Viscous Dampers Come of Age

A New Method for Achieving Economy in Tall Buildings

Structural Economics
By Michael Willford, Rob Smith, David Scott and Matt Jackson, S.E.

cost benefits, value engineering, economic analysis, life cycle costing and more...
I t is often found that the design of
tall buildings is governed by the need
to limit the wind induced structural

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vibrations to an acceptable level. This
leaves the designer with the option of
either increasing the amount of steel or

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Perimeter Columns
Damped
concrete in the buildings lateral system Outrigger connection
to add stiffness, or of adding a complex
Perimeter columns
and expensive damping system in order to

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Outrigger Doors (beam and floor slab
Central core
ensure the comfort of building occupants. Viscous Damper
wall omitted for clarity)

CORE
Various damping systems have been t
igh 1: Damped Outrigger Concept.

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employed on tall buildings throughout yrFigure
the US and overseas, and have proved Cop

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to be economic for buildings above a
certain height, particularly in windier In recent years, en- motion between outriggers attached to
climates. A new type of damping system gineers have patented the core and the perimeter structure,

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employing viscous dampers is currently systems that use vis- thus efficiently damping the first mode
being designed for tall buildings in cous dampers to reduce wind and seismic of vibration. (Figure 1). Many similar
Europe, Asia and the Americas, that induced vibrations, using numerous damp-

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alternate configurations are possible

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achieves higher levels of damping than ers distributed throughout the core in place to achieve the same effect, including
other damping systems, and reduces the of bracing, such as the system used for
z dampers located in outriggers, at the

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design wind loads that these buildings Torre Mayor, reported in STRUCTURE end of outriggers, or between outriggers
are designed for. This scheme offers Nov 2007. These systems principally damp extended between dual cores, shear walls

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the shear deformation of the core, and are and columns.

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a new way to improve efficiency in
tall buildings. not very efficient at damping the flexural Analysis shows that with viscous
The commonly used methods for
adding damping to tall buildings include
a
cantilever mode of vibration that domi-
nates wind movements. Some of these
dampers at just 4 to 8 locations in these
configurations, similar or greater levels of
Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs), and
Tuned Liquid Dampers (TLDs). Both of
m
these require a mass of steel, concrete, or
water, located at the top of the building,
systems have employed 40-60 dampers to
achieve similar levels of damping to that
of a TMD.
A new system for providing damping,
damping than a TMD can be achieved,
whilst adding no weight and only
occupying a small area of an available
mechanical floor. This system can be
which is tuned to the motion of the the Damped Outrigger concept (patent installed on both steel and concrete frame
building to absorb energy. This mass is pending), is currently being installed in systems and, depending on the position
significant, usually a few percent of the towers in the Philippines, and is in the of the outrigger level or by using multiple
building mass, and thus, in addition to design stage for several other towers outrigger levels, damping up to 10% of
the cost and complexity of the damper around the world. In this system, viscous critical can be achieved, with further
itself, additional structure is required to dampers are used to damp the relative significant benefits for the structure.
support the load and prime real estate at continued on next page
the top of the tower is lost.
Column
Connection
block

Steel
connection
Damper
with cooling fins
Pressure
release valve

Connection
block

Outrigger
wall
Damper and Attachments.

STRUCTURE magazine 15 June 2008

 4
Building A, Mxx Moments, Vh=30m/s,Test 1, Omni-Directional Speeds Reduced Wind Loads
Thousands
Additional reliable damping can reduce
the design lateral and overturning forces. This
is due to the fact that the damping reduces
3 the resonant response of the building to the
fluctuating component of the wind, and to
Moment (MNm)

1%Total + the fluctuating forces produced by vortex

2%Total + shedding in the cross wind direction. This

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2
5%Total + reduction in load can be very significant, and
10%Total + can lead to a large reduction in materials both

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in the superstructure and foundations. The
1 plot in Figure 2 shows an example of this,
in which the maximum base moment of the

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building is reduced by a factor of more than 2
when the total damping is over 5% of critical,
0
ht compared to the same building with 1%
yrig

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0 90 180 270 360

Wind Direction (E of N) Cop damping, which may typically be assumed

for the undamped structure.

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Figure 2: Base Moment Against Wind Angle for Various Damping Levels. If the designer wishes to take benefit of the
reduced forces in his design, the damping
Damper Design system needs to be designed with sufficient

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The design considerations for dampers used the damping which is achieved. The analysis redundancy so that it will perform adequately

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in damped outrigger systems to resist both of the damping system for the projects with several dampers out of commission. This

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wind and seismic movements, are somewhat discussed here has been carried out using requires a careful approach, education of the

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different from those that have been widely MSC Nastran, with the assumption that the client, and agreement with the authorities.
used in systems to provide energy dissipation dampers are linear with velocity (F = C V, Reliability can be achieved by using well

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for seismic events only. The dampers under where F is the force of the damper, C is the designed dampers, by using multiple dampers
wind loading will be cycling constantly damper rate, and V is the velocity with which on each outrigger and by an appropriate

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whenever the wind speed is above a certain the piston of the damper is moving). Through inspection plan.

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level, whereas seismic dampers are normally the use of custom written optimization A further benefit of the damped outrigger
intended to only cycle during seismic events. routines it is possible to optimize for both system is that it provides damping in all

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For this reason, friction dampers or other the damper rate and the stiffness of the modes of vibration. For super tall structures,
dampers that have wearing surfaces are not structure, to maximize the overall level of the higher modes of vibration may also be
a realistic choice, and viscous dampers must damping achieved. In general it is found excited by the wind, and in seismic events
be designed so that the seals provide a long that the overall level of damping is not very the higher modes will be the dominant
life and the static friction is low enough that sensitive to the precise damper rate, and ones excited.
the dampers move in relatively modest wind therefore it is possible to use dampers that It is interesting to note that it is common
events. These dampers must also be designed to do not have an exactly linear characteristic practice for engineers and wind tunnels
dissipate sufficient energy in the form of heat, which allows more damper manufacturers to assume damping levels of 1% for steel
so that their performance does not degrade to compete for their production. buildings and 1.5% for concrete buildings.
during a wind storm that may last
many hours. An analysis is needed
to assess the power dissipation
requirement, and devices such as
external cooling fins may be added
to aid in cooling.
These dampers however are not
dissimilar to some of the large
dampers used in the shipping and
manufacturing industry, and even
with very onerous specification
requirements, manufacturers will
provide performance warranties
for 20 years or more.
To design the damped outrigger
system, it is necessary to analyze the
dampers within the whole building
structure, as the stiffness of the
structure to which the dampers are
attached has a significant effect on
St. Francis Shangri-La Place, Construction Photos.

STRUCTURE magazine 16 June 2008

However, recent measurements show that the
damping levels on very tall buildings may be
Factored overturning
as low as 0.5%. This reduction in damping Effect Method Assumption
moment (GNm)
may occur because the size of structural
elements becomes very large on tall towers and
Wind Code Code winds, damping = 1.0% 7.4
the damping effect from internal partitions
and cladding becomes proportionally less
Wind Code Code winds, damping = 7.5% 4.5

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compared to the structure. However Figure
2 shows how significant the damping level
is to the design forces and the predicted Winds from climate study,
Wind WTT 3.7

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movements and accelerations. damping = 7.5%
Table 1: Variation of wind loading with damping.
Design Example

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This example is a development of two
similar residential buildings 690 feet tall and h t
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approximately 125 feet square in plan, located
in a region of typhoon winds and UBC Zone Cop
4 seismic conditions. Each building has a

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reinforced concrete core (coupled in one
direction) and an irregular arrangement of

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perimeter columns and walls.
For each of the two buildings, 8 outrigger
walls are attached to the core approximately

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half way up the building. Two dampers
are attached to the end of each of these
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outrigger walls, giving a total of 16 dampers
per building.

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The additional damping achieved in each

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direction varied between 5.2% to 11.2%
of critical for the two buildings and two
a

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principal directions.

construction and the viscous dampers have

been installed and tested. m
At the time of writing, this building is under

Wind Effects
The building is subjected to regular typhoon
winds. The likely dynamic response was ini-
tially calculated using the Detailed Method
of the National Building Code of Canada for
both along-wind and across-wind directions.
For occupant comfort, 10-year and 1-year re-
turn periods were considered, and 100-year
return period was taken for strength design.
Following initial design, wind tunnel testing
was used to better quantify the wind loading.
Alongside the wind tunnel tests, a directional
climate study was performed. This made a
significant difference to the final assessment of
wind induced response.
Considering one load direction only, the base
overturning moments are shown in Table 1.
It can be clearly seen from Table 1 that the
use of dampers, alongside a climate study,
has reduced the overturning moment by
50%, representing a significant reduction
in load and associated structural cost.
Lateral accelerations were predicted for the
10-year wind, using wind tunnel tests. From

STRUCTURE magazine 17 June 2008

 the results shown in Table 2, it is clear that
Lateral acceleration the addition of damping substantially
Effect Method Assumption
(milli-g) reduces the lateral accelerations below the
recommended limit for the return period.
Lateral acceleration - Climate study winds intrinsic In addition, the reduced design wind
WTT 25.6
10 year wind damping = 1.0% loads and improved seismic performance
Lateral acceleration - Climate study winds, led to construction savings in excess of
WTT 9.4 $5m USD. The quantity of concrete in

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10 year wind Damping = 7.5%
the buildings was reduced by 30%, and
Lateral acceleration - Suggested limit for 10 the net floor area increased by about 2%.
WTT 15

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10 year wind year wind
Table 2: Variation of lateral acceleration with damping.
Conclusions

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The use of the damped outrigger and
related systems promises to significantly
h t change the approach that may be taken to
yrig

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Cop tall building design. For very tall buildings,
250 W 55th St, New York SOM

the damped outrigger system offers higher

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levels of damping compared to conventional
TMDs. The high level of reliable damping
can significantly reduce the dynamic forces

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which the structure must be designed for.

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This requires some new approaches to

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design, and must be completely integrated in

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to the structure from an early stage to obtain

z maximum benefit.

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If the level of damping is sufficiently high,
then the resonant response of the structure

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San Francisco Federal Building Cody Andresen to the wind is virtually eliminated. In this

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case only the quasi-steady component of the
wind load needs to be designed for, and thus a
tower may be shaped to minimize drag, with

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reduced concern for vortex shedding and

cross wind response.

Michael Willford is the leader of Arups

Advanced Technology + Research Practice in
San Francisco and London.
Rob Smith is an Associate in the Arup
London Office.
David Scott is a Principal in Arup New
ANCHORS

York, and the Chairman of the Council on

Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.
Matt Jackson, S.E. is an Associate in the
Arup New York Office.

The 2008 STRUCTURE magazine

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STRUCTURE magazine 18 June 2008