Define ethics. Where does ethics come from and what is its use?

(150 Words)
BBC

Introduction :- Ethics is a set of tradition, customs, culture, rules, regulations that are
followed by society over a period of time. At its simplest, ethics is a system of moral
principles. They affect how people make decisions and lead their lives.
Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also described as
moral philosophy.
Where does ethics come from :- Many sources can be traced for it.
God and religion
Human conscience and intuition
a rational moral cost-benefit analysis of actions and their effects
the example of good human beings
a desire for the best for people in each unique situation
political power

Specific influential sources :-

Childhood Upbringing :- Without really thinking or even being able to avoid it, each person
learns ethics from his or her parentswhat they teach in words and perhaps more
importantly through their actions. These teachings shape our most fundamental attitudes
about what is right and what is wrong.

Religious Beliefs
Virtually all the worlds religions teach an essentially similar code of ethics that emphasizes
honesty, respect for others and their rights, and selflessness.

Codes of Ethics
Perhaps the most direct and explicit sources of our daily ethical guidance are codes of
ethics. They can be official or business or informal codes guiding the people about their
behaviour, thought process and actions.

Discussions with Others

Almost daily, quite casually, and sometimes without thinking, virtually all of us talk about
others and our own actionsoffering frequent opinions about whether what they or we
have been doing is good, right, and sensible (or perhaps very much the opposite). Buried
in this small talk, chit chat, gossip, and mealtime conversations are implicitsometimes
very explicitethical judgements about the behaviour being discussed.

Ethical Philosophers
In sharp contrast to these ethics of casual social consensus, the philosophers who have
developed systems of ethicssuch people as Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Bentham, and more
recent ethical thinkers throughout the worldhave developed basic principles from which
they have derived systems of ethics.
Ethical Dilemmas
A final source of ethical insight (more a way of developing ones ethical awareness and
sensibilities than a separate source of ethical guidance) is pondering ethical dilemmas.
These dilemmas are real or imagined situations that pit two or more ethical principles,
rules, or objectives against one another. To resolve the dilemma, one has to decide which
of these ethically desirable ends is the more/most important or, alternatively, if there is a
way to achieve both/all of these ends without committing some other ethical wrong.

Later Life Experiences

Similarly, a life-shaping event later in life may more directly and consciously shape a
persons ethics. Thus, someone severely injured in an automobile accident may have a
much higher opinion of the entire automobile-injury reparations systemincluding the
police who investigated, the hospital that provided care, the lawyers and courts that
resolved any legal issues, and the insurers that helped finance so much of the injured
persons recoveryif that person is satisfied with the ultimate medical and financial result
months and years after the accident. If, however, this victim feels the result was medically
inferior or legally unfair, the victim may well treat everyone in the system unfairlyeven
years later in circumstances unrelated to the original accidentjust to seek some measure
of personal justice.

Use of ethics :-
It helps us in enhancing our life in various dimensions :- It guides our behaviour for
what is right or wrong, helps in making our decisions batter, in resolving day to day
dilemmas and conflicts.
Ethics allows us to cultivate inner peace. Lives that are lived ethically tend to be
calmer, more focused, and more productive than those that are lived unethically. Most
people cant turn off their sympathy for other human beings. Hurting people leaves
scars on both the giver and the receiver. As a result, unethical people have stormier
internal lives because they have to work to suppress their consciences and
sympathies to deal with the ways they treat others. When they fail to properly
suppress their sympathies, the guilt and shame that comes with harming or
disrespecting ones fellow human beings takes deep root within them.
Ethics provides for a stable society. When people live ethical lives, they tell the truth,
avoid harming others, and are generous. Working with such people is easy. On the
other hand, callous and insensitive people are distrusted, so its difficult for them to be
integrated well into social arrangements. A stable society requires a lot of ethical
people working together in highly coordinated ways. If society were mostly composed
of unethical people, it would quickly crumble.
8) Briefly discuss relationship between ethics and human actions. (150 Words)
Reference (Page 49, 50 and 51)

Introduction :- Ethics is the branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending,

and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. The term ethics derives from the
Ancient Greek word ethikos, which is derived from the word ethos (habit, custom or
character).
Human actions are the net results of what any person does in accordance with his/her
thinking and behaviour pattern. The definitions of ethics suggest that it focuses on human
actions and their morality. It is concerned with the morality of human behaviour. The major
focus of ethics is on human actions; this also happens to be the starting point for most
legal systems. They are primarily interested in human actions and, following that, in their
legality or illegality. Ethics, then, does not concern itself with the actions of animals.
Furthermore, ethics focuses only on peoples deliberate human actions, and not on
undeliberate actions or actions done because of ignorance.

Scholastic philosophers maintain that three requirements must be concurrently

present for any action to be human:
There must be some knowledge involved :- Knowledge is an essential requirement
for an action to be human. We cannot will anything unless we first know it. So
knowledge of some kind is an absolute for an action to be human. Hence actions
without knowledge are hard to judge on ethical grounds.
There must be voluntariness present :- It must proceed from the will. The will controls
the performance of external actionsthe will is the cause of our actions. If a person is
being forced upon by others to perform a particular action them his/her behaviour cant
be judged on ethical ground.
The action must be freely done :- The capacity to act or not to act or to act in one way
as opposed to another. Free will means that human beings have choices.
Children in slums or underprivileged background are forced to beg indiscriminately
sometimes. These actions cant be taken as ethically wrong since many a times they
are not voluntary, children involved in them have no knowledge of what are the
consequences or why they are doing so and in many instances they are not done by
free will.

8) Define ignorance, passion and fear. Examine how these influence human actions. (150
Words)
Reference (Page 54, 55 and 56)

Introduction:-
Ignorance:-
Ignorance is the absence of knowledge in a subject capable of having knowledge, or lack
of knowledge in a subject who should have knowledge. An animal cannot be ignorant
because of its inability to have human knowledge. But a public manager can be ignorant if
she lacks knowledge of managerial principles or ethics in public organizations. A more
critical element of ignorance is the distinction between invincible and vincible ignorance.
Invincible ignorance means that the actor does even suspect that she is ignorant or that
she is in doubt about the nature of the action but does not have access through common
sense to dispel the doubt. Vincible ignorance, on the other hand, means that the actor c
through the use of ordinary care or common sense dispel the doubt.

Passion:-
Passions are powerful emotions or appetites springing from a pretence of something
perceived as good or evil; they are usually accompanied by bodily changes. Passions
include human appetites, such as anger, grief, love, hatred or greed. Some passions
precede an act of the will and cause the will to act. Sometimes, the actor deliberately
arouses his passions. There are many passions that influence human action. The most
fundamental one is love, which inclines us toward the good and union with the person
loved. Desire moves us to set out to attain a good that is absent. Joy is the result of
attaining this good. Hate is opposed to love and arises when something is seen as evil;
aversion is opposed to desire, and sorrow to joy. Daring spurs us to seek what is good
despite the difficulties involved; fear leads us to distance ourselves from an evil that is
difficult to avoid, while anger spurs us to resist forcefully an evil we confront.
Fear:-
Fear is an unpleasant and often strong emotion caused by anticipation or awareness of
danger. Fear is completely natural and helps people to recognize and respond to
dangerous situations and threats. However, healthy fear or fear which has a protective
function can evolve into unhealthy or pathological fear, which can lead to exaggerated
and violent behaviour. Fear may come from sources outside ourselves for from within. It
can be inflicted justly or unjustlyjustly when inflicted by a person with the right to inflict it
and in the proper manner, as happens when a judge acts; or unjustly when inflicted either
by a person without authority or in an improper manner. People are social in nature, with
shared values, religion, tradition, language, etc. Whenever the basic characteristics that tie
a group together are threatened, the group will fear for its survival. As a result, the group
will also attempt to get rid of the threat, sometimes through distorted or violent means.
For example, historical tensions and wrongdoing affect the way Israelis and Palestinians
see each other today.
8) Define the following (in 40-50 words each):
1. a) Morality
2. b) Free will
3. c) Materialism
4. d) Humanism
5. e) Humanitarianism
6. f) Scholasticism
7. g) Stoicism

Introduction:-
1. a) Morality:- Morality is the distinction between right and wrong. It is the determination
of what should be done and what should not be done. Morals deal with behaviours as
well as motives. There are morals that are relative, i.e., dependent upon situations and
context. For example, people drive on different sides of the street in different
countries. Bowing is morally acceptable in one culture, and kissing the cheek is in
another. But there are other morals which seem to be universally true. For example, it
is morally wrong to murder. It is morally wrong to torture babies merely for your
personal pleasure.
2. b) Free will:- Free will is the ability to choose between different possible courses of
action It is closely linked to the concepts of responsibility, praise, guilt, sin, and other
judgements which apply only to actions that are freely chosen. It is also connected
with the concepts of advice, persuasion, deliberation, and prohibition. Traditionally,
only actions that are freely willed are seen as deserving credit or blame.
3. c) Materialism:- Materialism can refer either to the simple preoccupation with the
material world, as opposed to intellectual or spiritual concepts, or to the theory that
physical matter is all there is. This theory is far more than a simple focus on material
possessions. It states that everything in the universe is matter, without any true
spiritual or intellectual existence. Materialism can also refer to a doctrine that material
success and progress are the highest values in life. This doctrine appears to be
prevalent in western society today.
4. d) Humanism :- Humanismis a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the
value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally
prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of
dogma or superstition.
5. e) Humanitarianism:- Humanitarianismis an active belief in the value of human life,
whereby humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other
humans, in order to better humanity for both moral and logical reasons. It is the
philosophical belief in movement toward the improvement of the human race in a
variety of areas, used to describe a wide number of activities relating specifically to
human welfare. A practitioner is known as a humanitarian.
 6. f) Scholasticism :- Scholasticismis a method of critical thought which dominated
teaching by the academics of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to
1700, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending dogma in
an increasingly pluralistic context. It originated as an outgrowth of and a departure
from Christian monastic schools at the earliest European universities. Scholasticism is
not so much a philosophy or a theology as a method of learning, as it places a strong
emphasis on dialectical reasoning to extend knowledge by inference and to
resolve contradictions. The Scholastic thought is also known for rigorous conceptual
analysis and the careful drawing of distinctions.
7. g) Stoicism :- Stoicismis a school of Hellenistic philosophy that flourished throughout
the Roman and Greek world until the 3rd century AD. Stoicism is predominantly a
philosophy of personal ethics which is informed by its system of logic and its views on
the natural world. According to its teachings, as social beings, the path to happiness
for humans is found in accepting that which we have been given in life, by not allowing
ourselves to be controlled by our desire for pleasure or our fear of pain, by using our
minds to understand the world around us and to do our part in natures plan, and by
working together and treating others in a fair and just manner.

Topic: Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences

of Ethics in human actions
9) Write a note on moral rationalism as propounded by Immanuel Kant. (150 Words)
Reference (Page 66)
Introduction :- Moral rationalism, also called ethical rationalism, is a view in meta-
ethics (specifically the epistemology of ethics) according to which moral truths (or at least
general moral principles) are knowable a priori, by reason alone. It is a deontological
theory.
Kant claimed that no action is moral if it is done for pleasure or any other motive than
duty or respect for the law.
In practical reason in human beings have among the twelve a priori gates what Kant
called the Categorical Imperative.
This Categorical Imperative orders a person to do good and avoid evil.
Acts are good or bad as out of respect for the Categorical Imperative or not. An act is
good according to the motive of the actor; the only motive that makes an act good is
respect for duty or law.
Acts are good, according to Kant, if they can be universalizedthat is, we should act
in the way everybody else in the same circumstances would act.
The essential element in determining morality is human reason Thus, the ultimate test
of goodness or badness of human actions is the Categorical Imperative of practical
reason.
Example:- In simple terms One needs to follow traffic rule. Its universalisation of what
behaviour is needed on road. If one can break rule and jump signal everyone else can. It
would lead to chaos hence following traffic rule is categorical imperative.

7) Write a brief note on the different dimensions of ethics. (150 Words)

Reference
Introduction :- Ethics is a set of tradition, customs, culture, rules, regulations that are
followed by society over a period of time. At its simplest, ethics is a system of moral
principles. They affect how people make decisions and lead their lives.
Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also described as
moral philosophy.
Various dimensions of ethics can be seen as follows :-
Metaethics :- The term meta means afteror beyond, and, consequently, the notion
of metaethics involves a removed, or birds eye view of the entire project of ethics. We
may define metaethics as the study of the origin and meaning of ethical concepts.
Normative Ethics :- Normative ethics involves arriving at moral standards that
regulate right and wrong conduct. In a sense, it is a search for an ideal litmus test of
proper behavior. The Golden Rule is a classic example of a normative principle: We
should do to others what we would want others to do to us.
Applied Ethics :- Applied ethics is the branch of ethics which consists of the analysis
of specific, controversial moral issues such as abortion, animal rights, or euthanasia.
In recent years applied ethical issues have been subdivided into convenient groups
such as medical ethics, business ethics, environmental ethics, and sexual ethics.
The theoretical approach for dimensions can be categorized as :-
Utilitarian approach :- The Utilitarian Approach assesses an action in terms of its
consequences or outcomes; i.e., the net benefits and costs to all stakeholders on an
individual level. It strives to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number while
creating the least amount of harm or preventing the greatest amount of suffering. It
holds that every entitys interests should be considered equally when making the
decision, and this includes those of other species since they also are capable of
suffering.
Virtue Approach :- Virtues are the qualities which enable us to act in accordance
with our higher selves. Different cultures may value certain virtues more than others
but generally virtues refer to such traits as honesty, kindness, patience, civility,
compassion, diligence, self-reliance, loyalty, fairness, courage, tolerance,
conscientiousness, generosity, temperance, self-control, prudence, etc. This approach
causes us to ask whether a given action is reflective of the kind of person we are or
want to be. Will it promote the kind of character we value within ourselves and for our
community? Does it represent the kind of enterprise my business aspires to be?
Common Good Approach :- The Common Good Approach regards all individuals as
part of a larger community. As such, we share certain common conditions and
institutions upon which our welfare depends. For society to thrive, we need to
 safeguard the sustainability of our community for the good of all, including our weakest
and most vulnerable members. Some things that nurture a healthy, functioning
community are: stable family life; good schools; affordable nourishment and health
care; effective public safety; a just legal system; fair trade and commerce; a safe, well-
managed ecosystem; an accessible technological environment; a well-maintained
infrastructure; and a peaceful society.
Rights Approach :- The Rights Approach focuses on respect for human dignity. This
approach holds that our dignity is based on our ability to choose freely how we live our
lives, and that we have a moral right to respect for our choices as free, equal, and
rational people, and a moral duty to respect others in the same way.
Fairness Approach :- The Fairness Approach focuses on the fair and equitable
distribution of good and harm, and/or the social benefits and social costs, across the
spectrum of society. It starts with the premise that all equals should be treated equally,
and those who are unequal due to relevant differences, should be treated differently in
a manner that is fair and proportionate to, or commensurate with, their difference. A
classic example would be the payment of a group of employees at different salary
levels based on the contribution their work effort makes to the corporations
profitability.
7) What is emotional hunger? How is it different from love? (100 Words)
Reference (Chapter 3)
Introduction :- It is a strong emotional need caused by deprivation in childhood. It is a
primitive condition of pain and longing which people often act out in a desperate attempt to
fill a void or emptiness. This emptiness is related to the pain of aloneness and
separateness and can never realistically be fully satisfied. Feelings of emotional hunger
are deep and are like a dull but powerful aching in your insides. Its a primitive condition of
pain and longing that is caused by deprivation and tends to get passed down from one
generation to the next.
How is it different from love ?
Hunger is a powerful emotion, which is both exploitive and destructive to others when
it is acted out. Real love nourishes the other person, be it a child or an adult. The real
lover is interested in supporting the other person and encourages the unfolding of his
or her personality.
Love is a lasting and deep rooted phenomenon while emotional hunger is may be
sudden, intense and short lived varying according to situations.
Love is about caring others. It teaches to give, enhance, help others while emotional
hunger is about one self. Its about feeling loved, wanted.
A parent if emotionally hungry will act in a over protective manner with child. He/she will
interfere in childs life and wont respect the boundaries while a loving parent will strive to
make the child self empowered, developed and will enhance his/her life with care,
nourishment and affection.

Topic: Ethics in personal relations

8) What are the ethical concerns that one should remember while bringing up children in
their families? Critically discuss. (150 Words)
Reference (Chapter 3)
Introduction :- Family is the most important institution in childs life. It shapes the child in
its earliest stages of life. Bringing up children is an art which family as an institute inherit
since ages. In India families are often idealised as an institute. But if one deeply scrutinise
and break up all activities in family we may come across various ethical concerns which
needs attentions specially in todays fast, nuclear family lifestyle.
Typical abuses and their impact on children :- Children often undergoes and
experience many physical abuses while growing. Normal acts of punishments due to
parents immaturity, conscious or unconscious aggression may sometimes leave deep
and long lasting impacts on childrens mind.
Verbal abuse :- Parents hostile attitude are often communicated to children through
sarcastic, derisive manner. Derogatory comments may hamper childrens self esteem
and self confidence. It may have psychological impact as well.
Overprotectiveness, intrusiveness, and lack of respect for childs boundaries :- Such
attitude towards children induces an abnormal form of dependency by limiting
childrens experience with life and limiting their coping abilities. Parents who lack the
understanding regarding childrens needs tend to discourage and even oppose
childrens independent interest.
Emotional hunger may also play a negative and disruptive role in childrens
upbringing.
Parental behaviour :- Children often follow their parents as role models. Hence
behaviours, attitudes displayed by parents, acts and decisions taken by them have
impact on children. Any act of dishonesty, corruption and bad precedents will mostly
be replicated by children.
While all such ethical concerns needs to be taken care of family should not always dictate
to children what to do or how to behave. Every child is an individual who will carve out
his/her own life. Familys role is to provide it a direction and help in finding out the path.

6) This year marks the 1,000th birth anniversary of Ramanuja, the great Vaishnava
theologian,, and the 500th anniversary of Martin Luthers triggering of the Protestant
Reformation which fundamentally reshaped Christianity. Discuss their philosophies and
their relevance today. (200 Words)
The Indian Express
Introduction :- Ramanuja and Martin Luther king were both great reformers, philosophers
and thinkers of their time.
Ramanuja :- Ramanuja was a Hindu theologian, philosopher, and one of the most
important exponents of the Sri Vaishnavism tradition within Hinduism. He was born in
a Tamil Brhmin family in the village of Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu. His philosophical
foundations for devotionalism were influential to the Bhakti movement.
His Vishishtadvaita (qualified monism) philosophy has competed with the Dvaita (theistic
dualism) philosophy of Madhvchrya, and Advaita (monism) philosophy of di Shankara,
together the three most influential Vedantic philosophies of the 2nd millennium.
Rmnuja presented the epistemic and soteriological importance of bhakti, or the devotion
to a personal God (Vishnu in Rmnujas case) as a means to spiritual liberation. His
theories assert that there exists a plurality and distinction between tman (soul)
and Brahman (metaphysical, ultimate reality), while he also affirmed that there is unity of
all souls and that the individual soul has the potential to realize identity with the Brahman.
It was Ramanujas brilliance that gave practical effect to this theological innovation. He
organised the daily pujas and annual festival cycle at the Srirangam Ranganatha temple in
line with Agamic norms, thereby broadening the temples constituency to include rising
peasant castes and women. He also made room for the emotive Tamil hymns of the Alvars
in the otherwise austere Sanskrit temple liturgy. Eventually, under his leadership, these
reforms took hold at other Vaishnavite temple complexes such as Tirupati and Melkote that
had sprung up across South India over the preceding centuries.
Martin Luther :-
Martin Luther was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk and a seminal
figure in the Protestant Reformation.
Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. He
strongly disputed the Catholic view on indulgences as he understood it to be, that freedom
from Gods punishment for sin could be purchased with money.
Luther taught that salvation and, consequently, eternal life are not earned by good deeds
but are received only as the free gift of Gods grace through the believers faith in Jesus
Christ as redeemer from sin. His theology challenged the authority and office of the Pope
by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God.
Relevance today :- What Ramanuja and Luther underline for us is that it is precisely this
sort of reasoned debate amongst fellow believers, in dialogue with but not beholden to
their scriptures, that has allowed religious communities throughout history to reform
themselves for the better.
Both of them tried and reformed the true concept of religion and helped masses to take a
rational look at it. Their ideas and principles still remains the bench markers.

Topic: Ethics in personal relations

7) You are a working single parent living with your six year old child in an housing society.
Recently divorce case between you and your husband was amicably settled in a court. You
were given custody of your child. After the divorce, your child has not been active and as
cheerful as she used to be earlier. She seems to have lost interest in day to day activities.
In the interest of your child, your close friends and even parents are asking you to remarry
a suitable person. However, you want to live alone with your child and lead an independent
life. But, your childs behaviour has become a matter of concern for your family and they all
want you to either devote full time to childcare by resigning from job, or marry someone to
provide child a father. On the other hand, your parents are not willing to live with you in the
city as they do not want to vacate their ancestral home in the village.
What are the ethical issues you are posed with? How are you going to manage these
issues? Analyse. (200 Words)
Introduction :- The ethical issues involved in above case study are as follows :-
Parenting in todays world with many couples getting divorced and future of their child
Trade of between my own ambitions and caring about the nurturing of child
Dilemma for remarriage
Inability of help from my parents
Course of action to be taken :-
My childs healthy development is really a concern which needs utmost priority now.
However for that marrying again would be against my wish and my mental preparedness.
Hence I would find some ways by which my child would be happy again without I am being
married again.
I will try to find out root causes of my childs condition if she is behaving like this due to her
loneliness or she needs support of a father.
If it is due to loneliness I will ensure that she gets good admission and company in school
to be engaged. Also ensuring quality time to be spend with my child will be my priority. If
its due to wanting of fathers love I would put these things to my ex-husband and convince
him about spending some time together for childs care.
Economic independence forms very important part of single parenting hence leaving job
would be not in interest of either me or my child. I would try to take shifts when my child is
engaged in school hence I can spend more time with her.
Also I will request my parents to visit us whenever its possible for them in order to get the
child caring, warmth of other relationships.
Divorce is an increasing phenomenon these days but we must understand the importance
of family and its need for better future of children. Mutual understanding and respect
among couple is needed. Also if divorced they must find out ways to protect the child
against any psychological turmoil.
9) You are working as Superintendant of Police (SP) in the anti- corruption branch (ACB).
Your husband is an IAS officer and is posted as commissioner in the food and civil
supplies department. Recently there was an allegation against your husband that he was
responsible for the supply of low quality, rotten food to various hostels run by social
welfare department and also to PDS shops. After few cases of food poisoning and death of
few students in social welfare hostels, the government wanted to fix accountability and
punish senior officers to show that it was serious against such problems. The opposition
parties have alleged that your husband was a kingpin in the scam and it was due to his
corrupt nature, that innocent lives were lost. A committee formed by government wants you
to investigate the case.
a) What are the ethical issues that you are going to face during the course of investigation
in the above case? How ill you manage these issues? (250 Words)

Introduction :- The ethical issues involved in the case study are :-

Personal life role, ethics vs Professional life role, ethics :- While my own husband is
involved in case of corruption and death I have to investigate the case impartially.
 Conflict between affinity towards husband and integrity towards job.
The issue of negligence in duty causing death of innocent lives.
Maintaining impartiality, objectivity and neutrality even if the accuse is personally
known and shares relationship.
Management of these ethical issues and course of action to be taken :-
My own husband is involved in the case hence its a conflict with my personal and
professional role. First of all I need to demarcate their respective boundaries,
limitations and respect their own importance in my life.
The accused is my husband so if I am investing the case I need to investigate matter
with all rules and norms in place. It will set an precedence in department. The charges
are not proven yet hence its also my duty as a wife to discuss the matter with him and
try to find the truth.
The issue of death is really worrisome. Death acts are cruel crime acts and must be
punishable. Hence after discussing the matter I will even encourage him to come out
with truth and if the charges are true then accept the same in front of committee.
Finally the case clearly involves a conflict of interest as my own husband is under
investigation. Though I maintain my objectivity, neutrality and impartiality I would be
questioned for the same. Also justice must not be only done it needs to be seen as
done. Hence I will ask my seniors to relieve myself from the investigating committee.
9) Identify and comment on the personal and professional ethical issues present in the
recent event where corruption and malpractices in prisons were unearthed by a lady IPS
officer in Karnataka. (200 Words)
The Hindu
The Hindu

Introduction :- The case of alleging irregularities in the Parappana Agrahara Central

Prison in Bengaluru where a politician was treated with extraordinary facilities compared to
other prisoners highlights following professional and personal ethical issues :-
Objectivity & neutrality- favouring a powerful person over other is loss in personal
ethics.
Trustworthiness- It result into loss in faith of the individual from the system.
Courage-A lady officer raising an issue against top notch powerful being shows his
courage.
Lack of Motivation- officer being transferred without any evidence act as a
disappointment for other honest officials and generation to join them.
Consciousness-it is a loss in self-respect when one get involve in gruesome incidents
like this.
Honesty/integrity-it debar other to take stand when something unlawful happening.
Favouritism /Equality-favouring the politician and different treatment with others
shows disrespect to our preamble and constitution art 14 which talk about equality
before law.
Transparency & accountability-hiding the issue from the official shows lack
transparency & accountability.
 Moral Turpitude- doing things against law and altering the video footage is before law
and erring official should be punished with independent departmental inquiry.
Political-bureaucratic nexus-this has resulted into the major cause of failure of the
administration system the conundrum that entire society is dealing with.
Abdul Kalam very well said If you salute your Duty, you no need to salute anybody, but if
you pollute your duty, so you have to salute everybody. The above incident is against
work ethics, code of ethics/conduct denigrating the image of the organization and loss in
public trust. The Nolan 7 principle some are selflessness, integrity, objectivity,
accountability, honesty and leadership should be the guiding spirit of any organization or a
person

7) Discuss the values highlighted in the Gandhijis Talisman. (150 Words)

Reference
Introduction:-
Gandhijis Talisman is a message which can be quoted as I will give you a talisman.
Whenever you are in doubt, or when the self becomes too much with you, apply the
following test. Recall the face of the poorest and the weakest man [woman] whom you
may have seen, and ask yourself, if the step you contemplate is going to be of any use to
him [her]. Will he [she] gain anything by it? Will it restore him [her] to a control over his
[her] own life and destiny? In other words, will it lead to swaraj [freedom] for the hungry
and spiritually starving millions? Then you will find your doubts and your-self melt away.
It highlights following values:-
Compassion, care, love and affection: Its important to have them in order to think
about the needy, downtrodden people, to be passionate to work for their upliftment
and betterment.
Service, devotion, sincerity: These are the utmost values which make a person to rise
above him/herself and to go an extra mile to work for marginalized people in society.
Humanitarianism, benevolence, generosity, magnanimity, chivalry and selflessness:
They play an important role in making people to think and work for others. People, if
posses these values can make the world a better place to live.
Sympathy, empathy, tenderness, sensitivity: They play important role in making
people more humane. It helps in building loving society.
In todays world where the powerful people in position of power, the rich who enjoy
privileges and the one who are better than the destitute, oppressed, needy and distressed
are forgetting their bigger role in society Gandhijis Talisman acts like a guiding light. It also
plays important role in making an individual realise his/her duty. When country faces
challenges of corruption, riots, communal hatreds, turmoil, regionalism, radicalisation,
terrorism, environmental degradation Gandhijis Talisman if followed by all will bring
prosperity, happiness, peace and justice.

8) Define ideal? Do you think Gandhijis philosophy of truth and non-violence are
unrealistic and just ideals today? Justify why should one pursue knowing these principles
are just ideals. (200 Words)
Reference
Introduction:-
Ideal is the best and most suitable that is followed by people as an ultimate thing. Nothing
can be better than an ideal. It is many times considered as an imaginary thing. While its
confused with perfect both are different. Perfect may be the practical version of an ideal
thing.
Gandhiji emphasize on truth (speaking and behaving in real, true and just manner) and
non-violence (not using violent means of torturing, aggression and killing for perusing
ones goals) during the freedom struggle of country and his own personal life was one of
the ideal philosophy. Truth and non-violence have been two foundational stones of
Gandhian philosophy. Truth is the end and non-violence is the means to achieve this end.
Todays suitability and why one peruse them :-
World is suffering from problems of terrorism, radicalism, deteriorating human
relations and values, forced migration, intelligence wars and cyber-attacks. In such
scenario being truthful becomes even more relevant. Though it may sound to being
ideal in todays practical, realistic world, this is one of the best ways in dealing and
solving the issues.
Ex. United for peace resolution adopted in case of Korean warfare was display of
truthfulness of world powers even when UNSC resolution stood divided which controlled
the war and solved problem. Being truthful and non-violent by state and non-state actors
can minimize and solve the problems of Kashmir valley.
Violent means can destabilize, destruct and even wipe out humans from world
ultimately. As rightly said by Gandhiji an eye for an eye will make the world blind. In
India the Mizoram secession issues has proved that abandoning violent means and
accepting democratic means by Mizo National Front under Lal Denga paved the way
for peaceful resolution of issue.
Truth and non-violence has time and again proved their efficacy. Indias freedom
struggle is a mounting example. The movements of J P Narayan, Anna Hazare have
created much awakening. Many great world leaders like Nelson Mandela, Martin
Luther king had adopted them and led their country on path of peace, prosperity and
justice.
These ideals imbibe important values like compassion, selflessness, justice, love,
humanitarianism, magnanimity into people. They are the need of present time.
The acid test of relevance of works and views of a great man is definitely the application of
them in prevailing conditions of time and space. Mahatma Gandhi is fortunately among
those few great men in the entire human history whose individual life, works and views,
also known as Gandhism, not only proved to be great and exemplary during his own
lifetime but their relevance and significance remained intact after his passing away.
7) Discuss Swami Vivekanandas philosophy of education. (200 Words)
Reference
Introduction:-
Swami Vivekananda Bengali born Narendranath Datta, was an Indian Hindu monk, a chief
disciple of the 19th-century Indian mystic Ramakrishna. He was a key figure in the
introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world and is
credited with raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world
religion during the late 19th century.
Philosophy on education:-
There is lot to learn from Vivekanandas views on education. He puts lot of emphasis on
physical education, moral and religious education, Medium of language in education,
women education and education for weaker sections of society. Let me elaborate his views
on each of these components.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION:
Without the knowledge of physical education, the self-realization or character building is
not possible. One must know, it is not possible to keep a strong mind without a strong
body. In particular, Vivekananda stressed the need for physical education in curriculum.
MEDIUM OF EDUCATION:
Like Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore, Vivekananda also emphasised on
education through the medium of mother tongue.
MORAL AND RELIGIOUS EDUCATION:
Vivekananda said, Religion is the innermost core of education. Religion is like the rice
and everything else, is like the curries. Taking only curries causes indigestion and so is the
case with taking rice alone. Therefore, religious education is a vital part of a sound
curriculum.
EDUCATION OF MASSES:
The individual development is not a full development of our nation, so it is necessary to
give education to the society or common people. The education is not only confined to the
well-to-do persons only but also to the poor people. Vivekananda emphasized on the
improvement of the conditions of the masses and for this, he advocated mass education.
MAN MAKING EDUCATION:
The educational philosophy of Swami Vivekananda is a harmonious synthesis between the
ancient Indian ideals and modern Western beliefs. He not only stressed upon the physical,
mental, moral, spiritual and vocational development of the child but also he advocated
women education as well as education of the masses.
SELF EDUCATION:
Self-education is the self-knowledge. That is, knowledge of our own self is the best guide
in the struggle of our life. If we take one example, the childhood stage, the child will face
lot of problems or commit mistakes in the process of character formation.
WOMEN EDUCATION:
Vivekananda considered women to be the incarnation of power. He rightly pointed out that
unless Indian women secure a respectable place in this country, the nation can never
move forward. The important features of his scheme of female education are Make
women strong, fear-less, and conscious of their chastity and dignity.
EDUCATION FOR WEAKER SECTION OF SOCIETY
Vivekananda pleaded for the universal education so that the backward people may fall in
line with others. To uplift the backward classes he chooses education as a powerful
instrument for their life process. Thus education should spread to every household in the
country, to factories, playing grounds and agricultural fields.
CONCLUSION
From the analysis of Vivekanandas scheme, philosophy of education, it is clear that the
upliftment of masses is possible only through education. His views on education bring to
light a constructive, practical and comprehensive approach to education. By giving
education, he tries to materialize the moral and spiritual welfare and upliftment of
humanity, irrespective of caste, creed, nationality or time. By the way of his scheme of
education, we can get to build the strong nation with peace and harmony and without
caste and creed. But contrary to following his ideas, we are giving bookish knowledge to
our kids without giving exposure to other areas of education with the result that when they
complete the education, they get degrees but they fail to develop strong moral and spiritual
character.
9) According to Swami Vivekananda, what is the goal of ethics? Examine. (150 Words)
Reference
Introduction:-
Swami Vivekananda thinks that ethics is nothing but a code of conduct that helps a man to
be a good citizen of the world.
The motto of ethics, according to Swami Vivekananda, is not self, but non-self. A
man who wants to behave in accordance with the code of ethics must put himself last, i.e.
he must show his attention for the interest of others first.
Swamiji says that all codes of ethics are based upon this renunciation; destruction,
not construction, of the individual on the material plane. The ethics of Swami Vivekananda
leads us to a new concept of holism unlike the traditional concepts. Swami Vivekananda
clearly makes distinction between two concepts of moral and immoral.
A man who wants to behave in accordance with the code of ethics must put himself
last, i.e. he must show his attention for the interest of others first.
According to Swami Vivekananda, The watchword of all well-being, of all moral
good is not I but thou. Two forces have been working side by side in parallel lines. The one
says I the other says not I. Throughout creation these two forces are working side by side,
where you find the one, you find the other too. The one is selfishness, the other is
unselfishness. The one is acquisition, the other is renunciation.
To lead ethical life or to be moral acceptance of oneness and the rejection of
individuality is must. The background of ethics of Swami Vivekananda is oneness.
Conclusion:-
All the ethical concepts, except Vivekanandas concept, treat human beings as good or
bad beings, while Swamiji treats all of them as one. In the context of global upheaval,
problems of migrants, turmoil in Middle East, protectionism and self-interest of individual
nations, cross border terrorism, and shared responsibility of climate change,
Vivekanandas concept of ethics hold huge relevance. If we show unselfish behaviour as
taught by him consider all human as our brother and sisters then this world will have better
order and structure.

7) Anubhava Mantapa was said to be the fountainhead of all religious and philosophical
thought pertaining to the Human Values, Ethics. Discuss its teachings. (150 Words)
Reference
Reference
Introduction:-
Anubhava Mantapa was an academy of mystics, saints and philosophers of
the Lingayat faith in the 12th century. It was the fountainhead of all religious and
philosophical thought pertaining to the Lingayat. It was presided over by the mystic Allama
Prabhu and numerous Sharanas from all over Karnataka and other parts of India were
participants. This institution was also the fountainhead of the Vachana literature which was
used as the vector to propagate Lingayata religious and philosophical thought. Other
giants of Lingayat theosophy like Akka
Mahadevi, Channabasavanna and Basavanna himself were participants in the Anubhava
Mantapa. The Anubhava Mantapa also called as the Mahaamane.
The fundamental principles accepted Anubhava Mantapa may be summarized as
follows:
All are equal reflects the notion of equality irrespective of the meaningless
differentiation of human beings as high or low either on their birth or on their
occupation.
Woman has equal rights with man to follow the path of self-evolution. It shows the
emphasis on women emancipation, empowerment and attitude of compassion
towards them.
Universal brotherhood, Community approach (team work) and Practice before preach
are highly valued ethical conducts of humans, persuasion of justice in society.
Each one should follow a profession of his own choice means respect for freedom of
choice and personal liberty.
Varnas (or castes) and Ashrams (or stages) are to be discarded, Inter-group
marriages and free dining should be encouraged indicates high importance to
rationality and idea of oneness in people.
Untouchability has no place in the society.
Every man is free to think on all spiritual and social subjects, reason and experience
are the only guiding lights for free thinking and spiritual advancement reflects
emphasis on human dignity, capability of everyone and scientific temperament.
Hence Anubhava Mantapa, the first parliament in history of mankind, through its principles
and ideals tried to inculcate the necessary human values and ethical conduct. In times
when society was plagued with many evils it proved to be the necessary guiding light.

Topic: Human Values lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders,
reformers and administrators
8) Discuss the values preached by Jyotiba Phule and their relevance today. (150 Words)
Reference
Introduction:-
Jyotirao Govindrao Phule (11 April 1827 28 November 1890) was an Indian social
activist for the Dalit people, a thinker, anti-caste social reformer and writer
from Maharashtra.
The values preached by him:-
Equality, liberty and fraternity :- He worked for eradication of untouchability, upliftment
of Dalits and downtrodden. He promoted the societal cooperation, brotherhood and
unity of individual concepts.
Though our constitution guarantees these values legally their acceptance in peoples mind
and heart is still distant dream. We must strive to instil them in us. The Manual scavenging
abolition, spread of education are right steps.
Justice, humanitarianism :- His work for oppressed through his literature like
Shetkaryancha Asud, Gulamgiri and organisations like Satyshodhak samaj, his
symbolisation of Raja Bali all reflects the above values.
These values are required today in order to make society a fair place to live. Like
community of Transgender was given due recognition many other sections of society
needs to be uplifted.
Devotion, compassion, truthfulness, sympathy and feminism :- He devoted his entire
life for progress of others. He was an living example of these values. He established
Satyashodhak Samaj which means society of seekers of truth. His and his wife
Savitribai Phules zeal for women emancipation, empowerment through education was
remarkable.
Individuals are the most important part of any society. These values are needed today to
make them good, ethical.
Jyotiba Phule left behind his legacy of values, ethics and work. These were capitalised
upon by great people like Dr Ambedkar. Still they hold much relevance today in growing
issues like caste discrimination, communalism, racial hatred, child marriages etc.
Spreading his work and inculcating his preached values in society is need of hour.

8) What lessons in ethics would you draw from life and works of Indias social reformers of
18th century? Examine (200 Words)

Introduction:-
The socio religious reform movements of 18th and 19th century in India saw emergence of
many great personalities. These leaders, reformers, educationist, thinkers, journalists
made a strong efforts to weed out the evils present in society. Many lessons in ethics can
be learnt from them as follows:-
Visionary attitude and rational understanding:- They tried to analyse the causes of
Indian political and cultural subjugation. Though they wanted to spread western ideas
and institutions they didnt go for blind imitation rather modified those ideas as per
Indian needs.
Liberal, progressive and egalitarian attitude:- Reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy,
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Jyotiba Phule wanted to liberate Indians from clutches of
evils. They emphasized equality of mankind against discrimination on basis of caste,
creed, birth etc.
 Democratic and assimilatory approach:- Reformers wanted dignity for each individual,
respect for all. They were inclusive in approach and were open to all good ideas from
all religion, culture and society. They used force of law to pursue their cause.
Justice, equality and fraternity :- All reformers emphasized on them in order to create
and egalitarian, just society. They are also required to uphold the dignity, individuality
of people.
They were living examples of devotion, selfless ness, tolerance, peaceful existence,
non -violence, humanism, compassion. These values, ethics could be seen in their
personal life and their work. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was hurt by his sister in laws Sati
to extreme extend and then devoted his life for that cause. Ishwar Chandra
Vidyasagar used to give his coat to the first needy person sighted on streets. Swami
Vivekanand said service to man is service to god.
Their life and work set high ideals, ethics and goals to be followed by the generations. In
todays society their importance has become even more relevant. We must try to imbibe
them into us and society.
7) Define attitude? Discuss the nature of attitude and its components. (200 Words)
NCERT Class XII Psychology textbook Chapter 6
Introduction :- Attitudes are evaluations people make about objects, ideas, events, or
other people. Attitudes can be positive or negative. Explicit attitudes are conscious beliefs
that can guide decisions and behavior. Implicit attitudes are unconscious beliefs that can
still influence decisions and behavior. Attitudes can include up to three components:
cognitive, emotional, and behavioral.
Example: If someone believes that smoking is unhealthy,she feels disgusted when people
smoke around her, and avoids being in situations where people smoke.

Nature of attitude :-
Attitudes often result in and affect the behaviour or action of the people. Attitudes can
lead to intended behaviour if there are no external interventions.
Attitudes constitute a psychological phenomenon which cannot be directly observed.
However, an attitude can be observed indirectly by observing its consequences. For
example, if a person is very regular in his job, we may infer that he likes his job very
much.
Attitudes are gradually acquired over a period of time. The process of learning
attitude starts right from childhood and continues throughout the life of a person. In the
beginning the family members may have a greater impact on the attitude of a child.
 Attitudes are evaluative statements, either favourable or unfavourable. When a
person says he likes or dislikes something or somebody, an attitude is being
expressed.
All people, irrespective of their status and intelligence hold attitudes.
An attitude may be unconsciously held. Most of our attitudes may be about those
which we are not clearly aware. Prejudice furnishes a good example.
Components of Attitude :-
Informational or Cognitive Component: The informational component consists of
beliefs, values, ideas and other information a person has about the object. It makes no
difference whether or not this information is empirically correct or real.
Emotional or Affective Component: The informational component sets the stage for
the more critical part of an attitude, its affective component. The emotional
components involve the persons feeling or affect-positive, neutral or negative-about
an object.
Behavioural Component: The behavioural component consists of the tendency of a
person to behave in a particular manner towards an object.
9) a) Differentiate between prejudice and stereotype.
b) Is behaviour always a reflection of ones attitude? Explain with example.
c) What are the factors that influence the formation of attitude? Discuss with examples.
NCERT Class XII Psychology textbook Chapter 6

Introduction :-
Prejudice and stereotype :-
Prejudice is a kind of prejudgment or assumption about somebody before having sufficient
knowledge to judge with accuracy. Prejudice refers to beliefs without sound knowledge of
the facts concerned with the belief. Much of prejudice is based on negative feelings
towards people belonging to other groups but showing favour towards people belonging to
ones groups. Black people are uncivilised is a prejudice. Disliking a co worker or
subordinate without knowing their abilities, just because of their caste, religion, region,
nationality, etc.
The word stereotype is derived from the Greek word stereos meaning firm or solid.
They are standardized beliefs about people based on some
prior assumptions. Stereotypes are developed mostly from ones experience, upbringing. It
is believed that childhood influences are indeed some of the very profound factors in
developing stereotypes. People may stereotype women as more nurturing, caring than
men.
Does behaviour always reflection of attitude :-
Attitudes can positively or negatively affect a persons behavior. A person may not always
be aware of his or her attitude or the effect it is having on behavior. A person who has
positive attitudes towards work and co-workers (such as contentment, friendliness, etc.)
can positively influence those around them. Behaviour is mostly a reflection of attitude but
not always. A person can treat the lady co worker in office respectfully, equally and with
much dignity but he may have patriarchal attitude.
The factors which lead to development of attitudes can be :-
Family: Family is the most powerful source for formation of attitudes. The parents,
siblings provide information about various things.
Peers:- As the individual develops, he comes in contact with outer world and peers in
first place. Peers include same age friends, neighbours, classmates, etc. The child
tries to internalise the attitudes of these people.
Conditioning: When we are conditioned or adjusted to a certain set up of people,
situation, etc., we will be influenced by that. Hence, our associations lead to develop
attitudes. Many times the kind of reinforcement we get from environment also leads to
develop attitudes. On the other hand, negative reinforcement like punishment, teasing,
criticizing, troubling may lead to develop negative attitude. Examples: when a patients
life is saved by a particular hospital at critical moments, he will develop a favourable
attitude and if the life is lost he will develop a negative attitude towards hospital,
doctor.
Direct instruction: Sometimes direct instruction can influence attitude formation. For
example, somebody gives information about a hair dye or usefulness of some fruit, we
develop an attitude about that product, may be positive or negative.
Satisfaction of wants: Individual develops favourable attitudes towards those people
and objects which satisfy his wants and unfavourable attitudes towards those who do
not satisfy.
7) What do you understand by social influence? Write a note on three forms of social
influence. (150 Words)
NCERT Class XII Psychology textbook Chapter 7

Introduction :- Social influence occurs when a persons emotions, opinions, or behaviors

are affected by others. Social influence takes many forms and can be seen
in conformity, socialization, peer pressure, obedience, leadership, persuasion, sales,
and marketing. In 1958, Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman identified three broad
varieties of social influence.
Complianceis when people appear to agree with others but actually keep their
dissenting opinions private. Compliance is the act of responding favorably to an
explicit or implicit request offered by others. Technically, compliance is a change
in behavior but not necessarily in attitude; one can comply due to mere obedience or
by otherwise opting to withhold private thoughts due to social pressures
Identificationis when people are influenced by someone who is liked and respected,
such as a famous celebrity. Identification is the changing of attitudes or behaviors due
to the influence of someone who is admired. Advertisements that rely
upon celebrity endorsements to market their products are taking advantage of this
phenomenon.
Internalizationis when people accept a belief or behavior and agree both publicly and
privately. Internalization is the process of acceptance of a set of norms established by
people or groups that are influential to the individual. The individual accepts the
influence because the content of the influence accepted is intrinsically rewarding.
 Topic: Attitude: content, structure, function
8) Differentiate between obedience, compliance and conformity. Discuss impact of social
influence on these behaviours. (150 Words)
NCERT Class XII Psychology textbook Chapter 7

Introduction :- Social influence refers to the ways people influence the beliefs, feelings,
and behaviors of others. Each day we are bombarded by countless attempts by others to
influence us. The above terms of obedience, compliance and conformity sounds similar at
first look but they are different in their meaning.
Compliance and obedience have one main difference: one is a request, a question,
and the other is a direct command. While one invites the subject to decline, a
command carries with it the social expectations of obedience.
Conformity is strongly affected by whether the culture in question is orientated to
individualism or collectivism however compliance and obedience are less likely to be
affected by this particular factor.
Conformity is generally an internalising of the social norms, where the subject takes
these and incorporates them into their own paradigm. Conformed behaviour can be
shown to become automatic, i.e. unconscious. However public compliance and
obedience do not necessarily belie private attitudes and beliefs.
While compliance and obedience are the result of social expectations, self-gain, and
fear of conflict or punishment, conformity also has a stronger ethological cause: The
perceptions and behaviours of the majority are likely to be more accurate and
conducive to survival than those of the individual or minority.
Impact of social influence on them :-
Compliance is when an individual changes his or her behavior in response to an
explicit or implicit request made by another person. Compliance is often referred to as
an active form of social influence in that it is usually intentionally initiated by a person.
It is also conceptualized as an external form of social influence in that its focus is a
change in overt behavior. Although compliance may sometimes occur as a result of
changes in peoples internal beliefs and/or feelings, such internal changes are not the
primary goal of compliance, nor are they necessarily required for the request to be
successful.
In contrast, conformity refers to when people adjust their behaviors, attitudes,
feelings, and/or beliefs to fit to a group norm. Conformity is generally regarded as a
passive form of influence in that members of the group do not actively attempt to
influence others. People merely observe the actions of group members and adjust
their behaviors and/or views accordingly. The focus of conformity can be either
external (overt behaviors) or internal (beliefs and feelings) in nature.
Obedience is a change in behavior as a result of a direct command from an authority
figure. Obedience is an active form of influence in that it is usually directly initiated by
 an authority figure and is typically external in that overt behaviors are generally the
focus of commands.

8) What do you understand by prisoners dilemma ? Discuss morality of the prisoners

dilemma. (150 Words)
NCERT Class XII Psychology textbook Chapter 7
Reference
Introduction :- The prisoners dilemma is a paradox in decision analysis in which two
individuals acting in their own self-interest pursue a course of action that does not result in
the ideal outcome. The typical prisoners dilemma is set up in such a way that both parties
choose to protect themselves at the expense of the other participant. As a result of
following a purely logical thought process, both participants find themselves in a worse
state than if they had cooperated with each other in the decision-making process.
The morality aspects involved in prisoners dilemma :-
Mutual Co operation Vs defecation :- It points out that cooperation actually leads to
better and mutually beneficial results than defecation and breach of trust. In simple
terms in cooperation lies the key to prosper and in separation the destruction. Indo-
Pakistan bilateral relation are plagued with many issues. The Siachine is one of them.
If both countries cooperate they can reduce casualties, financial investment and
avoidable conflicts in the Land of Roses. Defecation and breach of trust has resulted
in heavy loss of men, money on both sides.
Selflessness, sympathy and care for others Vs selfishness, narrow mindedness :- If
we become selfless and think for others we may get the same result in return. If not it
displays our higher ideals in life. Selfishness leads to hatred, jealousy and
deterioration of relationships. Mother Teresa worked for the needy, poor in very
selfless manner and she got love, recognition, appreciation, honours in return.
Survival competition Vs Ethical competence :- As well said by Albert Einstein that
adversity introduces the man to himself and to the world. In such adverse condition of
imprisonment as well if one shows ethical competence rather than a blind and
immature attempt in competition for survival one can be at winning side.
Hence prisoners dilemma reveals many moral aspects and it can teach many lessons
about probable behaviour of individual in adverse conditions.

7) One of your friends, who is in his late twenties, is very active in politics. You despise his
political ideology but like his rest of the personality. He often tries to elicit opinions from
you on burning topics such as cow vigilantism or dalit lynchings. However, you have no
interest in either politics or on any important issues. You are very busy with your research
project and have no time to think about anything else. One day, your friend accuses you of
being anti-national and unpatriotic. He tells you that it is because of silence from youth like
you that India is facing several problems. He wants you to talk about important issues not
only with him, but also with your colleagues and create awareness. He thinks that youth
like you should be actively involved in politics to clean India of its malaises. As his
coercion has increased these days, you are worried and decide to avoid him. You are not
at all persuaded by his words and you are solely focused on research.
a) What is your opinion on your friends attitude? Is his behaviour ethical? Justify. (150
Words)
b) Is it right on your part to avoid your friend? Is it possible to change your friends
behaviour? If yes, how will you change him? Explain. (150 Words)

Introduction :-
Facts :- I am busy in my research project and dont have any interest in politics, happening
issues. My this attitude makes my friend thinks that I am unpatriotic. His behaviour about
pursuing me and my friend is becoming coercive now and I have decided to avoid him.
The behaviour of my friend is increasingly becoming intolerable. Though he is active
in politics and thinks about cleaning it through spreading awareness and opinion on
important issues this is not the only way to contribute towards our nation. His
compulsion for others to join his way is unethical as it fringes upon the freedom of
others.
Though I dont like his this attitude about politics I like my friend in other aspects of
his personality. Avoiding him is not only a temporary solution but also breach of a true
friendship. After all a true friend is someone you can disagree and still remain friends.
My this behaviour is unethical, insensitive and unjust in our friendship
As Winston Churchill had said Attitude is a small thing which makes big difference. It is the
cause for most of our behaviour. With a good, visionary attitude we can flourish and with a
bad, narrow attitude we may perish.

10) Often you see in the news of powerful politicians either publicly insulting bureaucrats
or even physically abusing government employees. In your opinion, what attitudinal
change in required to completely stop such incidents? (150 Words)

Introduction :- The incidences of politicians insulting bureaucrats like P Chidambaram

insulted an IAS officer for not speaking good English language, controversy over PM
Narendra Modi visit to Dantewada district collector who wore goggles etc. shows the
increasing attitudinal clashes between politicians and bureaucrats.
These incidences happen due to the wrong attitude of both towards each other which is a
result of mutual power tussle, egoist, defensive and blaming inclinations of both in many
cases.
According to M. Weber, the imperative of politicians is the struggle for power, whereas
bureaucrats tend to be obedient and disciplined; politicians act in the public domain, and
bureaucrats function in institutions; the working tool of politicians is their voice, whereas
public servants tend to rely on the written word; politician above all things is an actor who
passionately advocates for his cause, while an administrator concentrates on solving
technical problems; finally, the career of a politician is uncertain, temporary and flexible,
whereas bureaucrats often enjoy stability. But this attitudes of politicians and bureaucrats
are not suitable and beneficial in todays scenario. Traditional attitudes must be changed.
Politicians and bureaucrats are two sides of same coins. Both need to show mutual
cooperation, synergy and understanding in order to achieve the goal of public welfare and
national progress. Cooperation is the need rather than coercion, respect is the way rather
than suspect and accountability towards each other is the key rather than irresponsibility,
untrustworthiness.

9) Your father is a police officer. You have noticed that his behaviour at home is rude and
he always seems to be restless. There were occasions when he used to beat you and also
sometimes your mother. Childhood for you was difficult thanks to strictness expected by
your father in every aspect of your childhood life. Now you are working as a police officer
yourself in the Indian Police Service. Your father is yet to retire. Though he doesnt beat
anyone now, his behaviour hasnt changed.
Looking back what attitudinal changes you think would have helped your father to behave
well with his family? Looking at present, how will you make sure that your family doesnt
suffer the same fate as yours did? (200 Words)

Introduction :- My father was in a tough profession. Policemen needs to be strict, alert,

ruthless towards the culprits. They have to bear the pressure of duty, politicians, system,
riotous situations and people. 24*7 hours duty without sufficient breaks, holidays and rest
makes them anxious, restless and short tempered. All these professional effect are
reflected into their personal life in case of many policeman.
My father was one among such policeman. He used to beat me and my mother. He used
to expect strict conduct. All these things had made my childhood a difficult experience.
Looking back I think following attitudinal changes would have helped my father to behave
well with family :-
Emotionally intelligent, balanced attitude towards professional and family life :- It is
very important in order to recognise, differentiate and manage ones emotions. Its
equally important to differentiate between ones professional and personal life in order
to minimise the intermixing between the two.
Stress relevance, work management :- He could have helped himself and family by
managing his work and stress. Many activities like yoga, meditation, exercise would
have helped.
Respect for law, avoiding double stand attitude by performing police duty outside and
indulging in domestic violence act inside the home and changing patriarchal mindset
for feminist, liberal attitude.
Practising tolerance, patience, love, caring, gentle, humane, affectionate attitude
towards family :- Its important to create strong bondage and make family members to
feel valued.
I will make sure that my family doesnt suffer the same fate with following measures :-
Developing required skills to manage myself and my family :- Stress management,
work and family balance, respect for all family members, importance to spending time
with them will help me in order to do justice with my professional and personal life.
 Developing Temperament, liberal, accommodative and helping, caring attitudes
towards my wife, children and father.
I would help my children enjoys their childhood as feely, joyfully as possible with
some quality checks from me, wife and their grandfather. I would also let my wife
every right to live her life with dignity, respect by helping her in family works,
encouraging her in her career.
Institution of family is one of the most important component of society. Peace, respect and
happiness in families will ensure the peace in society.

Its formation is complex yet can be understood in diagram. Its possible to change once
attitude and thereby the behaviour. I will try to pursue my friend and will try to get his
attention towards his behaviour in detached manner. I will ask him to respect others dignity
and freedom. I will convince him that even my research is a way of expressing my
patriotism towards nation if it contributes towards the progress of individual, society. Also if
all people join politics them what about other sector? If all become leaders and agitators
then who will be the follower and listener ? Hence one must follow his/her own way for
improving country and let others to follow their.