Industrial Ventilation

General Principles of Industrial

Ventilation
What Is Industrial Ventilation?
Environmental engineers view:
The design and application of equipment for
providing the necessary conditions for maintaining
the efficiency, health and safety of the workers
Industrial hygienists view:
The control of emissions and the control of
exposures
Mechanical engineers view:
The control of the environment with air flow. This
can be achieved by replacement of contaminated air
with clean air

General Principles 2
Industrial Ventilation
Objectives
To introduce the basic terms

To discuss heat control

To design ventilation systems

General Principles 3
Why Industrial Ventilation?
To maintain an adequate oxygen supply in the work
area.
To control hazardous concentrations of toxic
materials in the air.
To remove any undesirable odors from a given area.
To control temperature and humidity.
To remove undesirable contaminants at their source
before they enter the work place air.

General Principles 4
Application Of Industrial Ventilation
Systems
Optimization of energy costs.
Reduction of occupational health disease claims.
Control of contaminants to acceptable levels.
Control of heat and humidity for comfort.
Prevention of fires and explosions.

General Principles 5
Solutions To Industrial
Ventilation Problems
Process modifications
Local exhaust ventilation
Substitution
Isolation
Administrative control
Personal protection devices
Natural ventilation

General Principles 6
Ventilation Design Parameters
Manufacturing process
Exhaust air system & local extraction
Climatic requirements in building design (tightness,
plant aerodynamics, etc)
Cleanliness requirements
Ambient air conditions
Heat emissions
Terrain around the plant
Contaminant emissions
Regulations

General Principles 7
Source Characterization
Location
Relative contribution of each source to the exposure
Characterization of each contributor
Characterization of ambient air
Worker interaction with emission source
Work practices

General Principles 8
Types Of Industrial Ventilation
Systems

Supply systems

Purpose:
To create a comfortable environment in the plant i.e.
The Heating, Ventilation, Air-Conditioning (HVAC)
system
To replace air exhausted from the plant i.e. The
replacement system

General Principles 9
Supply Systems
Components
Air inlet section
Filters
Heating and/or cooling equipment
Fan
Ducts
Register/grills for distributing the air within the work
space

General Principles 10
Exhaust Systems
Purpose

An exhaust ventilation system removes the air and

airborne contaminants from the work place air
The exhaust system may exhaust the entire work
area, or it may be placed at the source to remove the
contaminant at its source itself

General Principles 11
Exhaust Systems
Types of exhaust systems:

General exhaust system

Local exhaust system

General Principles 12
General Exhaust Systems
Used for heat control in an area by introducing large
quantities of air in the area. The air may be tempered
and recycled.
Used for removal of contaminants generated in an
area by mixing enough outdoor air with the
contaminant so that the average concentration is
reduced to a safe level.

General Principles 13
Local Exhaust Systems(LES)
The objective of a local exhaust system is to remove
the contaminant as it is generated at the source
itself.
Advantages:
More effective as compared to a general exhaust
system.
The smaller exhaust flow rate results in low heating
costs compared to the high flow rate required for a
general exhaust system.
The smaller flow rates lead to lower costs for air
cleaning equipment.

General Principles 14
Local Exhaust Systems(LES)
Components:
Hood
The duct system including the exhaust stack and/or
re-circulation duct
Air cleaning device
Fan, which serves as an air moving device

General Principles 15
 What is the difference between Exhaust and
Supply systems?

An Exhaust ventilation system removes the air and air

borne contaminants from the work place, whereas, the
Supply system adds air to work room to dilute
contaminants in the work place so as to lower the
contaminant concentrations.

General Principles 17
Pressure In A Ventilation System
Air movement in the ventilation system is a result of
differences in pressure.
In a supply system, the pressure created by the
system is in addition to the atmospheric pressure in
the work place.
In an exhaust system, the objective is to lower the
pressure in the system below the atmospheric
pressure.

General Principles 18
Types Of Pressures In A
Ventilation Systems
Three types of pressures are of importance in
ventilation work. They are:
Static pressure
Velocity pressure
Total pressure

General Principles 19
 Why is air considered incompressible in
Industrial Ventilation design problems?

The differences in pressure that exist within the

ventilation system itself are small when compared to the
atmospheric pressure in the room. Because of the small
differences in pressure, air can be assumed to be
incompressible.
Since 1 lb/in2 = 27 inches of water, 1 inch = 0.036 lbs
pressure or 0.24% of standard atmospheric pressure.
Thus the potential error introduced due to this
assumption is also negligible.

General Principles 20
Velocity Pressure
It is defined as that pressure required to accelerate
air from rest to some velocity (V) and is proportional
to the kinetic energy of the air stream.
VP acts in the direction of flow and is measured in
the direction of flow.
VP represents kinetic energy within a system.
VP is always positive.

General Principles 21
Static Pressure
It is defined as the pressure in the duct that
tends to burst or collapse the duct and is
expressed in inches of water gauge (wg).
SP acts equally in all directions
SP can be negative or positive

General Principles 22
Static pressure can be positive or negative.Explain.

Positive static pressure results in the tendency of the air

to expand. Negative static pressure results in the
tendency of the air to contract.
For example, take a common soda straw, and put it in
your mouth. Close one end with your finger and blow
very hard. You have created a positive static pressure.
However, as soon as you remove your finger from the
end of the straw, the air begins to move outward away
from the straw. The static pressure has been
transformed into velocity pressure, which is positive.

General Principles 23
Velocity Pressure
VELOCITY PRESSURE (VP)
VP = (V/4005)2 or V = 4005VP
Where
VP = velocity pressure, inches of water gauge (wg)
V = flow velocity, fpm

General Principles 24
Total Pressure
TP = SP + VP
It can be defined as the algebraic sum of the static
as well as the velocity pressures
SP represents the potential energy of a system and
VP the kinetic energy of the system, the sum of
which gives the total energy of the system
TP is measured in the direction of flow and can be
positive or negative

General Principles 25
 How do you measure the Pressures in a
ventilation system?

The manometer, which is a simple graduated U-shaped tube

open, at both ends, an inclined manometer or a Pitot tube
can be used to measure Static pressure.
The impact tube can be used to measure Total pressure.
The measurement of Static and Total pressures using
manometer and impact tube, will also indirectly result in
measurement of the Velocity pressure of the system.

General Principles 26
Basic Definitions
Pressure

It is defined as the force per unit area.

Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 29.92

inches of mercury or 760 mm of mercury or 14.7
lb/sq.inch.

General Principles 27
Basic Definitions
Air density

It can be defined as the mass per unit volume of air,

(lbm/ft3 ). at standard atmosphere (p=14.7 psfa),
room temperature (70 F) and zero water content.
The value of =0.075 lbm/ft3

General Principles 28
Basic Definitions
Perfect Gas Equation:
P = RT
Where
P = absolute pressure in pounds per square foot absolute (psfa).
= gas density in lbm/ft3.
R = gas constant for air.
T = absolute temperature in degree Rankin.
For any dry air situation
T = (T)std
= std(Tstd/T) = 0.075 (460+70)/T = 0.075 (530/T)

General Principles 29
Basic Definitions
Volumetric Flow Rate
The volume or quantity of air that flows through a given location
per unit time
Q=V*A
or
V = Q /A
or
A = Q/V
Where
Q = volume of flow rate in cfm
V = average velocity in fpm
A = cross-sectional area in sq.ft

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Example
The cross-sectional area of a duct is 2.75 sq.ft.The velocity of air
flowing in the duct is 3600 fpm. What is the volume?

From the given problem

A = 2.75 sq. ft.
V = 3600 fpm
We know that
Q=V*A
Hence,
Q = 3600 * 2.75 = 9900 cfm

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Basic Definitions
Reynolds number
R = DV/
Where
= density in lbm/ft3
D = diameter in ft
V = velocity in fpm
= air viscosity, lbm/s-ft

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Darcy Weisbach Friction
Coefficient Equation
hf = f (L/d)VP
Where
hf = friction losses in a duct, wg
f = friction coefficient (dimensionless)
L = duct length, ft
d = duct diameter, ft
VP = velocity pressure,wg

General Principles 33
Duct Losses
Types of losses in ducts
Friction losses
Dynamic or turbulence losses

General Principles 34
Duct Losses
Friction losses
Factors effecting friction losses:
Duct velocity
Duct diameter
Air density
Air viscosity
Duct surface roughness

General Principles 35
Duct Losses
Dynamic losses or turbulent losses
Caused by elbows, openings, bends etc. In the flow
way. The turbulence losses at the entry depends on
the shape of the openings

Coefficient of entry (Ce)

For a perfect hood with no turbulence losses Ce = 1.0

I.E
V = 4005ceVP = 4005 VP

General Principles 36
Duct Losses
Turbulence losses are given by the following
expression
Hl= FN*VP
Where
FN = decimal fraction

General Principles 37
Terminal Or Settling Velocity
V = 0.0052(S.G)D2
Where
D = particle diameter in microns
S.G = specific gravity
V = settling velocity in fpm

General Principles 38