.guns, airplane :notors and naval aircraft they had
nor President Wilson were willing to follow the lead of tn thelr depots, factones and elsewhere, and that this in-
Britain's Premier. M. Clemenceau advanced two objec- formation was imperative for the determination of the
tions to Lloyd George's proposition. In the first place, terms for the renewal of the Armistice. The refusalof
he could not assume any obligations in the matter of sup- the Germans to cease hostilities with the Poles servedas
plies without consulting his experts. In the second place, a suitable pretext for making this demand.
it was contrary to his direct, outspoken character to dis- It is quite impossible, within the limitations of this
cuss rewards first and make demands afterwards. He paper, to go into all the bickerings and discussionsrelative
wanted the military conditions accepted first, and after to the disarming of Germany as an additional conditionof
that he had no objections whatever to any amount of the An?istice. ~uffi~eit t? sar that on .February 12th,
diplomatic negotiations.' on Presldent Wtlson s motton, It was declded to appoint
President Wilson regarded M. Loucheur's recommen- a commission of military, naval and air advisers,com-
dations as a panic program. He could reconcile himself posed, in addition to the Commander-in-Chief, of three
to the surrender of the big guns, if that was what his representatives of each of the Great Powers. It was also
friends wanted. He could even go so far as to agree to a agreed that Marshal Foch should obtain from M. Cl~-
control of German factories by regulating raw material enceau the text for the renewal of the Armistice which
that went to them; but he balked at the proposition of should be presented to the Germans. The Tiger thuswon
sending army officers to control factories. That would a complete victory, and Mr. Wilson made preparations
never do. It surely would invite a peck of trouble, and it for a speedy return to the United States.
would take more military force to get out of the mess. When the Armistice was renewed on February 16thit
The canny Welshman promptly agreed with Mr. Wil- did not set a definite time limit for its continuance. The
son. Baron Sonnino ventured the remark that perhaps Great Powers reservedto themselves the right to terminate
some of the demands might be tuned down a whit. This the Armistice upon three days' notice. The Germans
calmed the ruffled passions, and it was agreed to appoint were given to understand that the final military peace
a fact-find~ngcommission to determine just exactly what conditions would be presented to them with as little delay
war matenal Germany was to surrender as a condition for as possible. Marshal Foch pressed hard for an early de-
the renewal of the Armistice. cision on the final military, naval and air conditionswhich
Discussions were resumed on the following day, Febru- were to be imposed upon the enemy. When the Supreme
ary, 8th. At this time M. Tardieu offered a solution War Council again met, on March 3d, Marshal Foch
which demanded the German Government that it furnish submitted a brief summary of the report by the Interallied
a complete inventory of war material, incl~ding airplane Committee appointed on February 12th. This report
. f proposed:
motors and navaI alrcra t. All surplus was to be sur-
rendered to the Allies. Appreciating, however, the fact (1) Maximummilitaryand aerialstrength:
that the contemplated enumeration of materiel would a. Land forcesnot to exceed 200,000 men, exclusive
of officerswhose number was not to exceed9,000.
consume much valuable time, M. T ardieu, with French b. Air forcesnot to exceed 1,000 men, includingof.
frugaliry, .took time by the forelock and proposed that ficers; these forces not to be maintainedafter
certain quantities of materiel should be surrendered at October 1, 1919.
once. This suggestion evoked considerableargument and (2) Staffingof large units:
d' . All delegationsagreedto fix the maximumnumberof
lSCUSSlOn. Finally, President Wilson pointed out to the largeunits and staffsat 15 infantry divisions,5 cavalry
distinguished gathering that when the Armistice was divisions,5 Corps H.Q., and 1 Army H.Q., staffof.
flashed to America, the people over there regarded its con- ficerswerelimited to 300.
ditions as terms of absolute surrender rather than a mere (3) Method of recruiting strength:
suspension of hostilities. If the present demands were sent Officersand N.C.O's recruitedvoluntarily,the former
h U . dS th A' 1 to serve25 years,the latter 15 years. Enlistedmen .re'
to t e mte tates, e mencan peop e would say that cruitedby draft or any other method at the discretJOO
the original Armistice showed an amazing ignorance of of Germany,to serve not more than one year. Nuro-
the actual siruation in Germany.. "It is very important," ber of trainees in each class not to exceed 100,000
said the President, "that the Allies should make a good men.
impression on the world. These continual aggravations (4) Armament,war machinesand ammunition:
In accordancewith the needs of an army as fixed b1
to the Armistice puts the Allies to a moral disadvantage." these terms. All surplus to be surrendered to the
The Germans were beaten, he thought, and they knew Allies.
it. "Their spirit was broken, and they would not renew (5) Supervisionof proper executionof thesetermsto be
the struggle." entrusted to a Committeeof Control.
The professorial warning went over without apparent These terms represented the unanimous opinion of the
1934 HOW THE DISARMAMENT OF GERMANY CAME TO PASS 201

military experts, although the British delegation favored the matter, Mr. Lloyd George made plain his reasons for
voluntary service for a long term, but they accepted the the proposal submitted. There was to be no second Jena.
conditions outlined by Marshal Foch in order to arrive at The plan he proposed was the only effective method of
a decision. Thete were some differences of opinion in the preventing collusion between Germany and another
matter of control recommended by the military, naval power, such as Russia for instance, to secure guns and
and aerial subcommittees. To iron out these differences other materiel. A voluntary army was more expensive
the report was referred back to Marshal Foch and his than a conscript army, hence Germany would get far less
associates. With this task completed, the report was re- for her money, and after reparations payments there
submitted to the Supreme War Council on March 6th. would be little money left for military adventures.
The"report did not suit Mr. Lloyd George at all. He The Supreme War Council adopted the resolution of-
saw grave danger in an army of 200,000 men raised by fered by Mr .Lloyd George without any objecrion. The
annual recruitment, either voluntary, compulsory, or victory of civilian "experts" in military matters was com-
otherwise. This would enable Germany to build up a plete. Lloyd George and Clemenceau had their day
huge army at the rate of one million trained men every while President Wilson was absent in the United States.
fiveyears. Of course Mr. Lloyd George had no knowl- Marshal Foch, however, still refused to admit defeat. He
edge of military matters and he quite naturally failed to insisted, that not one of the members of the military
discernthe sardonic subtlety of Marshal Foch's plan. He committee favored Mr. Lloyd George's principles. Gen-
would allow, nay compel Germany to train a brand new eral Desgouttes, another distinguished warrior, felt sure
contingent every year, and turn Prussia's deceit after Jena that he would never agree with the views of the British
to his own advantage by forbidding the training of staffs. delegation in favor of a voluntary long term army in
That was the weakness in the system Foch desired to foist Germany. This, he thought, would make Germany far
upon Germany. Quoting Marshal Bugeaud, Foch said: stronger th~n if she were compelled to maintain a short-
"it would be better to have an army of sheep commanded term conscnpt army.
by a lion than a number of lions commanded by an ass." It was too late. "Governments cannot force the military
This, in language intelligible to the layman simply authorities to change their opinions," the fiery old Tiger
meant, that the command and staff were the all-important. remarked curtly, "but the decision would nevertheless
things and not the common soldier. The military ad- remain with the governments." T a make sure that such
visorsof the Supreme War Council were in favor of a would be the case, Lloyd George then and there served
system that would have deprived Germany of a staff notice that he would never sign on behalf of Great Britain
w1?chcould, after a number of years, gather and drive a peace which gave Germany an army on other conditions
the large flock of sheep which would still abound within than those outlined by him. As to the air force, he had
her confines. no objections to its entire suppression as recommended by
Mr. Lloyd George could not, however, see things that the air committee.
way. He remembered Napoleon's experience after Jena. On March 10th, Marshal Foch, in accordance with
Such a mistake must not be repeated if he could prevent previous instructions of the Supreme War Council, sub-
it. Germany had plenty of capable staff officerswho would mitted a draft of regulations concerning a definite mili-
be available for many years to come. Whatever might be tary status for Germany after the signing of the treaty of
said against the "unspeakable Hun," he was supremely peace. In submitting this draft, the staunch old warrior
dIicient. Be that as it may, there was no valid reason in made the following declaration:
the world why Germany should have a larger army than "On February 12th, the Governments entrusted a Mili-
Great Britain. And that was that Mr. Lloyd George de- tary Committee with the task of laying down, in all liberty,
clared himself unequivocally in favor of imposing upon the conditions of Germany's disarmament. After a particu-
larly thorough study of the questions,the military represen.
the German Army far more effective limitations than tatives established the draft of March 5, which was based
those that were proposed by Marshal Foch. upon the short term of service.
!he following day, March 7th, Mr. Lloyd George sub- "On March 7th, the Governments, upon demand of the
1;mttedhis definite views on the military, naval and aerial British Government, entrusted the samerepresentativeswith
thms of the peace. These h~ summarized briefly in the
the laying down of a draft based upon the long-term
service. The draft of March 10th is submitted as a conse-
f.o11owingprinciples: quence of these directions.
(1) German military, naval and aerial forces to be raised "From a military point of view, I hold the draft of
entirelyby voluntary service. March 5th is preferable for the considerations already ex-
(2) The minimum period of service with the colors for plained and owing to a thorough stUdyto which it was
all ranks to be twelve years. submitted.
(3) Strength of the German Army and Air Force not to "If in spite of all, the Governments were to adopt the
exceed 200,000 men of all ranks, organized in not principle of the long-term service and rally to the draft of
more than 15 divisionsand 3 cavalrydivisions. March 10, it is indispensable,in order to diminish the dan-
(4) The strength of the German Navy not to exceed ger which, in my opinion, exists with an army based upon
15,000 men of all ranks and ratings. a long term of service,to reduce the strength from 140,000
men provided for in the draft to 100,000, this for varions
In order that there might be no misunderstanding in reasons which will be explained."
202 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
The draft contained the following principal provisions: these, or the employment for such purposes of public
(I) Complete demobilization of Germany within two servants, gendarmes, customs guards and police officials.
months; For the proper execution of the provisions of these articles
(2) thereafter Germany's military strength is not to ex- the plan created a Military Control Commission under
ceed 140,000 men, including officers. (A further re- whose close supervision it was to be carried into effect.
duction to 100,000 was held indispensable by Foch.)
The number of officers is not to exceed 6,000 of the The reduction of the proposed strength of the German
total. Army from 200,000 to 140,000 men, and Marshal Foch's
(3) Recruitment on a voluntary basis with the terms of desire for a further reduction of this figure to 100,000
enlistment fixed at twelve years. evoked considerable discussion. General Bliss felt sure
(4) Authorized major units not to exceed eleven infantry
divisions and three cavalry divisions. These may be that safety in Germany could not be insured with less
formed with not more than four corps staffs and one than 140,000 men.
army staff. All other groupings, formations or organ- ''The United States did very nicely on 100,000 1llell
izations of command are explicitly forbidden. and no constabulary before the war," retorted Marshal
(5) Composition of all units, large and small, to conform
Foch. "If Germany were given an army of 140,000," the
to a carefully prepared Table of Organization ap-
pended to the report, and forming part of the draft. grizzly old warrior added, "what with sailors, constabu-
(6) The only raison d' etre of the German Army is the lary, forest and customs guards, she would have a trained
maintenance of internal order, and it cannot be as- force of not less than 206,000 men. This would constitute
signed to any other duty, except in case of necessity, an aggressive force able to mobilize at once. It would
police control of frontiers.
compel the Allies to maintain an equal number of trained
(7) Functions of High Command are limited to adminis-
strative duties. Staff officers of the War Ministries of men. "
all German States are limited to a grand total,of 300, Mr. Lansing, who in the absence of President Wilson
and these included in the total authorized strength. headed the American delegation, promptly challenged
(8) All military training schools and centers are to be the Marshal's figures relative to America, which over.
abolished, except those indispensably necessary for looked the item of National Guard, something like 125,000
the recruitment of necessary officer personnel. The
number of students admitted to these to be propor- more or less trained men who had proven their worth on
tionate to vacancies. the Mexican border and later in France. In addition
(9) Armaments, equipment and ammunition supply of there were thousands of men in the: different state con.
the German Army shall not exceed the limits pre- stabularies, not to mention the tens of thousands of police-
scribed in the annexed Tables of Allowances. men, all trained in the use of firearms. "It is a fact,"
(10) Stocks of munitions to be stored at fixed points and
their location to be communicated to the Allied and said Mr. Lansing triumphantly, "before the war the
Associated Powers. United States of America was perhaps the least military
(11) Production of Chemical Warfare material, armored nation on earth, and yet she had available in times of
cars and tanks is forbidden. peace 3°°,000 to 350,000 trained men." No doubt, this
(12) Manufacture of arms and munitions authorized only revelation of America's military preparedness before the
in a limited number of factories, the names and loca-
tions of which are likewise to be communicated to the Great War was as much of a surprise to General Bliss as
Allied and Associated Powers. to Marshal Foch.
(13) All fortresses, fortified works and land forts within It was dearly Clemenceau's turn to cinch the argu-
fifty kilometers of the right bank of the Rhine to be ment. The security of France was at stake. British and
disarmed and dismantled. The fortresses along the
southern and eastern frontiers to maintain the status American troops would soon be gone home, and France
quo. The armament of these is never to exceed, as will then have to look out for herself. The Tiger wanted,
regards number and caliber, those installed at the time in the first place, to lighten the burden of his own coun-
of signing these articles. try. He, therefore, insisted upon the adoption of the
(14) Any territory on the left bank of the Rhine, which Marshal's figures. Nothing could suit Lloyd Geor~ ~y
may be left to Germany after the signing of the Peace
Treaty, to be completely demilitarized. better. The less of any army Germany could mamta1n,
(15) All excess war material and special machinery to be the better he would like...it. Even the least of it was tOO
surrendered to the Allied and Associated Powers. much for him. He, therefore, cheerfully agreed with
(16) Germany is forbidden to manufacture war material Clemenceau that the securiry of France would in the?na1
for other countries, nor is Germany, any German state analysis be France's burden, consequently she was enodcd
or citizen, permitted to receive such material from
other countries. to a decisive vote in the matter. Great Britain had a small
army before the war, in fact slightly over 100,000 1Il~'
The draft further provided for the repeal of all military and yet she had to provide security for a far flung E?IPUC'
laws of Germany in conflict with its provisions, and its not to mention Ireland. Germany had neither empire nor
own enactment into the public law of Germany. It fixed an Ireland to worry about. "Should Bavaria represent
conditions of service for officers and enlisted men, and Germany's Irish problem," added the canny Wdshtna?
placed restrictions upon societies of retired officers and with a roguish twinkle in his eyes, "it was not.the b~
soldiers, war veterans, rifle dubs and the like, and pro- ness of the Allied Powers to arm Germany aga11lst her.
hibited the imparting of military instruction to any of Lloyd George felt strongly for France, and he did 00&:
1934 HOW THE DISARMAMENT OF GERMANY CAME TO PASS 203

think that the British and American delegates had any for its continuance. He expressed the opmIOn that if
right to 0t>Pos~her views. All t:?is was so lopi~al that it Allied Armies were to be maintained forever to control
did not fad to Impress Mr. Lansmg. In fact It Impressed the execution of the peace terms, then not peace but
him so profoundly that he gladly agreed with everybody Allied military domination would be the result. America
and did not mind saying so. That fixed Germany's mili- would never consent to such an arrangement. Of course,
tary strength definitely at 100,000 officersand men. Mr. Lloyd George promptly agreed with Mr. Wilson,
M. Clemenceau had some misgivings about the pur- and the Council obligingly modified the obnoxious
pose and usefulness of an army staff if the army was phraseology in conformity with President Wilson's
merely to serve as a police force. Again everybody agreed, wishes. On the whole, the discussion of the proposed
and "Army" and "Army staffs" went into the discard, military clauses progressed with good-natured rapidity
Marshal Foch failed, however, in an attempt to put over and, barring a few minor changes, the Council approved
a prohibition amendment against maneuvers by staffs and them in their entirety. Even Mr. Wilson seemed to have
troops of units larger than regiments. derived some benefit from his brief sojourn in the United
Marshal Foch's generosity in leaving Germany's south- Stat~s. He appeared more cheerful and pliant in the dis-
ern and eastern frontiers intact evoked some lively in- CUSSIOns.
terest. It soon developed that the southern fortresses, two The solution of the naval clauses proved much simpler
in number, were more than fifty kilometers from the than that of the military problem. Here British views
frontier and could not possibly cause any harm. The and interests were paramount. And the British knew just
eastern fortresses presented a more ticklish problem. No- exactly what the conditions were, what they wanted, and
body knew their actual status and the members of the what they could get. Admiral Wemyss made no bones
Supreme War Council deemed it undesirable to insist about it at all. He frankly admitted that this was the
upon their being dismantled since quite possibly they time to get what was to be gotten, and any delay might
might have been in Polish hands. Even if left to the merely complicate matters. The Allied admirals thor-
Germans, they felt, these fortresses might offer some ougly agreed as eady as February 8th that they could fix
security against any Bolshevist aggression. with absolute exactitude what should be the state of the
The Supreme War Council adopted the proposed draft German Navy in time of peace, and they went ahead and
with some minor modifications of no particular impor- did it. That is precisely where Navy men have the ad-
tance. Mr. Lansing, on behalf of the United States, re- vantage over the Army. Anyone may put on a military
served his assent to the concluding chapter. Everybody uniform and think he is a soldier. Politicians need not
seemed happy and satisfied except the soldiers. Generals even bother about putting on the uniform to become
Desgouttes and Weygand of France, and General Caval- possessed of an infallible knowledge in military matters.
lero of Italy entered further protests against the proposed Even the brashest politician is, however, quick to realize
long-term army. M. Clemence au cut short the discus- that the sea is no place for landlubbers, and that in naval
sionby declaring that the only satisfaction he could offer matters discretion on his part is the better part of wisdom.
the generals was to promise that their protests would be The admirals, largely under British tutelage, proposed,
duly recorded in the minutes. and the Supreme War Council cheerfully disposed. Of
When, on March 17th, the corrected draft of the course, there was a little discussion, even some haggling
military clauses was presented to the Supreme War Coun- about the naval terms, but that was merely the politician's
cil, President Wilson had resumed his seat, having re- way of saving his face. When the verbal barrage ceased,
turned from America on the preceding day. The Coun- the naval terms stood inscribed upon the scrolls of the
cil accepted the articles with little or no discussion. Mr. Treaty of Versailles as conceived by the British Admiralty
Wilson saw some objection to the Interallied Control and ably seconded by their fellows of the lesser Naval
Commission because the article failed to fix a time limit Powers including the United States.

Rifle Antiaircraft Notes of Rebel Forces

As TOLD TO LIEUTENANT BURGO D. GILL, veterans, in the Riffian Army trained certain of the Riff
CA.C. units in antiaircraft tactics. This training was quickly
assimilated after an incident that occurred in either 1923
HE experiences related herein are those of a young or 1924 when a large detachment of Riffs were caught by

T soldier of fortune who saw service with the Riffs

as a Captain of Cavalry during the summer of
19~5, and later as squadron commander, as well as the
attack planes in a mountain pass. It was thereafter the
usual thing for Riffs to make the passag~ of such ravines,
or mountain passes, in dispersed formations with out-
adjutant general, of Emilio Areval Cedeno's revolution- lying air scouts. They never bivouaced at night in a
ary Army in the Venezuelan uprising of 1930-'31. cramped position either.
On the march, in camp or at a halt, outguards were al-
THE RIFFS.
ways posted to give the alarm of an approaching plane.
Experienced foreign officers, some of them Wodd War The favorite instruments of alarm in 1925 were the
204 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
whistles pillaged from dead French officersand noncoms. officer persuaded Cedeno to reclassify and rearm the
If: this warning failed due to distance, two shots w.ere troopers so that those in the same unit would have about
fired. Without waiting to try and spot the approachmg the same sized machete, make of pistol, and same cali-
plane, everyone scattered. When well dispersed, all dis- ber rifle. The antiaircraft platoon were all armed with
mounted, if mounted, and made ready to fire when the Mauser rifles. Each rifleman was taught to raise the tear
plane came in sight. Firing was fast and furious to the sight leaf and fire with that as "firing data." Besides
accompaniment of a pandemonium of yells and curses. this "increase of range," the platoon was divided into
The French and Spanish air attacks were surprisingly three equal parts using "one," "two," and "three" wind-
harmless. , age leads for deflection. In other words, one group uso:/
The foreign officerspresent with the Riffs, which were a minimum deflection, another the maximum, and the
mainly German, Russian, Egyptian, an Englishman or third group a medium lead.
two besides three or four Americans, tried to teach the The army was trained in U. S. Cavalry "scatteration
Riffs a system of leads to be used in firing their rifles at formation" tactics upon the approach of any planes.
attacking planes. Actually, in the great majority. of Not much effort was made in Cedeno's Army to teach
cases, this instruction failed of being put over completely, machine gunners to fire upon planes; for after all, in a
but a curious compromise was reached that the average rebel army, it is easier to have the individual rifleman
Riffian rifleman used. The instructors thoroughly in- open up than to lay the stress on quick-acting machint-
stilled the point that one must shoot in front of a plane gun sections. This system of putting the onus upon the
to hit it. So far so good, but after that point was once individual, incidentally, was better on the whole for the
aimed at, the Riffian "buck" kept on shooting in that morale of the entire organization. It gave everyonesome-
same direction using his initial lead without trying to thing to do.
follow the plane. He kept on firing in this manner until The machine guns, each night in camp, were posted
the plane had passed this point. in shallow pits for'the camp's defense. However, they
However, while the above seemed humorous, and the were always placed so that they could fire upon low flv-
writer sarcastically asked what were the Riffs able to hit, ing planes..
the officerin question stated that he saw seventeen French While Cedeno was in open rebellon from November.
planes shot down in five days. He also referred to the 1930, to April, 1931, the air attacks and scoutin?;by the
official losses sustained by the French African Army Federals were nil. During Captain Winston Ehrgott's
Corps (the Moroccan) while engaged against the Riffs. march upon San Fernando de Apure, friendly population
There were no antiaircraft guns in the Riffian Army. along the route, of march informed them that about six
The officersuspected that a few flyers might have served planes had searched the llanuras for them. However,
with the Riffs, but that they never flew. Of Riffian neither side ever saw the other.
planes, there were none! All of the antiaircraft defense A little later, while they were bivouaced at Cubarro
was by riflefire assistedby light, air-cooledmachine guns. on the Arauca River that separates Columbia and Ven-
There were no water-cooled machine guns that he saw. ezuela, a scouting plane flew over them one morning. It
This soldier of fortune believed that the fire from the ma- was shot down. That afternoon seven attack planes.
chine guns did very little damage against enemy planes, flying in rather wide open formation of a point followed
but that the mass of fire from scattered riflemen did the by two groups of three each, attacked them again. Of
trick. The Riffians also trained special groups of from these seven airplanes, two were shot down, and one was
thirty to sixty men in each squadron of cavalry to fire damaged so badly that the flyer had a forced landingin
against planes, and that these detachments were all armed the Arauca River.
with rifles of German or French make. During this air attack the enemy planes us~d small
bombs and machine guns. Luckily, no Cadenlstta was
VENEZUELA.
wounded, and only two animals, of which one was hutt
This soldier of fortune, while serving in Cedeno's but slightly.
Army, commanded the whole antiairc,raftplatoon of the Naturally, the whole army fired during these twO ~t.
army. The army in this case consisted of about 1,200 tacks as well as the littl~ used antiaircraft platoon.. ~~
men, mostly cavalry. This platoon of antiaircraftsmen, the rebel army was bemg attacked, a few Martin-Co
who did regular troop duty as well, was about half of
this officer's squadron, really an overgrown troop. The
Venezuelans were trained in taking leads with their rifles
machine guns came into action.
These three episodes, the last one so disastrousfor
Federals, ended the war in the sky as far as that revo\I"
r
when firing against planes. However, the Venezuelan tion was concerned. bat
rebels understood that not only must they fire ahead of In closing, the writer asked this soldier of fortUnew.
the target, but that they must continue to follow the he thought the chances were for an attack plane a~
plane. In other words, they were a lot more "savvy" on over a regular army battalion or cavalry squadron, He
this point than the barbaric Riff. oughly trained in their own antiaircraft defense.
Cedeno's Army was armed with a motley array of simply answered
weapons, but after the revolution got well started, this "Hell, I'd feel sorry for the poor guy."
 Changes in Target Practice Instructions for Period
July I--December 3I!l 1934
By CAPTAINS S. L. MCCROSKEY AND C. S. HARRIS, C.A.C.

I-GENERAL II-SEACOAST

1. A revision of TR 435-55, Coast Artillery Target 4- The following changes affect Regular Army Sea-
Practice, has been made by the Coast Artillery Board coast firings:
under instructions from the Chief of Coast Artillery. a. Records,reports.-The Tabular Analysis, Form No.
Also, the annual Training Memorandum, instructions 23, is required to be submitted with the target practice
for Coast Artillery target practices, has been prepared. reports. Only one copy of the graphical analysis is re-
The latter is supplementary to the former and applies quired instead of the two previously required. An addi-
for the period July 1 to December 31, 1934. The exact tional copy of the Materiel and Powder Report, Form
date of publication of these two documents cannot be No. 25, is required to be prepared and transmitted to the
statedat this time, but it is hoped that they will be in the local Ordnance officer. The following blank forms for
hands of the using troops prior to June 30, 1934. seacoast target practices will be furnished upon application
2. Under the present plan of issuing instructions for submitted direct to the President of the Coast Artillery
Coast Artillery target practice such instructions are di- Board:
videdinto two categories; i. e., those that are more or less Form No. 21 - Timekeeper's Report
23 - Tabular Analysis
permanent in nature and are expected to be applicable for
24 - Graphical Analysis
several successive years, and those subject to frequent 25 - Materiel and Powder Report
d1angesas a result of modifications in method or desired 26 - Work Sheet, Determination of Deviations
wanges in emphasis on features of training. Instructions - Cover Sheet
whichfall in the first-named category are included in TR (All other required forms are to be prepared locally.)
435-55,while those which fall in the latter category are b. Trial fire and adjustment.-No limitation is placed
issuedannually in a training memorandum. Previously on the conduct of trial fire, except that in no case will
d1iswas called the "Annual Letter." more than four observed rounds be utilized, and in the
3a. The purpose of this article is to present advance case of batteries limited to a total of seven rounds for the
informationon changes in target practice instructions that entire practice, not more than three observed rounds will
havebeen made and that will be applicable to firings held be utilized. The method of adjustment is optional. Set-
betweenJuly 1 and December 31, 1934, It is hoped that tling shots are not authorized.
it will be useful to batterv commanders in the conduct of c. Normal ranges:
Normal range, day ,
training which will be c~rried on prior to the issuance of Caliber firing (Yards)1
the two publications above mentioned. It is assumed that 3-inch guns 6,000
6-inch BC and DC 9,000
thereaderis familiar with TR 435-55, dated June 30, 1930, 155 mm 2
12,000
and also with 'IV ar Department Training Memorandum 8-inch Railway
10-inch DC
12,000
12,000
No. I, dated May I, 1933, . 12-inch Mortar (1,046-1b.projectile) 6,000
b. Perhaps the most important changes in instruction 12-inch DC (870-1b.projectile) 12,000
12-inch DC (Except with 870-1b.proj.) 14,000
forthis period are the elimination of classification of prac- 12-inch BC, Model 1917 (870-11>.proj.) 15,000
ticesand the general moderation of restrictions on meth- 12-inch BC, Model 1917 (except with 870-lb. proj.) 17,000
ods of fire. It is the intention to allow to harbor defense 14-inch
14-inch DC
Turrett 14,000
16,000
and regimental commanders great freedom in trying our 14-inch Railway 20,000
specialmethods of fire so that practices may more nearly 1For night firipg, the normal range will be taken as fifty per
approximate actual service conditions. Practices are still cent of the foregoing values, except that no value less than 5,000
WJuiredto be analyzed and all of the usual records kept or 2Sgreater than 8,000 yards shall be used.
uper charge will not be used for 155-mm guns unless range is
ur:Iess,in the opinion of the Coast Artillery district or over 14,000 yards.
?ngade commander, the keeping of such records would d. Number of guns to be fired.-All 3-inch, 6--inch,
~terfere with the conduct of the particular type of prac- 155-mm, and 12-inch mortar practices will be fired with
f1ce prescribed. two guns. All other practices may be fired with one gun
c. Ammunition allowances (July 1 to December 31, only. Mortars will fire in one zone only.
1934) are approximately one-half of the usual amount. e. The score for Regular Army seacoast firings has not
In some cases special authority has been given to convert been changed from that published in TM No. I, 1933,
the money value of ammunition to any desired type of except in the case of the B component, which now is:
atnmunition and allow only a part of the batteries to fire. PE+ DAPE)
B=36( --d--
~re such special authority has not been given, bat-
~ will conduct practices using only one-half of the where PE is the probable error as taken from Table I, TR
b!latalallowance. 435-55; DAPE is the developed armament probable error,
206 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
and "d" is the average deviation of all record shots from 1M Sin TVM
---------? from which
the target. The change is to simplify computations and VT Sin VMT
does not materially affect the value of B. VT sin TVM
TM=-----=D
f.
K factors remain as they were in TM No. I, dated Sin VTM 1

May 1,1933. In the above equation VT is known.

Angle TVM may be found from the equation:
g. A new and separate score sheet is provided for use
TC
in lieu of the form on the reverse side of ..the graphical tan TVM=--
analysis. This form is modified to include space for all VT
elements of the existing score.
Angle VTM = 180 - (TVM +
VTM)
Angle VTM = 180 - Angle VTG
h. Determination of deviations.-The new TR 435-55 In right triangle MNS the value MN is known (lateral
describes a tabular method for determining deviations of .deviation in yards) .
impacts. This method once understood should require less Angle MSN = angle VTG - Angle TVS = Angle VMT
time and be considerably more accurate than the old
MN
NS=----=D2•
graphical method previously used. In addition, the meth- Tan NSM
ods of obtaining results are such that the computations In preparing the tables for making the solution of this
may be checked easily. A special form (No. 26) will be problem certain complementary or supplementary angles
supplied for use as a work sheet. In order that opportunity are used in place of the values indicated above. This is done
for study of this new method may be available, a part of for the purpose of simplification of the tables and of the
paragraph 21 of the new TR 435-55 is quoted below: operations involved."
The Tables V, VI, VII and VIII, referred tQin the above
"21. Determination of deviations. - a. General. - (1) quotation are used in conjunction with Form 26 to make
Theory. Deviations of impacts from the target will be de- the computations. No interpolations in the tables are reo
termined by the taublar method as explained below. Tables quired. Detailed instructions, as to procedure in making
V, VI, VII and VIII, paragraph 29, are furnished to re- the computations, are included on Form 26 as well as in
duce the amount of computations involved. A general the Training Regulation.
explanation of the principles is as follows:
i. Tables.-T able I (Probable Errors), has been ex-
In Figure 1 a type sketch of the problem is indicated.
In this sketch: tended to include data for the 12-inch, 87o-pound pro-
jectile. Also, d1e table of probable errors for mortars
V is the towing vessel
T is the target (T able I) has been modified so that there is now only one
G is the gun value listed for each zone regardless of the elevation. This
S is the splash is considered to be sufficiendy accurate for scoring pur-
TC (perpendicular to VT) is the camera deviation poses. It considerably reduces the work required in com-
in yards (from Form 20).
puting the score of mortar practices. A new table of
Td=MN (perpendicular to GT) is the lateral devia-
probability factors has been included. This table has been
tion in yards (from Form 19).
extended so tpat no interpolation is now required. In facr
all tables are so arranged that no interpolation is nec.
essary. c

j. Safety precautions.-The paragraph on safety pre-

cautions, has been carefully coordinated with TR J4°-~'
Cross references are made so that instructions on an\'
points covered may be found readily. In addition: a af3- e
graph on checking the safety of pointing guns In dIrec-
tion is included. This paragraph is substantially the same
v as paragraph 3, War Department Training Memorandum
No. J, 1933, It has been asserted by some that the method
prescribed may be difficult to carry out but if the opera-
tions of the safety pointing checkers are comFlet~ly .sepa-
rated from the operations of the firing battery, It 15 be-
lieved that with- a litde training the plan will
smoothly and that the safety of the towing tug Will
:"°t
G
materially greater than heretofore.
FIGURE 1
k. Spotting.-The only change in regulations on s~:
The range deviation (D) of the splash from the target ting is that single-station spotting is no longer ~ requu-c:
equals Dl + D2• Dl = TM and D2 = NS. The solution ment for batteries of 155-mm and below. ThiS. c~
for the determination of D is divided into two parts: i.e., was made in TM No. I for 1933. However, SlfiC~.
first the value TM or Dl is determined by solving the
few Regular Army firings were held under th~proV15l0~
oblique triangle VTM; second, the value NS or D 2 is de-
termined by solving the right triangle MNS. of that memorandum, it is thought worth-whIle to aga'n
In triangle VTM: call attention to the change.
1934 CHANGES IN TARGET PRACTICE INSTRUCTIONS 207
)' National Guard Seacoast Pirings.-National Guard b. Firing cannot be resumed because of an unsafe field
practices are to be conducted substantially as required for of fire. In either event, a detailed explanation will be sub-
Regular Army practices except for the differences in the mitted. No materiel change has been made in the
method of scoring and in the reports required to be ren- method of computing the score for any type of antiair-
dered. It may be that National Guard practices will be craft practice.
classifiedin the usual manner. Information on this point 8. A ntiaircraft Guns .-a. Changes in TR 435-55.-
is not now at hand. Score for National Guard firings i,; (I) Each gun battery, primary assignment, will train at
to be as indicated in TM No. I for 1933, except fo; the least one two-station altimeter section and at least one
width of the various zones of the target and for the range stereoscopic height finder section.
component. Target zones are now 3, 6, 9 and 12 di- (2) (a) In order to simplify the problem of de-
rection probable errors wide instead of 2, 4, 6 and 8 as dermining the number of hits as well as that of check-
before. The range component of the score as stated in ing reports, a method of determining deviations by
T.M. No. I is multiplied by 6. This change was made computation replaces the plotting method used here-
in order to make it conform more nearly to the corres- tofore. Incident thereto the shape and dimensions of
ponding component of the Regular Army score. It the hitting volume have been changed. The new hit-
operates to impose a smaller penalty for firing at ranges
lessthan normal.
III-SUBMARINE MINES 6UN TARGET

6. Mines.-For the period under consideration, mine

practiceswill be conducted substantially as indicated in
the old TR 435-280 and T.M. No. I for 1933, Minor
changesfrom those instructions are as follows:
a. Score.- ( I) The firing component is now stated
so that each hit has a value of 100 points divided by the
number of mines required to be fired, instead of di-
vided by two. This change was made necessary be-
cause of the uncertainty as to future ammunition al- NOTE:
ARE IN YAItO&
lowances. All OIM£N$'Om;

(2) The discussion of the submergence component

is changed to make clear that, in scoring, the sub-
mergence of mines is always referred to mean low
water. For example, if a mine, when planted has a
submergence of ten feet and the height of the tide is THE AA GUN HITTING VOLUME
ten feet, the mine will be considered a Roater.
b. Tests of mines.-The electrical tests of loaded mines
in the cable tanks have been discontinued, for the reason FIGURE II
that such tests are considered to be somewhat dangerous.
All other tests are prescribed in T.M. No. I for 1933 ting volume is illustrated in Figure 2. The change was
and the old TR 435-55- made solely for simplification. The over-all cubic vol-
c. The following blank forms for mine practices will ume is approximately the same.
be furnished upon application s!1bmitted direct to the (b) I. The location of the target in space is com-
President of the Coast Artillery Board, Fort Monroe, puted for every five seconds during fire, and the fol-
Virginia: lowing data tabulated:
Form M-I- Summaryof Mine ServicePractice. (a) Horizontal range, slant range, and altitude
M-2 - Planter Record. from battery (0,),
M-3 - CasemateRecord. (b) Horizontal range, slant range, and altitude
M-4 - Loading-RoomRecord. from flank (°2),
M-5 -Plotting-Room Record. (c) GTF angle.
- Cover Sheet. These computations are made from simultaneous
IV-ANTIAIRCRAFT readings of azimuth and angular height from the
7. All batteries.-Heretofore it has been required that two base end stations.
2. It is desired to determine with respect to the
a record target practice be completed on the day it was
begun. Under the new regulations the regimental com- target the deviations of each burst in yards as fol-
.tlJan~eris authorized to postpone the completion of a lows:
ptacnce when: (a) Lateral deviation, measured perpendicular to
the line of position, in the horizontal plane.
It. No sleeve target is available with which to continue
(b) Vertical deviation, measured perpendicular to
tk practice; or when the line of position in the vertical plane.
208 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
MaY-JUne
(c) Range deviation, measured along the Ime of
position.
The vertical and lateral deviations of each burst from
the battery (01), and the lateral deviation from the
flank (02), all in mils, are taken from the camera rec-
ords, or from the visual observation records. The time
of each burst is determined and all bursts which occur o
within two and one-half seconds of any time for which
the position of the target is computed, are grouped and
considered to have been fired with the target in that
one position. The vertical and lateral deviations are ob-
tained by converting the mil deviations to deviations
in yards. The lateral flank deviation (not range devia-
tion) is obtained in like manner. These deviations are
then combined with certain other factors to obtain the
Ox (GUN)
true range deviation along the line of position as ex-
plained below. FIGURE IV

The following quantities are known:

The horizontal range deviation TD.
The vertical deviation TI = KB.
Angular height = angle HTD = angle HBK"
In right triangle TDH, TH = TD sec e.
Table IX contains values of Fa which are natural
secants; hence the product of F 3 and the horizontal range
deviation (TD) gives the distance TH.
In right triangle BKH, HK = KB tan e.
Table X contains values of F 4 which are natural tan-
gents; hence the product of F4 and the vertical deviation
(KB) gives the distance HK.
The slant range deviation TK = TH + HK.
The lateral deviation, the vertical devi"ation,and the
true slant range deviation of the burst have now been
obtained, and a comparison of these deviations with the
corresponding dimension of the hitting volume indicates
immediately whether or not the shot was a hit.
. ~ (t5vNS) b. Provisions of Annual Traininz Memorandum.-
FIGURE III Batteries firing antiaircraft guns as ;n additional assign-
ment are not required to fire a record practice. Each ba~-
Figure 3 represents a horizontal projection of the situ- tery will fire one or more preliminary practices. Anti-
ation at the target. The target is at T, the burst at B. aircraft batteries, primary assignment, are required to fire
The problem is to solve for the horizontal range devi- one or more preliminary practices and one record practice,
ation, TD. night or day. The requirements specified heretofore as to
The following quantities are known: courses, maneuvers, ranges, anl altitudes are waived.
(a) Lateral deviation 1R = DB. The practice may be fired on either three or four courses.
(b) Flank deviation T A. The regimental commander will prescribe the courses to
(c) Gun-Target-Flank angle
be flown. However, each course will vary from each
GTF = angle TCA = angle BCD.
In right triangle other course both in altitude and in angle of approach.
TAC, TC=TA csc TCA=TA csc 01 T02• Battery commanders are allowed to select the methods of
Table IX in 1R 435-55 contains values of F1 which altitude determination and range spotting which they
are natural cosecants; hence the product of F1 and the use.
:flank deviation (TA) gives the distance TC.
In right triangle 9, Antiaircraft Machine Guns.-No materiel ch~gd
BDC, DC = DB cot DCB = DB cot 01 T02• have been made in TR 435-55 for machine gun practices.
Table X in 1R 435-55 contains values of F2 which are The annual training memorandum prescribes changes as
natural tangents; hence the product of F2 and the lateral indicated below.
deviation (DB) gives the distance CD.
The horizontal range deviation TD = TC + CD.
Figure 4 represents the situation at the target projected
onto the vertical plane of position.
a. Each Regular Army antiaircraft machine-gu~ ba~
will conduct one preliminary and one record pra~ce
.50 caliber machine guns. In the record pract1ce ..
:t
The problem is to solve for the slant range deviation platoon will fire on two of the four courses. In a~~tloD,
TK. each of the two platoons will conduct one prehnunaI}'
1934 HISTORY OF GUNNERS' EXAMINATIONS 209

and one record practice with. 30 caliber machine guns. the plane will be signaled to maneuver freely. Thereupon
b. Each Regular Army battery fiting machine guns as he should attempt to escape from the lights, employing
an additional assignment will fire one preliminary and any maneuvers consistent with safety, except that he will
one record practice with ,30 caliber machine guns. continue in the general direction of the objective. On th~
c. The requirements specified heretofore as to courses, two interior courses the pilot will be permitted to attempt
maneuvers, altitudes, and ranges are waived. Each rec- to escape through either Hank of the defended sector. If,
ord practice will consist of four courses. The regimental one these courses, the plane is illuminated until it reaches
commander will prescribe the courses to be flown. Each the boundary of the 9o-degree sector, the battery will be
course will differ in type from the other courses in the judged successful in the illumination, and for the purpose
practIce. of computing the score, the value Rc will be taken as the
d. The guns will be sited in such manner that adjacent horizontal distance from the point of pickup to the bomb
guns are separated by at least twenty yards ... release point. If the target is lost before it reaches the 90-
ro. Antiaircraft Searchlights.-a. The provIsIOns of degree sector boundary, the value Rc will be computed as
TR 435-55 for searchlight batteries follows closely the prescribed heretofore for any lost target. This require-
"Proposed Regulations for Antiaircraft Searchlight Prac- ment has been added to provide greater interest and more
tices." The two special courses prescribed in War De- training during the illuminating period.
partment T.M. No.1 for 1933 have been included, with (3) Special Defensive Factors. (a) Where local ter-
the modification that the low altitude course will be rain conditions prevent the establishment of the normal
Hownat the minimum altitude consistent with safety. 9D-degreesector, the Coast Artillery District Commander
b. Provisions of the Annual Training Memorandum. will prescribe the sector to be defended and the number
(I) Regular Army antiaircraft searchlight batteries, pri- of searchlights to be employed in the record service prac-
mary assignment, will conduct two record practices. tice. The sector and number of searchlights will be so
~ther searchlight batteries will conduct one record prac- prescribed that, as nearly as practicable, a defense problem
nee. comparable in dificulty with that of the normal 9D-degree
(2) Maneuvers. On each side of the four regular sector, will be presented.
coursesof a record practice, when the plane has been (b) Scores for practices conducted in special defensive
pickedup and illuminated for thirty seconds, all lights will sectors will be adjusted by the Chief of Coast Artillery in
uncover except two, and thereafter not more than three accordance with the difficulties of the several defense
lights will illuminate the plane at any time. The pilot of problems presented, as compared to the standard problem.

History of Gunners' Examinations in the 240th

Coast Artillery (TD)
By CAPTAIN S. R. Dows, c.A.c., N.G.
XAMINATIONS-than which there is nothing same manner that we did and have arrived at a solution

E more essential and nothing more discriminatory

-have long been the subject of discussion by
instructors and students. Many schemes have been tried
surprisingly similar to ours. The slight differences are
matters of opinion but we take this opportunity to com-
ment for the benefit of others who may be interested.
in various institutions and each scheme has its followers. Up until 1924 we followed the procedure of giving oral
The bone of contention is always, "This examination is examinations. We have a distinct advantage in that our
not comparable with that one and hence a grade on the Regiment is all under one roof and our armament is all
one cannot be compared with a grade on the other." 155-mm. guns. We do have the Combat Trains and
In my school days the engineering department had a the Headquarters and Service Batteries to contend with,
scheme of saying that a certain percentage of the class and they are no small problem. TR 435-310 was not par-
shouldbe graded "A," a certain percentage "B," etc. The ticularly kind to us in that many subjects covered by the
contention was that all groups of men are equal (just like prescribed examinations are foreign to the work of the
probability in fire adjustment) and that the only prob- batteries being examined.
lem was to separate the grain from the chaff. Thus no We heartily subscribe to everything which was said
~nalty nor premium was placed on the students selec- against oral examinations for National Guard Coast Artil-
non of an instructor. It is a swell plan after the correct lerymen. A true measure of knowledge and ability could
pe~entages have been determined and after the proper only be achieved by the working of a miracle.
adJustrnents have been made for large and small classes In 1924 we instituted the use of "true-false" examina-
and for "wild shots." tions and found them quite superior to the oral type. We
We have read with a great deal of interest the article soon discovered certain apparent weaknesses. It appeared
by Captain Parker and Lieutenant Dunnelly of the 243d that the ambiguous type of question is inherent in "true-
C. A. They have estimated the situation in about the false" sets. After each examination we would tabulate
210 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL Ma.J-June
the questions and indicate the number of times the ques- aminations and the men who take them are quite en-
tions were answered incorrectly. The ones which were thusiastic. We have maintained a very close Regimental
quite universally missed were then scrutinized to deter- supervision in order to establish uniformity of results.
mine whether it was the question itself which was wrong And now we have made a further move which may be of
or whether the question was OK but the instruction had interest since it is a relinquishment of Regimental super-
been weak. Usually we saw a weakness in instruction. vision. The foundation has been laid for worth-while
The true-false question is also quite misleading from instruction and accurate examining and the problem of
the standpoint of instruction since a false statement may c~rrying on has bee? handed to ~e Battalion organiza-
very readily lodge in a man's mind. Where these state- tlons. Experts are stIll to be exammed by the Regimental
~ents referred to safety precautions we hated to make any Board but First and Second Class Gunners are a battalion
mcorrect statements. problem from here on. Examination questions may be
For these and other reasons we have abandoned the true- prepa:-ed by the battalion boards or they may requi;ition
false type in favor of the other type suggested in the questIOns from Headquarters. The purpose of this move
article. We ask questions which can be answered by is to make exami~ations more flex.ib~esince our rC<Juire-
"yes" or "no" or by inserting a word or number in a ments for promotlon to noncommISSIOnedstatus include
blank space. We also have the type of question in which gunner qualification. It frequently happened that non-
certain words are crossed out in order to leave a correct com candidates required special examinations which were
statement. We have resorted to sketches for nomencla- not always available.
ture and also for service of the piece. Our Sergeant Major, After ten years of written examinations we are con-
Master Sergeant Heller, is an artist with the mimeograph vinced that the 243d c.A. is on the right track. In the
machine so the problem is simplified in that regard. past three years we have given no less than a dozen ex-
To minimize the cost of stencils and mimeographing aminations using the newer type of question, the direct
we have so designed our question sets that they may be type, with sketches for nomenclature and service of the
used many times. A Second Class Gunner's examination piece, and find them quite accurate in their results. We
consists of six or seven pages and we have three sets of believe that the valuable part of our plan is that the papers
these pages so that any combination of sets can be put are returned to the men after they have been corrected
together on short notice. We also use such questions as: so that each candidate knows exactly wherein he has failed
"The purpose of the (replenisher) (counter recoil) and so that the discussion of questions will be of valueto
(counterpoise) (recoil cylinder) is to (assist in closing other candidates and the general instruction of the battery.
the breech) (return the gun to firing posicion) (cushion One of our questions says "Check the knots on the
the recoil of the gun)." following list which you are able to tie" (a list of ten
In using that question the examiner first strikes out the knots follows) . The examining officerwaits until this part
subj<;cts not desired and the candidate strikes out the of the examination has been checked and then hands the
answer not desired. The result is a simple statement candidate a rope and lets him "hang himself. " To be sure,
which, if correct, gets full credit. they are not all reached, but the question serves to lighten
The reason we use our system of questions and question the load of examining because there is always a bit of
sets is that w~ return the examination papers to the men fun at someone's expense-and our men have learned how
after they have been graded. We have no secret question to tie knots and what they are used for.
sets to be guarded against pre-examination "boning" be- A bit of imagination, a little work, a good mimeo-
cause all the sets ate out. We do have a shortage of Gun- grapher, and many things are possible with written ~-
ners' Instruction Books (I expect to receive a letter from aminations. The complete examination must accoU:Plish
the JOURNALcalling my attention to their ad-but our several things; determine the knowledge of the candidatr.
credit is not what it should be) and we find that by re- bring to light any weaknesses in the methods or 5CO~.of
turning the papers to the men we prolong their interest instruction, measure in a degree the comparative abilIty
in the subject to a post mortem which is usually quite as of various instructors, and last but not least, the complete
v:aluable as the instruction which preceded the examina- examination will senre in itself as additional instruction.
tIOn. To th.is e?d we are constantly endeavoring to improveour
We are now in our third year with the new type ex- exammattons.

IT ISIDLETODREAM
of an all-robot army. No machine can replace the brains of men,
but machines may be employed to replace muscular power and to extend the striking
power of legs and arms.-MAJOR RAYMOND MARSH,ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.
 The Coast Artillery School Courses For Officers of
the Regular Army, School Year, 1934-1938
By MAJOR K. T. BLOOD, CA.C

EGINNING with the school year 1933-1934, the 3. Electrical Materiel 157 Engineering

B quotas of student officers, Regular Army, to the

special service schools, were reduced by 50 per
cent. This reduced quota does not admit of two full
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Submarine Mines
Motor Transportation
Basic Gunnery
82 Engineering
59 En!. Spec.
44 Artillery
Seacoast Artillery Materiel and Gunnery .. 94 Artillery
Seacoast Artillery Firing 92 Artillery
coursesfor each officer at the special service school of his 9. Antiaircraft Materiel and Gunnery 106 Artillery
arm as previously contemplated. The quota will provide, 10. Antiaircraft Firing 78 Artillery
11. Organization, Tactics and Technique 507 Tactics
however, for the annual attendance at one course of a (a) Combined Arms in Coast Defense
class at least equalling in number the average annual and Seacoast Artillery (106)
(b) Antiaircraft Artillery (960)
officerreplacement in each arm and, in addition thereto, (c) Infantry and Combined Arms
providefor special courses for a limited number of officers. and Combat Orders (1360)
(d) Air Corps (57)
The War Department considers it essential that each of- (e) Logistics (40)
ncer pursue the one full course of instruction conducted ( f) Field Artillery (40)
(g) Chemical Warfare (11)
at the service school of his arm. (h) Cavalry (9)
As a result, the present Advanced and Battery Officers' (i) Combat Intelligence (7)
(j) Signal Corps (4)
Courseswill be merged into one for the school year 1934- 12. General Conferences 34
1935, under the name-"The Regular Course, Coast 13. Equitation 45
Artillery School." Although the school year is increased
TOTAL •••••••••••••••. 1,425
to ten months' duration, from September I, 1934 to June

28, 1935,it is manifestly impossible to include all instruc-

Advanced Technical Course
tion previously given in the Advanced and Battery Of-
ncers'Course in a single course. It is therefore desirable The Advanced Technical Course, open to selected
that some of the basic instruction be completed prior to graduates of the present Battery Officers' Course, will be
attending the Coast Artillery School. It is considered im- held during the School Year 1934-1935. It is the result of
portant that prospective students review such subjects as combining the old Advanced Engineering and Advanced
map reading and sketching, the use of logarithms and Gunnery Courses and will continue throughout the school
trigonometric tables, the solution of triangles and the use year. Its purpose is to train suitably qualified graduates
of fiting tables, before starting the school course. Accord- of the Battery Officers' Course for duty as artillery engi-
ingly a bulletin of information has been prepared by the neers, communications officers with troops, or instructors
Coast Artillery School and forwarded to students who in the Coast Artillery SchooL Its scope is as follows:
have been selected to attend, giving portions of texts
whichshould be reviewed and furnishing examples of the Summary of Course
problems to be solved, with solutions. The bulletin is
ApPro;,;.
furnished with the object of assisting the student. If he No. Subject Hours Department
is unable to take advantage of this information before (a) Mathematics 50 Artillery
comingto the school it will in no way prejudice him. This (b) Duties of the Artillery Engineer:
1. Fortification Power Plants 44 En!. Spec.
procedureis intended to cover the transition period before 2. Harbor Defense Searchlights 12 Engineering
the present troop school system in changed to require 3. Storage Batteries 19 Engineering
4. Orientation 33 Engineering
officersto pursue definite subcourses of the Extension 5. General 32 Engineering
Course as a requisite for eligibility to attend the service (c) Advanced Electricity 147 Engineering
schoolcourse. This basic instruction will then be provided (d) Duties of the Communications Officer:
1. General 7 Engineering
for in the revision of Army Regulations No. 350-2600 2. Telephony 99 Engineering
"Troop Schools for Officers." 3. Radio 132 Engineering
4. Message Centers 7 Engineering
Based on the foregoing considerations the following 5. Signal Communication Problems 25 Engineering
Regular Course has been prepared and approved for the (e) Submarine Mines 33 Engineering
(f) New Developments in Electrical Materiel.. 18 Engineering
school year 1934-1935: (g) Antiaircraft Apparatus 165 Art. & Eng.
(h) Ballistics 22 Artillery
Regular Course (i) SC Artillery Materiel and Gunnery 92 Artillery
(j) Methods of Instruction 284 Art. & Eng.
Xv. Subject HOllr Department (k) Course at Aberdeen Proving Ground 120 Ordnance
1. ),filitary Topography and Field Engineering 16 Engineering
2. Orientation 111 Engineering TOTAL •••••••••••••••• 1,341
 COAST ARTILLERY BOARD NOTES

Any individual, whether or not he is a member of the service, is invited to submit constructive suaaes-
bb
tions relating to problems under study by the Coast Artillery Board, or to present any new problems that
properly may be considered by the Board. Communications should be addressed to the President, Coast
Artillery Board, Fort Monroe, Virginia.

THE COAST ARTILLERY BOARD

CoLONELA. H. SUNDERLAND, CA.C, President
MAJOR IRA A. CRUMP, a.D. CAPTAIN S. L. MCCROSKEY, CA.C
MAJOR A. F. ENGLEHART, CA.C CAPTAIN C S HARRIS, CA.C
MAJOR C E. COTTER, CA.C CAPTAIN E. T. CONWAY, CA.C
CAPTAIN H. C MABBOTT, CA.C 1st LIEUT. WALTER J.
WOLFE, CA.C

SECTION I own vehicle he should feel assured that the towed vehicle
is not going to run up on him. He would be much more
Projects Completed Since the Last Issue
assured of this if he could apply such brakes himself
of the Journal
rather than depend upon the action of a rider or brake-
PROJECT No. 947-0IL CLOTHINGFORUSE By ARMY man on the towed vehicle, who may be asleep, cold,or
MINE PLANTERPERSONNEL.-For a number of years the looking at the scenery. The Board recommended, in
Tables of Basic Allowances have provided for the mem- effect, that steps be taken to install air-brakes on all anti-
bers of the crews of Mine Planters a special form of cloth- aircraft vehicl~s to be towed and that the necessarycon-
ing which, it was presumed, was to be more suitable for nections be put on all such vehicles and on all prime
the duties of such men than was the orthodox uniform movers.
which provided for the wants of the soldier when he was PROJECTNo. 988-LINN HALF-TRACKTRUCK.--As
ashore. About a year ago samples of a special oiled cloth- stated in the last issue of the JOURNAL,the Linn Half-
ing were sent to the Coast Artillery Board for test. The Track Truck, a powerful prime mover with caterpillar
Board carried on a test for some time through the agency type of rear bogie, was tested during the month of March.
of the Commanding Officer of the Mine Planter Scho- The vehicle functioned most satisfactorily, and the Coasr
field, but due to the mild weather conditions at Fort Mon- Artillery Board recommended that one of these vehicles
roe, such test was inconclusive. The clothing was then be provided for an extended test by some organi:z:ation
sent to the Cable Ship Joseph Henry, and the command- manning 155-mm. materiel. However, certain modifica-
ing officer of that vessel really made the report concerning tions were recommended, including the alteration of the
the clothing, which was to the effect that the coat seems engine assembly to permit the fording of deeper ~
very suitable but that there was no particular use for the and to provide a smooth tread with the traction devtce
trousers. Hip boots are provided for the crews of Mine so that asphalt roads or roads that might be softenedby
Planters, and such boots make the use of water-proof warm weather would not be damaged by the p~ of
trousers rather unnecessary. The Commanding Officer of the vehicle. It was also recommended that the vehiclefor
the Joseph Henry recommended and the Coast Artillery service test be provided with a winch, and that the body
Board concurred, that a water-proof hat of the same ma- conform to the design of the conventional B-type of cargo
terial as the clothing, or of rubber, be procured for test. body. It might be stated that the Board did not ~~
The ordinary blue denim hat (just as apt to be brown) is plate that all prime movers be provided with ~.
far from satisfactory in wet weather. but it does hold that a certain percentage of the ~es
PROJECTNo. 986-AIR-BRAKES ON THREE-INCH with an organization should be so equipped, and me 111-
ANTIAIRCRAFT. GUN MOUNTSM2 ANDON INSTRUMENT stallation at the winch on the one to be provided b test
TRAILERMI.-As stated in the last issue of the JOURNAL, was accordingly recommended.
quite extensive tests were made to determine whether or PROJECTNo. 991 -TRAINING MEMORANDUU-IN-
not air-brakes should be used on loads towed by the high- STRUCTIONS FOR COASTARTILLERYTARGETpJl.ACfICES.
speed prime movers. The test showed conclusively that CALENDAR YEAR 1934. -This publication is ~
if advantage is to be taken of the high speed provided by known as the "Annual Letter." This year's !ettet~...-t
such powerful prime movers, brakes on the towed vehicle on the new edition of TR 435-55 which, It was ~.
are a prime necessity. Furthermore, it is quite apparent would be in the hands of troops in time to .cov,er~ ~
that a hand brake cannot be made to meet the require- during the calendar year 1934. A complIcatIOn.IS •
ments. \Vhen the driver of a prime mover brakes his introduced by the fact that National Guard organu:af1Ol1S.
1934 COAST ARTILLERY BOARD NOTES 213

and possibly some others, will be required to start their Radio Set, Type SCR-187 is the only army set possessing
training for target practice before receiving the new TR the desired characteristics. To insure non-interference, it is
435-55- Furthermore, the suspension of practically all necessary to operate this boat with wave lengths outside
regular Army target practices until after July I, 1934, of the broadcast band, hence (until just now) there
and the fact that there is to be only fifty per cent of the loomed the difficulty of obtaining a proper radio-control
annual allowance in the latter half of this year, complicates set. It seemed that the Coast Artillery Board would be re-
the issue of instructions. However, all complications quired to make its own radio instruments; that is, the one
should be removed and all instructions for 1935 practices for the control station, or airplane, and the other, the re-
should be in the hands of troops well before New Year, ceiving installation to be installed in the boat. However,
1935, many of our troubles really never happen, and as this is
PROJECTNo. 995 - MODIFIEDDUMMY PROJECTILE being written, the Chief Signal officer is supplying an-
EXTRACTOR. - The sticking, during drill, of dummy pro- other model of control set that has every promise of being
jectilesin major caliber guns and mortars has been a source most satisfactory.
of irritation to Coast Artillerymen for years. Many modi- PROJECT No. 973-TEST OFLACQUERS ANDVARNISHES
fications have been made on the projectile and several FOR USE AS RUSTPREVENTIVES.-The tests outlined in
extracting devices have been brought forth. Now the the last issue of the JOURNALare being carried on. It will
very elementary solution of putting more men on the not be safe to make final report for some time, but more
extractorhas come forward. The extractor used on sixteen- than one of the lacquers being tested are giving every
inch howitzers, which has a very long stave and cross- promise of being just what battery commanders and Ord-
handles, which provisions allow a number of men to ap- nance officersare looking for in order to lay up armament
ply their combined effort on the projectile, was substituted and feel assured that it is not rusting, while at the same
forthe short-staved extractor provided for the twelve-inch time it is made to present a good appearance.
gun. The longer extractor seemed to work very well, and PROJECTNo. 975-TEXT ONTRACERCONTROL.-The
the Board recommended that a hand extractor of the type Board has been very busy since the last issue of the JOUR-
furnished for sixteen-inch howitzers, but with the stave NAL,and no time has been available for concentration on
shortenedto eighteen feet, be adopted as standard for use the preparation of this text, but, as already stated, the
with ten, twelve, and fourteen-inch seacoast guns, and scarcity of opinions, and the divergent views of those that
that certain minor modifications be considered in con- have been expressed, indicate very clearly the necessity of
nectionwith the hook of the extractor. coordinating antiaircraft machine-gun work. Again it
is hoped that, within a few weeks, the draft of this text
SECTION II can be sent out to selected officers for notation and com-
ment.
Projects Under Consideration
PROJECTNo. 987-LuMINOUS PAINTSFOR GUNS.-
PROJECTNo. 929 - EXPERIMENTAL FIELDCHRONO- Notice has just been received that there will be sent to
GRAPH (JACKSON) .-A chronograph is, at best, an auxili- the Board within a few days, thirty-six grams of radium
~ryinstrument. This particular one is designed as a field luminous paint. The Board intends to apply this to cer-
mstrument and probably could never take the place of tain parts of the breech of a 155 mm. gun and to con-
the more refined instruments in use at the Aberdeen Prov- duct night drills with that gun. If no ammunition can be
ing Ground. It can therefore hardly be classed a neces- made available for night firing, it has been proposed that
sity, and it is to be presumed that the Chief of Ordnance flashes can be simulated by the use of high-power photo-
has given his test of this instrument at the Proving graphic flashlight apparatus.
Ground a rather low priority. At any rate, the instrument PROJECTNo. 98g--AzIMUTH ANDELEVATION CHECK-
has not yet been sent to Fort Monroe for test, but such INGDEVICEFOR 155-MM.GUNs.-(March-April issue of
test may have been delayed by bad weather, as stated in the JOURNAL).The Commandant of the Coast Artillery
the last issue of the JOURNAL. School contemplates firing 155-mm guns in a practice at
PROJECTNo. 953-RADIO-CONTROI.LED,HIGH-SPEED Fort Story, Virginia, for the student personnel of the
TARGET.-.As already published, funds have been made School during May and June of this year. It is hoped that
availablefor the purchase of a motorboat and for the in- this firing will afford the Board an opportunity to test
stallation of radio-control on such boat. It is reported that this checking device, a pilot model of which has been
supply departments concerned are making progress in the made.
procurement of materiel. However, this project presents PROJECTNo. 9go-TEST OF DULUX, NON-aXITE,
a fairly good example of the interdependence of unrelated ANDOTHER PAINTS.-This, really, is a continuance of
events: the President has cancelled all airmail contracts; Project No. 608, Dueo Surfacing for Guns. In the old
the.Army Air Corps took over the duty of carrying air- project Dulux paint seemed to offer some promise as an
maIl; and to assist in this work, the Chief Signal Officer extepor coating for seacoast guns, but for various reasons
of.the Army made available to the Air Crops all of a cer- the test was not considered conclusive. A new project has
tam kind of radio set, namely, Radio Set SCR-187' The been taken up which contemplates a comparative test,
214 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL .May-June
to extend over a long period of time, involving Dulux, for Coast Artillery purposes was one that had been pre-
Non-Oxite, standard OD, and standard OD with varnish viously tested by the Board and slightly modified. How-
applied as final coat. Due to the rush of work in the ever, definite decision as to model of lamp has been with.
Harbor Defense, and to the bad weather, these paints held because it is understood that the Chief Signal Officer
have not yet been applied. Much time appears to have is to submit a questionnaire concerning requirements and
been lost, but it is desired to apply these paints under the limitations of signal lamps for Coast Artillery. The
most favorable outdoor conditions. matter of signal lamps becomes a little more important
PROJECTNo. 998--RANGE DISPERSION,SEACOASTjust now because it is understood that the use of the
GUNs.-No definite information has come to the Coast Very pisto~ to display ~i~erent-colored lights from ships
Artillery Board recently that anyone is giving much and boats IS to be prohIbIted, except as a general signal
thought to the reduction of the dispersion of the Coast of distress. In the past, in maneuvers and night target
Artillery heavy cannon. Fragmentary reports on the al- practices, considerable use has been made of the Very
teration of projectiles, the re-forming of powder charges, pistol. If such is to be prohibited it would be necessary
and other modifications, indicate that a certain amount of to put increased dependence on the signal lamp.
work is being carried on along this line. Yet, the fact FOGCAMERA.-The Board was directed by the Chief
remains that many of our most important guns have a of Coast Artillery to make comments on certain news-
very large probable error, while, on the other hand, re- paper articles concerning a camera that is alleged to photo-
ports, as yet unsubstantiated, come to the Board that graph fog-obscured objects at ranges in excess of nonnal
other cannon existing today shoot with a much closer visibility. From information available, it did not appear
pattern than do many of our guns. It is hoped that the to the Board that development along this line should be
Board can find time within the next few months to as- taken up especially for the Coast Artillery at this rime.
semble sufficient informarion on this important subject It was thought that perhaps shipping interests, or others
to make specific recommendations. more immediarely concerned, might push such devdop-
ment; and should they be successful to a worth-while
SECTION III degree, the Coast Artillery might then find it advisable
Miscellaneous to standardize some such instrument.
The following subjects, not taken up as projects, but VISITSOF INSTRUCTION ANDINSPECTION.-During the
upon which the Coast Artillery Board has acted since the month of March, Captain H. C. Mabbott, and First
last publication of the JOURNAL,have been selected from Lieutenant Walter J. Wolfe, Coast Artillery Corps,
the files of the Coast Artillery Board because of their gen- visited the Signal Corps Laboratories at Fort Monmouth,
eral interest. New Jersey, and certain other installations in New
TrME-INTERVAL ApPARATus.-During the past two York and vicinity. Captain Mabbott's report, on his
years Signal Corps personnel have been developing a rerum, included comments on the sound-power ttle-
time-interval apparatus suitable for both fixed and mobile phone, micro ray equipment (for auxiliary signaling),
use which provides a greater variation in time-intervals telephone headsets and handsets, time-interval equipment,
than is possible with the previous motor-driven models. radio equipment, reel units for mobile artillery, radio di-
This apparatus now appears to be satisfactory and suf- rection finders, and airplane locators. This report. was
ficiently rugged for field use. There has also been re- forwarded to the Chief of Coast Artillery, with pert1l'ldl
t

ceived for use in connection with the time-interval appa- remarks on each subject.
ratus, a tone source which provides power for a loud Captains S. L. McCroskey and C. S. Harris: Coast
signal for firing and for plotting-car use, and a weak Artillery Corps, visited Washington, D. C. dunng the
signal for observers' lines. In addition, "howlers," for first week of April to confer with the Chief of Coast
the guns have been furnished for test. The complete Artillery and representatives of the Chief of Ord~
apparatus will be tested in connection with the Coast concerning antiaircraft directors and data transrwssaon
Artillery School firings at Fort Story, Va. systems.
SIGNALLAMP.-Captain W. C. Ellis, Signal Corps, SLIDERULEFORFIREADJUSTMENT BOARD,MI.-lk
and Mr. J. W. Goodin, of the Fort Monmouth Labora- slide rule referred to in the last lines of page 122, ~
tories, recently demonstrated to the Board several signal Artillery Field Manual, Volume I, has been m.ad.e 'J..
lamps. These gentlemen had just come from visits to the Coast Artillery Board. This slide rule consls~ ~
the other service boards. As might be expected, the best concentric discs of heavy photographic paper, Wlth~
lamp is the largest and heaviest. These considerations of scale, and directions photographed thereon .. ~~
weight and size preclude the use of the heavier lamp by rules can be sent through the mails readily, ~,~
some of the other services. Of those displayed, the lamp Coast Artillery Board is prepared to issue one or ~ 10
considered by the Coast Artillery Board as most suitable anyone making requisition.
 COAST ARTILLERY ACTIVITIES

Office of Chief of Coast Artillery

Chief of Coast Artillery
MAJOR GENERALWILLIAMF. RASE
Executive
LIEUT. COL. G. A. WILDRICK

Personnel Section Organization and Training Section

MAJOR R. T. PENDLETON LIEUT. COL. E. E. BENNETT
MAJORF. P. HARDAWAY
Materiel and Finance Section Plans and Projects Section
MAJOR R. E. HAINES MAJOR G. R. MEYER
MAJOR O. L. SPILLER MAJOR R. V. CRAMER

Fort Monroe News Letter

BRIGADIER
GENERALJOS.P. TRACY,U. S. ARMY
Commanding.
COLONELH. E. CLOKE, 2d CA., COLONELGEO. L. WERTENBAKER,52d CA.,
Commanding Harbor Defenses of the Chesapeake Bay. Commanding 1st Battalion, 51st CA.
LIEUTENANTCOLONELROBERTP. GLASSBURN,51st CA., MAJOR NELSON DINGLEYIII, 52d Coast Artillery,
Commanding 3d Battalion, 52d CA. Commanding 1st Battalion, 2d Coast Artillery.
By Major Joshua D. Powers, 51st CA.

T
HE formal opening of the new Noncommissioned Work on the Officers' Beach Club continues, under the
Staff Officers' Club was celebrated with a banquet supervision of Lieutettant Kleinman, and it is hoped that
and dance on April 21st. The old Noncommis- the dub will be ready for the graduation dance of the
sioned Club, known as the "Old Point Club," was com- Coast Artillery School. Due to the new sea wall, the
pletely demolished in the hurricane of August, 1933, building had to be raised, and a sizable hill has been
Plans were started for a new dub and quite an argument filled in around it. The new concrete open-air swimming
developed in regard to its location. A site on the water- pool should be finished about May 15th. The outdoor
front near the east gate, opposite the Artillery Engineer dance floor cannot be built until after the section of the
office, was finally selected. This site has the advantage of sea wall in front of the dub has been completed; in the
accessibility, a beautiful view over the entrance to Hamp- meantime dances will be held inside. A number of win-
ton Roads, and a beach that can be developed. for swim- dows have been cut in the walls of the main room, so that
tn~ng as soon as the new sewage disposal plant is in oper- the heat and stuffiness, which made indoor dancing in
atIOn. the old dub unpleasant, will be avoided. The refreshment
As soon as funds were secured to repair the storm dam- bar now opens onto one end of the porch, making it much
age, work on the new dub was started under the direc- more accessible to dancers and bathers.
tion of Major Nelson Dingley 3d, and Master Sergeant Another completed project is the new bandstand on the
1. A. Lemaster, the president of the dub. Under their waterfront, replacing the old one that dated back to the
very able direction, the work was pushed through to a Hotel Hygeia days. The new stand, of reinforced concrete
rapid completion. The building is of the one-story bunga- and ornamental iron, is octagonal in shape, well propor-
l~w type, built around a large central dance hall. On one tioned, and of a very pleasing design. When the surround-
SIdeof this main room is a bar, a refreshment room, and ing lawn comes to life, and the new shrubs are in bloom;
dressing rooms. On the other side is a kitchen and a the waterfront plaza will be one of the real show places
dining room, which may be used for carCl games. A large of the peninsula.
screened porch extends across the entire front. Parking The ten new brick double sets of N CO quarters are
areas, with lawns and shrubbery are to be provided later, coming along fast, and many longing glances are being
also dressing rooms and tennis courts. cast at them by the officers living i.n the old bachelor build-
216 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
ings. These quarters really have advantages over the four- at the Army War College. Fort Monroe was lucky in
family officers' apartments, as each one has the living being well represented in the next Leavenworth class; in-
rooms downstairs and the bedrooms upstairs. When they cluded in this are Major Dingley, Captain Mabbott, Lieu-
are completed late this summer, the last of the war-time tenants Hewitt, Harriman, and Flory of the Coast Artil-
converted barracks on the "Fill" can be torn down, and lery, and Captain Hodges of the Air Corps. Unfortu_
all of the noncommissioned officers of the first three nately, some advance rumors had come down from Wash-
grades will be adequately housed. ington, and it was an awful drop for those who had been
On April 26th commemorative exercises were held at thinking in terms of divisions to d~op back to drilling
Fort Story by the Tidewater Section of the Society for platoons. The school orders are commg through for thiS
the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities. The War De- year's class, and it looks as if Lieutenant Forest French
partment has granted this Society permission to erect a will be the only lieutenant to remain at Fort Monroe.
cross on a section of the Fort Story Reservation to com- Even a number of the Harbor Defense officers are being
memorate the first landing by the English in Virginia in sent away: Lieutenant Klienman to the University of
1607' Some of the more literal-minded members of the Pittsburgh, Lieutenant Goodall to H. G. Wright, Lieu-
garrison doubt that any sailor would anchor a sailing ship tenant Kreuger to Key West Barracks, Lieutenant Jaccard
off the Cape Henry sand dunes and send ashore landing to 14th Coast Artillery, Fort Worden, Washington;
parties, when protected water areas could be found only Lieutenant Thrams to 13th Coast Artillery, Fort Bar-
a few miles away, but the Society insists that the first rancas, Florida, and Lieutenant Fuller to the Brooklyn
landing took place at this point. Army Base as ADC to General Gulick.
A CCC reconditioning camp was started at Fort Mon- Lieutenant Wheatley of the 1932 West Point Class is
roe on April 4th. Twenty-six hundred CCC replacements asking for a transfer to the Cavalry--cannot understand
were processed and sent out to the camps in the field. why anyone should want to attend "stables" every day
Colonel Wertenbaker was camp commander; his staff for the next fourteen years, but maybe he prefers it to
consisted of Captain Van Buskirk, Executive; Lieutenant the ten-ton tractors. Lieutenant McGraw has left for the
Engelhart, Adjutant (just back from three months at the Signal Corps and Fort Monmouth, taking his motorboat
Sperry Gyroscope plant studying searchlights and AA with him on a trailer behind his car, and Lieutenant
Directors at his own expense) ; Lieutenant Wilson, Mess T richel is being detailed to the Ordnance Department.
Officer, and Lieutenant Featherston, Supply Officer. A We hear that the Marine Corps authorities desire to
new system of processing was developed, by which the send twenty-two Marine officers to the next year's class
selectee stepped into a large room, took off all of his at the Coast Artillery School. The four who attended this
clothes, put his money and watch in an envelope, then year's class must have sent in glowing accounts, in spite
went to the medicos for physical examination, vaccination of the equitation. The Marines are organizing two "Base
and innoculation. After this he gave the data to complete Defense Regiments" directly under the command of the
his record card, was sworn in and enrolled (thus becoming C-in-C, U. S. Fleet; these regiments are to be armed
an "enrollee"), was issued his clothing and individual with the new 6-inch mobile guns and with antiaircraft
equipment, and then received his civilian clothes which machine guns, hence the sudden interest by the soldiers
had been deloused (pardon me, "disinfected," as Colonel of the sea in the Coast Artillery School. If the advance
Wertenbaker said) , and was all ready to go out to a CCC reports on this mobile 6--inch gun are correct, we might
camp in the field if necessary. turn some of our GPF's in on them. It is supposed to be
The system was very efficient-it should have possibili- the same type of gun now installed on the light cruisers
ties where any large number of new men have to be pro- (except shorter), fires armor-piercing projectiles, has a
cessed. So far there has only been one complaint---one range of about 27,000 yards, and all-around fire. It has
man was turned down by the surgeon and before it could three outriggers, something like those on the spider-
be stopped his clothes were in the disinfector. He waited mount antiaircraft guns. The weight is slightly more than
around draped in a towel for some time, and when he that of the GPF. The Marines say that they will have ~ne
got his clothes back, the trousers had shrunk, and the coat of these guns at Monroe next October when two Ma~ne
looked like it had been made for his little brother. He Batteries come down from Quantico for target practIce.
protested, but Lieutenant Fritz convinced him that it As a result of the weddings at Fort Monroe, the ba<;he-
was a much better fit, and gave him transportation to his lor building is practically deserted, and this at a time
home. Two days later a red-hot letter came from his when six new two-room apartments are being built. ~e
mother, saying that the suit was only two months old, sup-- Harbor Defense officers now buy wedding presents III
posed to be all-wool, and had cost him $45.00. We wonder dozen lots, and the excitement has even spread to the
why a man who can afford $45.00 suits should be in the nurses in the station hospital. Lieutenant Elizabeth Black
CCC anyway. Except for the 1933 West Point graduates, has just annouPlced her marriage to Lieutenant Roy D.
no one here can remember when he had $45.00 to spend Butler of the Air Corps, and we hear rumors that her
on a civilian suit. chum is to be married to a Coast Artillery Lieutenant of
Our congratulations to Major Metzger and Major the 1934 Class. If this marrying continues, Hampton ma~
Hocker who haye been ordered to attend the next class displace San Antonio as the" mother-in-law of the Army.'
 Hawaiian Separate Coast Artillery Brigade
News Letter
BRIGADIER GENERAL R. S. ABERNETHY, Commanding
CHIEF OF STAFF, LIEUT. COL. F. Q. C GARDNER, CA.C

5-1, LIEUT. COL. W. V. CARTER, A.G.D. S-3, LIEUT. COL. A. G. CAMPBELL, CA.C
S-2, CAPTAIN \X'ILLIAM F. LA FRENZ, CA.C S-4, MAJOR FREDERICK A. MOUNTFORD, CA.C

By Liellt. /. R. Lovell, C.A .C.

H
ELLO Everybody! Things seem to be coming
back to the "good old days," with target practice
preparations being made, and 10 per cent of our
pay being restored. Both were badly needed.
The Third Battalion, 27th Infantry, recently conducted
~l tactical problem to test the effectiveness of small-arms
lire from small boats against land targets. All officers in
the Department, not actually on duty, attended.
Two small tugs were used as small boats which ap-
proached the shore, firing against a machine gun em-
placement and a 75-mm. emplacement. Silhouettes were
used for members of the ctew.
It was an ideal day, with perfect lighting and a very
smooth sea. During the night-firing, searchlights and
airplane flares were used for illumination. Rifles, auto-
matic rifles, machine guns, and one-pounders were used
during the demonstration. Following is a table indicating
the results:
Hits on Hits on
Day Run ".eapon Rounds fired :\Iateriel Personnel

I 10 Rifles ........................ 280 I 0

2 10 Automatic Rifles .... 756 3 2
3 4 Machine Guns 1,110 3 2
4 2 37-111111Guns ............ 34 0 0
Hits on Hits on
Xight Run Weapon Rounds fired :\Iatel'iel Personnel

I. Searchlight 5 Rifles .................. 180 0 0

2. Dark 5 Rifles .................. 165 0 0
3. Searchlight 5 Auto Rifles ........ 480 2 0
4. Dark 5 Auto Rifles 600 I I
5. Searchlight 2 Machine Guns .... 850 2 0
6. Dark 2 Machine Guns .... 542 I 0
7. Flares 137-111111Guns 16 0 0
8. Flares I 37-mm Guns ...... 19 0 0

Govemor Poindexter receiving the honors at Fort De RlISsy

The Gove1'llorinspecting the Guard of Honor commanded by

Captain Rodney C. fanes
Officers and cadets of the German Training Cmiser "Karls-
I'1Ihe"receiving a ret/iew of the 64th C. A. at Fort Shatter

Colonels Peace and Cooper impecting troops of the Harbor

Defenses of HOJ/olflill

o!ficers obsert1ing fire of troops in small boats agaimt land

. targets
General Abernethy receives review of the 64th C.A. Pront
row, left to right: Colonel Willis G. Peace and General Aber-
nethy. Real' row: Major L. C. Mitchell, Lieutenant Colonel
IF. If/. Hicks, Captain f. G. Devine, Captain f. R. Tow/1Send,
Chaplain P. f. Ryan, Liefltenant L. R. BlIlIene, Lieutenant
Colonel A. G. Campbell
218 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL MaY-lu1ll!
A few important facts were developed during the Corps, and Infantry T auks. The 18th Wing of the Air
demonstration, which might be of interest to all officers Corps, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Jerry Brant,
of our Corps. The visibility of the targets on the shore at furnished a fitting climax when their squadrons flew by
night in the searchlight beams and in the light of the the reviewing stand in formation. All branches of aviatiOll
airplane flares was better than during the daytime. The were included. The entire affair was very well handled
best method of obtaining the initial range is by observa- throughout.
non of fire, and by use of tracers. It was necessary to build ARMY DAY

up rests and mounts on the boats for all weapons. In spite Army Day in Hawaii was celebrated with considerable
of the smooth sea, the rolling and pitching of the boats pomp and ceremony. Through the courtesy of the Hono-
was the greatest hindrance encountered in obtaining the lulu Chamber of Commerce practically everyone in the
initial range, and in firing effectively. Army was entertained during the day. The members of
It is believed that our beach emplacements would be the Honolulu Chamber of Commerce, with fifty or more
comparatively safe from the fire of detachments in small officers as their guests, entertained at a luncheon at the
boats approaching the shore in an artempt to land. Such Royal Hawaiian Hotel. Mr. Harold Dillingham, Presi-
boats are excellent targets, and it appears that they would dent of the Chamber of Commerce, said some very nice
be very much at a disadvantage in any exchange of fire. things about the Army, and Major General Bry;nt H.
It does not appear that their fire will reduce the effective-
Wells delivered an excellent address reminding the citizens
ness of the fire of shore installations to any great extent of their duties and responsibilities with reference to na-
tional defense.
ATHLETICS
Entertainments for the enlisted men were conducted
For the past two months the personnel of the Honolulu at the Civic Auditorium in Honolulu, and in the immense
Sector have been very active in athletics. boxing bowl at Schofield Barracks.
The interpost track season has just been concluded. This The Army prepared an exhibit in the Palace Grounds
season has easily been the best in the history of the com- in Honolulu which many civilians visited. Much favor-
petition. New records were established in practically all able comment was heard.
events, and a splendid lot of new material has been de- A dance and reception was held at the Royal Hawaiian
veloped. Large crowds of people have witnessed the six Hotel during the afternoon. It was attended by hundreds
interpost dual meets held this year, and enthusiasm and of officers and their ladies, and many prominent civilians
rivalry have been keen. in Honolulu. The 1934 Army Day was one of the most
The Fort Shafter track and field team, coached by Lieu- successful that has ever been celebrated in Hawaii.
tenant Sanford J. Goodman, won the championship of
EX-CALIBER FIRING
the Honolulu Sector. Following is the final standing of
the teams: Coast Artillery troops are very fortunate this year in
Fort Shafter 258;.4 their ex-caliber firing. A large quantity of 75-mm. gas
Fort Kamehameha 255 5/6 shell has become surplus and the Department Com-
Luke Field 175 mander has made it available for target practice. This is
H.D. of Honolulu 144 II/!2 a fine break for the Brigade, because it makes our ex-
caliber practices much more realistic. The obvious ad-
The Honolulu Sector swimming team recently attracted
vantages are that we are able to fire at greater ranges, the
wide attention by winning the indoor swimming cham-
spotting section is able to get excellent practice. Natur-
pionship against a very strong field which included the
ally, every one in the vicinity of the guns wears gas masks,
University of Hawaii. Our swimming teams have won
and no difficulty has been experienced, as yet, in firing
all tournaments held in Hawaii during the past year, and
this ammunition. Each battery has an allowance of 250
in addition, the team coached by Captain Rodney C.
rounds.
Jones and First Sergeant Everett C. Corn, of the Harbor
Defenses of Honolulu, won the National Y. M. C. A. REGIMENTAL REVIEW
Swimming Trophy, which is competed for by service The Harbor Defenses of Honolulu, commanded by
teams from all over the United States and its possessions. Colonel Harry L. Steele, recently honored Colonels W~llis
G. Peace and Avery J. Cooper, the new command~ng
DIVISION REVIEW
officersat Fort Shafter and Fort Kamehameha, respective-
Major General Albert J. Bowley, until recently in com- ly, with a review. It was a beautiful ceremony, conducted
mand of the Hawaiian Division, was honored by a review under the very shade of the old volcanic crater, "Diamond
of his command, which is the largest in the United States Head," one of the landmarks of Hawaii. Tea was served
Army. The ceremony was witnessed by ten thousand on the paraje ground immediately following the cere-
spectators. - mony, and the social hour was enjoyed by all.
Approximately twelve thousand soldiers passed in re-
view, including the 21st and 22nd Infantry Brigades, the TARGET PRACTICE

11th Field Artillery Brigade, and Division troops includ- While still engaged in the more pleasant activities o!
ing Engineers, Chemical Warfare, Ordnance, Signal track a1.1dinterbattery baseball games, the Brigade is
1934 HAWAIIAN SEPARATE COAST ARTILLERY BRIGADE NEWS LETTER 219

buckling down to the more serious affairs of target prac- peeting a request of this nature, and were not prepared
ciceunder the reduced allowances for this year. to execute such a command; their performance under
To Fort Kameharneha and Battery B, 15th Coast Artil- these circumstances was quite remarkable.
lery (HD) was given the honor of firing the first .pra:- 'f 'f 'f

ciceof the season on March 30, and what a practlCe It Captain Arnold D. Amoroso surprised his many friends
wrned out to be. It looks as if Captain V. P. Foster and by joining the "benedicts" just before the transport left
his men have hung up a record for the I2-inch barbette Hawaii, on AprilS. The bride is the sister of Lieutenant
guns by attaining a score of 237. Logan O. Shutt, of Fort Kamehameha. Congratulations,
This battery obtained nine hits, two "broadside" and Captain, and best wishes to you, Mrs. Amoroso.
seven "bow-on," out of nine record shots at a range of ., ., .,
about 17,000 yards. This record was made possible prima- The German cruiser Karlsruhe visited Hawaii for three
rilybv Battery B's excellent sporting section, which spot- weeks during February and March. There were approxi-
ted tl~esplashes within an average of nine yards of actual mately 300 cadets aboard, and they apparently enjoyed
point of impact. Major Ira B..Hill's 41st Coast Artillery their stay in Hawaiian waters very much. There were
Battalionof 12-inch railway mortars, consisting of Battery many social functions held in their honor, including a
A, 41st CA., Captain Edmund Stillman commanding, Regimental Review by the 64th at Fort Shafter.
and Battery B, 41st CA., Captain Frederick H. Koerbel, ., ., .,
went out on April 13th to better that record. Friday, the At the suggestion of Colonel Willis G. Peace, the
thitteenth, meant nothing to them, and while the results Brigade Headquarters had just composed a letter of in-
of these practices have not been turned into this office, formation to be sent to all officers assigned to the Ha-
from appearances, Friday, April 13th, was a lucky day waiian Separate Coast Artillery Brigade. This information
for the 41st Coast Artillery. will supplement that sent out by the Hawaiian Depart-
ment, and it applies more particularly to customs and
OVERSANDSHORTS regulations in the Brigade and Honolulu Sector.
Dr. James Rowland Angell, the President of Yale Uni- ., ., .,
versiry, passed through Honolulu recently. He was the President Roosevelt is planning to visit Hawaii some
guest of the Army for one day, and General Wells and time during the month of June. The Army personnel is
GeneralAbernethy conducted him on an inspection tour looking forward with a great deal of anticipation to this
of the activities of the various posts in the Brigade. event. Weare very glad to have this opportunity to honor
Dr. Angell and the party unexpectedly appeared at the our Commander-in-Chief. It is expected that a review of
firing position for the 75-mm. ex-caliber guns. After the all troops will be conducted in his honor. This Brigade
necessary explanations were made, General Abernethy hopes to have all mobile artillery pass in review, with our
asked Lieutenant John F. Cassidy, the executive officer, Harbor Defense Artillerymen marching as Infantry.
if he would fire a few rounds at a drifting target at 5,000 ., ., .,
yards range for demonstration purposes. Cassidy natur- This writer has noted the wisecrack about press agent
ally replied, "Yes Sir," and informed the Battery Com- stuff made by the Panama correspondent, several issues
mander, Captain James A. Ryan. The Battery Com- back. This news letter is being written at the request of
mander ordered a ranging salvo before the inspecting the COASTARTILLERY JOURNALin an effort to make our
patty had a chance to focus their glasses on the target. branch publication our family magazine, so we will take
By the time the distinguished visitors had their glasses more interest in it, and incidentally to bolster up the sub-
focusedon the target, Cassi4y had given the command to scription list. We were requested to write this news letter,
fire another ranging salvo, this landed almost directly on and when the subscription list is large enough, perhaps the
the target. General Abernethy remarked, "That will be JOURNALwill be able to make some remuneration, then
all, Mr. Cassidy. Thank you very much." And our dis- the Hawaiian Coast Artillery Brigade news hounds will
tinguished visitors walked off very much satisfied with show the Panama correspondent some real press-agent
the demonstration. Our friend Cassidy came in for con- stuff. Incidentally, the Panama Canal Department news
siderablehorseshoe razzing later in the day. letter is fine, and makes very interesting reading. We
Captain Edward W. Timberlake met the party at Fort take this opportunity to compliment Major Joshua D.
Shafter and eXplained the functioning of antiaircraft Powers on his Fort' Monroe News Letter.
materiel. Dr. Angell seemed very much impressed with ., ., .,
the equipment. One of the questions he asked was, "How A new theater has been constructed at Fort Ruger. This
!ong will it take to put these three-inch antiaircraft guns accomplishment has been the result of several years of
III travelling position?" Upon being told that it would careful economy and planning on the part of the com-
require about six minutes, General Wells remarked, manding officer,Colonel Harry L Steele. The new struc-
"Let's see you do it," and much to the surprise of every- ture is very attractive, and is marked by its simplicity of
one Captain Timberlake and his gun crew from Battery design. The sound reproduction is excellent, the theater
G, 64th C A., had the guns ready to move in a little less being designed so that its interior will have the proper
than nine minutes. Of course, the personnel were not ex- acoustics for talkies.
220 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL MaY-Junel
Fort MacArthur Notes Barber of the 479th Pursuit Squadron, Air Reserve
By Lieut. Lee A. Denson, C.A .C. thrilled the crowds with a bang-up exhibition of ground:
HE fourth anniversary of Army Day in the Ninth strafing and hedge-hopping :macks on their very heads.
T Corps Are:l and the seventeenth anniversary of the
entr:lnce of the United States into the World \V:lr were
High overhe:ld, Lieutenant John L. Magden, also of the
479th Pursuit Squadron, Air Reserve, represented with
signalized :It Fort MacArthur this ye:lr by a comprehen- his plane :I Right of bombers. Anti:lircraft machine (runs
sive dispby of armament and an interesting progr:lm of :lnd guns of the 63rd Coast Artillery met the att:l~k in
exhibition drills. Virtually :Ill armament of the 63rd realistic fashion. At the conclusion of the attack, the two
CO:lst Artillery and the Harbor Defenses of Los Angeles pilots thrilled the crowds with a daring aerial circus.
were dispbyed to an interested public. Following the mimic battle, the 63rd Coast Arrillerv
On the Lower Reservation, the barracks of the 63rd band, under the direction of Band Leader Robert Rest~.
Coast Artillery and the Quartermaster Bakery were thrown entertained with :In hour's concert.
open to inspection. The 14-inch' railway guns, manned The :lfternoon program was concluded with a colorful
by a maneuvering crew of rhe 3rd Coast Artillery, were parade by the 63rd Coast Artillery under command of
put through their paces. Lt. Co!. Homer R. Oldfield.
The huge Fort }.ifacArthur District CCC supply ware- The evening program from TOO to 9:00 p.m. was
house, from which more th:ln 7,000 men in the 36 camps marked by a special searchlight display by ten 6o-inch
of the District are supplied, was a unique feature. antiaircraft and harbor defense searchlights. The weather
The principal portion of the program was held on the was favorable, and the intricate and beautiful sky pattern,
Upper Reservation. Batteries Barlow :lnd Saxton, 12-inch executed by these lights were visible for many miles.
seacoast mortar batteries, and Batteries Merriam and }.irore than forty uniformed boy scouts from Wilmin<1'
Leary, 14-inch disappearing seacoast riRes, drew their full tO~1,California, ably assisted ~ili~ary ?olice, under Ca~
share of attention. The entire antiaircraft armament of tall1 J. E. Adal'nson, Q.M.C., Il1 directing and controlling
the 63rd Coast Artillery, .fully manned, was on display traffic. They were guests of the 63rd for supper.
and proved the center of Il1terest. It is conservatively estimated that more than 8,000 per-
The feature of the afternoon program was the mimic sons from Southern California visited Fort MJcArthur
aircraft versus antiaircraft battle. Due to the Rying of the for the program. It is safe to say from the intense interesr
airmail, regubr army planes could not take part, but the displayed that they went away with an awakcned interesr
gap was ably filled by reserve planes from the Long Beach in, and a much clearcr conception of, thc functions and
Army Airport. An "0-19'" Rown by Captain Frank H. training of their Coast Artillery today.

Scenes from/he Army Day Demoilstratioll at Fort MacArthur

 Panama Canal Department News Letter
Department ArtiPery Officer
COLONEL PERCY M. KESSLER, C.A.C.
Fort Amador Fort Sherman
COLONEL RUSSELL P. REEDER, COLONEL CLARENCE G. BUNKER,
4th CA. (AA) 1st CA.
Fort &ndolph
COLONEL RICHARD 1. McKENNEY,
1st CA.

this
F letter gets into the Editor's office in time to be The Fourth Coast Artillery held the right of the line,

I included in the proper issue of the COASTARTILLERY and as such, started the old bean to work. Naturally,
JOURNAL, I shall be very much surprised. The reason the first thing that occurred to us, was to start a flanking
forthe delay (and I think it's a perfectly reasonable alibi) movement around the enemy (managed by the brass
may be gleaned from the following newspaper headlines: hats. ) The enemy had not planned on such an unusual
"Reds suffer defeat at hands of sector troops on Air displ~y of initiative and a few energetic sergeants ac-
Field," "Sector Troops still engaged at Clayton," "Red- companied by a few energetic privates nearly spoiled the
Blue conflict ends Sector warfare," "All troops of the beautiful plans of the enemy defending forces, who were
Isthmus Defend the Atlantic entrance," "Second Field without flank protection. The umpires seemed to have
Artillery starts march from Ocean to Ocean," "Army an unlimited supply of signal flags (each flag representing
Maneuvers end with review for Governor Schley." a company of infantry or ~ machine gun platoon) which
Let's see, when did this thing begin? It seems that we they produced apparently from their sleeves or from in-
have been on maneuvers ever since I can remember. side their manly chests. The mere display of these signal
About March 5th the troops of the Pacific Sector were flags was the protection of the enemy against the flank
concentrated at Albrook Field and from then on, for and rear raids of the energetic section leaders-so goes
about ten or twelve days we didn't know where we the war of a peace time maneuver!
would be during the next hour. Our previous training Another interesting phase was the actual construction
as doughboys put us in good form and during the daily of a destructive position, including trenches, machine-gun
"critiques" it appeared to the casual observer that the nests and wire-there were no "theoretical" construc-
CoastArtillery faired better than average from the perti- tions. After this defensive sector was constructed, the
nent remarks of the brass hats. entire command was divided, the 4th Coast Artillery cle-
One of the most interesting phases of the exercise was fending, and the Infantry, Engineers and the Field Artil-
the concentration at night for an attack at daybreak. lery making the attack through the jungle. It used to be
Assembly areas were assigned and reconnoitered during the theory that the jungle was impenetrable. This theory
the previous afternoon. The march was started about has been amply exploded. The jungle forms a natural
midnight, and all troops arrived at the appointed places obstacle, through which it is difficult to penetrate, but
with little confusion. A large portion of residents of the not impossible. Ask any member of the Panama Canal
exclusivenorth slope of Ancon Hill were awakened dur- Department.
ing the wee sma' hours by the popping of Springfields in At the conclusion of the Pacific Side manuevers, the
the vast open spaces adjacent to Albrook Field. The rat- troops were returned to their respective Posts for a few
tat-tat, only sporadic at first, later developed into a drum- days rest. This period of rest corresponded in a large
fire of musketry that most effectually prevented the measure, to the rest(?) periods given the troops in
startled populace from returning to its slumbers. As an France. It was not long before we were on the move
embellishment to the sanguinary conflict that, incident- again-this time, by train for the Atlantic Side-and
ally, raged hither and yon across the landscape of the big this time, to act in our natural capacity as Coast Artillery
aitport, the defending force resorted to the use of rockets troops, manning Coast Artillery installations. We did
and airplane flares that lent a most realistic atmosphere. not find many people at home when we arrived, as the
The appearance of enemy combat patrols between the garrisons of the Atlantic Side had moved to their war
battalion assembly areas and the line of departure caused PGsitions, both as antiaircraft and sea coast defenders.
such a stir as has not been aroused since the advent of the The only battery of the Pacific Side that manned its
15% pay cut. It was an overt act, a breach of the con- normal armament was Battery G of the Fourth. This
ventions of true sporting warfare. On the other hand, battery is getting pretty used to traveling now with
therewere warriors who found within their zone of action their big railway guns. They comprised the last train to
the most villianous assortment of drainage ditches ever cross the continent, arriving at Fort Randolph about 7
devisedby the hand of man. Most of these appeared to p.m. At 9=40 p.m. the battery was emplaced, communi-
have some connection with an ancient cow pasture, or cations to the base end station were tested and the bat-
Worse;at any rate some of the beseigers leaped gaily in- tery was ready to open fire.
but not so gaily out, and so the battle raged. A unique combination of fire was tried out with this
222 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
battery during this phase. The Infantry, Engineer and season when we reached the Isthmus, we were much
Field Artillery regiments had their hands full in repulsing embarrassed by the state of the roads, by rains every day
the theoretical landing of enemy forces. One gun of the ?y extreme heat and by the epidemic influences prevail~
railroad battery supported these troops, by firing on river mg.
crossings, landing beaches and other points of concentra- "Cholera existed at Aspinwall when we landed. It had
tion, using map coordinates for obtaining firing data and been very fatal a short time previously among the laborers
supported by airplane spotting. The other gun continued on the railroad, in consequence of which they had very
to fire on the enemy war vessels, using visual spotting. generally abandoned their work. Notwithstanding all this
All fire was controlled from the single plotting car. the men had no sooner been permitted to land to p~
The maneuver was concluded with a review for the cure water, than numbers of them sought the first tavern
Governor General, with all troops of the Panama Canal they could find, to indulge their fatal craving for liquor.
Department participating. The sight was indeed a "most Many were brought back on board that night intoxi-
impressive one"-to quote the words of Governor Schley cated and drenched with r~in (Does that sound familiar
as he left the reviewing stand on the termination of the to the many who have passed through here on a trans-
reVIew. port?). Fruits were also eaten with avidity whenever they
All the troops were returned within a few days to the could be procured ..
Pacific Side with exception of Battery G of the 4th Coast "As we did. not r?ach Aspinwall until a~ter the depar-
Artillery and the 2nd Field Artillery. For the first time ture of the dally tram of cars we were oblIged to remain
since 1852 a body of armed troops marched across the there until the next morning. Colonel Bonneville in-
Isthmus. The trail was reconnoitered and cleared bv the formed me that it was determined to march the main
II th Engineers and the Second Field (mountain artil-
J
body of men from Gorgona to Panama:; that the sick, the
lery) commanded by Lieut. Col. E. L. Gruber. Jvfany women, the baggage and one company would proceedto
heartbreaking experiences were encountered by the Engi- Cruces, where mule transportation would be provided,
neers-the desertion of native carriers, the running short whence they would proceed to Panama. I was ordered
of food, the manhandling of all rations and the weaken- to accompany this last detachment. Colonel Bonneville
ing effects of working in the dank jungle. This. feat was then proceeded at once in boats to Gorgona. Colonel
first accomplished by the Spanish Conquistadores, in the Wright was to follow when the baggage came up. Colo-
days of Morgan and his raiders, the next time was the nel Wright went on with his battalion lea~ing me, a
crossing by the Fourth U. S. Infantry in 1852. Incident- subaltern, and a small guard, with the sick.
ally one of the officerswho arranged for the supplies and "I proceeded up the river to Cruces, a distance of
transportation of this latter trip was one Captain Grant, twelve miles, against a rapid and dangerous current, in a
later to become famous during the Civil War. small boat propelled by setting-poles only and by dint
1 1 1
of great exertion and determination succeeded in reaching
Crossing Panama in 1852 that point at about 9:30 that night. At Cruces, much to
my surprise, I found the regimental quartermaster, about
T HE writer is indebted to Mr. C. T. Lindsay and to
the Panama Star and Herald for the following ex-
cerpts of the record of this trip of 1852, as written in the
seventy men, and all women and children. The detach-
ment was camped on the river at the landing place. In
report of the Surgeon for that trip: the morning we were again disappointed in transpo~-
"The occurrence of malignant cholera in the Fourth tion. Due to cholera having broken out, I thought It
regiment of infantry, which I accompanied from New prudent to urge the quartermaster to as speedy a ~ove-
York to California, seemed to me that I should make a ment from the place as possible; and by my adVIcehe
special report. The regiment was concentrated at Fort determined that if the requisite transportation w~ not
Columbus, New Yark. On tbe 5th of July eight com- furnished by the next morning, to procure it ~lf
panies were embarked on the United States mail steamer from anybody, at any price, and require the cont:ractl1lg
Ohio, bound for Aspinwall, New Granada (now Colon, parties to pay for it ..
Panama). We reached Aspinwall on the 16th of July. ''The next morning we were no better off and ~pc:atn
Grant then went into the market and succeeded 10 coOl-
N the voyage I had endeavored to impress upon the pleting a contract befor!; night with a responsible ~n.
O commanding officer the necessity of preventing the In the meantime several cases of cholera occurred and.we
men from eating the fruits of the country and from in- had four more deaths. I recommended under the circum-
dulging in any of the liquors they would meet on the stances that the whole detachment should be £urcished
march. A very judicious order, embracing these views with mules, lest the fatigue of marching over so de:sp:ra.te
was issued previous to our debarkation. I was sorry to a road should excite the disease in men predisposed to It.
say, however, that it was not observed on march. (We and they should perish, without the possibility :l my
still have our troubles down here along this line). Had aiding them. In compliance with Captain Grant s~
it been strictly obeyed, I thing, we should have been tract a large number of mules, both saddle and );;'
spared much suffering. It being the height of the rainy were brought up in the morning. By 1:00 p.m. a t
1934 PANAMA CANAL DEPARTMENT NEWS LETTER 223
hall: of the men and baggage was dispatched. The usual enjoy ourselves during a short respite, before the target
rain then coming on, operations were necessarily sus- practice season sets in. However, those of us who have
pended for the day. been stationed here for some time realize that during no
"I must remark here, that the preservation of anything time of the year can one count on having even a small
like order or organization in the forwarding of troops on breathing spell. The Fleet starts to arrive next week and
mulesacrossthe Isthmus is altogether out of the question. that means a combined Army and Navy maneuver.
The moment a rider or a cargo is placed on a mule's However, we get the breaks, this time, and the Atlantic
back that moment he must set out, or the muleteer Side troops have to pull up stakes and come over here.
strips his mule and carries him off. (Apparently the More about this in the next letter.
Engineers were deserted recently by their hired mule-
teers). Our movement was therefore, a straggling one,
each man making his way to Panama as best he could. On April 28th the Navy discoveredFort Sherman. This
"I reached Panama before dark, but too late to go to charming little post had the entire Battle Fleet right out
the ship. I learned that she was lying off T aboga, 12 in its front yard-Cristobal Bay. The officersand men of
miles down the bay, that cholera had broken out on the Fleet were immediately enamoured of its fine bathing
board and carried off a number of men. The disease facilities, its long, well-kept trails into the jungle, its ade-
havingreappeared, it was determined to land the troops. quate Beer Garden, and its air of quiet, though active
Therebeing shelter for the sick upon the island of Flam- normality. The privileges of the tennis courts and golf
enco, (now a part of Fort Amador) about six miles from course were extended to the Officers; and many of the
Panama, the debarkation was effected; the sick were ships' teams made use of our diamond and gymnasium
placedin huts and the well in a few tents and under for practice. Captain Jimmie Hogan's baseball team made
sails stretched over poles. On the 3d of August, the a clean sweep in its series with Navy teams, including a
Golden Gate determined to go to sea the next day, but victory over the crack Omaha nine. Our battery basket-
refusedto take on board more than 450, and expressly ball teams dropped only one game out of five to the Fleet
declaredthat they would receive not a single sick man. cagemen. Many of the visitors declared Fort Sherman to
To this extraordinary demand we were forced to sub- be the most beautiful of all foreign stations. Inciden-
mit, and I was accordingly ordered to remain on the tally, the garrison cannot too strongly express its admira-
islandwith the sick, most of the women and children, tion for the fine state of discipline indicated by the con-
andone company of troops to act as nurses." duct of the men while ashore; within eight days at least
., ., ., ten thousand men visited our post, and, despite the ab-
Having completed what we had considered the annual sence of M.P's, not a single incident of discord or disorder
run of maneuvers we came back to Amador prepared to occurred.

INVESTIGATION SHOWS that whenever two nations have become engaged in warfare
they have been for decades, and perhaps centuries, advancing on converging lines of
self-interest and aggrandizement. When the contact takes place, the struggle for
supremacy, or even survival, is at hand. As these lines approach one another, diffi-
culties due to increasing proximity of interests arise between the countries and result
in disagreements, the seriousness and frequency of which stand in inverse ratio to
the distance at which they take place from the point of contact. When these lines
meet, war ensues. No .two nations or tribes of men move on parallel lines, though
they may for centuries have the appearance of so doing.-HoMER LEA.
 COAST ARTILLERY ORDERS

Colonel A. S. Conklin, from 62d, Ft. General Staff Corps, Panama, to instructOor, Major Charles Thomas-Stahle, from
Totten, to member of General Staff Corps, C. & G. S. School, Ft. Leavenworth, July 8. Michigan State College, East Lansing, to
assigned to General Staff with Troops and Major A. J. French, from 63d, Ft. Mac- 62d, Ft. Totten, June 30.
Chief of Staff, Third Corps Area, Sept. 2. Arthur, to Org. Reserves, 9th Corps Area, Captain C. H. Ainsworth, from 63<1, Ft.
Colonel W. F. Hase, appointed Major Los Angeles, August 1. MacArthur, to 11th, Ft. H. G. Wright.
General, Chief of Coast Artillery, March Major A. G. Frick, from Hawaii, to Org. Captain H. G. Archibald, from Hawaii
22. Reserves, Third Carps Area, Philadelphia. to 69th, Ft. McClellan. '
Colonel W. H. Monroe, report to Presi- Major J. C. Haw, from Org. Reserves, Captain H. C. Barnes, Jr., from U. S.
dent Army retiring board, Letterman Gen- Second Corps Area, Schenectady, to Pana- Military Academy, West POoint,to student,
eral Hospital. ma, sailing New Yark, Aug. 9. C. & G. S. Scho!, Ft. Leavenwrth, Aug. ll.
Lieutenant Colonel C. W. Baird, from Major M. J. Hickok, from Hawaii, to Captain R. T. Barrett, from student, C.A.
student, Naval War College, Newport, to 11th, Ft. H. G. Wright. School, Ft. Monroe, tOo 2d Ft. Monroe.
62d, Ft. Totten, June 20. Major D. D. Hinman, from student, Captain H. H. Blackwell, fram the
Lieutenant Colonel M. S. Crissy pro- Army War College, Washington, D. c., to Philippines, to 62d, Ft. Totten.
moted colonel March 26. Hq. Eighth Carps Area, Ft. Sam Houston. Captain George Blaney, from 9th, Ft.
Lieutenant Colonel Richard Donovan, Major C. E. Hocker, from 2d, Ft. Mon- Banks, tOo instructor, C. A. Maine National
from Panama, to 69th, Ft. McClellan. roe, to student, Army War College, Wash- Guard, Rockland, June 15.
Lieutenant Colonel R. C. Garrett, from ington, D. c., Aug. 1. Captain Benj amin Bowering promoted
6th, Ft. Winfield Scott, to student, Army Major J. C. Hutson, from student, C. A. majar March 9.
War College, Washington, D. C. School, Ft. Monroe, to 61st, Ft. Sheridan, Captain A. F. Cameron, from Philip-
Lieutenant Colonel R. E. Guthrie, from June 20. pines, to 62d, Ft. Totten.
detail General Staff Corps, General Staff, Maj or H. R. Jackson, from student, C. Captain H. D. Cassard, from student, C.
Panama, to 1st C. A. Dist., Boston, Aug. 4. & G. S. School, Ft. Leavenworth, tOo in- A. School, Ft. Monroe, to 51st, Ft. Monroe.
Lieutenant Colonel L. P. Horsfall, from structor, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe. Captain F. R. Chamberlain, Jr., from stu-
instructor, C. & G. S. School, Ft. Leaven- Major T. H. Jones, from the Philippines dent, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to 52d,Ft.
worth, to 5th, Ft. Wadsworth, June 20. tOo Georgia School of Technology, Atlanta. Monroe.
Lieutenant Colonel Allen Kimberly, from Maj or E. L. Kelly promoted to Lieuten- Captain F. G. Epling, from 62d, Ft. Tot-
student, Army War College, Washington, ant Colonel, March 1. ten, to Panama, sailing New York, June2l.
D. c., to 6th, Ft. Winfield Scott. Major Franklin Kemble, from instructor, Captain J. K. Freeman, from 11th, Ft.
Lieutenant Colonel W. C. Knight, report North Carolina National Guard, Wilming- H. G. Wright, to Walter Reed General
to Army retiring board, Walter Reed Gen- ton, tOo52d, Ft. Monroe, Sept. 1. Hosgital, Washington, D. C, for observa-
eral Hospital. Major M. M:Kimmel, Jr., from instruc- tion and treatment.
Lieutenant Colonel O. H. Longino, from tor, Va. National Guard, Richmond, to Captain R. E. Hill, from student, C. A.
Georgia School of Technology, Atlanta, to Panama, sailing New Yark, June 21. School, Ft. Manroe, to 51st, Ft. Monroe.
student, Army War College, Washington, Major D. S. Lenzner, from student, C. Captain J. L. Hogan, from Panama, to
D.C. & G. S. School, Ft. Leavenwarth, to stu- 8th, Ft. Preble.
Lieutenant Colonel Gilbert Marshall, dent, Army Industrial College, Washing- Captain W. D. Hohenthal, from 52d,Ft.
from 5th, Ft. Wadsworth, to Org. Res., 4th ton, D. c.. Aug. 15. Monroe, tOo report to Commanding General.
Corps Area, Atlanta, Aug. 1. Major LeRoy Lutes, from Hawaii to stu- Second Corp Area, Governor's Island.
Lieutenant Calonel J. S. Pratt, from stu- dent, Army War Callege, Washington, D, Captain Creighton Kerr promoted major.
dent, Army War College, Washington, D. c., Aug. 15. March 26.
c., to instructor, Army War College. MajOor C F. Maguire, from student, C. Captain E. W. King, from Panama, to
Lieutenant Colonel R. H. Smith, from A. School, Ft. Monroe, tOo 13th, Ft. Bar- 13th, Ft. Barrancas.
member, General Staff Corps, War Depart- rancas, June 20. Captain H. C. Mabbott, from Coast Artil-
ment General Staff, Washington, D. c., re- Majar E. H. Metzger, from 3d C. A. lery Board, Ft. Monroe, to student, C. &:
port tOo Commanding General, Second Carps Dist." Ft. Monroe, to student, Army War G. S. School, Ft. Leavenworth, Aug. 27.
Area, Governor's Island. College, Washington, D. c., Aug. 1. Captain F. J. McSherry, from student,~.
Lieutenant Calonel G. A. Wildrick, de- Majar C. B. Meyer promoted tOo Lieu- & G. S. School, Ft. Leavenworth tOo Hawan.
tailed member decaration board vice Maj or tenant Colonel, March 26. sailing New York, July 17.
General W. F. Hase. , Majar G. R. Meyer, from office of Chief Captain R. M. Mackin, Jr., from stude!!!.
Lieutenant Colonel W. K. Wilson pro- of Coast Artillery, Washington, D. c., to C. & G. S. School, Ft. Leavenwarth, to tn-
moted colonel March 26. student, Army \Var College, Aug. 1. structor, C. A. School, Ft. Manroe.
Major H. R. Behrens, from the Philip- Maj or G. F. Moore, from student, Army Captain Maurice Morgan, from stude!!t,
pines, to 63d, Ft. MacArthur. War College, Washington, D. c., to 3d,
C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, tOo 6th, Ft. Wtn-
Major R. D. Brown, from office Chief of Ft. Manroe.
Staff, Washington, D. c., to 63d, Ft. Mac- Major H. R. Oldfield promoted Lieuten- field Scott, sailing New York, July 17.
Arthur, sailing New York, July 17. ant Colonel, January 11. Captain J. G. Murphy, from 62d, Ft. Tot-
Major C. W. Bundy, from student, Army Major R. M. Perkins, from 62d, Ft. Tot- ten, to student, C. & G. S. School, Ft. Leav-
War College, Washington, D. c., to office, ten, tOo student, Army \¥ar College, Wash- enworth, Aug. 27.
Chief of Coast Artillery, Washington, D. C. ington' D. c., Aug. 1. Captain G. A. Patrick, from student, C.
Major A. H. Campbell, from University Major C. J. Schaefer, Jr., CA-Res. to A. School, Ft. Monrae, to 52d, Ft. Monroe.
of California, Berkeley, to student, C. & G. Washington, D. C. on active duty, May 13. Captain T. R. Phillips, from Org; Re-
S. School, Ft. Leavenworth. Major C. M. S. Skene, from instructor, serves, 7th Carps Area, Minneapoh5, to
Major W. McD. Chapin, from student, C. A. School. Ft. Manroe, to office Chief student, C. & G. S. School, Ft. Leaven-
C. & G. S. Schoal, Ft. Leavenworth, to of Coast Artillery, Washington, D. c., June worth, Aug. 27..
14th, Ft. Worden, June 30. 30. Captain Frank Richards, from 615t, ft.
Major J. F. Cottrell, from student, Army Major J. S. Smylie, from student, Army Sheridan, to 13th, Ft. Barrancas. ed
Industrial College, Washin~ton, D. c., to Industrial College, Washington, D. c., to Captain Kenneth Rowntree promot
69th, Ft. McClellan, June 30. instructor. C. A. North Carolina National major, March 1.
Major R. V. Cramer, from office Chief Guard, Wilmington, June 30. Captain P. W. Rutledge, from student,C.
of Coast Artillery, Washington, D. c., to Major H. W. Stark, from instructor, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to 2d, Ft. 'Monroe
C
instructor, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, Au- A. School, Ft. Monroe, to instructor, C. A. Captain W. W. Scott, fram student. d
gust 10. Delaware National Guard, Wilmington, A. School, Ft. Monroe, to 6th, Ft. WinfieJ
Major Nelson Din~ley, 3d, from 52d, Ft. June 30. Scott. sailing New York, July 17. Ft.
Monroe, tOo student, C. & G. S. School, Ft. Major A. G. Strong, from student, Naval Captain A. P. Sullivan, from 615\ I
Leavenworth, August 27. War College, Newport, to Org. Reserves, Sheridan, to student, C. & G. S. Sc 00.
Major C. R. Finley, from member of Second Corps Area, New York, June 15. Ft. Leavenworth, Aug. 27.
1934 COAST ARTILLERY ORDERS 225
Captain F. S. Swett, from 61st, Ft. Sheri- ~ew York, May 4. Ft. Monroe, to 13th, Ft. Barrancas, June
dan. to 13th, Ft. Barrancas ... First Lieutenant F. B. Kane, from Pana- 15.
Captain J. R. Townsend, from Hawall, to ma, to student, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe. First Lieutenant G. W. Trichel, from in-
instructor, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe. Aug. 27. structor, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to Ord-
Captain J. E. Troupe, to Panama, sailing First Lieutenant W. H. Kendall, from nance Department. Watertown Arsenal.
New York August 9. Previous orders re- 51st, Ft. Monroe, to 13th, Ft. Crockett. Watertown, June 15.
voked. First Lieutenant E. A. Kleinman, from First Lieutenant C. M. Wolf!, from
Captain S. E. Willard, from instructor, 51st, Ft. Monroe, to University of Pitts- Hawaii, to 7th, Ft. Hancock.
Maine N ation~I Guard, Rockland, to 11th, burgh, Pittsburgh, July 26. First Lieutenant G. E. Young, from stu-
Ft. H. G. WrIght, August 1. First Lieutenant R. H. Krueger, from dent, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to 69th Ft.
Captain Ellsworth Young, from Kansas 51st, Ft. Monroe, to 13th, Key West Bar- McClellan, June 20.
State College, Manhattan, to Panama, sail- racks, June 10. First Lieutenant L. A. Zimmer, from stu-
ing New York, Aug. 9. First Lieutenant D. B. Latimer, from 2d, dent, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to 61st, Ft.
First Lieutenant Granger Anderson, from Ft. Monroe, to U. S. Military Academy, Sheridan, June 20.
Panama to student, C. A. School, Ft. Mon- West Point. Second Lieutenant L. A. Bosworth, from
roe, Aug. 27. First Lieutenant W. C. McFadden, from Panama, to 51st, Ft. Monroe.
First Lieutenant G. M. Badger, from U. Panama, to 52d, Ft. Hancock. Second Lieutenant 1. J. Brokaw, CA-
S. Military Academy, West Point, to stu- First Lieutenant C. W. McGeehan, from Res., transferred to lnf.-Res., March 26.
dent, C. & G. S. School, Ft. Leavenworth, student, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to 10th, Second Lieutenant J. H. Cunningham.
Aug. 27. Ft. Adams, June 30. Jr., from Coast Artillery Corps to Air
First Lieutenant L. W. Bartlett, from First Lieutenant J. E. McGraw, from 2d, Corps, Feb. 16.
student, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to in- Ft. Monroe, to Signal Corps, and assigned Second Lieutenant T. ]. Dayharsh pro-
structor, C. A. School, June 20. to 51st Signal Battalion, Ft. Monmouth, moted first lieutenant, March 10.
First Lieutenant A. H. Bender, from April 3. Second Lieutenant J. J. Earle, Jr., pro-
69th, Ft. McClellan to student, C. A. First Lieutenant Donald McLean, from moted first lieutenant, Feb. 23.
School, Ft. Monroe, Aug. 27. 51st, Ft, Monroe, to student, C. A. School, Second Lieutenant N. R. Ford, resigned,
First Lieutenant H. T. Benz, from 2d, Ft. Monroe, Aug. 27. April 1.
Ft. Monroe, to Hawaii, sailing New York, First'Lieutenant W. L. McNamee, from Second Lieutenant A. L. Fuller, Jr., from
~fav 4. 63d, Ft. MacArthur, to student, C. A. U. S. A. mine planter, Gelt. John M. Scho-
First Lieutenant W. 1. Brady, from Ha- School, Ft. Monroe, Aug-. 27. field, Ft. Monroe, to Commanding General,
waii, to University of Kansas, Lawrence. First Lieutenant H. E. Magnuson, from port of embarkation, Brooklyn, June 15.
First Lieutenant R. C. Broadhurst, will student, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to Second Lieutenant E. B. Hempstead, from
report to Army retiring board, Hq. Eighth Quartermaster Corps, student, Quarter- student, C. A. School. Ft. Monroe, to 6th,
Corps Area. master Corps Motor Transport School, Bal- Ft. Winfield Scott, sailing New York, July
First Lieutenant B. E. Cordell, from 6th, timore, June 18. 17.•
Ft. Winfield Scott, to student, C. A. School, First Lieutenant J. E. Mortimer, from Second Lieutenant W. H. Hennig pro-
Ft. Monroe, Aug. 27. student, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to 61st, moted first lieutenant, February 1.
First Lieutenant P. W. Edwards, from Ft. Sheridan, June 20. Second Lieutenant J. J. Hutchison, trans-
student, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to 11th, First Lieutenant R. J. Moulton, from stu- ferred to Air Corps, April 6.
Ft. H. G. Wright, June 20. dent, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to Quarter- Second Lieutenant G. E. Keeler, Jr., from
First Lieutenant L. D. Flory, from 2d, master Corps, Ft. Monmouth, June 18. student, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to 69th,
Ft. Monroe, to student, C. & G. S. School, First Lieutenant P. B. Nelson, from stu- Ft. McClellan.
Ft. Leavenworth, Aug. 27. dent, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to Panama, Second Lieutenant A. M. Lazar, from
First Lieutenant G. A. Ford, from 13th, sailin15New York, Aug. 9. Panama, to' 62d, Ft. Totten.
Key West Barracks, to 69th, Ft. McClellan, First Lieutenant F. N. Parsons, Station Second Lieutenant P. A. Leahy, from
June 10. Hospital, Ft. McPherson, to President, 62d, Ft. Totten, to 9th, Ft. Banks, June 1.
First Lieutenant F. J. French, from stu- Army retiring- board. Second Lieutenant E. D. Peddicord to
dent, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to 2d, Ft. First Lieutenant J. G. Renno, from New York, sailing San Francisco, June 19.
Monroe. Hawaii, to 51st. Ft. Monroe. Previous orders amended.
First Lieutenant]. R. Goodall, from 52d, First Lieutenant W. L. Richardson, 2d, Second Lieutenant P. D. Perry promoted
Ft. Monroe, to 11th, Ft. H. G. Wright, Ft. Monroe. is placed on flying- status for first lieutenant March 1.
June 20. the period of May and June, 1934. Second Lieutenant L. G. Ross ])romoted
First Lieutenant J. E. Harriman, from First Lieutenant 1. H. Ritchie, from Ord- first lieutenant April 1.
submarine mine depot, C. A. School, Ft. nance Department, Ordnance School, Aber- Second Lieutenant W. M. Vestal, from
1fonroe, to student, C. & G. S. School, Ft. deen Proving Ground, Md., to 14th, Ft. student, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to 63d,
Leavenworth, Aug. 27. Worden. Ft. MacArthur, sailing New York, July 17.
First Lieutenant R. R. Hendrix, from First Lieutenant G. H. Seitz, Tr., CA- Second Lieutenant D. M. Wilson pro-
student, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to 6th, Res. promoted captain, CA-Res., March 15. moted first lieutenant March 1.
Ft. Winfield Scott. First Lieutenant L. E. Shaw. from 6th, Master Sergeant, C. W. Byers, 15th,
First Lieutenant Hobart Hewett, from Ft. Winfield Scott, to student, C. A. School, Hawaii, retired, March 31.
instructor, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to Ft. Monroe, Aug. 27. Master Sergeant H. N. Carpenter, 7th,
student, C. & G. S. School, Ft. Leaven- First Lieutenant N. B. Simmonds, from Ft. Hancock, retired, April 30.
worth, Aug. 27. 6th, Ft. Winfield Scott, to Panama, sailing First Sergeant B. S. Blough, 6th, Ft.
First Lieutenant J. J. Holst, from stu- San Francisco, June 19. Winfield Scott, retired, April 30.
dent, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to 13th, Ft. First Lieutenant E. C. Smallwood, from First Sergeant Thomas Farley, 51st, Ft.
Barrancas, June 30. student, C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to 63d, Monroe, retired, April 30.
First Lieutenant David Hottenstein, from Ft. MacArthur. First Serg-eant William Lynch, 64th, Ft.
the Philippines to 52d, Ft. Hancock. First Lieutenant A. P. Sullivan promoted Shafter, retired, March 31.
First Lieutenant P. A. Jaccard, from 52d, captain January -,. First Sergeant Neil Mason, 4th, Ft.
Ft. Monroe, to 14th, Ft. "Vorden, sailing First Lieutenant G. E. Thrams, from 2d, Amador, retired, April 30.

THE NATION that cannot resist aggression is constantly exposed to it.-GROVER

CLEVELAND.
IF===~==============~===~~-.o::~
NATIONAL GUARD NOTES

The Act of June 15, 1933

By LIEUTENANT COLONEL HEROLD J. WEILER,
Field Artillery, N.G.U.S. A review of the amendment
to the National Defense Act.
T
HE amendment to the National Defense Act
pas~ed bY.rl:e Congress on June IS, 1933 has four proposed the amendments, and secondly, we should
malll provIsIOns: know what Congress in its wisdom decided to do and
I. It creates a new reserve component of the Army what it intended should be accomplished when the pro-
called the National Guard of the United States. posed legislation WIlS enacted into law.
2. It creates a reserve for the National Guard of the The National Guard of today represents the growth of
United States called the Inactive National Guard. the ideas of the United States as to the trained citizen-
3. It provides that henceforth, inasfar as is practi- soldier. Its period of development has been coincident with
cable, the units of the National Guard shall be used that of the American nation itself. The origin of the Na-
llltact 1ll a war. tional Guard is found in the earliest militia bands of colon-
4- It provides that these units shall be returned in- ial days. Very little was done to make an effective forceof
tact to the states after the war. this militia until after the Spanish-American War. Prior
The law does not change in any respect the President's to that time it was pretty much an orphan and depended
power to call forth the militia to repel invasion, suppress. upon the patriotism and military inclinations of the indi-
disorders, or maintain the laws; it merely clarifies and viduals in various communities. In time of peace men
simplifies the method by which this is done. Hence- bought their own uniforms and drilled when the spirit
forth, instead of having to draft or call the National moved them, the principal object in reaching perfection
Guard into the service of the United States,. with all the being to win competitive drills which were held by vari-
delays attending these complicated and cumbersome pro- ous organizations throughout the country.
cesses, organizations will be subject to the orders of the After the Spanish-American War .more definite steps
President in the same way as those of the Regular Army. were taken to bring these forces into a state that would
In 1917 part of the delay in mobilizing the Guard was make them of value in times of emergency. A great deal
due to the need of organizing it into higher units, but of progress was made between 1900 and 1916, when these
much of it was due to impediments in the law. This con- troops were called out and sent to the border under the
fusion will ,no longer be necessary. The higher units are Constitutional provision giving the President power to
formed, and the new law provides that they shall not be call forth the Militia. This mobilization showed that there
tampered with, unless imperative need exists, and shall was still much to be desired before the National Guard
be available for service at once. Hitherto demobilization could be considered an effective force ready for use in
destroyed the Guard, and it had to be created afresh in times of national emergency. The National Guard w~
every state and territory. This brought on a period of the organized into combat divisions and many of these di-
Dark Ages in the Guard. Useful men' and valuable ex- visions went overseas. The history of operations of these
perience were lost. The damage to its efficiency could be divisions in France gave an indication of :what might ~
repaired only slowly. This will be changed by the new accomplished if adequate support were given to thelt
law. No longer will National Guard officers be com- organization and training in time of peace.
missioned in the Reserve Corps, but instead will bear In 1920 steps were taken to amend the National De-
commissions in the National Guard of the United States. fense Act which had been passed in 1916. The amend-
The Inactive National Guard is merely a new name for ment of 1920 provided a definite program for the devel-
the National Guard Reserve. The change is in name only, opment of the civilian components of the Army of the
to prevent the possibility of confusing it with the Organ- United States. It was realized at that time that the Na-
ized Reserve, and does not affect policies regarding as- tional Guard could be made into an effective mili~
signed reservists. force ready for at least limited service in the begin~lfi~
In approaching a study of this Act, it is necessary to go of any emergency. The reorganization of the ~atlOn
behind the law itself and delve into its history and to as- Guard after the war resulted in the formation of elghro:"
certain what was intended to be accomplished by those infantry divisions, four cavalry divisions, and cerr::n
who were responsible for this legislation. First, we should auxiliary troops, including antiaircraft and harbor ;
know what the National Guard itself intended when they fense. The National Guard was still not a part of
1934 NATIONAL GUARD NOTES 227

Army of the United States except when called to active the Federal Government had no further use for this fed-
dury, and the old provisions of law, that required a draft eral reserve force, it could be returned to the States and
of the National Guard into federal service, were still in revert from such active federal service to its former reserve
force. It was felt that additional legislation should be status and its state status; that the "call" of the federally
sought in order to eliminate the necessity for the drafting recognized National Guard under the Militia Clause of
of the National Guard in time of emergency and to take the Constitution would not be disturbed; and that the
in time of peace as many as possible of the steps necessary draft provisions of the National Defense Act insofar as
to bring the National Guard into federal service in time they relate to members of the National Guard should be
of war. eliminated by repeal.
Having reached the above conclusions, conferences
HISTORY OF THE ACT OF JUNE 15, 1933 were held between representatives of the National Guard,
In 1926, the National Guard Association, in conven- officers representing the National Guard Bureau of the
tion assembled at Lousiville, Kentucky, adopted the fol- War Department, and officers representing the Reserve
lowing resolution: Officers' Association. The latter Association was brought
"* * * That we hereby reaffirm our position hereto- into the conferences because of the fact that a number of
fore declared with regard to our status, and that we suggested amendments would, if enacted into law, affect.
favor appropriate amendments of the National Defense sections of the National Defense Act which sections dealt
Act so that the federally recognized National Guard with the Officers' Reserve Corps.
shall at all times, whether in peace or war, be a com- Following these conferences, a bill was prepared and
ponent of the Army of the United States, its status presented to the Congress by Representative Speaks of
under the Constitution being preserved, so that its gov- Ohio. Embodied within the provisions of this bill were
ernment when not in the .service of the United States all the principles enunciated above. The bill in substan-
shall be left to the respective States, and that all feder- tially the same form was before Congress for a period of
ally recognized officers thereof shall be duly appointed approximately five years, during which time it was fully
and commissioned therein." discussed by the committees of Congress and was care-
From the above it will be seen that it was the definite fully and repeatedly studied within the War Department.
intention of the National Guard that the federally recog- It was definitely understood by all concerned that the
nized National Guard shall at all times, both in peace new reserve force created by the bill was to be based upon
and war, be a component of the Army of the United those officers and the men who were in a federally recog-
States; that the government or administration of the Na- nized status, and in the future, officersand men receiving
tionalGuard, when not in the service of the United States federal recognition would automatically be placed in the
shall remain with the states; and that all federally recog- new federal reserve known as the National Guard of the
nized officers of the National Guard shall be duly ap- United States.
pointed and commissioned in the component of the Army So much for the history of the law. Now let us see
of :he United States which was to be created by the new what the practical results of its operation will be.
legrslation; that is, the National Guard of the United War Department General Orders No. 3 dated Apti~
States. 4, 1934, puts into effect the provisions of the Act. It ap-
Further very careful study was given to the subject by points in the National Guard of the United States all
the National Guard through committees appointed for officers and warrant officers of the National Guard and
that specific purpose by proper authority, and definite makes provision for the enlistment for the unexpired por-
conclusionswere reached, which conclusions were as fol- tion of their term of all present enlisted men of the Na-
lows: that a new federal reserve component could be tional Guard. It also tenders an appointment as officers
legally created; that there was no legal objection to of the National Guard of the United States to all enlisted
amendments to the National Defense Act to provide men of the National Guard now holding commissions in
that the officers and men of the new federal reserve force the Officers' Reserve Corps.
should consist of the federally recognized members of the
THE NATIONAL GUARD OF THE UNITED STATES
N.a~ional Guard; that there was no legal objection to pro-
vidlllg that such officers shall be appointed by the Presi- The question is often asked, "What is the National
dent; that service under the Presidential appointment in Guard of the United States?" It can best be answered in
the new federal reserve force would take effe.ct in the the language used in the bill.
future; that such amendments would make it clear that "'National Guard of the United States' means a
the administration and control of the National Guard reserve component of the Army of the United States
wo?ld remain unimpaired to. the States, except during composed of those federally recognized units and or-
actIv~service as a part of the Army of the United States; ganizations and persons duly appointed and commis-
that III event of a national emergency, such reserve or any sioned in the active and inactive National Guard of the
P~rt thereof may be ordered. into active federal service several States, Territories, and the District of Colum-
Without change of organization or personnel;' that when bia, who have taken and subscribed to the oath of of-
228 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL MaY-Ju1Je
fice prescribed in Section 73 of this Act, and of those commissioning in time of peace, enlisted men in the
officers and warrant officers appointed as prescribed in National Guard of the United States. It also provides
Sections 75 and I I I of this Act, and of those persons for enlistment in the active National Guard and for trans.-
duly enlisted in the National Guard of the United fers between the active and inactive National Guard.
States and of the several States, Territories, and the Standards of efficiency for officers of the Inactive Na-
District of Columbia, who have taken and suscribed to tional Guard who are part of the National Guard of the
the oath of enlistment prescribed in Secrion 70 of this United States will require the performance of at least the
Act." same amount of inactive duty required of members of the
Its officersare reserve officersand the law so states. The Officers' Reserve Corps. In addition to this, they should
enlisted men are members of a reserve force and the law be given an opportunity for active duty training when-
is also clear on that. ever there is a vacancy during the field training period to
By making of the' National Guard this reserve force which they can be assigned.
called the National Guard of the United States, there are Annual physical examinations will be required, based
taken, in time of peace, all of the steps necessary in time on the same standards as those for active duty officers.
of war to bring the National Guard into the service of This Inactive National Guard is a reservoir to provide
the United States except that the Congress must declare officers and enlisted men for expansion of the N arional
an emergency and authorize the use of armed forces other Gua:d for war service. This expar:sion ~ill :equire ap-
than the Regular Army and the President must order the proXImately 15,000 officers and the Ideal sItuatlOn will be
National Guard into active service. The law does away for each state to have commissioned in the Inactive Na-
with the previous necessity of National Guard officers tional Guard sufficient qualified officers to fill all war
'having reserve commissions and consequently none will vacancies for that state.
be issued in the future. The policy has been adopted of commissioning enlisted
The examination provided for officers and warrant of- men of the National Guard only in the National Guard
ficers may be held prior to the original appointment or pro- of the United States, thereby discontinuing the practice
motion of any individual as an officeror warrant officerand of giving them commissions in the Officers' Resem
if the applicant has been found qualified, he may be issued Corps.
a certificate of eligibility by the Chief of the National The result of this is to reserve to the National Guard
Guard Bureau, which certificate, in the event of appoint- priority on the services of all members of the Narional
ment or promotion within two years to the office for Guard.
which he was found qualified, shall entitle the holder to Tl-re practice in some states, of transferring to the Na-
federal recognition without further examination, except tional Guard Reserve officers who did not meet the re-
as to his physical condition. This will provide an eligibil- quired standards for remaining active, resulted in many
ity list of men for whom vacancies do not now exist. This officersbeing retained in the National Guard Reservewho
eligibility will cease when a man severs his connection would ,be worthless for use in an emergency. Officersof
in the National Guard. this type will be eliminated from the National Guard.
The creation of the. National Guard of the United The standards for remaining in the Inactive N arional
States not only does away with the need for a cotermin- Guard will insure that only those officeres who can step
ous commission in the Officers' Reserve Corps by creating in and take their places in an emergency will be so re-
a National Guard status of equal availability for officers, tained.
but this new National Guard status called the National
Guard of the United States includes warrant officers and NATIONAL GUARD UNITS MAINTAINED INTACT IN
enlisted men, thereby making the entire National Guard EMERGENCY
as available for entry into federal service as were formerly The law provides that in time of emergency the ~a-
only those officers holding commissions in the Officer~' tional Guard shall be maintained intact insofar as poSSible
Reserve Corps. and. that, in expansion to war strength, officer personnel
The law does not contemplate that there will be any will be taken from the National Guard.
officersin the National Guard except those who also hold This should act to prevent the breaking up of combat
commissions in the National Guard of the United States. units for use as replacements as was done in some ~
in the World War. Many of us remember the confusion
THE INACTIVE NATIONAL GUARD resulting from throwing together units from different
The Inactive National Guard replaces the National
Guard Reserve insofar as the Federal Government is
states and sending to them hastily gathered staffs.co
pletely unknown to the troops and knowing nothing 0 f
c~ncerned. It consists of officers, warrant officers and the troops whose organization and training they were to
enlisted men. To allow for expansion to war strength, direct. Surely having a carefully trained staff known to
it is provided that an officer who for business reasons and knowing the troops they are to serve with will ~t
is forced to separate himself from the active National in a vast improvement. The results already achi~v~d!pve
Guard, may, if he so requests, retain his commission an indication of what we may expect qn mobIlization.
in the National Guard of the United States and for The National Gu.u-J iR'!91?-cetlld furni-sh only a heW-
 NATIONAL GUARD NOTES 229

ogenous hodge podge of units which it took many a necessary supplement to the National Defense Act of
months to organize into even the semblance of fighting 1920•
divisions. Now the National Guard can put in the field Delay has been expetienced in putting the law into
eighteen infantry divisions completely organized as to effect due to the differences of interpretation placed upon
headquarters and staffs. The troops composing these some of its provisions by those responsible for carrying
divisions know each other and the commanding officers them out. A decision by the Attorney General of the
and staffs know the capabilities and possibilities of the United States was necessary on a few questions. Many
trOOps. changes in regulations are necessary to put the law into
The knowledge that the National Guard divisions will operation. These are now in course of preparation.
be u:sedas now constituted and that no wholesale break- The National Guard is today, without question, the
ing-up and reorganization is contemplated on the out- finest body of non-professional troops i!J.the history of the
break of war should be the greatest inspiration to im- world. The progress which has been made in a few years
proveme~t possible. It should raise morale as no other is nothing short of phenomenal and gives an indication
single thmg could do. of what we may look forward to in the years to come un-
der a continuing policy of improvement.
RETURN TO STATES AS ORGANIZATIONS WHEN of of of
EMERGENCY Is ENDED
National Guard Appropriations
The law provides that when the emergency is past, the
National Guard will be returned to the States as organiza-
tions. Those who had a part in the post-war organiza- T HE following discussion of the War Department Ap-
propriations Bill as it affects the National Guard is
tion of the National Guard know how much this means. extracted from the remarks of the Honorable Ross A.
Atleast one lesson of the World War has been learned. Collins, Chairman of the Sub-committee on Military
Knowing that the heritage of their service will continue Appropriations, from The Congressional Record for
to be an inspiration in the years to come should cause all March 27, 1934 (pp. 4004-4°16):
to make the most of their opportunities. This is assured "Now, with regard to the increases elsewhere, this
by the policy of returning the National Guard to the bill carries 42 drills for the National Guard. For the
statesas organizations when the emergency ceases instead present year the National Guard has been restricted
of discharging and scattering them to all parts of the to 36 drills. This bill puts the number of drills up to
country as was done on the termination of the World 42. The law provides for 48. Even though we could,
War. I do not know that we would have put the drills up to
Several years were lost in this reorganization before 48, the amount prescribed in the National Defense
the Guard was again sufficiently organized to take full Act. As a matter of truth, England has an organi-
advantage of training opportunities. Much time and ef- zation comparable to the National Guard; and the
fortwere necessary to do what would have been unneces- English officers believe that 42 drills is a sufficient
sary if this law had then been in force. number for their organization. Personally, I have
talked with quite a number of very prominent men in
CoNCLUSIONS the National Guard. I could not well give their
In conclusion, we may sum up the results of this legis- names because it might not be a popular thing for
lationas follows: them to say, but most of the men with whom I have
It has increased the readiness of the National Guard talked believe that 42 is a better number than 48.
!orwar by doing away with the necessiry for drafting it "Besides increasing the number of drills, the com-
lUtothe service of the United States. It has not increased mittee has provided in this bill apparently $1,500,000
the power of the Federal Government over the Guard. to complete the motorization of the National Guard.
It has, however, facilitated the exercise of that power. It As a matter of truth, the bill contemplates an ex-
has not decreased the power of the states over the N a- penditure of $3,000,000. The Guard is getting
tional Guard. $865,000 from P.W.A. for motorization. This bill
It provides for the National Guard a reserve of its own. really gives them $3,000,000 additional. This is true,
The Inactive National Guard stands in the same relation and yet it is not true. They are going to be able
to the active National Guard as the Organized Reserves through savings, to find $1,5°°,000. They have testi-
do to the Regular Army. fied that much of the savings will result from being
It,insures to as great an extent as possible the use of the freed of the cost of repairing the old equipment that
~atl0nal Guard as units and organizations to and indud- will be displaced. The National Guq.rd authorities
lUgdivisions. agree, furthermore, to amortize this $3,000,000 over
It insures the return to the states of the National Guard a period of two years.
when the emergency is past, thereby eliminating conse- "The National Guard has a membership of 190,000
quent reorganization by the states. men. By changing the National Guard from an
This law has greatly strengthened the National Guard organization that is able to travel at the rate of 3 miles
hy requiring an increased readiness for' emergency. It was an hour to one that is able to travel at the rate of 25 or
230 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL .May-J1l1It
30 miles an hour, in the event of an emergency, these now and fill vacant positions with officers possessing
190,000 men can be taken to any part of the United vigor, stamina and leadership,' since,
States in 4 days. Not only that, but we have 190,000 'The only real successes of the last war Wtte
men in the National Guard now available for combat achieved when the sttongest attributes of youth "Welt
duty. All of these men, every one of them, are effective. utilized most fully. Those military attributes a1t
We have twice as many effectives in the National mobility and surprise. Surprise was achieved through
Guard today as we had three years ago without having vigor and dissembling. Age po9SesSesneither of ~
increased their number by a single man. At the same characteristics and cannot manufacture them by
time we have reduced the appropriations for the Na- prayer nor by army orders and regulations.'
tional Guard from around $35,000,000 to $27,500,000, "General MacArthur's article which appeared in the:
yet we have more than doubled its effectiveness. Hearst papers recently in connection with the National
j "These added drills cost approximately $250,000 Defense Week was cited, and the statement of BOg.
apiece. You will notice that ~68,000 is recommended Gen. G. H. Estes before the Tank School at Fort &n-
for this purpose. In other words, the National Guard ning (quoted in the Annual Report of the Chief of
says it will be able to provide out of savings for two Staff): 'What we must have is a swift, smashing mili-
of the six additional drills. tary machine full of pep and vigor.'
"You will observe with respect to this particular ap- "The motorization of the National Guard will make
propriation that $500,000 of the ammunition item has possible such a machine if the Guard keeps to the
been eliminated. This is because of the fact that the ideals of a youthful army with a keen appetite for pr0-
Guard has gotten $1,3<>4,000on ammunition from the fessional culture."
P.W.A. of which $1,129,000 will be available for ex- l' l' l'
penditures in 1935, This together with the ammunition
they have on hand will be more than sufficient to take Notes of the 197th C.A. (AA)
care of their needs during the fiscal year 1935,
"We have reduced the estimated by $271,579 for
motor transportation. Possibly we should have cut it
T HE 197th Coast Artillery (AA) New Hampshire
National Guard, has discovered the correct answerto
the question "How can we get the most benefit out of a
more. The new equipment that the Army will have, to terrain exercise?"
be procured out of P.W.A. funds, should reflect lesser There has been issued and distributed to each officer
expenditures for maintenance and operation if the old of the regiment and to each attached reserve officer,an
equipment is gotten rid of, which we require them approved solution of the exercise held during the last an-
to do. nual encampment. This is a voluminous document con-
"Of 8,309 vehicles on hand as of January I, 1934, sisting of 45 mimeograph sheets and 8 blueprints of spe-
5'~ are classed as W orId War procurements and cial maps and overlays. An appropriate cover sheet bear-
596 as older than 5 years. Literally hundreds of thou- ing the regimental insignia, completes the job.
sands of dollars have been squandered in trying to keep Colonel C. E. Rexford, commanding the 197th c.A.
this old equipment operating. (AA) , proposed the issuing of an approved solution. He,
"To what extent, if any, old equipment would be realizing the great amount of effort associated with mov-
discarded upon delivery of the new, there seemed to ing the entire regiment into the field for an overnight
be considerable uncertainty on the part of the De- tactical exercise, and noting that on the return from the
partment's representatives. The committee was un- problem everybody was too busy making up target prac-
able to get any definite information. Therefore, it has tice reports, performing special escorts, and many other
inserted in the bill a provision prohibiting expenditures duties, to give much thought to the critique of the p~~
other than for salvaging or scrapping on any vehicle lem, decided to make his critiques short and snappy, cntt-
procured prior to January I, 1920, except tractors. The cizing the main features and promising the officersan ap-
Department is left to exercise its discretion as to these. proved solution later. Having the solution in thei: pos~
"The committee has repeated the provision in the session, the officers can then take their time in dlgesnng
current appropriations act authorizing the purchase of every phase of the work and can learn thoroughly the
light trucks out of savings that would accrue from orders and actions of all commanders.
their substitution for animals of their use instead of com- The idea has received favorable comment from all con-
mercial transportation." cerned. The solution contains an estimate of the situation.
In publishing this information to the Guard, the Na- warning orders, all field orders to include the individual
tional Guard Bureau commented also on that position of battery, all administrative plans, an intelligence sum-
Mr. Collins' speech in which he discusssed age as a factor mary, arid a very thorough discussion in which all p~
in military leadership: of the problem are covered. A graphic march table is 111-
"While Mr. Collins' indictment of age as a bar to cluded in the document. In fact the solution presents a
military program did not mention specifically the N a- liberal education in the tactical handling of an antiaircraft
tional Guard, that does not mean that the Guard can regiment in the defense of harbor establishments and a
afford to neglect his injunction 'let us eradicate "age" naval base.
1934 NATIONAL GUARD NOTES 231

Captain Thomas K. Fisher, Plans and Training Officer

ofthe I97th Coast Artillery (AA) is responsible for the
solutionand has been highly complimented on the excel-
lenceof the work. The original problem was worked out
b\' Lieut. Colonel Charles A. French, the regimental NEW BOOKS
~ecutive. All officers of the regiment have expressed which you cannot afford to be
themselves as being much interested in this method of without
obtaining thorough instrucrion in actual terrain exercises.
of of of
Infantry In Battle
248th C.A. Bn. (HD) Gets Insignia
A book of the tactics of small units. Funda-
and Colors
mental doctrine analyzed in the light of actual
HE First Provisional Battalion, 248th c.A. (HD),
T has had its designation changed to the 248th c.A.
Battalion (HD) and, under the new designation, has re-
battle experience of the American, British,
French and German armies. Historical examples
in leadership. 400 pages, 98 maps. Price, $3.00.
ceived approval from the Office of the Quartermaster
Generaland from the Chief, National Guard Bureau of
a design for a Coat-of-Arms and crest. As a result Balancing Daily Diets
insigniaare now in the process of manufacture and should By Major R. N. Perley. A scientificand thor-
soonbe available to the battalion, as should the new colors ough up-to-date systemof balancing diets and a
which have been requisitioned. treatise on the preparation of daily menus. Al-
Although this organization has been in being since most indispensable to the mess officer who is
1921, it has never been able to get approval of an organ- interested in furnishing wholesome, palatable
izationalinsignia due to the fact that as the 1st provisional and scientificallyprepared diets. Price, $2.00.
battalion it did not contain or represent a majority of the
248thC.A. Regiment.
Unless there is some delay in the manufacture and sup- Medical Tactics and Logistics
ply the battalion should go to camp this summer with By Blech and Lynch. This practical book is a
its own colorsflying and a consequent boost in the morale necessityfor all medical department officersand
of the personnel. will be a great help to line officersin visualizing
of of of the tacticalfunctions of the medicalcorps. Large
Notes from Coast Artillery Brigade, NYNG. octave volume with 17 chapters and appendix.
Illustrated with colored topographical maps.
S EVERAL reviews were held in the Brigade during
the past few months. Major General Lucius Hol- Price, $4.00.
brook, accompanied by his Aide, Captain Lockett, re-
viewedthe 245th CA. NYNG, on April 27th. Brigadier The War in the Air-Volume IV
GeneralW m. E. Cole, commanding the 2d Coast Artil-
leryDistrict, reviewed the 2I2th CA. NYNG, on April By H. A. Jones. Lessons drawn from actual
17th. General Cole was accompanied by Colonel Conklin, experiences in the late war. 484 pages abun-
commanding 62d CA. AA, and his staff, and Colonel dantly illustrated. Price, $7.50.
Frank K. Fergusson. On April loth, Brigadier General
John J. Byrne, commanding the New York Coast Artil- Soldiers, What Next?
lery Brigade, reviewed his old regiment, the 244th CA.
By Katherine Mayo. Price, $3.50.
NYNG. General Byrne commanded the 244th for many
y~rs before attaining his present rank. Many distin-
guIShedRegular Army and National Guard officers at-
tended the review, among whom were Major General
•
Lucius Holbrook; Colonel Conklin, commanding the
The above prices are postpaid. A special dis-
62d CA. AA.; and Colonel McNab, senior instructor of
connt will be allowed on the above listed books.
th~ New York National Guard. Also present was Brig-
Send orders to
adier <?eneral Hervey of the Canadian Army.
o lllterest to all Guardsmen is the appointment of
Pnvate John Hopson, Battery G, 2I2th CA. NYNG, to The Coast Artillery Journal
West Point. Private Hopson is the first man appointed to 1115 17th Street, N. W. Washington, D. C.
West Point from 2I2th CA. NYNG. It was a matter of
~~ pride to the regiment that he placed first in the com-
pttInve examination in New York State .• 1====================;.Ji
THIS IS "OT A PAID ADVERTISEMEHT
 --
NEWS AND COMMENT

Preparation of Efficiency Reports extent and so frequently as to represent a fundamental

weakness or deficiency, in which case the weakness rather
EDITOR'S ~ OTE: Circular 12, Headquarters V Corps Area, issued
October 21, 1933,by },[ajor General George Van Horn Moseley, is than the incidents should be frankly reported.
of such importance that its contents should be indelibly impressed
upon the minds of all officers charged with the preparation of
''s- I find that the officer who fails to give full credit to
efficiency reports. the fine officer is often the same fellow who lacks the
moral courage to picture clearly the deficiencies of the
"1. There seems to be a very widespread lack of uni- fundamentally poor officer. In this way he fails to give
formity on the part of officers called upon to make out us the evidence upon which such an inferior officer could
efficiency reports, and to grade officers in the various be eliminated. It is just as in1portant to state the real
classes, superior, excellent, satisfactory, ete. \\Then the defects of an inferior officer frankly as it is to state the
word 'average' was used instead of 'satisfactory,' certain accomplishments of a fine officer fairly.
reporting officers with a limited technical point of view, "6. Complaint is made against the War Department
went to Webster's dictionary to determine definitely what because so few officers are eliminated. But what do we
the word 'average' meant, thereafter believing that half find when we examine the records of these officers? Too
their officers only could be above average and half must often their immediate commanders have failed to give
necessarily be below. This was never the intention of the War Department the proper evidence on which to
the War Department in using the word and it resulted act in order to eliminate the officer under existing law.
in much unfairness. "7' The Regular Army officer is a very wonderful citi-
"2. The words 'superior, excellent, satisfactory, etc. zen. The standards governing him are becoming higher
are not used strictly in their dictionary sense, but rather every day. Great problems are going to fall to his lot for
to indicate different strata into which military human solution, and officers charged with the sacred duty of re-
beings are to be grouped. The word 'superior' was se- porting upon these officers must equally b.ear in mind
lected to represent the top stratum, and in this group we the encouragement of the fit whom we have 111 such great
put our best officers. Then there is another group of of- proportions and the elimination of the unfit who here
ficers, not quite up to our top notches, that we grade in and there appear among our ranks.
a class which we call for convenience 'excellent.' Then GEO. VAN HORN MOSELEY,
there is a group of officers, fine fellows, all of them, who Major General, U. S. Army,
carry a great load and carry it well, but not brilliantly; Commanding.
and those officers we grade as 'satisfactory.' Then there .,. .,. .,.
are certain officers throughout the service who do not quite
measure up in certain traits, and in these traits we grade
What Is It?
them 'unsatisfactory' or perhaps even 'inferior.' However,
when they definitely get in the unsatisfactory class we
keep them under rather close observation, because we can-
T HE last issue of the JOURNALcarried an article which
we hoped would result in locating the owner of :I
vanity case which had long reposed in the safe of t~e
not afford to keep officers who remain for any great length Fort Monroe Casemate Club. This time we have a dIf.
of time below the grade of 'satisfactory.' ferent problem to solve. There IS 111 the Fort Monroe
"3. Older officers who are called upon to make out Club a box containing
efficiency reports should bear these things in mind, the articles shown in the
especially in making out reports on the youngsters. It is picture. No descriptive
pathetic to look at the chart and see how very few second card can be found nor is
lieutenants are reported as 'superior,' but, as you view anyone now at Fort
these wonderful youngsters joining the Army, you will Monroe able to give the
find that most of them are of the very finest type. They history of this box and
should be encouraged by receiving the best report they its contents. Perhaps it
deserve. If we feel that they are the best youngsters that has great historical sig-
we have ever seen, they should be rated as 'superior,' nificance. Undoubtedly it
meaning that we put them in the highest class, forgetting has played an important
entirely all dictionary definitions. part in some accident or
"4. All human beings make mistakes. Generally these engagement. It may be a
should be corrected on the spot and forgotten in connec- part of a German air-
tion with the routine of the day. They should not be noted plane or a Zeppelin. The bits of wood are appar~ndy
on efficiency reports unless they are observed to such an parts of a propeller. One section indicates that it was hit b~
1934 NEWS AND COMMENT 233
a one-pounder shell. We are publishing this information of normal service target practice beginning with July I,
with the hope that someone may be able to explain the 1934. The allowances are now based on the calendar year
significance of the souvenir in order that it can be proper- in place of the fiscal year as has formerly been the practice,
Iv carded and preserved for posterity. Its historic value there~ore, ~uring the last half of the present year target
';"ilI, like wine, improve with age. Fifty years from now practlCes wIll be on a reduced schedule with one-half of
officers of the Army may regard it with awe and admira- the normal allowances. Beginning with January I, 1935,
tion, but its value depends largely upon an explanation the normal target practice allowances will be available.
of the part it played in the late war. -( f f
-( -( -(
Let the Journal Handle Your Magazine
Activities of the 621st C.A. (HD) Subscriptions

H EADQUARTERS of the 621st Coast Artillery va-

cated its former location, room 304'5 DuPont Build-
ing, and established its activities in the Old Federal Build-
W E are in indebted to an officer on foreign service for
the following:
"As a suggestion that may have revenue-raising possi-
ing, 6th and King Streets. The move was made on Jan- bilities I suggest the insertion of a statement of the ad-
uary 30th. This move will save the government $627.00 vantages to be gained by subscribing to periodicals through
the COASTARTILLERYJOURNAL. I have worried along for
annual rental, and provides larger space for our activities. three years with post exchange service on magazines. Maga-
Thirty-two subcourses have been completed by mem- zines ordered through the JOURNAL on an annual sub-
~ers of this regiment for 420 credit hours. This makes a scription basis arrive at this station between five days and
total of sixty-five subcourses for a total of 815 hours for three weeks in advance of those supplied by local news
dealers."
this training season .
We are anticipating quite a number of promotions in . Not on~y ~oes the JOURNALguarantee to furnish maga-
the near future as there are some officers finishing sub- Zllles, penodlcals and newspapers at a subscription rate as
courses which will make them eligible for application for low as can be quoted by any reputable dealer but it ap-
pears from the foregoing that the service rendered is
examination for a certificate of capacity.
A large number of reserve officers, 621st Coast Artil- superior to that furnished by post exchanges and local
news dealers. When in need of service of this character
lery, attended the last two meetings of the Reserve Offi-
the COASTARTILLERYJOURNALwill appreciate your order.
cers Associations, Dept. of Del. On January 9th, Lieu-
f f f
tenant L. P. Hubbuch, CW-Res., gave a very interesting
and instructive talk on the uses of the various chemicals Notes from Coast Artillery Brigade, NYNG
and the means used to combat these weapons. On Febru-
ary 13th a Signal Corps training (sound) film was O N January 31, the Armory of the 245 CA. NYNG
(HD) was the scene of a review to Edward A.
shown, "Tactical Employment of a Battery of 155-mm. Hayes, National Commander of the American Legion.
guns." It was very interesting and instructive to all Re- A banner gathering of 8,000 was present at the cere-
serve officers, especially the members of the 621st Coast monies and witnessed the presentation of the Purple
Artillery . .Heart with Oak Leaf Cluster to Corporal Henry Buhler,
-( -( -( Battery C, 245th CA. who was wounded during the
Coast Artillery Target Practice World War while serving with the 106th Infantry. The
order of the Purple Heart was also conferred on' Private
U NDER date of April 7th, 1934, the Army and Navy
Register carried an article quoted in part as follows: James
59th
Cooper,
Coast
24Sth CA. NYNG, who served with the
Artillery, AEF. These presentations were
"Limitations placed on federal expenditures during the
1934 fiscal year have practically suspended target practice made by Brigadier General Sydney Grant, CA., NYNG,
for coast artillery units, and it is possible that this most retired. Before evening parade the regimental relay race
important training activity may be suspended during was run, the 3d Battalion being the winner ..
the 1935 fiscal year. If this phase of coast artillery train-
Major General William N. Haskell, commanding the
ing is partially restricted or entirely suspended during the
next fiscal year it will mean that training and target prac- New York National Guard, reviewed the 244th CA.
tice for coast artillery units will have been interrupted in NYNG (TD), on January 22, 1934, and presented State
whole or in part for three consecutive fiscal periods, for 1Y1edalsfor Long and Faithful Service to Captain Sylver-
this interruption in training began during the latter part
rer B. Husch, Med. Dept. Det., Captain Henry B. Ham-
of the 1933 _fiscal year. War department authorities are
hopeful that normal target practice of coast artillery units mond, 2d Bn. Hqrs., and 1st Sgt. Joseph Pospisil, Bat-
may be resumed during the 1935 fiscal year." tery C, each for fifteen years' service, and to Sgt. Conrad
The foregoing implies a doubt as to the possibility Cardiello, Battery E, and Staff Sgt. Thomas Gamar, Bat-
?f conducting Coast Artillery service target practice dur- tery C, for ten years' each. The "General John J. Byrne"
ll1g the fiscal year 1935, War Department pronounce- Attendance Trophy was awarded to Service Battery for
ments already issued leave no doubt: as to the resumption attaining a percentage of 95.2 %.
 RESERVE NOTES

Second Coast Artillery District Commanding Officer of the 621st and Major W. M.
Colonel F. W. Stopford, Executive Cravens, CAC the Unit Instructor of the regiment were
present.
N April 6th-Army Day, the Coast Artillery Re- On March 13th Lieutenant Porter of the Navv gave
O serves of the Metropolitan Area turned out in full
force for the parade despite the inclement weather, and a
a lecture on the functioning of the various departm~nts of
the ~avy wh.ich p.roved of great value in understanding
letter of commendation on the part of the Corps Area ?ur Sister servlCeWIth whom we must so closely cooperate
Commander, Major General D. E. Nolan, U. S. Army tn an emergency.
who w~s.Chief Marshal of the parade was very gratifying l' l' l'
to partIcIpants. Washington Conferences
At the troop school meeting of the C.A. Reserves
Metropolitan Area April 16th, 1934, Brigadier General
W. E. Cole, Commanding 2nd Coast Artillery District
T HE regular Coast Artillery Reserve conferences hdd
in Washington have been exceptionally well attended
this year, the keen interest shown being in a large meas-
delivered to a large and appreciative audience of Reserve ure due to the interesting talks prepared.
officers, a lecture on. the Artillery Defenses of the Ha- Major George R. Meyer, c.A.c., chose for his sub-
waiian Islands. Preceding the meeting Colonel Azel jc:ct, "Changes in Harbor Defense Projects," with pat.
Ames, CA-Res., Commanding Officer of the 602d c.A. tlcular reference to the harbor defenses of San Francisco.
(Ry) and officers of his regiment gave a dinner for Gen- Brigadier General Charles E. Kilbourne, Chief of the
eral Cole. Among other guests were Colonels Fergusson War Plans Division of the General Staff, held the atten.
and Stopford. tion of a large audience with a timely discussion of "The
On April 25th General Cole was a guest at a dinner at Strategy of the Pacific."
Montclair, New Jersey, given by the officers of the 521st At later conferences Major Frank F. Scowden, QMC
c.A:. (AA) and the Montclair Chapter of the Reserve told of the problem of "Procurement and Supply of the
Officers' Association. The principal address of the evening CCC," while Major R. V. Cramer discussed the "Coast
was made by General Cole. Colonel James E. Nestor, Artillery of Oahu." Brigadier General Henry J. Reilly,
Commanding Officer of the 521st CA (AA) was toast- who accompanied the Austrian Army on the Eastern
master. Front as a reporter for the Chicago Tribune, gave a graphic
The State Convention of the Reserve Officers' Associ- account of the Austro-German drive into Russia during
ation was held at the Hotel Roosevelt, New York City, the summer and fall of 1915'
May 4th and 5th with a banquet the evening of May 4th l' -( -(
at which many Coast Artillery Reserve officerswere pres- Trenton Chapter Meets
ent including among others Colonel Robert S. Allyn, EMBERS of the Reserve Officers' Association, Tren-
CA-Res. the newly appointed Assistant Commissioner
of Sanitation of the City of New York, Colonel Henry
M ton Mid-State Chapter, attended a dinner and
meeting on the night of February.], at which important
D. Cushing, CA-Res., and Lieutenant Colonel A. C. M.
matters were discussed. The dinner was held in the
Azoy, CA-Res. Hotel Hildebrecht at 6:30 p.m. and then the mem~
Promotions in the Metropolitan Area during the past
went to the postoffice building to conduct the business
month were as follows: From 2nd to 1st Lieutenant-
session. President T riesch selected a nominating com-
Joseph W. Howell, 539th CA and Charles J. Beane, 52ISt
mittee composed of Majors Freeman, Dayton and Bige-
CA while 1st Sergeant Ciro P. Mastronardy of the 521st
low to select the officerswho will guide the affairs of the
was appointed 2nd Lieutenant, CA-Res., in that regiment.
First Lieutenant John S. Dwinell, formerly a 1st Lieuteu.- association for 1934- -
On suggestion of Lieutenant G. McKinley Triesch, a
ant CAC, NYNG, was appointed in the same grade CA-
Res. and assigned to the 62nd CA (RA). There are 18 motion was made by Major R. B. Dayton and secomkd
captains, 7 first lieutenants and 1 second lieutenant on by Lieutenant G. E. Pierson, Jr., that Trenton Mid-Sutr
cce duty from this district. Chapter would support Lieutenant Colonel Eugen~ B.
The 62ISt C.A. (HD) with headquarters at Wilming- Valle, QM-Res., for New Jersey Department presllk:nt
ton, Delaware showed a great deal of activity during the for 1934. The motion was carried.
past month with large numbers of their members at- Following the business meeting Captain H. B. Hoyt.
tending troop school and meetings of the ROA in that unit instructor to the Y:J9th Infantry, lectured aD the
city. The month ended with a dance held by the ROA duties of 5-4 and G-4' after which he gave two problelIlS
Dept. of Delaware at which Colonel A. E. Tanner, the which every officer participated in.
 BOOK REVIEWS

FAR EASTERN FRONT, By Edgar Snow. Harrison The first part of the book is a chronicle of the events
and Robert Haas, New York. occurring in "Manchuria, Birthplace of Conquerors" and
By Major General H. D. Todd, Jr., Ret. the second part describes what happened to "China,
This young author less than thirty-five years of age, has Within the Wall."
written a most interesting and instructive book--a book In the part on Manchuria we read under the subhead.
that will undoubtedly explain to American readers what Descent of War, "Japan could not have chosen a better
has appeared to be a bewildering train of events. time to strike." "The whole western capitalist world ap-
As Shanghai correspondent of the United Press, he has peared mated with disaster." "Certainly no people de-
spent the last five years in China. He states in his pref- sired to undertake new obligations which might further
acewhich he signed in Peking on September I, 1933, that' complicate the onerous tasks ahead."
"except for brief historical synopsis, what I write is in the In China there had occurred "the most disastrous Rood
main concerned with what I have seen or what I know in authentic history." "Between 60,000 and 70,000 square
to be fact." miles in six of China's richest, largest and most populous
Also he tells us that this story is essentially that of this provinces were seriously inundated. Within three weeks
Sino-Japanese "War" of 1931-'33 and that his reason for over 600,000 people perished. Twelve million houses were
usingthe word "war" is that he does "not know any other destroyed and 55,000,000 people were rendered partially
English word which describes the armed invasion of an- or wholly destitute. Crop losses in five provinces alone
other nation's territory, the eviction of its government, were estimated to exceed $400,000,000 silver. The above
the forcible seizure of its properties, and the subjugation figures seem unbelievable. The author, however, describes
of the people." what he saw. He "cruised in a small launch over country
At the beginning of the book, Mr. Snow places the where once green fields had glistened." He "passed whole
f~llowing writings and speeches of Japanese statesmen, villages submerged." He "saw dragon junks carrying
VIZ: 4,000 dead." "China sent out a plea for help to the whole
"The Imperial Japanese Government is determined to world and the whole world responded." "Japan's con-
remain loyal to the League of Nations Covenant, the tribution was as generous as that of other countries"-
no-wartreaty, other various treaties and the two resolu- a fact which is most interesting considering that this "gen-
tionsadopted by the Council regarding the present (1vIan- erous" contribution was immediately followed by a cam-
churian) incident." paign that did not cease until Japan had conquered nearly
Foreign Minister Baron Shidehara in a half a million square miles of Chinese territory.
note to Secretary of State Stimson The incident considered by the Japanese to be sufficient
December 24, 1931, provocation for their attack against the administrative and
"Japan may never withdraw her troops from Man- territorial integrity of China-an attack that continued
churia. * * * Japan will resolutely resist any attempt until Manchuria and Jehol had been overrun by Japanese
to apply the Nine-Power Treaty to the situation here. troops is described as follows:
oJ * * We need not pay any attention to what the "At about IO:OO p.m. on September 18, 1931, a minor
Leagueof Nations may say, what the Soviet Union may explosion occurred on the tracks of the Japanese Govern-
attempt or what China may plot." ment owned South Manchurian Railway, at a point near
Minister of War Araki in a speech at Tokio, the Chinese North Barracks at Mukden, Capital of Man-
April 22, 1932. churia. The damage was small, a piece of rail being dis-
"International relations are quite unlike relations sub- placed. It did not prevent the safe passage half an hour
sistingbetween individuals. Morality and sincerity do not later of the southbound express from Changchun which
governa country's diplomacy, which is guided by selfish- arrived punctually at Mukden. It was not clear who had
n~ss, pure and simple. It is considered the secrer of caused the explosion. However, this really triRing affair
dIplomacy to forestall rivals by evety crafty means avail- was immediately followed, according to the author, by the
able." concentration of the Kwantung Army in !\1ukden and
Count Okuma, late Japanese Minister "a small force of Japanese troops throughout the area."
to China, in his published papers. "By m~dnight Japanese soldiers had occupied the North
If the above are accurate quotations, the reader can Barracks and adjacent villages; had killed 320 of the
more easily understand not only many of the incidents IO,OOO Chinese soldiers stationed there; wounded a great
describedlater in the book but also the ethics and princi- many more, and dispersed the remainder."
ples upon which the Japanese Government apparently "Simultaneously, throughout the South Manchuria
basesits foreign policy. Railway Zone, Japanese troops began operations in all
236 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
strategic cities." "Before dawn the Japanese occupied the fact the Chinese authorities had been given to understand
Walled City and international area of Mukden." that their reply to the Japanese demands had been satis-
"Before dawn they occupied the Chinese East Bar- factory and that no action would be taken against them.
racks, the Mukden Arsenal and the aerodrome and seized Suddenly at 11:25 p.m. on January 28, 1932, the Chinese
most ~~ the equipment of the Chinese Northeastern Mayor of Chapei was informed that Admiral Shiozawa
Army. intended to take the city. The author then states that at
"Before dawn several thousand Japanese civilian 'armed II :35 p.m. "I heard riRe reports and then the bark of ma-
reservists' had been mobilized." "They were calmly polic- chine ~ns:" ::Blue jackets poured into thi~ ~ensely popu-
ing the streets of Mukden when the surprised Chinese lated dIstrIct. About 4,000 of them partICIpated in this
populace ventured forth after what was described in initial operation in Chapei. "They wore gay looks or
Reuter's dispatch as 'a night of tertor.' " smiled."
"By daylight of the 19th, the Japanese garrison in Then we read "I was on the end of North Szechuen
Korea was mobilized and troops were en route to Man- Road an hour later when suddenly a squad of men came
churia." "Before dawn Lieutenant General Shigern Honjo, running back, some carried no rifles; some had lost their
commander of the garrison of Kwantung, had transferred steel helmets; and three had blood gushing from fresh
his headquarters to Mukden from Port Arthur, 146 miles wounds. They all looked badly frightened."
to the south. With him went the infantry and artillery Thus is described the beginning of an attack that lasted
stationed at Port Arthur. Both he and his troops arrived 34 days before the Japanese naval force, reinforced by at
in Mukden that morning." Finally "in Japan several least 30,000 soldiers equipped with every modern weapon
brigades of infantry, cavalry and artillery were mobilized and supported by the fire from naval ships, were able to
and ready to cross the Yellow Sea by midnight of the overcome the resistance of the Chinese troops of the 19th
19th." Admitting that the explosion on the railroad took Route Army lacking everything but small arms and ma-
the Japanese by surprise, the above schedule of operations chine guns.
will convince the student of logistics that a miracle had For some unknown reason the extremely accurate
been performed. "estimate of the situation" for which Japanes~ troops are
"Japanese troops occupied more territory in a single noted was evidently not made in this case.
night, and with fewer losses, than has any army in mod- Owing to the wise gentlemen at Geneva declaring that
ern history." ,'war" was a naughty word and should not be used, Japan
After describing the outbreak of hostilities, the author did not declare war against China. This may be the rea-
takes us through a history of the growth of Japan in gen- son that most of the laws of war were disregarded with
eral and of its relations to China in particular. Then tlle consequent appalling slaughter of civilians. Mr. Shaw
comes a description of what he saw of the operations as witnessed an air raid that "continued for nearly an hour,
the Japanese troops drove the Chinese from Jehol. The the planes releasing their cargo of four or six bombs, then
reader cannot fail to be highly impressed with the stamina repeatedly returning to re-Ioad. Incendiary bombs, carry-
and efficiency displayed by the Japanese soldiers through- ing 50 to 100 pounds of sulphur, were dropped along with
out this campaign conducted in bitterly cold weather, nor high-explosive torpedoes, and detonated over districts
will the reader be surprised by the total lack of efficiency densely populated with Chinese civilians. Unwarned of
displayed by the troops of the invaded country when he the attack they had no chance to escape; scoreswere blown
realizes that for centuries China has placed soldiers in the to bits, or incinerated in the rapidly spreading fires.
lowest caste. In addition to the severe loss among civilians was the
At the beginning of the second part of the book destruction of valuable buildings including "the celebrated
("China Within the Wall") we read "Four hundred Oriental Library, where priceless manuscripts from Sung
million big stiffs who won't fight for themselves," which Dynasty, more than 1,000 years old, had been carefully
"was the wayan American editor of a pro-Japanese pub- preserved for years." It would seem that the Japanese had
lication recently described to me (the author) his impres- considered "Louvain" an excellent precedent ..
sion of Chinese reaction below the Wall to the Manchuria "What astonished everyone was that under this teronc
invasion." Then follows an analysis of the ideas and man- unexpected onslaught the Chinese lines did not waver.':
ner of thought of these "four hundred millions." "Noone had seen Chinese soldiers like this before.'
"Nowhere else on earth" is the heading of the author's In addition to the details of the fighting by organized
description of Shanghai. This description is indeed a really troops, the author described the acts of the "rouin" a
great pen picture of that city. His chapter on Harbin is name .by which in Shanghi, the Japanese press called the
another and it is believed this statement will be concurred reservISts.
III by all travelers in the East. They are "trained ex-soldiers who have had two or more
The attack by the Japanese forces, first by the Navy years of army life and are organized even in time of peace
and then by the Army is described in detail including the as an auxiliary of the military." "Normally, they are en-
events immediately preceding. According to Mr. Shaw's gaged in business and commercial pursuits but when a
vision, there was no valid excuse for the attack on Chapei crisis occurs, they spring suddenly to the fire." Of them
and the consequent killing of thousands of civilians. In the author states "outrage piled upon outrage; cases of
1934 BOOK REVIEWS 231
banditry, kidnapping, homicide, and brutality were suc- larly interest our armed services. Badges, "shoulder
cessivelyreported against the rouin, and later authenti- patches," and coats-of-arms of British regiments, divisions,
cated by written testimony." Finally the landing of two and warships are there described and illustrated and a
newJapanese divisions on March 1st which allowed them comparison of them with those of our own services will
to seriously threaten the Chinese left flank made it clear well repay the reader. Another interesting plate is that
that the Chinese must!'retreat. This, the commander of of the badges used by various British sporting teams.
the sturdy 19th Route Army, General Tsai, conducted One chapter is devoted to the arms of the new nations
with the skill he had shown throughout his battle against of Europe and those which changed since the \X.ibrldWar,
great odds and it was "not until dawn did the Japanese and they are numerous. Nearly all the British dominions
blue-jacketsin Chapei realize ~eir enemy had left. They and colonies have received new heraldic insignia since the
hadbeen shelling empty trenches and redoubts all night." last edition of Boutell, and there have even been changes
The author's description of what he saw in Chapei after in the arms of the Royal family.
the evacaution by the Chinese is n~t pleasant. "Bodies of About half the book is a clear and concise exposition of
civilianslie clustered in alleys." "I see a mother with her the science of heraldry. This is the "manual" and is well
child, both of whom appear to have been pierced by a suited to a reader who wishes to get a good general idea
singlethrust of a bayonet." In fact they are pages of what of the subject without having to study a large, detailed
the author saw as the result of operations conducted by work. It should be noted however that it applies only to
soldierswho apparently did not consider themselves bound the heraldry of the British Isles. While the general prin-
by the ordinary laws of civilized warfare and, in reference ciples of the science are the same in all countries there are
to this review, it is believed that the veracity of the author many differences in detail, even in the British Isles them-
isbeyond question. selves, as the heraldry of England, Scotland, and Ireland
In addition to being a lucid writer with remarkable differ from each other in some particulars. Mr. Wheeler-
descriptivepowers, Mr. Shaw is evidently a student of Holohan is especially fortunate in showing such differ-
history and a logical thinker. He is of the opinion that ences but he makes no pretense of expounding continental
"in Asia today are two political driving forces that are heraldry, as shown by his remarks anent the well-known
destinedto be historically great." rule that metal shall not be placed on metal, nor color
"These two forces are Japan and Soviet Russia. Both on color. He indicates that this rule is invariably fol-
arevital, dynamic, aggressive; both menace the interna- lowed, which is the case in all three components ~f the
tionalsystem ... as it functions in the Orient. Eventu- British Isles, but the continental nations have been more
ally they must come into conflict for the dominance of lax in enforcing the rule. The arms of Rumania, illustrated
EasternAsia" and finally-"The rise of an Eastern Power in colors in Plate IX, show two such violation$. The au-
great and daring and determined enough to defy the thor can hardly be blamed for this omission, as no book
Eutopean Powers and America, probably marks the twi- yet written in any language has attempted to show the
light of Western Mastery." differences in the heraldry of different nations, but the
The book should be read throughout America by the reader should be cautioned that such divergences exist;
statesman, the civilian, and the soldier. especially the American reader, since American heraldry
although based primarily on British, is nevertheless a con-
BOUTELL'S MANUAL OF HERALDRY. Revised glomerate, all countries contributing thereto.
by V. Wheeler-Holohan. Frederick Warne & Co., The glossary, which was also a feature of the original
Ltd., London and New York; 320 pp.; 32 colored Boutell, is specially worthy of praise. Mr. Wheeler-
plates and many line illustrations. Holohan's treatment has made it indispensable to a
By Colonel Robert E. Wyllie, U. S. Army reader of heraldic works. The illustrations are admirable,
Ever since 1863 when Charles Boutell's Manual of the plates being fine examples' of color work, and the en-
Heraldry first appeared it has been a standard English tire production is a beautiful specimen of the modern
workon the subject. It passed through eleven editions in book publisher's art.
the next forty years and now Mr. Wheeler-Holohan, one
?f the younger school of English heraldists, has modern- KNOTS, USEFUL AND ORNAMENTAL. By
Izedand rewritten it. In fact it is Boutell's Heraldry in George Russell Shaw. Boston and New York; Hough-
n~tneonly, as the original author would never recognize ton, Miffiin Company. 1933, 194 pp. $4.00.
?lS handiwork in the present volume, so completely has By Lieut. Col. Paul D. Bunker, C.A.C.
It been changed. Here is a fine book for the Army-and the Navy, too!
Many may no doubt wonder how a manual of heraldry, It should be in every post and company and battery and
an institution of the Middle Ages, can be "modernized." troop library. Put this book and a batch of assorted twine
~ very brief perusal of this work will show such Doubt- and rope ends in the Day room and see if the combination
IngThomases that, medixval though it may be, it is also does not form an efficient counter-attraction to the corner
very modern and is a live issue even in this twentieth speakeasy. '
century. This is strikingly manifest in the chapters and Here is every knot and bend you ever heard of, and
plateson military and naval heraldry, which will particu- many that you never imagined even when examining
238 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL A1aY-Iul1e
Second Class Gunners. There are the knots used by sea- War are given. The chapters on yachting flags and hoUSe
men, stevedores, cowboys, packers-not only their every- flags of ocean liners are not confined to British, but in-
day utility knots but also the fancy ones they use for clude some from America and the continent. There is an
decorative purposes, and they are all illustrated by care- interesting chapter on signal flags, which includes a brief
ful line drawings with instructions written right next to history of visual signalling in the Royal Navy and of the
the diagrams. Each of the more intricate knots is sketched International Signal Code, and a c<'lloredplate of Nelson's
at two or more successive stages and, as a result, you famous signal at Trafalgar.
know just how to do it. The descriptions of the flags of other nations occupy
A pardonable exception is the famous Diamond Hitch about one-third of the book. Not only are they well
and perhaps it is just as well. We old-time disciples of illustrated in color, but an excellent vignette of the CGat-
Chief Packer Daly remember his "hol' yer load" and are of-arms or badge is inserted in the text in most cases.The
not surprised that Mr. Shaw contents himself with mere- national flags are described, likewise those for the navy
ly a sketch of the completed result, evidently realizing and merchant marine where they differ from the narion~
that the mysteries of "the Diamond" are not to be treated emblem. Also the standard of the sovereign or flag of the
lightly but should be approached in humility and with president and other government banners.
prayer. In attempting to explain the origin of the different Hags
If you have a son who is a Boy Scout, or if you are on the author has merely given the popular story, which can
a Scout Council, you should invest in one of these books hardly ever be verified and is generally at total variance
forthe Troop; it belongs with the Handbook. But there, with the historical evidence. An example is shown in his
I can't spare more time for praising this book; I've always unqualified acceptance of the Betsy Ross story, without
wanted to know how to make a four-thong braid and here any suggestion of doubt as to its veracity. As a legend it
are the diagrams, on page 76. Here's where the dog gets makes good reading; as history it is incredible.
a new leash. Unfortunately there are some errors in Mr. Wheeler-
Holohan's account of American flags which should have
A MANUAL OF FLAGS, incorporating Flags of the been avoided. He says-and here he is merely repeating
World. By W. J. Gordon, revised by V. Wheeler- Gordon-that battle honors are placed on the national col-
Holohan. Frederick Warne & Company, Ltd., London ors of our regiments. This was the practice during the Civil
and New York; December, 1933. 279 pp.; 30 plates, War, but was abandoned soon after. When Gordon wrote
mostly colored, and numerous line drawings. in 19I 5 he was correct in saying that our regimental colors
By Colonel Robert E. Wyllie, U. S. Army bore the national coat-of-arms, but it is now fifteen years
This is a companion work to Mr. Wheeler-Holahan's since the regimental coat-of-arms replaced the national.
revision of Boutell' s Heraldry, and, like it, is a sumptuous yet Mr. Wheeler-Holohan has not revised the statement.
volume, well bound and beautifully illustrated. Compari- He likewise says that our regiments carry two colors.
sons are said to be odious, but it is impossible to avoid just as the British do "in each case one of them represent-
comparing the colored plates with those of the well-known ing the chief of the State and the other the body of
National Geographic Flag number to the advantage of the men." Judged from the standpoint of feudal tradition
book under review, nothwithstanding the welr deserved this is probably correct so far as England is concerned.
reputation of that magazine for its color work. The pub- but it is certainly not true of the United States. Here
lishers have certainly produced a beautiful book. the regimental color represents the "body of men," but
Mr. Wheeler-Holohan's "review" of Boutell's Heraldry the national color represents the State itself, not the
was in reality a new work, but little remaining of the President.
original Boutell, but the present volume is a true revision A new and unique feature of the book is the description.
of Mr. Gordon's, which was originally produced by the under each country for which it is appropriate, of aircraft
same publishers in 1915. Many new flags have appeared markings. The symbols used by the Army and ~avy
since that time and many have disappeared, and the work on wings, fuselage, and rudder are described and I\1U-
is brought up-to-date in that respect, to include the strated in two colored plates. This does not apply t~ the
changes in the German flags made in the spring of 1933 individual squadron insignia but only to the national
by Chancellor Hitler. Mr. Wheeler-Holohan has also emblems. As might be expected, the colors of the Rag
reorganized the material, especially that portion dealing predominate; and since so many national flags are ~.
with foreign flags (i.e., those not British) which was a white, and blue it is interesting to note the vanoUS
loose and rambling narrative in the original Gordon. geometrical designs which have been adopted for use
The introductory chapter, which differs but little from with these three colors. It should also be remarked that
the original, is an excellent resume of the history of na- the swastika 0
is not peculiar to the Nazis of errnany,
tional flags and emblems from the earliest times. This since both Latvia and Finland use it as a natIOnal air-
is followed by descriptions of the various Rags of the craft symbol, the former in red, the latter in blue.
British Empire, including the colors of the British regi- In a work covering as much ground and as many
ments, which will be of special interest to our service, par- countries as does this an errorless production is doubtless
ticularly as the battle honors earned during the World an impossibility, and those made by Mr. Wheeler-Holo-
1934 BOOK REVIEWS 239

han are so few in number compared with the mass of cost for a far greater number of veterans is but a fraction
material in the book that they hardly detract from the of what we spend annually.
general excellence of the produc~?n. The volun:e is a Miss Mayo's conclusion is that in our legislative eager-
necessity for any well-stocked mlhtary or naval hbrary. ness to extend benefits to the greatest possible number of
voters, the truly deserving (those most gravely disabled,
SOLDIERS-WHAT NEXT? By Katherine Mayo. and the genuine dependents of those who were killed)
Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1934. 474 pages, have suffered neglect. It will be difficult for either the
VI Appendices. $3.50. American Legion or for Congress to refute the bulk of
By Major Fred M. Green, C.A.C. her charges. The logic of her argument is unanswerable
-most of our money for veterans' relief is now going to
Conviction that their government will aid the war- those actually none the worse for their brief period of
cripple,~nd provide for the dependents of t~ose who die, military service. Already, a quarter of our national in-
is essentIalfor the morale of any Army. MISSMayo has come is being expended on this racket. And while the
studiedthe British, French, German, and Italian handling cost abroad is diminishing annually, with the natural at-
of this problem, and compares our methods and results trition of the veterans, our costs are mounting rapidly
with theirs. While her feminine viewpoint is manifested and ominously every year.
by the exaggerat~d significance which ~h.e attaches to
spiritual values, m her pronounced. sohcI~ude for the NAZI MEANS WAR. By Leland Stowe. 150 pp.
widowsand orphans of the war dead, m her llltemperance Whittlesey House, New York, 1934. $1.50'
of statement, and in her none too felicitous handling of By Major Fred M. Green, C.A .C.
statistics,her audacity in attacking the "pension racket" A non-military writer recounts his observations in Ger-
hereis beyond criticism; it recalls her merciless analyses many, and contrasts the recent pacific utterances of Chan-
ofconditions in the Philippines and in India. And while cellot Hitler with' the universal and feverish preparations
her argument might have been strengthened by a more for war which he saw throughout that country last au-
judicialattitude, it is hard to deny the essential soundness tumn.
ofher thesis. Of over a million uniformed and trained men (ex-
If the experience of former wars is any guide, we are clusive of the army and police), he estimates there are:
still far from realizing the ultimate magnitude of the 460,000 Sturmabteilung "brownshirts," a group origin-
chargesfor our pension folly . We are still paying pensions ally organized to combat communist rioters; these, and the
next group, now form a distinctly privileged class;
to widows of Mexican War veterans. In the half-century 200,00 Schutzstaffel "blackcoats," a seemingly of higher
that followed the Civil War, a politically aggressive fa~- morale and stricter discipline, and whom he designates as
non of Union Veterans succeeded in extorting from the "the greatest disciplined uniformed political force in
treasuryover five billions of dollars, and in so absurdly. Europe;"
200,000 Steel-helmets,made up of war veterans and their
"liberalizing" the earlier laws as to render eligible to
sons, and now wholly Nazified;
pensionso-called "widows" who were not born until the 230,000 Arbeitsdienst, a sort of c.c.c., with C.M.T.C.
endof that period. Warned by such unsavory precedents, and R.OT.C. proclivities, established in May, 1933 on a
Congressin 1917 passed a law designed to forestall any voluntary basis. Half the day is spent on labor projects,
attempt to repeat these abuses. In the next seven years, and half on military training. Membership is now obliga
this law was "liberalized" ninety-two times, and then re- tory for periods of two to six months for college students,
diplomats, and aspirant-teachers; with the withdrawal of
placedby a wholly new law for which Miss Mayo lays Germanyfrom the League, it is expected that the liability
the blame largely on the American Legion. This law, to compulsoryservicewill be much extended.
since"liberalized" at about the same rate as the former, Of these groups,..the nrst three are now organized into
madepensionable practically all infirmities, whenever and units from the squad to the brigade, with divisional and
howeveracquired, and provided hospitalization regardless corps areas, under ex-officer leadership and general staff
of service connection. The data show that for another supervision. Area limits correspond closely with those of
quarter of a century our charges will continue to mount, the regular army; S.A. "Standarten" even wear the num-
whereasin Great Britain the pension cost will be practi- erals of the prewar regiment formerly stationed in the
callyextinguished in the same period. same area, and are enjoined to "preserve its traditions."
Abroad, pensions are provided in general only for those Engineer, Aviation, Cavalry, Signal, and Motor Trans-
whosedisabilities are of service origin; in some cases the port units are provided. There is usually one drill night
rates are low except for combat injuries or diseases con- a week, with long Sunday "hikes;" some of the men
~cted in the combat zone; no pension is provided for habitually live in barracks.
Widowsmarried or children begotten since the war; gov- Ostensibly they are unarmed, but small bodies are be-
e~ent hospitalization is restricted to cases of actual ne- ginning to appear under arms on occasions, and instances
ces:Ity; minor cases are paid off in one lump sum, thus of outdoor firing with rifles and machine guns are reported
saVingadministrative costs. With these economies, the with increasing frequency. Arms are apparently borrowed
genuinely war-disabled can be pensioned at rates sub- for the occasion from the regular units with which each
stantiallyequivalent to ours, or even higher, yet the total unofficial unit is linked, but a clandestine stock of rifles
240 COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL ;HaY-J/m~
adequate for three or four times their present number ~
If you cannot keep believed to exist.
- .. A covert :lir-training force, appropriately uniformed
your magazmes m has been "unofficially" organized in flagr:lnt defiance of
place use the the Versailles treaty.
UNIVERSAL While military science is taught in the universities
(contrary to the Versailles Treaty) ; while strategic motor
PERFECTION
highways are being built to connect industrial centets with
MAGAZINE each other and with the frontier; while private motor cars.
BINDERS are frequently commandeered and employed for test mo-
with the permanent bilizations; and while military text books enjoy an unpre-
cedented sale, the author finds the most sinister feature of
C(f lock feature.
:lll is the ceaseless propoganda to instill the fighting spirit.
The Universal Perfection Magazine lock binders are Every means is used to inculate martial ardor. Even
made in two popular colors (brown and black) of though sC:lrcely more than half the population is trulv
fabrikoid, with permanent lock feature. ~e crossbar
Nazi at heart, the repressive means employed and the
of substantial metal will not bend. Made to fit any
size magazine. Magazines cannot be removed from ruthless subjugation of individual aims to purposes of the
binders without key. State have rendered the people morbidly susceptible to
Three lines of lettering in gilt allowed without indoctrination. An extraordinarily aggressive outlook on
charge, i.e., name of magazine, organization and loca- foreign affairs has been instilled; the "Berlin to Bagdad"
tion. Instead of location you may substitute "Do Not
slogan has been revived; and attention is constantly
Remove From Day Room."
drawn to the former African colonies now lost. J
PRICES
No. A.66 Brown or Black Fabrikoid: For the million and a half school children, regimenta-
1 to 11 Binders inclusive $2.15 each, any size tion begins at 7 years with propaganda, singing Nazi
12 to 22 Binders inclusive 1.90 each, any size
23 to 30 Binders inclusive 1.80 each, any size hymns, and marching drill. The older boys learn grenade-
31 Binders and up $1.75 each, any size throwing; and the students in certain universities devote
F.O.B. Factory
Quotations for full leather \vill be given upon request one full day per week to milit:lry tr:lining.
Order from Because of the necessity for fabricating heavy artillery,
THE COAST ARTILLERY JOUR~AL
tanks, and additional aircraft, 'it- appears sure that war
• will be avoided for at least two years. But then, unless
some foreign alliance should forestall this calamity by
preventive action, or unless economic collapse (as in
Coast Artillery Field Russia) should postpone events, he foresees war within a
few years thereafter. When that time comes, he insists
Manuals that the United States must abandon its doctrine of
The following Coast Artillery, Staff Officers' and freedom of the seas, and forego the manufacture and ex-
Basic Field Manuals are now available: port of munitions to the belligerents, if it expects to pre.
1. CA.F.M. Vol. I, Seacoast Arty. Part 1- serve its neutrality.
Tactics $ .15 The reviewer regrets that the author so pointedly
2. CA.F.M. Vol. I, Seacoast Arty. Parts 2 and 3 avoided the anti-Semitic phase of Nazi policy. Except
-Technique and Reference Data 25 for Nazi propaganda, so little is published in this counrry
3. CA.F.M. Vol. II, Antiaircraft Arty. Part 1- by other than pro-Semitic writers that it would be inter-
Tactics 20
esting to hear something of the opposite side f:om :l
4. CA.F.M. Vol. II, Antiaircraft Arty. Part II
journalist who could not be suspected of pro-NaZI sym-
-Technique and Reference Data 50
5. Staff Officers F.M. Part 1. Staff Data 20 pathies.
of of of
6. Staff Officers F.M. Part 3. Organization, Road Target Practice During the Remainder of
Spaces and Camping 10
the Present Calendar Year
7. Basic F.M. Volume III. Basic Weapons 25
8. Basic F.M. Volume IX. (Signal Communica- lfNSTRUCTIONS to be issued will prescribe that the)
tions) 30 JL per cent ammunition allowances made available d;:J
9. Basic F.M. Volume V (Transport) : .. 60 ing the period July 1-December 31, 1934, m:lY be u
in target practices in which much latitude is allowed [
The above prices are F.O.B. Washington.
local commanders in the adjustment of fire and conduct
The JOURNAL is prepared to supply your needs on
of the practice. Organizations will not be c1assifi~d on.~
these or any other official Government publications.
results attained in the practices fired during [hiS rert
These practices should prove of considerable value 10 ~
The Coast Artillery Journal paration for the regular target practices to be condu~._
1115 17th Street, N. W. Washington, D. C. with full ammunition allowances under normal co
THESE ARE NOT PAID ADVERTISEMENTS
tions in the calendar year 1935,