INDEX OF CONTENTS

Computer System------------------------------------------------- 01-10

Chapter : 1. History of Computing and Binary System------------- 2-9

Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
A Little Bit of History---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Bits and Bytes------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
Number Systems---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
Complement Number Systems----------------------------------------------------------------- 9

Network------------------------------------------------------------- 11-142

Chapter : 2. Computer Networks----------------------------------------- 12-84

Introductio-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12-27
Network, Computer Network, Communication performed,
Elements, Media, Messages, Protocols, Architecture-------------------------------------- 13
Internet structure,Cable Connection,Bit,Cable specification---------------------------- 14
Transfer Mode,Bandwidth,Throughput,Goodput,AppleTalk, AUI Connector-------- 15
BNC Connector,Bridge,CSMA/CA,CSMA/CD,DIN,Dumb Terminal,
E-mail,Ethernet,Expansion Slot---------------------------------------------------------------- 16
FDDI,Fiber Optic Cable,File Server,Gigabit Ethernet,Gigabyte,
Hub,Infrared,Intranet,Extranet,Linear Bus,LocalTalk,MAN------------------------------ 17

i
Modem,Multiplexer,NIC,Network Operating System,Peer-to-Peer,
Point-to-Point,ping,RAID,Repeater,RJ-45---------------------------------------------------- 18
Router,SCSI,Segment,Sneaker-Net,Star Topology,Terminator,
Thicknet ,Thinnet,Token------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19
USB,WAN,IPv4, IPv6----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
Wireless Networks--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21-22
IEEE 802.15 ,IEEE 802.16,GSM,802.11a,802.11b,802.11g,
Wireless Access Point,Wireless NIC,VSAT--------------------------------------------------- 21
Types of threats, attacks--------------------------------------------------------------------- 22-23
White hat,Hacker,Black hat,Cracker,Phreaker,Spammer,Phisher---------------------- 22
Computer Crime,Threats to Physical Infrastructure,Network Attacks--------------- 23
Encryption algorithms----------------------------------------------------------------------- 23-24
DES,3DES,AES,RSA------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23-24
Subnetting--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
Variable Length Subnet Masking-------------------------------------------------------------- 27
Questions and Answers----------------------------------------------------------- 28-64
Network, Link------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 28
Node,gateway,point-point,Multiple Access, Distributed,Processing,effective
and efficient network,performance,reliability---------------------------------------------- 29
Protocol, key design,Routing,Dynamic Routing,routing Protocols-------------------- 30
Routing Protocols Classification, peer-peer, switch congested----------------------- 30
Semantic gap,Round Trip Time,Multiccasting and Broadcasting,
OSI layers,OSI Vs TCP/IP----------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Responsibilities OSI layer----------------------------------------------------------------------- 32-33
Link types,types of errors,Error Detection,Redundancy,VRC,LRC---------------------- 33
CRC,Checksum,Error Detection and Error Correction,Data Words,
Code Words,Cyclic Codes,Encoder------------------------------------------------------------ 34
Decoder,Framing, Stuffing,Error Control,ARQ,Stop-and-Wait-------------------------- 35
Relaible Transmission,Sliding Window,Piggy Backing,SAP,triple X,
Beaconing,redirector,passive topology------------------------------------------------------ 36
Brouter,point-to-point,MAC,Project 802,Protocol Data Unit---------------------------- 37
ICMP,TCP/IP protocol,classes of internet addresses------------------------------------- 38
TFTP and FTP,types of networks,important topologies,5-4-3 rule,
MAU,routable and non- routable protocols------------------------------------------------- 39
logical link,virtual channel,virtual path,packet filter, traffic shaping,
multicast routing,multicast protocol--------------------------------------------------------- 40
Multicasting,region,syndrome,Digrams and Trigrams,IDEA,
Wide-mouth frog,Mail Gateway,EGP,autonomous system,BGP------------------------ 41
Gateway-to-Gateway,NVT,Multi-homed Host,Kerberos,OSPF,Proxy ARP,
SLIP,RIP,source route,MAC Address---------------------------------------------------------- 42
MAC vs. IP,IP address,Private,Public Address,Static and Dynamic IP,
Network Address Translation,subnet-------------------------------------------------------- 43
Subneting,PING,Data encryption,Public Key Encryption,Digital
Signatures,Ethernet technology,IGMP protocol-------------------------------------------- 44
TCP / IP protocol,UDP protocol,TCP windowing,HTTP,NNTP-------------------------- 45
CSMA and CD,NetBIOS,Application layer,different kinds of network,
Ring, Bus and Star topology------------------------------------------------------------------- 46-47

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7 Layers of OSI------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 47
Router,routing,route a packet,Static Routing,
Default and Dynamic Routing----------------------------------------------------------------- 48
Routing Protocol,classes of routing protocols,internet routing,
Routing Loops------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
OSPF features,RIPv1 and RIPv2, IGRP and RIP,neighbourship EIGRP----------------- 50
Switching,Spanning Tree------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51
RIP and IGRP same network,MAC address not table-------------------------------------- 52
Denial of Service,Brute Force Attacks,RSA authentication,encoding,
encryption and hashing------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
Hash function,Physical and Digital Signature,Authentication Header,
SSL Protocol,TFTP and FTP--------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
Bit and baud rate,NETBIOS and NETBEUI,ARP and RARP,POP3,SNMP--------------- 55
Transaction server,Message Oriented Middleware,TP-Lite and
TP-Heavy,Intranet and the Internet,FTP,DNS--------------------------------------------- 56
DNS,Telnet,SMTP,Spanning-Tree,VPN,types of VPN------------------------------------ 57
Address Resolution Protocol,structure and use of internet addresses,
APN,VPN and APN------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58-59
Names translated IP,broadcast domain------------------------------------------------------ 59
Bridge vs switch,gateway,firewall,Distance Vector Routing----------------------------- 60
Trusted and Untrusted Networks,Tunneling,voluntary and
Compulsory tunnels,static and dynamic tunnel, RTP,RTP------------------------------- 61
RTP and RTCP,RTP and RTCP packets,RTCP header,socket----------------------------- 62
Datagram vs. stream,stream socket,SSL,TCP Socket classes,race
Condition,Symmentric Multiprocessing----------------------------------------------------- 63
Objective Questions-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64-83

Chapter : 3. Information Security and Control----------------------- 84-85

Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84-85
Information,Security,Threat,Interception,Modification,
Fabrication,Encryption,Decryption---------------------------------------------------------- 84
Plaintext,Cipher text,some cipher,Transposition,Cryptography,
Symmetric and Asymmetric Key,Public key Encryption--------------------------------- 85

Chapter : 4. Data Communication---------------------------------------- 86-104

Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 86-91
Data Communications,Basic Elements,Information--------------------------------------- 86
Transmitter,Channel,Receiver,Transmission,Analog,Digital---------------------------- 87
Methods of sending data,ways of transmitting,Digital Communication--------------- 88
Encoder,Decoder,Data Encoding Techniques,Analog-to- Digital,
Digital-to-Analog, Modulation,Amplitude modulation------------------------------------ 89
Angle modulation,Fundamental digital modulation methods--------------------------- 90
Sampling,FHSS,DSSS----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91
Questions and Answers----------------------------------------------------------- 92-104
Transmission,attenuation, distortion, and noise------------------------------------------ 92
Composite single,types are wireless transmission---------------------------------------- 93
Random Excess,Channelization,FDMA and TDMA----------------------------------------- 94

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CDMA in wireless,Bandwidth and Latency,types of Multiplexing,Physical
And Digital Signature,Symmetric and Asymmetric-Key cryptography--------------- 95
Design goals of ATM,data communication,data exchange,Simplex,half-duplex 96
Duplex,analog and digital signals,Nyquist Theorem,Aliasing effect------------------- 97
Pulse amplitude,sampling,multiplexing,Classify of multiplexing----------------------- 98
FDM,WDM,TDM,Synchronous TDM----------------------------------------------------------- 99
Asynchronous,Synchronous,Transmission media,categories Of Transmission
media,attenuation------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100
Retransmission,communication and transmission,hamming code,CSMA,bit rate
and baud rate,Bandwidth,baseband,And broadband transmission,Bluetooth---- 101
Fiber Optics,Optical fibers types,Single and Multi-mode fibers------------------------ 102
Fiber Optics------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102
Optical fiber,multimode fiber,singlemode,AV signal transmitted,light-emitting
diode,Laser diode,VCSEL,photodetector,wavelengths single & multimode fiber--- 103
Pure ALOHA and Slotted Aloha---------------------------------------------------------------- 104

Chapter : 5. Mobile Wireless Communications----------------------- 105-129

Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 105-126
First Mobile,Cellular Mobile-------------------------------------------------------------------- 105
First Generation,1G Separate Frequencies,Switching Networks---------------------- 106
Taxonomy of switched,VIRTUAL-CIRCUIT------------------------------------------------- 107-108
Radio Propagation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 108
Second Generation,2G -TDMA,Typical 2G--------------------------------------------------- 109
GSM,GSM 2G Architecture,GSM Evolution--------------------------------------------------- 110
GPRS 2.5G for GSM,EDGE,2.5G Architecture,2G & 3G-CDMA--------------------------- 111
3G Technologies,3G Vision,International Standardization------------------------------- 112
Migration To 3G, IMT-2000 Vision----------------------------------------------------------- 113
3G Network Layout,3GPP, EVDO------------------------------------------------------------- 114
EVDV,HSPA,HSPA+,SMS----------------------------------------------------------------------- 115
3G QoS,3G UMTS,Handoff---------------------------------------------------------------------- 116
Evolution of Radio,LTE-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 117
OFDM----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 118
FDM vs. OFDM,LTE-Downlink,LTE Uplink-------------------------------------------------- 119
Evolution of LTE-Advance,LTE Vs LTE-Adv------------------------------------------------ 120
LTE vs WiMAX------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 121
Questions and Answers---------------------------------------------------------------------- 121-127
1G Vs 2G,cell,frequency reuse,multiple access schemes,co-channel------------------- 121
Adjacent channel,types of cells,channel allocation,mobility management,cluster,
Radio resource,planning of a cellular,location, handoff management,splitting------ 122
Trunking,types of Hand over,satellite system,paging,channels used,Units of a
Cellular 123
Classifications of Wireless,limitations,fading, coherence,wave path 124
Base station,MSC,foot print,Dwell time,handoff,modulation schemes,cross
section, Reflection, diffraction---------------------------------------------------------------- 125
Scattering,Mobile services,GPRS,SIM,information in SIM, Cellular, Architecture,
Adaptive equalization,PHP,subsystems of GSM------------------------------------------ 126
Frequency in GSM,channel GSM,types of handoffs,beacon,Encapsulation And 127

iv
Decapsulation, interfaces GSM,standards 3G, 4G mean,4G services,4G vs 3G------
4G voice calls,Wi-Fi router and 4G,HSPA+ or 3.5G--------------------------------------- 127
Objective Questions--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 127-129

Chapter : 6. Radio Frequency-------------------------------------------- 130-132

Questions and Answers---------------------------------------------------------------------- 130-132
PCB,band,gain,amplifier,Insertion loss,Thermal,relation dB and Signal,
octave,decade,Skin---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 130
VSWR,impedance,polarization,amplifier,curve,911point,saturation point,Filters-- 131
Superheterodyne,VCO,PLLs------------------------------------------------------------------- 132

Chapter : 7. Teletraffic----------------------------------------------------- 133-137

Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 133-137
Teletraffic,purpose------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 133
Model----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 134
Littles formula,classification,Call rates------------------------------------------------------ 135
Streams,analysis,Markov process------------------------------------------------------------- 136
Pure death,Pure birth process----------------------------------------------------------------- 137

Chapter : 8. Emerging Wireless Technologies and Applications 138-142

Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 138-142
Ad hoc networks,Problems--------------------------------------------------------------------- 138
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET),Problems,Applications------------------------------ 138-139
Wireless sensor networks (WSN),Application---------------------------------------------- 139-140
Free Space Optics (FSO),Application,Deployment,Challenges--------------------------- 141
Cooperative Communication Wireless,Benefits,Application--------------------------- 141-142
Cognitive Radio,challenges-------------------------------------------------------------------- 142

Software------------------------------------------------------------- 143-284

Chapter : 9. C programming---------------------------------------------- 144-193

Examples---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 144-161
Perfect numbers---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 144
Prime numbers, odd and even numbers----------------------------------------------------- 145
Palindrome number, Fibonacci series-------------------------------------------------------- 146
Factorial number, number reverse----------------------------------------------------------- 147
Sum of digit,power number-------------------------------------------------------------------- 148
Add two numbers without using addition operator-------------------------------------- 148
Prime factor,NCR factor------------------------------------------------------------------------- 149
Swap two numbers in c without using third variable------------------------------------- 150
Split number into digits,Count the number of digits-------------------------------------- 151
LCM two numbers,GCD two numbers-------------------------------------------------------- 152
Decimal to binary-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 153
Binary to decimal,decimal to hexadecimal------------------------------------------------- 154
Characters sorting of a string, reverse a string--------------------------------------------- 155

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String concatenation without using strcat-------------------------------------------------- 156
Sum of series 1 + 2 + . + n,sum of series 1^3 + 2^3 + . + n^3----------------------- 157
Find largest and smallest number------------------------------------------------------------ 158
Bubble sort,concatenation two string using pointer-------------------------------------- 159
Linear search,binary search------------------------------------------------------------------- 160
Takes password from user,Palindrome without using string function--------------- 161
Programming Test----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 162-193

Chapter : 10. Object Oriented Programming------------------------- 194-217

Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 194-199
OOP,Encapsulation,Class,Object,Access-specifier------------------------------------------ 194
Constructor,Destructor,Copy constructors,Array of objects----------------------------- 195
Inheritance----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 196
Polymorphisms,Overloading,Abstract classes---------------------------------------------- 197
Virtual functions overriding,Exceptions,Template---------------------------------------- 198
Multi-threaded programming------------------------------------------------------------------ 199
Questions and Answers---------------------------------------------------------------------- 199-204
OOPS,basic concepts,class,object,Encapsulation,Polymorphism,
Inheritance,manipulators,constructor------------------------------------------------------ 199
Destructor,Inline,virtual,friend,overloading function ,operator overloading------- 200
Abstract class,finalize method,types of arguments,super keyword,method
Overriding,interface,exception handling,tokens------------------------------------------ 201
Overloading and overriding,class vs object,abstraction,access,sealed modifiers,
Base method,new and override,constructors----------------------------------------------- 202
Early and late binding,this pointer,structure Vs class,default access,pure virtual,
Dynamic or run time polymorphism,parameter & copy constructor---------------- 203
Base,sub,super class,static,dynamic binding,overloading,reuse mechanism,
Necessary information------------------------------------------------------------------------- 204
Objective Questions--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 204-217

Chapter : 11. Data Structures and Algorithms----------------------- 218-234

Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 218
Data structure,Sorting complexity chart----------------------------------------------------- 218
Questions and Answers---------------------------------------------------------------------- 218-224
Areas------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 218
Types of data,linear and non linear,used,prefix and postfix,efficient data,
8 Queens,spanning Tree------------------------------------------------------------------------ 219
Stack vs Queue,stack pointer,linked lists,Binary Search Tree--------------------------- 220
Merge sort,B-tree,infix expressions----------------------------------------------------------- 221
Quick sort,heap,Construct B-tree-------------------------------------------------------------- 222
Bubble sort,BST----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 223
Towers of Hanoi,complexity Merge Heap,B-tree level----------------------------------- 224
Objective Questions--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 224-234

Chapter : 12. Algorithm Analysis and Design------------------------ 235-242

Questions and Answers---------------------------------------------------------------------- 235-242
Bubble sort algorithm,find the maximum &minimum in an array--------------------- 235

vi
Linear search,Inserting & Delete into a Linear Array------------------------------------ 236
Algorithm defination,problem types,Efficiency classes,algorithm
Design,time complexity------------------------------------------------------------------------- 237
Recursive call,efficiency,characteristics----------------------------------------------------- 238
Pseudocode, flow chart,iterative function to fine sum------------------------------------ 239
Divide and conquer,Quick sort,Iterative binary search---------------------------------- 240
Knapsack---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 240
Live node,E node,dead node,8Queens,chromatic number,planar graph,NP-
hard and Np-Complete,Knapsack problem,traveling salesperson---------------------- 241
Class P and NP,NP-Hard and NP-Complete-------------------------------------------------- 242

Chapter : 13. Database Systems------------------------------------------ 243-271

Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 243-246
Database,Properties,DBMS,Transaction Mechanism-------------------------------------- 243
DML,Aggregate Functions,DML commands,key,Primary,Unique---------------------- 244
Foreign,Super,Candidate,Compound ,Alternate,Artificial,Natural key---------------- 245
View,Normalization 1,2,3,4,5 NF,BCNF,DKNF,Data Dictionary------------------------- 246
Questions and Answers---------------------------------------------------------------------- 246-250
SQL,RDBMS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 246
Constraints,E-R model,Object Oriented model,DDL,VDL,SDL,DML,
Union and Union All operator----------------------------------------------------------------- 247
Group by,types of joins,normalization,denormalization,atomicity and
Aggregation,Data Warehousing,Data mining,database and data admin-------------- 248
Explicit and implicit lock,ACID transaction,database recovere,rollback
And roll forward--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 249
SQL Query------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 249-250
Relational schema for SQL queries------------------------------------------------------- 250-260
Objective Questions--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 260-271

Chapter : 14. Software Engineering------------------------------------- 272-274

Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 272
Questions and Answers---------------------------------------------------------------------- 272-273
Aggregation,Association,Multiple Inheritances,Accidental Multiple
Inheritances,Metadata,Constraints----------------------------------------------------------- 272
Software,software engineering,software engineering
And computer science------------------------------------------------------------------------- 272
Software engineering and system engineering,software Process, process
model,CASE,attributes,Model,Student Syndrome---------------------------------------- 273
Objective Questions-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 273-274

Chapter : 15. Operating Systems---------------------------------------- 275-284

Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 275-277
OperatingSystem,classified,Multi-user,Multiprocessing,Multitasking,
Multithreading,Real time,Logical and Physical address,memory types,Processes-- 275
Kernel,Micro-kernel,Nanokernel,Threads,Kernel Thread,Multithread Model,
Paging,CPU Scheduling-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 276
Dispatcher,Deadlocks,File Naming,File system,NTFS,features of NTFS,FAT-------- 277

vii
Questions and Answers---------------------------------------------------------------------- 278-282
Basic functions OS,paging used,virtual memory,Throughput,Turnaround,
Waiting and Response time,multi tasking, multi programming,Multithreading----- 278
Physical Vs logical address,swapping,DRAM----------------------------------------------- 279
Dispatcher,CPU Scheduler,cache memory,Safe State and deadlock avoidance,
Semaphore,Coffman's conditions----------------------------------------------------------- 280
Short-long and medium-term scheduling, turnaround & response time,TLB
System in safe,busy waiting,rendezvous,latency, transfer and seek time------------- 281
Demand- and pre-paging,mutant------------------------------------------------------------- 282
Redhat Important Directories and Commands------------------------------------- 282-284

Hardware----------------------------------------------------------- 285-348

Chapter : 16. Digital Logic Design---------------------------------------- 286-302

Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 286-287
Boolean Algebra,Boolean Postulates,Boolean Theorems-------------------------------- 286
Simplification of Logic expressions using Boolean Algebra----------------------- 287-289
Demorgan's First & Second Law-------------------------------------------------------------- 290
Combinational & Integrated Circuits--------------------------------------------------------- 291
SOP(Sum of Products)-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 292
POS(Product of Sums)-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 293
Basic Gate,NAND & NOR gates,Universal Gates------------------------------------------ 294
Half and Full adder, Decoders----------------------------------------------------------------- 297
Design 3-to-8 decoder,Encoders,Multiplexers,Demultiplexer-------------------------- 298
Programmable logic array,Flip Flop,S-R & D Flip Flop----------------------------------- 299
J-K & T Flip Flop,Masterslave RS NAND flip-flop------------------------------------------ 300
Masterslave JK & D NAND flip-flop,Registers,4-bit shift resister,
4-bit ripple counter------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 301
Ring counter,Latch,Digital Integrated Circuits--------------------------------------------- 302

Chapter : 17. Digital System Design------------------------------------ 303-304

Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 303-304
Sequential circuits, Registers,Ripple Counter,Mod 10 counter------------------------- 303
Micro-operations,Vector processing--------------------------------------------------------- 304

Chapter : 18. Embedded System Design-------------------------------- 305-308

Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 305-308
Embedded System,Importance,Characteristics-------------------------------------------- 305
Trends of ES,Category-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 306
ES Architecture,Design Procedure,Coding,Tools,Testing Tools------------------------ 307
uP Vs uC 308

Chapter : 19. Reconfigureable Computing---------------------------- 309-316

Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 309-316
Reconfigurable computing,Why interesting,Characterizes----------------------------- 309-310
Devices--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 310

viii
Configuring FPGA,Uses of reconfigurable--------------------------------------------------- 311
Why reconfigure relevant these days, technology overview---------------------------- 312
Hardware programming languages (Verilog)--------------------------------------------- 313
Board----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 313
High-level synthesis languages,Algorithm acceleration-------------------------------- 314
(SoC)/ASIC,HDL,C and Verilog---------------------------------------------------------------- 315
Advantage of HDL over Schematic based Design,Examples of HDL------------------- 316

Chapter : 20. Microprocessors and Assembly Languages-------- 317-328

Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 317-320
Microprocessor,8086 CPU ARCHITECTURE,BIU------------------------------------------- 317
8259 interrupt diagram,Peripheral,Interfacing,Interrupts----------------------------- 318
8255 diagram,MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEMS---------------------------------------------- 319
Computer Instructions,Microinstruction,Microcomputer------------------------------ 320
Questions and Answers---------------------------------------------------------------------- 320-324
Registers 8085,16 bit registers, flags,Stack Pointer,Program counter--------------- 320
HLT instruction,Tri-state logic,one address,interrupts,addressing modes, clock
frequency,RST for the TRAP,High order / Low order Register------------------------- 321
Input & output,RC clock source,Quality factor,flags in 8086----------------------------- 322
Explain 8085,Explain Internal arch. 8085------------------------------------------------- 323
Machine cycles and Bus Timings------------------------------------------------------------- 324
Assembly Programs------------------------------------------------------------------------- 324-326
Factorial,data transfer to new location,reverse string,multiply 2 numbers--------- 324
Sum of 10 numbers,find Largest No.,number of times letter e in string,
Generate square wave-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 325
Average of n integers,ones and twos complement,subtract a BCD---------------- 326
Objective Questions--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 327-328

Chapter : 21. Computer Architecture and Organization---------- 329-340

Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 329-334
Addressing modes------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 329
Pipelining----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 330
Multiple Platters------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 331
RAID(Redundant Array of Independent Disks)-------------------------------------------- 331-333
DMA definition and operation----------------------------------------------------------------- 333
Virtual memory,RISC architecture------------------------------------------------------------ 334
Questions and Answers-------------------------------------------------------------------- 335-340
Develop a Microprocessor,cache memory,factors of speed CPU---------------------- 335
Virtual address space FIFO LRU------------------------------------------------------------- 336
Two, One, Zero address instructions-------------------------------------------------------- 337
Infix notation to RPN,multiply two numbers by repeated----------------------------- 339
Ven Neumann architector,stored program-------------------------------------------------- 340

Chapter : 22. VLSI Design-------------------------------------------------- 341-348

Questions and Answers--------------------------------------------------------------------- 341-348
Intrinsic and Extrinsic,CMOS,four generations IC,PMOS,MOS layers------------------ 341
MOS,Enhancement,Depletion,pinched off,manufacturing, 342

ix
Epitaxy,lithography,fabrication,masking,etching--------------------------------------
Ion-Implantation,Silicon wafer,oxidation,types of CMOS,Channel-stop,
LOCOS,SWAMI,LDD,Twin-tub----------------------------------------------------------------- 343
Insulator,SOI process---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 344
BiCMOS,interconnect,Silicide,Polycide,Stick diagram,bipolar technologies---------- 345
Threshold,Body effect,Channel-length,Latchup,demarcation,
Layout design,LVS and DRL tools------------------------------------------------------------ 346
Instance,flat cell,primitive library,Hierarchy,MOSFETs instead of BJTs--------------- 347
Body effect,Cross-sectional of CMOS--------------------------------------------------------- 348

Artificial Intelligence and Logic------------------------------ 349-353

Chapter : 23. Neural Network and Machine Intelligence-------- 350-353
Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 350-353
Artificial Neural Network,Model,Logical Operators-------------------------------------- 350
OR,AND,NOT,XOR Operators, Model with Function-------------------------------------- 351
Classification,Architecture/Topology------------------------------------------------------- 352
Math problem and solution-------------------------------------------------------------------- 353

Chapter : 24. Pattern Recognition and Fuzzy Systems----------- 354-355

Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 354-355
Pattern,Pattern recognition,Theories------------------------------------------------------ 354
Fuzzy logic,Fuzzy theory related,Applications-------------------------------------------- 355

Chapter : 25. Artificial Intelligence------------------------------------ 356-358

Objective Questions------------------------------------------------------------------------- 356-358

Chapter : 26. Discrete Mathematics------------------------------------ 359-362

Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 359
Full,Complete Binary,Extended binary tree------------------------------------------------ 359
Propositional logic,Example-------------------------------------------------------------- 359-362

Chapter : 27. Theory of Computation and Compiler Design----- 363-364

Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 363-364
Automata,Regular Expression,Turing Machine,Applications---------------------------- 363
Compiler,Six phases of Compiler-------------------------------------------------------------- 363-364

Chapter : 28. Computer Graphics-------------------------------------- 365-368

Questions and Answers-------------------------------------------------------------------- 365-368
Computer graphics,features,applications,GUI,RGB-------------------------------------- 365
3D view,scan code,refreshing,Raster,resolution,Plasma panel,Aspect ratio------- 366
Pixel,Addressability,dot size,frame buffer,controller,output primitive,
Polygon,aliasing, antialiasing------------------------------------------------------------------ 367
Scaling,shearing,reflection,window port Vs view,
Port,clipping,spline,Projection,plane-------------------------------------------------------- 368