Drafting

First Year

Module 3
Free as the Wind

What this module is about

If you were free as the wind you could go anywhere you want and do whatever
pleases you. In freehand drawing, you can also enjoy that freedom. You can create and
make things alive and meaningful through the power of your imagination.

Freehand drawing is a liberating experience between you and your pencil. You can
draw the mountains, the brooks, the trees and the waves on the shores. With your capability
to create, you can make simple lines an object of curiosity. The flowers, the pebbles and the
clouds can arouse your dull spirits! Yes, you can create many things, using your wildest
imagination!

In this module, you will learn freehand drawing. Freehand drawing is a technique in
which hand movements are not hampered and you do not need expensive drawing tools
and instruments, except a pen or pencil.

So keep on moving your hand and draw. Enjoy a new learning experience.

What you are expected to learn

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain the alphabet of lines and their uses;

2. Draw the alphabet of lines correctly;
3. Enumerate the basic lines in freehand drawing;
4. Explain the procedure in freehand drawing; and
5. Draw orthographic and isometric freehand drawing.

How to learn from this module

1. Understand the given facts and situations.
2. Perform the given activities.
3. Answer the self-check exercises honestly.

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4. Apply theories and principles learned in daily life situations.

If you are ready now, you can take your pretest. Good luck!

PRETEST

Fill in the blanks with the correct word/s to complete the statements.

1. A line that shows the position of a moving object is called ____________.

2. ____________ is a line that represents the visible edges of an object.
3. Horizontal lines are drawn from ____________ to ____________.
4. The process of drawing an object in two or three views is ____________.
5. ____________ is a type of drawing in which no instrument or straight edge is used.
6. When lines are drawn in varying degrees of thickness, we use the ____________ type of
freehand drawing.
7. The process of making the surface of an object appear in various tones is known as
____________.
8. The three (3) views of orthographic drawing are top view, front view and ____________.
9. The heaviest line in the alphabet of line is ____________.
10. ____________ is an upright line, usually 900 from the ground.

Lesson 1
The Alphabet of Lines

Since lines make up all forms and shapes, let us start our lesson by studying its many
“faces”.

The alphabet of lines is a set of standardized and conventional lines used in drawing.
Each line is this “alphabet” has a meaning, hence, the set of lines is called alphabet of lines.
Draftsmen, architects and engineers can easily read the meaning of each line.

The table below shows the graphic illustration of the Alphabet of Lines.

Name Symbols Thickness of Lines

1. Object line Medium

2. Hidden line Light

3. Center line Very light

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4. Dimension line Light
.03

5. Projection line Light

6. Border line Very heavy

7. Leader line Light

8. Section line Light

9. Cutting plane line Heavy

10. Long break line Light

11. Short break line Heavy

12. Ditto line Medium

Let us now interpret the meaning of the different lines.

1. Object line – represents the visible portion of an object.

2. Hidden line – represents the invisible part of an object.
3. Center line – represents the central portion of rounded objects.
4. Dimension line – indicates the measurement of the object being drawn.
5. Projection line – indicates the extent of the dimension line.
6. Borderline – the heaviest among the lines used to frame the drawing.
7. Leader line – leads the eye to the notation in the drawing.
8. Section line – a line composed of thin inclined lines that represent a surface that has
been cut into a section view.
9. Cutting plane line – represents a portion of the object that has been taken or “cut” in a
section view.
10. Long break line – represents part of an object that has been foreshortened to fit in the
drawing paper.
11. Short break line – represents foreshortened objects such as tubes and wooden pieces.
12. Ditto line – represents the position of a moving object, like the alternate position of a
moving pendulum.

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Activity 1

Identify the alphabet of lines indicated by the given number.

1. ___________________________
Top View

1
r .05.
2. ___________________________

2.
.06
3. ___________________________

3.
4. ___________________________

5. ___________________________

Front View

4.

5.

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 Self-check

A. Identify the line which each statement refers to:

_____________ 1. The line that represents the visible portion of an object.

_____________ 2. The line that represents the central portion of circular objects.
_____________ 3. The line that represents the invisible portion of the object drawn.
_____________ 4. The line that shows the extent of the measurement of an object.
_____________ 5. The heaviest line in the alphabet that frames the whole drawing.

B. Draw the following Alphabet of Lines:

6. Leader line

7. Cutting plane line

8. Section line

9. Ditto line

10. Short break line

Lesson 2
Basic Lines in Freehand Drawing

Freehand drawing is a drawing technique which does not use drawing instruments or
straight edges.

There are two kinds of

lines used in drawing, the straight
and curved lines.

Straight lines include:

1. horizontal lines
2. vertical lines
3. inclined lines

Curved lines include:

1. regular curved lines
2. irregular curved lines

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 Vertical lines Horizontal lines

Inclined lines

What is a horizontal line?

A horizontal line is a line that lies

parallel to the horizon.
A vertical line is an upright line
usually 900 from the ground
Inclined lines lie between horizontal
and vertical lines

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 Let us define curved lines.

Curved lines are lines that are not

straight such as circles, arcs and elipses.

Irregular curved lines are more difficult

to draw for they do not follow any
particular pattern such as the waves,
scrolls, and leaves.

Regular curved line Irregular curved line

Now, let’s see how straight lines are drawn. There are four techniques in drawing
straight lines as indicated below.

1. Horizontal lines are drawn from left 3. Vertical lines are drawn from top to
to right, using wrist movements. bottom also using wrist movements.

L R T T T

L R

L R B B B

2. Lines inclined to the right are drawn 4. Lines inclined to the left are drawn
from bottom to top. from top to bottom.
T
T T
T T T

B B
B B B
B

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 In freehand drawing, remember
the following:

1. Sharpen your pencil before

starting to work.
2. See to it that your workplace
is clean.
3. Always observe speed
accuracy and neatness.

Following are techniques in drawing regular curved lines:

1. Two-stroke Technique 2. Radii Technique

1 2
1 2

3. Boxing Technique 4. Parallelogram Technique

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Activity 2

Practice drawing straight lines by copying the examples on the left.

Did you draw the straight lines correctly? What is the movement of the pencil in
drawing vertical lines? What is the movement of the pencil in drawing horizontal lines?

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Activity 3

This time you will practice drawing regular curved lines. Copy the samples in the first
three squares.

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 Self-check:

Fill in the blanks to complete each statement.

1. A line that lies parallel to the horizon is the ________.

2. A line that lies between the horizontal and vertical lines is ________.
3. Circles and arcs are examples of ____________ lines.
4. Lines inclined to the left are drawn from top to ___________.
5. Horizontal lines are drawn from bottom to ___________.

Lesson 3
TYPES OF FREEHAND DRAWING

There are many ways of freehand drawing. You can draw freehand by outlining,
accented or by shading using pencils. Soft pencils range from 1B to 6B.

1. Outlining drawing objects in single line without shading.

2. Accented outline – the object drawn has varying degrees of thickness.

3. Shading – the process of making the surface of an object appear in various tones.

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` Following are different ways of shading:

1. Line shading 2. Cross hatching

3. Stippling 4. Doodling

Self-check:

Answer the following:

1. Enumerate the three types of straight lines.

2. What are the four techniques in drawing regular curved lines?
3. What are the three ways of drawing freehand?
4. Enumerate the four techniques of shading.

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 Lesson 4
Orthographic and Isometric Freehand Drawing

Orthographic projection is a type of drawing which shows two or more views.

Orthographic projection is based on the isometric drawing.

Orthographic projection has six (6) general views, but only three (3) are commonly
used. These are top view, front view and the right side view, arranged as follows:

Top View

450

Front View R. Side View

Isometric drawing is a pictorial view of an object. The meaning of “iso” is equal, while
“metric” means measure. The reason for this distinction is that all measurements of
isometric drawing are equal to the measurement in its orthographic projection. Below is a
sample of an isometric drawing:

Isometric Block

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To illustrate the isometric drawing, one must first learn to draw the 3 isometric axes:

2
3
1
1. 300 – cross
2. Vertical axis
3. 300 right – cross axis
300 300

Following is the flow chart of steps in drawing the isometric block:

1. Draw the isometric axis Draw the details.

Mark the measurement based Trace the visible edges of the

on the orthographic by making object.
its H, L & W.

Draw the box lightly. Draw the hidden line.

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Activity 4

Copy the isometric blocks on the left. Follow the procedure explained in the previous
page. Draw your own isometric in the boxes provided on the right.

1.

2.

3.

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 The illustrations below shows how to project orthographic views from Isometric
blocks:

Front View Front View R. Side View

In drawing an orthographic projections, your eyes should be guided by the letter and
the number in every point and surface of the objects.

Front View Front View R. Side View

In drawing the orthographic projection, assume that the front view is located on the
left side of the isometric block.

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Activity 5

Draw the orthographic projection of the following isometric blocks:

1.

2.

3.

Very good! You can now move on to the summary of this module.

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 LET’S SUMMARIZE

♦ The alphabet of lines is a set of standardized and conventional lines used in drawing.

♦ Freehand drawing is a drawing without the use of drawing instruments or straight edges.

♦ There are three kinds of straight lines, the horizontal, vertical and inclined.

♦ Examples of regular curved lines are circles, arcs, and ellipses.

♦ There are three types of freehand drawing, namely: outlining, accented outlining and
shading.

♦ Shading could be done using other techniques such as line-shading, cross-hatching,

stippling and doodling.

♦ Orthographic projection is a type of drawing which shows two or more views.

♦ Isometric drawing is a pictorial view of an object.

POSTTEST

Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer. Write the letter corresponding to the best answer
on the blanks before each number.

_________ 1. Horizontal lines are usually drawn from

a. right to left
b. left to right
c. both ways
d. in any way

_________ 2. A type of drawing that no drafting tool or instrument is used.

a. sketching
b. freehand
c. artist’s
d. designer’s

_________ 3. Which of the following is not a method of drawing regular curved lines?
a. two stroke
b. radii
c. crate
d. box

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_________ 4. It is a line that represents the visible edges of an object.
a. object line
b. center line
c. projection line
d. leader line

_________ 5. Lines inclined to the left are drawn from

a. top to bottom
b. bottom to top
c. left to right
d. right to left

_________ 6. Which among these is not a regular curved line?

a. circle
b. arc
c. ellipse
d. cone

_________ 7. Drawing of objects in one single line without shading is

a. accented
b. outlining
c. freehand
d. shading

_________ 8. The use of dots instead of regular shading is termed

a. doodling
b. pointing
c. stippling
d. dotting

_________ 9. A type of drawing that shows two or more views.

a. accented
b. isometric
c. outlining
d. orthographic projection

_________ 10. A line that represents the position of a moving object is

a. section line
b. ditto line
c. leader line
d. hidden line

You are now through with Module 3. Please check your answers to posttest by
referring to the answer key on the last page of this module.

Relax for a while and prepare yourself mentally for the next set of modules in
Handicrafts. You will enjoy it as you did in this module. Good luck!

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 ANSWER KEY

Pretest
1. Ditto line
2. Object line
3. Left to right
4. Orthographic
5. Freehand
6. Accented outline
7. Shading
8. Right side view
9. Borderline
10. Vertical

Lesson 1: Activity 1
1. Center line
2. Dimension line
3. Projection line
4. Ditto line
5. Section line

Lesson 1: Self-check
1. Object line
2. Center line
3. Hidden line
4. Projection line
5. Border line

Lesson 2: Self-check
1. Horizontal line
2. Inclined line
3. Curved lines
4. Bottom
5. Top

Lesson 3: Self-check
1. Horizontal
♦ vertical
♦ inclined
2. Two-strokes
♦ radii
♦ box
♦ parallelogram
3. Outline
♦ accented

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 ♦ shading
4. Line-shading
♦ doodling
♦ cross-hatching
♦ stippling

Posttest
1. b
2. b
3. c
4. a
5. a
6. d
7. b
8. c
9. d
10. b

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