Structured Programming Approach 1.

Basics of C

1. Basic of C
CONTENTS
1.1 History of C
1.2 C character set, tokens, constants, variables, keywords , identifiers
1.3 C operators- arithmetic, Logical, assignment, relational, increment and
decrement, conditional, bit wise, special, operator precedence, C
expressions data types
1.4 Problem solving techniques : flowchart and algorithm
1.5 Formatted input, formatted output instructions.

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Structured Programming Approach 1. Basics of C

1.1 History of C
1. C is a general purpose structured programming language that is powerful, efficient
and compact.
2. C is an offspring of the basic combined programming language called B.
3. This was modified by Dennis Ritchie and was implemented in the Bell laboratories
in 1972.
4. C is a structured programming language. C combines the features of a high level
language with the elements of the assembler.
5. This flexibility allows C to be used for system programming.
6. A number of implementation of C, are available like Microsoft C, Quick C, Turbo C,
Lattice C, Aztec C.
7. C has large number of operators and relatively small instruction set.
8. It allows user to write library functions of its own.

Fast and Efficient

Data types and

Portable
Operators

C Language

Easy to extend Function rich Libraries

Modularity

Figure 1.1: C Language Accessibility

1.2 C character set, tokens, constants, variables, keywords ,
identifiers

1. C program is a collection of one or more functions.

2. Function is a module that contains one or more C statements and performs one
or more tasks.
3. C-tokens are identifiers, constants, variables, keywords, strings, operators, special
symbol.

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Structured Programming Approach 1. Basics of C

4. Alphabets, numbers and special characters are used to construct constants,

variables and keywords.
5. Identifiers are name of variables, functions and arrays. They are combination of
alphabets and an underscore, no spaces are allowed.
6. Constants is a quantity that does not change. Constant can be stored at a location
in the memory of the computer. E.g. 15.5, -6.7
7. Variable is a name given to the location in the memory where constant is stored.
E.g. num, sum.
8. Keywords are the words whose meaning has already been explained to the
compiler. E.g.
auto: auto is used to define a variable of storage class automatic. For
example:
auto int var1;
This statement suggests that var1 is a variable of storage class auto and
data type int. Variables declared within function bodies are automatic
by default. They are recreated each time a function is executed. Since,
automatic variables are local to a function, automatic variables are als o
called local variables.
break and continue: The break statement is used to jump out of the
innermost enclosing loop (while, do, for or switch statements) explicitly
and pass control to next statement immediately following the loop. In
other hand, continue statement is used to skip certain statements inside
the loop.
for (i=1;i<=10;++i){
if (i==3)
continue;
if (i==7)
break;
printf("%d ",i);
}
The output of the given code is:1 2 4 5 6

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It is because, when i=3, continue statement comes to effect and skips 3

and when i=7, break statements come to effect and terminates the loop.
switch, case and default: The switch statement tests the value of a
expression and test with the different "case" values. We can use
"default" value, if it doesn't matches any of "case" values. For example:
switch(option){
case '1':
break;
case '5':
break;
default:
}
char: The char keyword is used for indicating the variable is of the type
character. For example:
char ans1;
Here, ans1 is a variable of type character.
Const: const makes the value of a pointer or a variable unmodifiable.
const int a=5;
In this example, a is the constant and its value is 5. This value cannot be
changed in program.
do and while: while and do are used for looping in C. For example:
i=2;
while (i<10) {
print("%d ",i)
i++;
}
Output of the program- 3 4 5 6 7 8 9.
If programmer finds easy to write statements to be executed before
writing test condition, do...while loop is used.

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Structured Programming Approach 1. Basics of C

int i;
do {
print("%d ",i);
i++;
}
while (i<10)
double and float: double and float are used for indicating floating type
variables. Keywords float and double represents single precision and
double precision floating point data respectively. For examp le:
float ans1;
double ans2;
Here, ans1 is single precision floating type variable whereas, ans2 is a
double precision floating type variable.
if and else: if and else are used in decision making in C.
if (i==1)
printf("i is 1.")
else
prinf("i is not 1.")
If value of i is other than 1, output will be: i is not 1
enum: enum is used to define enumerated type data type. Enumerated
data type creates a set of constant of type int. For example:
enum enum_var{
var1;
var2;
var3;
};
Here, a enumerated variable enum_var is created having tags: var1,
var2 and var3.

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extern
Keyword extern is used for indicating the variable is external and is
declared outside every function and can be accessed by any function.
For example:
#include <stdio.h>
extern i=5;
void print1(){
printf ("%d ",i);
}
int main() {
printf("%d ",i);
}
return 0;
}
Output of the given code is: 5 5
for: Keyword for is used for looping in C. For example:
for (i=0;i<9;++i){
printf("%d ",i);
}
Output of the code given: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
goto : Keyword goto is used for unconditional jump to a labeled
statement inside that function. For example:
for(i=1;i<5;++i){
if (i==10)
goto error;
}
printf("i is not 10");
error:
printf("Error, count can't be 10");

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int : int is used for indicating the variable is of type integer.

int ans;
Here, ans is a variable of type integer.
short, long, signed and unsigned: short, long, signed and unsigned are
type modifiers that alters the meaning of base data type to yield new
type.
short int var1;
long int var2;
signed int var3;
unsigned int var4;
Here, the int type variable is modified to short int, long int, signed int
and unsigned int respectively.
Range of int type data types
short int -32768 to 32767
long int -2147483648 to 214743648
signed int -32768 to 32767
unsigned int 0 to 65535

return: Keyword return terminates the execution of current function

and returns the value to the calling function.
int func(){
int b=5;
return b;
}
This function func() returns 5 to to the calling function.
Sizeof: sizeof is used to find the number of bytes of an object.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
printf("%u bytes.",sizeof(char));

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Structured Programming Approach 1. Basics of C

}
Output of the given code:1 bytes.
Here, sizeof(...) is used to find the number of bytes of type char.
Register: Variable of storage class register are much faster than normal
variables.
register int var1;
Here, var1 is the variable of storage class register.
Static: static is used for indicating the variable is of storage class static.
The value of the static variables persists until the end of the program.
For example:
static int var;
Here, var is a variable of storage class static.
struct
struct is used in creating a structure which provide means to group
different types of variable under one name for easier handling.
struct student{
char name[80];
float marks;
int age;
}s1,s2;
Here, struct keyword is used in creating a structure of tag name student
and variables of type "struct student".
Typedef: Keyword typedef is used to explicitly associate a type with an
identifier.
typedef float kg;
kg bear,tiger;
Here, the use of typedef is to create a type kg and this kg type is used
in declaring variables bear and tiger.

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Structured Programming Approach 1. Basics of C

Union: Union is used in creating a union which provide means to group

different types of variable under one name for easier handling.
union student {
char name[80];
float marks;
int age;
}
Here, union keyword is used in creating a union of tag name student
and variables of type "union student".
Void: void is used to indicate that a function takes no arguments or
returns no value.
void no_return(int a){
.....
}
Here, function no_return( ) can take value but, can't return value
because, the return type is void.
Volatile: volatile is used to create a volatile object. A volatile object can
be modified in unspecified way by the hardware.
const volatile number
Here, number is a volatile object. Since, number is constant variable,
program can't change it but, hardware can change it because, it is a
volatile object.

(Question: List tokens of C. - 2 Marks)

(Question: Define function in C. - 2 Marks)
(Question: Define Identifiers in C. - 2 Marks)
(Question: Define constants in C. - 2 Marks)
(Question: Define keywords in C. - 2 Marks)
(Question: Define function in C. - 2 Marks)
(Question: Define variables in C. - 2 Marks)

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Structured Programming Approach 1. Basics of C

1.3 C operators- arithmetic, Logical, assignment, relational,

increment and decrement, conditional, bit wise, special,
operator precedence, C expressions data types
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical
functions. C language is rich in built-in operators and provides the following types of operators

1. Arithmetic Operators
The following table shows all the arithmetic operators supported by the C language.
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then

Operator Description Example

+ Adds two operands. A + B = 30
Subtracts second operand from the first. A B = 10
* Multiplies both operands. A * B = 200
/ Divides numerator by de-numerator. B/A=2
Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer
% B%A=0
division.
++ Increment operator increases the integer value by one. A++ = 11
-- Decrement operator decreases the integer value by one. A-- = 9

Table 1.1: Arithmetic Operator

2. Relational Operators
The following table shows all the relational operators supported by C. Assume variable
A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then

Operator Description Example

Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If yes,
== (A == B) is not true.
then the condition becomes true.
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If the
!= (A!= B) is true.
values are not equal, then the condition becomes true.
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of
> (A > B) is not true.
right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true.
Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of
< (A < B) is true.
right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true.

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Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to

>= the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes (A >= B) is not true.
true.
Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the
<= value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes (A <= B) is true.
true.

Table 1.2: Relational Operator

3. Logical Operators
Following table shows all the logical operators supported by C language. Assume
variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then

Operator Description Example

Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero,
&& (A && B) is false.
then the condition becomes true.
Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-zero,
|| (A || B) is true.
then the condition becomes true.
Called Logical NOT Operator. It is used to reverse the logical state
! of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will !(A && B) is true.
make it false.

Table 1.3: Logical Operator

4. Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation. The truth tables for
&, |, and ^ is as follows

p q p&q p|q p^q

0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1
Table 1.4: Bitwise Operator Truth Table
Assume A = 60 and B = 13 in binary format, they will be as follows
A = 0011 1100

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Structured Programming Approach 1. Basics of C

B = 0000 1101
A&B = 0000 1100
A|B = 0011 1101
A^B = 0011 0001
~A = 1100 0011
The following table lists the bitwise operators supported by C. Assume variable 'A'
holds 60 and variable 'B' holds 13, then

Operator Description Example

Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it
& (A & B) = 12, i.e., 0000 1100
exists in both operands.
Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either
| (A | B) = 61, i.e., 0011 1101
operand.
Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one
^ (A ^ B) = 49, i.e., 0011 0001
operand but not both.
Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has (~A ) = -61, i.e,. 1100 0011 in 2's
~
the effect of 'flipping' bits. complement form.
Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is
<< moved left by the number of bits specified by the A << 2 = 240 i.e., 1111 0000
right operand.
Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value
>> is moved right by the number of bits specified by the A >> 2 = 15 i.e., 0000 1111
right operand.

Table 1.5: Bitwise Operator

5. Assignment Operators
The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language

Operator Description Example

Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from C = A + B will assign the value of A
=
right side operands to left side operand + B to C
Add AND assignment operator. It adds the right
+= operand to the left operand and assign the result to C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
the left operand.

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Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts the

-= right operand from the left operand and assigns the C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A
result to the left operand.
Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies the
*= right operand with the left operand and assigns the C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
result to the left operand.
Divide AND assignment operator. It divides the left
/= operand with the right operand and assigns the C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
result to the left operand.
Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus
%= using two operands and assigns the result to the left C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
operand.
<<= Left shift AND assignment operator. C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
>>= Right shift AND assignment operator. C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
&= Bitwise AND assignment operator. C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
^= Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator. C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
|= Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator. C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2
Table 1.6: Assignment Operator

6. Miscellaneous Operators
Besides the operators discussed above, there are a few other important operators
including sizeof and? : supported by the C Language.

Operator Description Example

sizeof() Returns the size of a variable. sizeof(a), where a is integer, will return 4.
& Returns the address of a variable. &a; returns the actual address of the variable.
* Pointer to a variable. *a;
If Condition is true ? then value X : otherwise
?: Conditional Expression.
value Y
Table 1.7: Miscellaneous Operator
7. Operators Precedence in C
i. Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression and
decides how an expression is evaluated.
ii. Operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the multiplication
operator has a higher precedence than the addition operator.

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iii. For example, x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has a
higher precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.
iv. Operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with
the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence
operators will be evaluated first.

Category Operator Associativity

Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right
Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Right to left
Multiplicative * / % Left to right
Additive +- Left to right
Shift << >> Left to right
Relational < <= > >= Left to right
Equality == != Left to right
Bitwise AND & Left to right
Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right
Bitwise OR | Left to right
Logical AND && Left to right
Logical OR || Left to right
Conditional ?: Right to left
Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left
Comma , Left to right
Table 1.8: Operator Precedence

1.4 Problem solving techniques: flowchart and algorithm

(Question: Explain datatype, with example. 2 Marks)
1. Data types available in C are integer declared as int, character declared as char,
float or real declared as float (max up to six decimal places), long integer as long
int, and string as char [20] where 20 is the length of a string.
2. Program is a set of instructions written in a sequence.
3. Flowchart is pictorial representation of the program.

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(Question: Define flowchart, with symbols. 2 Marks)

The following are the symbols used in flowchart.

Symbol Description
START /STOP of the program.
INPUT /OUTPUT BOX

ASSIGNMENT BOX

DECISION (IF LOOP, WHILE LOOP, SWITCH CASE) BOX

FOR NEXT LOOP

FUNCTION CALL

CONNECTOR

FLOW ARROW

Table 1.9: Flowchart Symbols

(Question: Define algorithm. 2 Marks)

4. Algorithm is a step by step logic of a program written in simple English. It is
independent of any programming language.

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1.5 Features and Formatted input, formatted output

instructions.

(Question: Explain features of C. 2 Marks)

1. Features of C programming
i. It is a high-level language.
ii. It follows top down approach.
iii. It uses structures and pointers.
iv. Unique feature of C is the preprocessor.

2. Simple structure of a C program

(Question: Explain basic structure of C program. 2 Marks)
#include<stdio.h>
main( )
{
________
________
body of C program
________
________
}

Explanation
i. # is a preprocessor directive which follows simple syntax rules.
ii. Preprocessor as the name implies is a program that processes the source code
before it passes through the compiler.
iii. It operates under the preprocessor command lines or directives.
iv. They all begin with the symbol # in the first column and does not end with a
semicolon.
v. The commonly used directives are # include and # define.

Directive Function
#include Specifies the file to be included.
#define Defines a macro substitution.
#undef Undefines a macro.
#ifdef Tests for a macro definition.
#endif Specifies the end of #if

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#ifndef Tests if a macro is not defined.

#if Tests a compile time condition.
#else Specifies alternatives when #if
test fails.

stdio : standard input output file

conio : console input out file
.h : header file.
The stdio.h is an abbreviation for standard input output header file.
#include<stdio.h> tells the compiler to search for a file name stdio.h and
place its content at the particular point in the program.
The contents of the header file become part of the source code when it is
compiled.
The basic two functions are printf and scanf.

3. printf scanf in C

The printf() and scanf() functions are used for input and output in C language. Both
functions are inbuilt library functions, defined in stdio.h (header file).

i. printf() function
The printf() function is used for output. It prints the given statement to the
console.
The syntax of printf() function is given below:
printf("format string",argument_list);

The format string can be %d (integer), %c (character), %s (string), %f (float)

etc.
ii. scanf() function
The scanf() function is used for input. It reads the input data from the
console.
scanf("format string",argument_list);

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Structured Programming Approach 1. Basics of C

Steps the programs goes through

Figure 1.1: Steps of C program

S.No Sections Description

We can give comments about the program, creation or modified

date, author name etc in this section. The characters or words or
Documentation anything which are given between /* and */, wont be
1
section considered by C compiler for compilation process.These will be
ignored by C compiler during compilation.
Example : /* comment line1 comment line2 comment 3 */

Header files that are required to execute a C program are

2 Link Section
included in this section

In this section, variables are defined and values are set to these
3 Definition Section
variables.

Global declaration Global variables are defined in this section. When a variable is to
4
section be used throughout the program, can be defined in this section.

Function prototype Function prototype gives many information about a function like
5
declaration section return type, parameter names used inside the function.

Every C program is started from main function and this function

6 Main function contains two major sections called declaration section and
executable section.

User defined User can define their own functions in this section which perform
7
function section particular task as per the user requirement.

Table 1.1: C program structure

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Structured Programming Approach 1. Basics of C

4. Getting started with c programming

PROGRAM 1

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
clrscr( );
printf(Welcome to C programming);
}

Explanation
i. Above written is a simple C program to print Welcome to C programming.
ii. Stdio.h is necessary as it has the functions printf in it.
iii. All the statements of C should end with a semicolon except #, main( ), { }, and
all the loops.
iv. The clrscr( ) is used to clear the screen before printing anything on it.
v. Whatever is written inside the printf statement is printed as it is on to the
output screen.

To save the file F2

To compile the program Alt + F9
To compile and run the program Control + F9
To see the output Alt + F5

The output of the above program is

Welcome to C programming

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The flowchart is:

Start

Print Welcome to C
programming

Stop

PROGRAM 2
(Question: WAP to find the sum of two numbers with flowchart. 4 Marks)
Write a C program to find the sum of two numbers.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int a = 10 , b = 20 , sum ; //assignment statement
sum = a + b ;
printf( the sum of two numbers is %d , sum);
getch( );
}

Explanation
i. In the above program a is assigned the value 10 and b is assigned the value 20.
ii. The sum is declared as an integer variable to hold integer value.
iii. Then we calculate sum by adding the two values.
iv. To print the value of sum we introduce a new term called format specifiers or
data qualifiers as %d for integer, %f for float, %c for character, %s for string,
%ld for long integer.
v. In this where %d is written the value of sum will be printed.
vi. getch( ) is used to accept a single character from the keyboard i.e. after
printing the output on the screen it will wait for the user to enter the value.

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The output is

The sum of two numbers is 30

The flowchart for the above program is:

Start

a= 10

b = 20

Sum = a + b

Print the value of sum

Stop

Note: In the above program we have introduced assignment statement, getch( ) and
comment statements i.e. anything which is written between the // or /*..*/ is an
comment.

The above program can be modified from the assignment statement to the users
choice program, i.e. the two numbers can be entered from the keyboard.

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PROGRAM 3
WAP to find the sum of two numbers.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int a ,b, sum;
printf(Enter the first number);
scanf(%d,&a);
printf(\n Enter the second number );
scanf(%d,&b);
sum = a + b;
printf(\n The sum of two numbers %d and %d is %d ,a ,b, sum);
getch( );
}

Explanation
i. The general syntax of the scanf statement whish is known as an input
statement is
ii. scanf(control string , &variable 1, variable2);
iii. The control string contains the format of data being received.
iv. The symbol &known as an ampersand before each variable specifies the
variable names address.
v. We must used this before an input variable otherwise unexpected result
occur.
vi. The other new symbol introduced is \n which is a new line character. It
allows what ever written after it to move to the next new line.
vii. In the third printf statement the %d signs are replaced by their respective
values.
viii. Imp: Integer value has a limitation that is 32768 to +32767.

The output is:

Enter the first number 30

Enter the second number 49
The sum of two numbers 30 and 49 is 79

Question: Draw the flowchart for the above program.

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Structured Programming Approach 1. Basics of C

PROGRAM 4
Write a program (WAP) to print cube of given number

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int number;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a number:");
scanf("%d",&number);
printf("Cube of number is:%d ",number*number*number);
getch();
}

The Output is

Enter a number: 5
Cube of number is: 125
Explanation
i. The scanf("%d",&number) statement reads integer number from the console
and stores the given value in number variable.
ii. The printf("cube of number is:%d ",number*number*number) statement
prints the cube of number on the console.

Practical problems

Also draw the flowchart.

1. Write a program to print your name, fathers name, and address, telephone number
each on separate line using simple printf statement.
2. Write a program to calculate simple interest.

Interest = principal * no. of years * rate of interest

100

3. Write a program to convert the Fahrenheit temperature to Celsius.

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Celsius = (Fahrenheit 32.0)

1.8
4. Write a program to find sum and average of three numbers.

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Structured Programming Approach

2. Decision Making
2.1 Decision making and branching if-statement if, if-else, else-if
ladder, nested if else, switch case statement, break statement
2.2 Decision making and looping - while, do, do- while statement, for
loop, continue statement

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Structured Programming Approach 2. Decision Making

2.1 Decision making and branching if-statement if, if-else, else-if

ladder, nested if else, switch case statement, break statement
1. Programs are normally executed sequentially in the order in which they appear.
2. This is true if no repetition or decision making is necessary.
3. But number of times we need to change the sequence of program depending upon
the requirement, or we need to repeat some statements number of times.
4. C language allows the user for decision making and change the sequence of the
program using control or decision making statements like:
i. if statement .
ii. switch satetement .
iii. break ..
iv. conditional operators
v. goto statement.
S.N. Statement & Description

1 if statement: An if statement consists of a boolean expression followed by

one or more statements.

2 if...else statement: An if statement can be followed by an optional else

statement, which executes when the Boolean expression is false.
3 nested if statements: Use one if or else if statement inside
another if or else ifstatement(s).
4 switch statement: A switch statement allows a variable to be tested for
equality against a list of values.
5 nested switch statements: Use one switch statement inside
another switchstatement(s).
Table 2.1: Decision Loops

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Structured Programming Approach 2. Decision Making

(Question: Explain the various control statements, with example. 4 Marks)

i. if statement
if statement is used where we need to choose between the two things
depending upon a particular value . It holds the value either true or false
or yes or no . This is fur divided into
simple if statement
The syntax of is
if ( condition )
{
statements ;
}

Figure 2.1: If loop

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PROGRAM 5

Write a program to add 10 to a number if its value is more than 0 and print it.
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int a ;
clrscr( );
printf(Enter a number ) ;
scanf (%d,&a);
if (a > 0 )
{ a = a + 10 ;
printf ( the value of a is %d , a);
}
getch( );
}

The output is :
Enter a number 45
the value of a is 55

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The flowchart for the above program is

Start

Enter a

If
a >0

a=a+10

Print the value

of a

Stop

Explanation
i. In the above program we enter a number and store in the variable a, then
check whether a is greater than 0 , if the answer is yes than we add 10 to it
and print the result .
ii. But if it doesnt satisfy the condition than it terminates the program and come
out.

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Structured Programming Approach 2. Decision Making

if .else statement
if (condition)
{
true block statement;
}
else
{
false block statement ;
}

Figure 2.2: If else statement

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PROGRAM 6

Write a program to find the largest of two numbers.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int a , b ;
clrscr( );
printf( Enter the two numbers );
scanf( %d %d ,&a ,&b);
if ( a > b )
printf( \n a is large %d ,a);
else
printf(\n b is large %d , b);
getch( );
}

Explanation
i. In the above program we want to find the largest of two numbers.
ii. We input two numbers and store it in the variables a and b.
iii. Then with the, if loop we check that whether a > b if the answer is yes or true
than we print that a is large and if this statement is false than we print that the
other number in this case b is large.
The output is:
Enter the two numbers 34 56
b is large 56

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The flowchart for the above program is:

Start

Input a, b

If
Print b is large
a

Print a is large

Stop

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nested if else statement

(Question: Explain nested if statement, with example. 4 Marks)
If we need to make multiple choices then the nested if statement is used.
If the above program is modified for the largest of three numbers than the
program becomes as given below and the syntax of the nested is
if ( condition )
{
if(condition)
{
statement;
}
else
{
statement ;
}
}
else
{
if(condition)
{
statement ;
}
else
{
statement ;
}
}

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PROGRAM 7
Write a program to find the largest of three numbers using if else.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int a,b,c;
clrscr( );
printf( \
scanf(%d %d %d ,&a,&b,&c);
if ( a < b)
{
if( a > c)
{
printf(\na is largest of three numbers %d %d %d d,a,b,c,a);
}
else
{
printf(\nc is largest of three numbers %d %d %d %d,a,b,c,c);
}
else
{
if (b > c)
{
printf(\nb is largest of three numbers %d %d %d d,a,b,c,b);
}
else
printf(\nc is largest of three numbers %d %d %d %d,a,b,c,c);
}

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Structured Programming Approach 2. Decision Making

getch( )
}The flowchart is:

Start

Enter three
numbers a,b,c

No Yes
If If
a>b b>c

Yes No

No

If Print c is largest
a>c

Yes

Print a is largest Print b is largest

Stop

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Explanation:
i. The above program finds the largest of three numbers. as we input three
numbers a , b, c and check whether a is larger than b
ii. if the answer is yes or true than if check whether a is larger than c than we
print that a is largest of three numbers
iii. otherwise the number which is stored in the variable c is largest of three
numbers
iv. But if the first condition fails than we check that if b is larger than c if yes than
we print that b is largest of the three numbers else c is the largest.

The output of the above program is:

Enter three numbers 15 34 23

b is largest of three numbers 15 34 23 34

else if ladder statement

(Question: Explain ladder else if, with example. 4 Marks)
if ( condition )
{
statement;
}
else if (condition )
{
Statement;
}
else if(condition )
{
Statement;
}

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PROGRAM 8

Write a program to print that if a student scores above 90 than he gets A++ grade
and if he gets between 80 to 89 than he gets A+ grade and if he gets between 70
to 79 than he gets A grade and if he gets between 60 to 69 than he gets B+ grade
and if he gets between 50 to 59 than he gets B grade else print C grade. (Program
uses logical &&) Also draw the flow chart for the same.

PROGRAM 9

Write a program to print the roots of a quadratic equation i.e b+sqrt(b2-4ac)/2a

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2. SWITCH CASE STATEMENT

(Question: Explain switch case statement, with example. 4 Marks)

i. The use of if else becomes tedious if there are lot many comparisons, hence a new
statement called switch case came into picture.
ii. The syntax is
switch (expression)
{
case option 1 :
statements;
break;

case option 2 :
statements;
break;
default :
statements;
break;
}

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Figure 2.3: Switch case Statement

The programs written using switch case are known as menu driven programs.

Program 10

Write a program to add, multiply, subtract and divides a number using a switch
case statement.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int num1,num2,n=0;
float ans;
int choice ;

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scanf(%d %d,&num1,&num2);
printf(1:Add);
printf(2:Sub);
printf(3:Mul);
printf(4:Div);

scanf(%d,&choice);
switch (choice)
{
case 1: ans = num1+num2;
n=1;
break;
case 2: ans = num1-num2;
n=1;
break;
case 3: ans = num1*num2;
n=1;
break;
case 4: ans = num1/num2;
n=1;
break;
default: printf(u have entered wrong choice)
break;
}
if ( n==1)

getch( );
}

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Explanation:
i. In the above program instead of using if.else for the choices we use switch
case statement which reduces the ambiguity of looping continuously.
The output is:
Enter two numbers 45 67
1: Add
2: Sub
3: Mul
4: Div
Enter your choice 1
The result is 112

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The flowchart is:

start

Input two
numbers

Enter ur choice

Switc ans= num1+num2

h case

ans= num1-num2

ans= num1*num2

ans= num1/num2

Entered wrong
choice

If n=1
n==
111

Print the ans

Stop

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PROGRAM 11
Write a program using switch case to print whether the given number is even or
odd, to print the factorial of a number and prime number.

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int choice, factorial, temp, number, i;
while (1)
{
printf("\n1. Factorial");
printf("\n2. Prime");
printf("\n3. Odd/ Even");
printf("\n4. Exit");
printf("\n\nYour Choice? : ");
scanf ("%d", &choice);
switch (choice)
{
case 1:
printf("\nEnter the Number:");
scanf ("%d", &number);
for (temp=1,factorial=1; temp<=number;temp++)
{
factorial=factorial*temp;
continue;
}
printf("Factorial=%d\n\n",factorial);
break;
case 2:

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printf("Enter the Number:");

scanf ("%d", &number);
if (number==1)
{
printf("The Number 1 is a Unique Number.\n\n ");
}
for (i=2; i<=number-1; i++)
{
if (number%i==0)
{
printf("Number is not prime\n\n");
break;
}
if (number==i || number%i !=0)
{
printf("Number is Prime\n\n");
break;
}
}
break; //break out of this case.
case 3:
printf("Enter the Number:");
scanf ("%d", &number);
if (number%2==0)
{
printf("The number is Even\n\n");
}
else
{

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printf("The number is Odd\n\n");

}
break;
case 4:
exit();
default:
printf("You have entered the wrong choice. Please try again. \n");
break;
}
}
}

3. BREAK statement
i. The break statement is used anywhere in the program to break the flow of the
program and to come out of the particular loop.
ii. The break statement in C programming has the following two usages

iii. When a break statement is encountered inside a loop, the loop is immediately
terminated and the program control resumes at the next statement following the
loop.
iv. It can be used to terminate a case in the switch statement (covered in the next
chapter).

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Example
include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int a = 10;
while( a < 20 ) {
printf("Value of a: %d\n", a);
a++;
if( a > 15) {
break;
}
}
return 0;
}
The output is
Value of a: 10
Value of a: 11
Value of a: 12

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Value of a: 13
Value of a: 14
Value of a: 15
ii. The? : operator
(Question: Explain conditional operator, with example. 4 Marks)

This operator is popularly known as conditional operator. This is useful for

making two way decision.
The general format is
Conditional expression ? expression-1 :expression-2;
In this conditional expression is evaluated first and if the result is true than the
expression-1 is returned as the value of the conditional expression otherwise
expression-2 is returned as the value of conditional operator.

Example: to check the largest of two numbers

large = (a > b) ? a : b ;
In the above C statement it checks if the value of a is greater than b , if the
answer is true than the variable large gets the value of a otherwise it gets the
value of b.
This statement is a shortcut method of if..else statement .

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6. goto Statement:
(Question: Explain goto statement, with example. 4 Marks)

i. This is an unconditional branch statement.

ii. This is used to jump in the program from one statement to another without
any condition.
iii. The goto requires a label to identify the place it wants to branch to.
iv. A label is any valid variable name and must be followed by a colon : .
v. The label is placed immediately before the statement where the control is to
be transferred.
vi. The goto breaks the normal sequence of the program and is very rarely used

goto label ; label :

__________ statement ;
__________ _________

label : goto label;

statement;

FORWARD JUMP BACKWARD JUMP

# include <stdio.h>
int main(){
float num,average,sum;
int i,n;
printf("Maximum no. of inputs: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;++i){
printf("Enter n%d: ",i);
scanf("%f",&num);

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if(num<0.0)
goto jump; /* control of the program moves to label jump */
sum=sum+num;
}
jump:
average=sum/(i-1);
printf("Average: %.2f",average);
return 0;
}
Output

Maximum no. of inputs: 4

Enter n1: 1.5
Enter n2: 12.5
Enter n3: 7.2
Enter n4: -1
Average: 7.07
Reasons to avoid goto statement
Using goto statement give power to jump to any part of program, using goto statement
makes the logic of the program complex and tangled. In modern programming, goto
statement is considered a harmful construct and a bad programming practice.

The goto statement can be replaced in most of C program with the use of break and
continue statements. In fact, any program in C programming can be perfectly written
without the use of goto statement. All programmer should try to avoid goto statement as
possible as they can.

1. In what ways does the switch statement differ from a if statement.

2. Explain the conditional operator with example

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3. Explain the forward and the backward jump.

4. What do u mean by a break statement, explain with example?
2.2 Decision making and looping - while, do, do- while statement, for
loop, continue statement

1. The looping process should include the following steps.

i. Setting and initializing of the counters.
ii. Test for the specified condition for the execution of the loop.
iii. Execution of statements in the loop.
iv. Incrementing the counter.

2. The C language supports three loop statements.

i. while loop statement.
ii. do loop statement.
iii. for loop statement.

i. WHILE LOOP STATEMENT

(Question: Explain while loop, with example. 4 Marks)

This is the simplest of all the loops in C language. The general format for the
while loop is .
while ( test condition )
{
body of the loop ;
}
The while loop is an entry controlled loop , which means that if the while loop
condition is true than only the control be transferred to the loop inside ,
otherwise it will terminate the loop or come out of the loop.

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If the condition is true than the control is transferred inside the body of the
loop, and after it is executed it once again check for the condition, this process
continues till the condition is not satisfied.
PROGRAM 12

Write a program to find the sum of first 10 numbers.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{ int num = 1, sum = 0;
clrscr( );
while ( num < = 10)
{
sum = sum + num ;
num = num + 1;
}
printf ( the sum of 10 numbers is %d , sum );
getch( );
}
Explanation:
i. The above program is used to find the sum of first 10 numbers.
ii. We first assign a variable called num the initial value of 1, we have to find the sum
from numbers 1 to 10.
iii. Another variable sum is initialized to 0 to store the sum of all the numbers.
iv. We than check the while loop that the statements inside the loop should be
executed till the value of num is more than 10.
v. As initially the value of num is 1 it enters the loop and adds up the num to the
variable sum and the value of num is incremented by one.

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vi. Once again the value of num is checked in the while loop and as num is less than
10 it again enters the loop , and this procedure continued till the value of num is
more than 10 .
vii. When the value of num is 11, it terminates the loop and print value of sum.

The output is

The sum of 10 numbers is 55

The flowchart is

Start

num = 1

sum = 0

If num
<=10

sum = sum + num

num = num + 1

Print the sum

Stop

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Algorithm
1. Initialize the value of num to 1 and sum = 0.
2. Check while ( num <= 10 ) do the following
sum = sum + num
num = num + 1
3. Print the sum

ii. DO LOOP STATEMENT

(Question: Explain do loop statement, with example. 4 Marks)
The while loop we studied first checks the condition and if the condition is true
or if the condition is satisfied than only executes the statement in the loop else
comes out of it.
But sometimes it is required that the set of statements to be executed before
the check condition, in such cases the do while loop is used.
The syntax for it is as given below.
do
{
body of loop;
}while(test condition) ;

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PROGRAM 13
Write a program to check whether the number is even or odd, the program should
continue till user choses to quit.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{ int num ;
char ans;
do
{ printf(Enter the number to be checked );
scanf(%d,&num);
if (num % 2 == 0)
printf ( \nthe number %d is even,num);
else
printf( \nThe number %d is odd ,num);
printf( \nDo u want to continue );
scanf (%c , &ans);
}while (ans ==y);
getch( );
}

The output is
Enter the number to be checked 56
The number 56 is even
Do u want to continuey
Enter the number to be checked 73
The number 73 is odd
Do u want to continue n

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Explanation:
i. In the above program we want to find whether the number is even or odd , and
we want to check for the numbers till the user wants to quit the program for this
we use a do while loop .
ii. We enter the number to be checked and in the if loop we check if the number
divided by two the remainder is zero than the number is an even number else it is
an odd number .
iii. Then the user is asked whether the user wants to check for more numbers if the
answer is y, then the program continues, otherwise it comes out of the loop and
program ends.

Draw the flowchart for the same.

IMP NOTE: The difference between the while loop and do..while loop is that in the while
loop it checks for the condition initially and if it is true than only the body of the loop is
executed whereas in the do.. while loop the body of the loop i.e the statements are
executed at least once and then the condition is checked and if the condition is true than
it re-enters the loop else comes out of it.

iii. FOR LOOP STATEMENT

(Question: Explain for loop, with example. 4 Marks)

This is also an entry controlled loop. The general syntax for the for loop is
for(initial cond ; final condition ; increment operator)
{
body of loop;
}

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PROGRAM 14
(Question: WAP to find sum of first 10 numbers. 4 Marks)

Write a program to find the sum of first 10 numbers.

#include<st dio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i , sum = 0 ;
clrscr( );
for( i = 1 ; i < = 10 ; i++)
{
sum = sum + i ;
}
printf(\nthe sum of first 10 numbers is %d ,sum);
getch( );
}

The output is
The sum of first 10 numbers is 55

Explanation
i. As we want to find the sum of first 10 numbers, so we know that our starting
number is one and the last number is 10, and the number increase gradually with
one.
ii. Sum is initialized to zero as it may take the garbage value. So the initial condition
of for loop is 1 and the termination condition or the final condition of the for loop
will be 10 and the loop variable is incremented by 1.

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iii. The value of sum is added to the loop variable and saved back to sum.

The flow chart is:

Start

sum = 0

For i = 1 ; i < = 10

sum = sum + i

Next i

Print the value of sum

Stop

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PROGRAM 15
Write a program to input the10 numbers from the user and find its sum and
average.

PROGRAM 16
(Question: WAP to find largest of number from 10 numbers. 4 Marks)
WAP to enter 10 numbers and find the largest of the number.

Using a nested for loop

The nested for loop is used where two or more loops are used to perform certain tasks.
In ANSI C maximum of 15 levels can be used.
The syntax looks like.
for ( i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i ++)
{
for (j = i ; i < = 5 ; j++)
{
_________
_________
}
}

PROGRAM 17
(Question: WAP to print the given pattern. 4 Marks)
Write a program to print the following pattern
1
22
333
4444
55555

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#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i , j ;
for( i = 1 ; i < = 5 ; i++)
{
for ( j = 1 ; j <= i ; j ++)
{ printf(%d\t ,j); }
printf(\n);
}
getch( );
}
Draw the flowchart for the above program.

IMPORTANT FEATURE OF FOR LOOP

1. The most important feature of for loop is that more than one variable can be
initialized in the for loop at a time.
a = 1;
for ( b = 0 ; b < 5 ; b ++)
can be written as
for ( a = 1 ,b = 0 ; b < 5 ; b ++)
Like the initial condition all other loop variables can also have more than one
variable and all of them will be separated by a comma.
.
2. The test condition may also have a compound statement in it like
sum = 0;
for(a = 0 ; a < 10 && sum <100 ; a++)

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sum = sum + a ;
3. It is also permissible to use expressions in the initialization and increment part of
the loop
for ( a = (c+d) /2 ; a> 30 ; a = a/2)
4. A unique part of for loop is one or more sections can be omitted if needed
a= 5;
for( ; a != 100 ; )
{
printf(%d,a) ;
a = a+ 2 ;
}
The initial and the increment conditions are omitted, but the conditions
are given separately.
If the conditions are not given then it becomes an infinite loop and can be
terminated using a break or a goto statement.
5. A for loop can also be written to give a time delay and such kind of loops are
called as null loop.
for( a = 1000 ; a > 0 ; a --);
As this loop ends with a semicolon and does not have any statements in
it, it will be executed for 1000 times.

1. What is the purpose of the while statement? When is the logical expression
evaluated? What is the minimum number of times the while loop is evaluated.
2. What is the difference between the while loop and the do..while loop . Explain with
the syntax.
3. Explain for loop and how does it differ from a while loop.
4. Write a program to print the multiplication table for ten numbers.
5. Write a program to find the sum of marks of three subjects for five students.
6. Write a program to print the Fibonacci series.

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7. Write a program to print the reverse of the program 3.7

8. Write a program to find the sum of every fourth number starting from 1 till 100.
PROGRAM 18:
WAP to check whether a character is alphabet or not.

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char c;
printf("Enter a character: ");
scanf("%c",&c);
if( (c>='a'&& c<='z') || (c>='A' && c<='Z'))
printf("%c is an alphabet.",c);
else
printf("%c is not an alphabet.",c);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter a character: *
* is not an alphabet
Output
Enter a character: K
K is an alphabet
PROGRAM 19
WAP to Check Whether a Character is Vowel or consonant

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char c;

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printf("Enter an alphabet: ");

scanf("%c",&c);

if(c=='a'||c=='A'||c=='e'||c=='E'||c=='i'||c=='I'||c=='o'||c=='O'||c=='u'||c=='U')
printf("%c is a vowel.",c);
else
printf("%c is a consonant.",c);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter an alphabet: i
i is a vowel.
Output
Enter an alphabet: G
G is a consonant.
PROGRAM 20
WAP to Reverse an Integer

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, reverse=0, rem;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
while(n!=0)
{
rem=n%10;
reverse=reverse*10+rem;
n/=10;

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}
printf("Reversed Number = %d",reverse);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter an integer: 2345
Reversed Number = 5432
PROGRAM 21
WAP to Check Palindrome Number

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, reverse=0, rem,temp;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
temp=n;
while(temp!=0)
{
rem=temp%10;
reverse=reverse*10+rem;
temp/=10;
}
if(reverse==n)
printf("%d is a palindrome.",n);
else
printf("%d is not a palindrome.",n);
return 0;
}

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Output
Enter an integer: 12321
12321 is a palindrome.
PROGRAM 22
WAP to Check Prime Number

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, i, flag=0;
printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=2;i<=n/2;++i)
{
if(n%i==0)
{
flag=1;
break;
}
}
if (flag==0)
printf("%d is a prime number.",n);
else
printf("%d is not a prime number.",n);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter a positive integer: 29
29 is a prime number.

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PROGRAM 22
WAP to Check Armstrong Number
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, n1, rem, num=0;
printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
n1=n;
while(n1!=0)
{
rem=n1%10;
num+=rem*rem*rem;
n1/=10;
}
if(num==n)
printf("%d is an Armstrong number.",n);
else
printf("%d is not an Armstrong number.",n);
}
Output
Enter a positive integer: 371
371 is an Armstrong number.
PROGRAM 23
WAP to Make Simple Calculator in C programming

# include <stdio.h>
int main()
{

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char o;
float num1,num2;
printf("Enter operator either + or - or * or divide : ");
scanf("%c",&o);
printf("Enter two operands: ");
scanf("%f%f",&num1,&num2);
switch(o) {
case '+':
printf("%.1f + %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1+num2);
break;
case '-':
printf("%.1f - %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1-num2);
break;
case '*':
printf("%.1f * %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1*num2);
break;
case '/':
printf("%.1f / %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1/num2);
break;
default:
/* If operator is other than +, -, * or /, error message is shown */
printf("Error! operator is not correct");
break;
}
return 0;
}
Output
Enter operator either + or - or * or divide : -
Enter two operands: 3.4

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8.4
3.4 - 8.4 = -5.0

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3. Arrays and String

3.1 Arrays Declaration and initialization of one dimensional, two
Dimensional and character arrays, accessing array elements.
3.2 Declaration and initialization of string variables, string handling
functions from standard library strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(),
strcmp()

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Structured Programming Approach 3. Arrays and String

3.1 Arrays Declaration and initialization of one dimensional, two

Dimensional and character arrays, accessing array elements.

1. An array is a group of data items belong to same type and same storage class that
share a common name.
2. An individual value in a group is called an element. The number of
subscripts/index determines the dimensionality i.e. the number of elements in an
array.
3. An array with one subscript is called as single dimension array.
4. Each subscript must be a non-negative integer.
5. If a programmer wants to find the sum of 10 numbers then it is very tedious to
declare 10 variables and then add them.
6. For this we declare an array which can store 10 numbers. The general syntax is :
datatype variable-name [size];
And for the above example it can be written as
int a[10];
For the above declaration the computer reserves 10 storage locations as shown

a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4] a[5] a[6] a[7] a[8] a[9]

7. In the memory it is allocated from 0 to 9. An integer variable takes two bytes in

the memory and a character variable takes one byte in the memory.
Arrays can be initialized as
int a[5] = {1,2,3,4,5};

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PROGRAM 18
(Question: WAP to find the sum of 10 numbers using arrays. 4 Marks)
Write a program to find the sum of 10 numbers.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i ,a[10] , sum = 0;
clrscr( );
printf(Enter 10 numbers );
for( i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++)
scanf (%d,&a[i]);
for( i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++)
sum = sum + a[i] ;
for( i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++)
printf (\nThe 10 numbers are %d , a[i]);
printf(\n the sum of 10 numbers is %d ,sum);
getch( );
}

Explanation
i. We use the first for loop to enter 10 numbers and store in an array.
ii. The second for loop is used to find the sum of 10 numbers which was entered and
stored in the array a[ ]. And the third for loop is used to printf the numbers.

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The output of the program is :

Enter 10 numbers 23
56
34
22
12
58
11
89
20
88
The 10 numbers are 23 56 34 22 12 58 11 89 20 88
the sum of 10 numbers is 413
PROGRAM 18
WAP to find the sum of marks of the students
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int marks[10],i,n,sum=0;
printf("Enter number of students: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;++i){
printf("Enter marks of student%d: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&marks[i]);
sum+=marks[i];
}
printf("Sum= %d",sum);
return 0;
}

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Output
Enter number of students: 3
Enter marks of student1: 12
Enter marks of student2: 31
Enter marks of student3: 2
Sum=45
PROGRAM 19
(Question: WAP to sort the numbers in ascending order. 4 Marks)
Write a program to sort the numbers in ascending order.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i ,j ,num[5] ;
for( i = 0 ; i <5 ; i ++)
a[i] = 0;
printf(Enter the elements of the list );
for( i = 0 ; i <5 ; i ++)
scanf(%d,&a[i]);
for( i = 0 ; i <4 ; i ++)
{
for(j =i ; j <5 ; j ++)
{
if(a[i] > a[j])
{
temp = a[i] ;
a[i] = a[j];
a[j] = temp;

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}
}
}
printf(\nThe sorted list is );
for( i = 0 ; i <5 ; i ++)
printf(%d ,a[i])
getch( );
}

The output is:

Enter the elements of the list 21
56
22
8
34
The sorted list is 8 21 22 34 56

NOTE: in the above program as we know the maximum size of the array, so rather than
writing it again and again in the loop we can put it in a single statement using #define as
#define max 5
int a[max];
So in the loop wherever we used five we can replace it with max.
The major advantage of it is that if we want to change the size of my array
than we have to just change it in the #define.

TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

i. A two dimensional array is like an matrix where you have number of rows and
columns. It is declared as
int a[2][2] ;
The values can be initialized as
int a[2][2] = {1,2,3,4};

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or
int a[2][2] = {{1,2},{3,4}};
or
int a[2][2] = {
{1,2},
{3,4}
};
If the values are missing they will be set to zero.
The number of elements it can take is 2*2 i.e 4

ii. The array with more than two dimensions is known as multi-dimension array.
Type array_name[ ][ ][ ].[ ];
int a[2][3][4];
iii. This is an array which can store 2*3*4 = 24 integer type element.
PROGRAM 20
(Question: WAP to print the reverse of an array. 4 Marks)

WAP to print the reverse of an array.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i , a[20],num;
printf(Total numbers in an array are );
scanf(%d, &num);
printf(\nEnter the numbers in an array );

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for(i = 0 ;i <num;i++)
scanf(%d,&a[i]);
printf(\nThe reverse of an array is );
for(i = num-1 ; i > 0 ; i--)
printf(%d ,a[i]);
getch( );
}

The output is:

Total numbers in an array are 5

Enter the numbers in an array 25
67
34
89
12
The reverse of an array is 12 89 34 67 25

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PROGRAM 21
(Question: WAP to enter elements in a two dimension array and print. 4 Marks)

WAP to enter elements in a two dimension array and print it.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i ,j , a[20], num;
printf(Total numbers in an matrix are );
scanf(%d, &num);
printf(\nEnter the numbers in an matrix );
for(i = 0 ;i <num;i++)
{
for(j = 0 ;j <num;j++)
{
scanf(%d,&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf(\nThe matrix is );
for(i = 0 ;i <num;i++)
{
for(j = 0 ;j <num;j++)
{
printf(%d ,a[i][j]);
}
}
getch( );
}

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PROGRAM 22
WAP to Add Two Matrix in C programming

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int r,c,a[100][100],b[100][100],sum[100][100],i,j;
printf("Enter number of rows (between 1 and 100): ");
scanf("%d",&r);
printf("Enter number of columns (between 1 and 100): ");
scanf("%d",&c);
printf("\nEnter elements of 1st matrix:\n");
for(i=0;i<r;++i)
for(j=0;j<c;++j)
{
printf("Enter element a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
printf("Enter elements of 2nd matrix:\n");
for(i=0;i<r;++i)
for(j=0;j<c;++j)
{
printf("Enter element a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
for(i=0;i<r;++i)
for(j=0;j<c;++j)
sum[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
printf("\nSum of two matrix is: \n\n");
for(i=0;i<r;++i)

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for(j=0;j<c;++j)
{
printf("%d ",sum[i][j]);
if(j==c-1)
printf("\n\n");
}
return 0;
}
Output
Enter element a12: -4
Enter element a21: 8
Enter element a22: 5
Enter element a31: 1
Enter element a32: 0
Enter elements of 2nd matrix:
Enter element a11: 4
Enter element a12: -7
Enter element a21: 9
Enter element a22: 1
Enter element a31: 4
Enter element a32: 5

Sum of two matrix is:

8 -11
17 6
5 5

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PROGRAM 23
WAP to find multiplication of two matrices.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[10][10], b[10][10], mult[10][10], row1, col1, row2, col2, i, j, k;
printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d", &row1, &col1);
printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d",&row2, &col2);
while (col1!=row2)
{
printf("Error! Column of first matrix not equal to row of second.\n\n");
printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d", &row1, &col1);
printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d",&row2, &col2);
}
printf("\nEnter elements of matrix 1:\n");
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c1; ++j)
{
printf("Enter elements a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
/* Storing elements of second matrix. */
printf("\nEnter elements of matrix 2:\n");
for(i=0; i<r2; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)

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{
printf("Enter elements b%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
{
mult[i][j]=0;
}
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
for(k=0; k<c1; ++k)
{
mult[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
printf("\nOutput Matrix:\n");
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
{
printf("%d ",mult[i][j]);
if(j==c2-1)
printf("\n\n");
}
return 0;
}
Output

Enter rows and column for first matrix: 3

2

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Enter rows and column for second matrix: 3

2
Error! Column of first matrix not equal to row of second.

Enter rows and column for first matrix: 2

3
Enter rows and column for second matrix: 3
2

Enter elements of matrix 1:

Enter elements a11: 3
Enter elements a12: -2
Enter elements a13: 5
Enter elements a21: 3
Enter elements a22: 0
Enter elements a23: 4

Enter elements of matrix 2:

Enter elements b11: 2
Enter elements b12: 3
Enter elements b21: -9
Enter elements b22: 0
Enter elements b31: 0
Enter elements b32: 4

Output Matrix:
24 29
6 25

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PROGRAM 23
WAP to Find Transpose of a Matrix
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[10][10], trans[10][10], r, c, i, j;
printf("Enter rows and column of matrix: ");
scanf("%d %d", &r, &c);

/* Storing element of matrix entered by user in array a[][]. */

printf("\nEnter elements of matrix:\n");
for(i=0; i<r; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c; ++j)
{
printf("Enter elements a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
printf("\nEntered Matrix: \n");
for(i=0; i<r; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c; ++j)
{
printf("%d ",a[i][j]);
if(j==c-1)
printf("\n\n");
}
for(i=0; i<r; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c; ++j)
{
trans[j][i]=a[i][j];

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}
printf("\nTranspose of Matrix:\n");
for(i=0; i<c; ++i)
for(j=0; j<r; ++j)
{
printf("%d ",trans[i][j]);
if(j==r-1)
printf("\n\n");
}
return 0;
}
Output
Enter rows and column of matrix: 2
3

Enter elements of matrix:

Enter elements a11: 1
Enter elements a12: 2
Enter elements a13: 9
Enter elements a21: 0
Enter elements a22: 4
Enter elements a23: 7

Entered Matrix:
1 2 9
0 4 7

Transpose of Matrix:
1 0

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2 4
9 7
PROGRAM 23
WAP to print the lower triangle of a matrix.

PROGRAM 24
WAP to print the diagonal of a matrix.

1. How is single and two /multidimensional array initialized.

2. What is an array and what is the need to define an array.
3. How does an array differ from the regular variable declaration?
4. What are the different types of an array?

3.2 Declaration and initialization of string variables, string handling

functions from standard library strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(),
strcmp()

(Question: Explain string handling in C. 4 Marks)

1. A string is an array of characters. Any characters marked between the double

quotes are printed as string.
welcome to C programming
2. Strings are actually one-dimensional array of characters terminated by a null
character '\0'.
3. Thus a null-terminated string contains the characters that comprise the string
followed by a null.
4. We have seen that %c is used to enter a single character into the variable.
5. If we want to enter someones name or the details of a company name or address
than we declare it as string.

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char string[size];
#include<stdio.h>
main( )
{
char name[12];
printf(Enter your name );
scanf(%s,name);
printf(\nThe name is , name);
getch( );
}

The output is:

Enter your name Anuradha Bhatia
The name is Anuradha Bhatia
Explanation
i. In the above program name is declared as an array of 12 characters, which means
that it can hold a string whose length is 12.
ii. When we enter the name as Harry Potter, we observe that the output shows only
the first name as Harry and discards whatever is written after the space.
iii. The disadvantage of scanf is that it terminates the input after the first white
space. White spaces are blanks, carriage return, enter, form feed, newline.
iv. But if the name is separated with a special character like - or _ than it accepts
it as a single string.

NOTE: Whatever is the size of the string available it takes one character less as the last
character is the null character i.e \0.
char jest[5] = { G,O,O,D,\0}
Reading a line of text from the keyboard we use getchar( ).

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1. We can use this function to read successive single characters from the input and
place them into a character array.
2. So an entire line of text can be read and stored in an array.
3. The reading is terminated when the new line character \n is entered and the null
character is inserted at the end of the string.

PROGRAM 25
(Question: WAP to input a line of text from the keyboard. 4 Marks)
WAP to input a line of text from the keyboard.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
char text[81] , ch;
int num = 0;
printf(Enter ur text );
do
{
text[num] = getchar( );
num++;
}while(ch !=\n);
num = num-1;
text[num] = \0;
printf(\nThe output string is %s\n,text);
}
The output is:
Enter your text string handling in C
The output string is string handling in C

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Explanation
i. In the above program a character array text with size 81 is declared which means
that it can take maximum up to 80 characters and 81 is the null character.
ii. ch is the variable which accepts and stores the single character from the getchar(
) function.
iii. This is than stored in the array text and each time the index gets incremented, till
a return is pressed.
iv. Here num 1 is given so the last character should be null.

Writing a line of text: Printf is used to print the line of text with an %s format, it uses an
array to print the line which is ended with a null character.
We can also specify the precision for the %s.
char state[15] = Andaman Nicobar
1. printf(%15s,state);

Andaman Nicobar
2. printf(%8s,state);

Andaman Nicobar

3. printf(%15.5s,state);

Andam

PROGRAM 26
WAP to print the following pattern
P
PR
PRO
PROG
PROGR
PROGRA

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Structured Programming Approach 3. Arrays and String

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int loop1,loop2;
char str[] = PROGRAM;
for(loop1 = 0 ; loop1<=6;loop1++)
{
loop2 = loop1 + 1;
printf(%-7.*s\n , loop2 , str);
}
getch( );
}
Important
1. To print the ASCII value of a character we write it as
a =b;
printf(%d,a);
The above statement will print the number 98 on to the screen.
2. It also performs arithematic operations on the character constants and variables
like
a = z 1;
In ASCII the value of z is 122 and therefore the statement will assign the value
121 to a
3. We may also use character constants in relational expressions like
if ( ch >=A && ch <=H)
4. C library also supports a function which converts string constant to its integer
value.

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Structured Programming Approach 3. Arrays and String

x = atoi(string);
e.g x= atoi(1988);
COMPARISON OF TWO STRINGS
1. To compare two strings we have to use a while loop till we encounter a null
character in both the strings.
2. Each string has to be compared character by character to to equal to each other
the simple part of the code explains the same.
i = 0;
while(str1[i] == str2[i] && str1[i] != \0 && str2[1] != \0)
i = i + 1;
if (str1[i] == \0 && str2[i] == \0)
printf(strings are equal);
else
printf(strings are not equal );
STRING HANDLING FUNCTIONS OF C
(Question: Explain the string handling functions in C. 4 Marks)

1. C library supports large number of string functions and some of the commonly
used functions are:
i. strcat( ) concatenates two strings.
ii. strcmp( ) compares two strings.
iii. strcpy( ) copies one string over another .
iv. strlen( ) finds the length of the string .
i. strcat( ) Function
This function is used to join two strings together.
strcat (string1 , string 2);
It copies the content of string2 to string1 by removing the null character from
the end of string1 but the contents of string2 remains unchanged.
string1:

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P R O G R A M \0

string2:

W R I T I N G \O

After the strcat( ) function

P R O G R A M W R I T I N G \0

And string2 remains the same

ii. strcmp( ) Function
This function compares two strings identified by the argument and return the
value 0 with they are equal otherwise it returns the numeric difference
between the first nonmatching character in the string.
strcmp(string1 , string2);
String1 and string2 may be string variables or string constant loke :
strcmp(name1,name2) ;
strcmp(name1,face) ;
strcmp(reel,real) ;
The value of mismatch is really important eg.
strcmp(reel,real);
The ASCII value of e is 101 and the ASCII value of a is 97, and thus it will give
the value 4, as the answer is nonzero the strings are not equal.

iii. strcpy( ) Function

This function as the name tells copies one string to another.
strcpy( string1,string2);
Copies the content of string2 to string1. String2 can be a character array
variable or a constant.

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iv. strlen( ) Function:

This function counts and returns the length of the string.
len = strlen(string);
Where len is an integer variable.

PROGRAM 27
WAP to find the length of a string.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
main( )
{
int len ;
char a[10];
printf(Enter the string );
scanf(%s , a);
len = strlen(a);
printf(\n The length of the string is %d ,len);
getch( );
}

The output of:

Enter the string second
The length of the string is 6

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S.N. Function & Purpose

1 strcpy(s1, s2): Copies string s2 into string s1.
2 strcat(s1, s2): Concatenates string s2 onto the end of string s1.
3 strlen(s1): Returns the length of string s1.
4 strcmp(s1, s2): Returns 0 if s1 and s2 are the same; less than 0 if s1<s2; greater
than 0 if s1>s2.
5 strchr(s1, ch): Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of character ch in string s1.
6 strstr(s1, s2): Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of string s2 in string s1.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main () {

char str1[12] = "Hello";

char str2[12] = "World";
char str3[12];
int len ;

/* copy str1 into str3 */

strcpy(str3, str1);
printf("strcpy( str3, str1) : %s\n", str3 );

/* concatenates str1 and str2 */

strcat( str1, str2);
printf("strcat( str1, str2): %s\n", str1 );

/* total lenghth of str1 after concatenation */

len = strlen(str1);
printf("strlen(str1) : %d\n", len );

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return 0;
}

Output
strcpy( str3, str1) : Hello
strcat( str1, str2): HelloWorld
strlen(str1) : 10

PROGRAM 28

WAP to count the number of vowels in a string.

PROGRAM 29
WAP to check whether the given string is a palindrome or not (madam is a
palindrome)
1. Enter the string.
2. Find the length of the string.
3. Copy the string in the reverse order to another string array.
4. Check whether both are same.
5. If yes print it as palindrome else print not a palindrome.

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4 Functions &
Structures
4.1 Functions: - Need of functions, scope and lifetime of variables,
defining functions, function call, call by value, call by reference,
return values, storage classes.
4.2 Category of function - No argument No return value, No argument
with return value, argument with return value, recursion,
command line arguments
4.3 Structures: - Defining structure, declaring and accessing structure
members, initialization of structure, arrays of structure.

Anuradha Bhatia
Structured Programming Approach 4. Functions & Structures

4.1 Functions: - Need of functions, scope and lifetime of variables,

defining functions, function call, call by value, call by reference,
return values, storage classes.

(Question: Explain the concept of functions in C. 4 Marks)

1. Functions are small programs with a specific task to be performed.
2. These are small subprograms.
3. Functions are part of the main ( ) program itself.
4. When a function is called only the control is transferred to the called function, the
required processing is done and then the control is transferred back to the main (
) function for further processing.
5. The important function of C is main ( ).
6. A function definition in C programming consists of a function header and a
function body. Here are all the parts of a function
i. Return Type A function may return a value. The return_type is the data type
of the value the function returns. Some functions perform the desired
operations without returning a value. In this case, the return_type is the
keyword void.
ii. Function Name This is the actual name of the function. The function name
and the parameter list together constitute the function signature.
iii. Parameters A parameter is like a placeholder. When a function is invoked,
you pass a value to the parameter. This value is referred to as actual parameter
or argument. The parameter list refers to the type, order, and number of the
parameters of a function. Parameters are optional; that is, a function may
contain no parameters.
iv. Function Body The function body contains a collection of statements that
define what the function does.

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The advantages of functions are:

(Question: Explain advantages of functions in C. 4 Marks)

1. It facilitates top-down modular programming approach i.e. the main () function is

solved first and then the subprograms are executed.
2. The length of the source program can be reduced by using functions, as the
repeated code can be written in a function and called whenever required.
3. It is easy to debug the program.
4. It can be used by many programs.

MAIN PROGRAM

Function 1 Function 2 Function 3 Function 4

TOP DOWN MODULAR PROGRAMMING

The syntax of the function is:

function-name(argument list)
argument declaration ;
{
local variable declaration ;
body of the function ;
________________;
________________;
return(expression);
}

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Structured Programming Approach 4. Functions & Structures

1. Function name is compulsory, the argument list may be present or absent

depending on the need of the function.
int max(int num1, int num2) {
int result;
if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
else
result = num2;
return result;
}
2. Local variables are variables whose life is only till that function and cannot be used
after that. Body of the function consists of the executable statements.
3. The return statement returns the expression or the value needed.
4. If not returns indicates that no value is being returned to the calling function.
5. The function are called in two ways as Call by Value and Call by Reference.

4.2 Category of function - No argument No return value, No argument

with return value, argument with return value, recursion, command
line arguments

(Question: Explain the concept of call by value in C. 4 Marks)

1. Call by value: The call by value method of passing arguments to a function copies
the actual value of an argument into the formal parameter of the function.
i. This method copies the actual value of an argument into the formal
parameter of the function.
ii. Changes made to the parameter inside the function have no effect on the
argument.
iii. The parameter inside the function have no effect on the argument.
iv. The function by passing the values to the function.

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v. As Sum(10,20) . Calling the function Sum by passing the values 10 and 20

to the variables in the function defined.
# include<stdio.h>
main( )
{
sum(int x , int y)
{
int temp;
temp = x+y;
printf(the sum is %dtemp);
}
sum(10,20);
}

(Question: Explain the concept of call by reference in C. 4 Marks)

2. Call by reference: this is used to call functions by calling them using pointer
variables .It is discussed in pointers.
i. This method copies the address of an argument into the formal parameter.
Inside the function, the address is used to access the actual argument used in
the call.
ii. This means that changes made to the parameter affect the argument.The call
by reference method of passing arguments to a function copies the address of
an argument into the formal parameter.
iii. Inside the function, the address is used to access the actual argument used in
the call. It means the changes made to the parameter affect the passed
argument.
iv. To pass a value by reference, argument pointers are passed to the functions
just like any other value.

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v. To declare the function parameters as pointer types as in the following

function swap(), which exchanges the values of the two integer variables
pointed to, by their arguments.

void swap(int *x, int *y) {

int temp;
temp = *x; /* save the value at address x */
*x = *y; /* put y into x */
*y = temp; /* put temp into y */
return;
}
3. Recursion
i. Recursion is the process of repeating items in a self-similar way.
ii. When a program allows you to call a function inside the same function, then it
is called a recursive call of the function.
iii. The structure of recursion is
void recursion() {
recursion(); /* function calls itself */
}

int main() {
recursion();
}
iv. Recursion is more elegant and requires few variables which make program
clean.
v. Recursion can be used to replace complex nesting code by dividing the
problem into same problem of its sub-type.
vi. It is hard to think the logic of a recursive function. It is also difficult to debug
the code containing recursion

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Structured Programming Approach 4. Functions & Structures

4.3 Structures: - Defining structure, declaring and accessing structure

members, initialization of structure, arrays of structure.
1. Arrays allow to define type of variables that can hold several data items of the
same kind.
2. Structure is another user defined data type available in C that allows to combine
data items of different kinds.
3. Structures are used to represent a record.
4. To keep track of your books in a library.
Title
Author
Subject
Book ID
I. Defining a Structure
(Question: Explain the concept of structure in C. 4 Marks)

1. To define a structure, you must use the struct statement.

2. The struct statement defines a new data type, with more than one member.
3. The format of the struct statement is as follows
struct [structure tag]
{
member definition;
member definition;
...
member definition;
} [one or more structure variables];
4. The structure tag is optional and each member definition is a normal variable
definition, such as int i; or float f; or any other valid variable definition.
5. At the end of the structure's definition, before the final semicolon, specify one or
more structure variables but it is optional.

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6. Here is the way you would declare the Book structure

struct Books
{
char title[50];
char author[50];
char subject[100];
int book_id;
} book;

II. Accessing Structure Members

(Question: Explain the concept of accessing structure member in C. 4 Marks)

1. To access any member of a structure, we use the member access operator (.).
2. The member access operator is coded as a period between the structure variable
name and the structure member that we wish to access.
3. The keyword struct to define variables of structure type.
4. The following example shows how to use a structure in a program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct Books {
char title[50];
char author[50];
char subject[100];
int book_id;
};
void printBook( struct Books *book );
int main( )
{
struct Books Book1;

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struct Books Book2;

strcpy( Book1.title, "SPA");
strcpy( Book1.author, "Anuradha Bhatia");
strcpy( Book1.subject, "C Programming ");
Book1.book_id = #120100;

strcpy( Book2.title, " Object Oriented Programming ");

strcpy( Book2.author, "Yaswant Kanitkar");
strcpy( Book2.subject, "C++");
Book2.book_id = #121100;
printBook( &Book1 );
printBook( &Book2 );
return 0;
}
void printBook( struct Books *book ) {

printf( "Book title : %s\n", book->title);

printf( "Book author : %s\n", book->author);
printf( "Book subject : %s\n", book->subject);
printf( "Book book_id : %d\n", book->book_id);
}

The Output is
Book title : SPA
Book author : Anuradha Bhatia
Book subject : C programming
Book book_id : #120100
Book title : Object Oriented Programming
Book author : Yaswant Kanitkar

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Book subject : C++

Book book_id : #121100

III. Structures as Function Arguments

(Question: Explain the concept of structures as function argument in C. 4 Marks)

1. Structure as a function argument in the same way as you pass any other variable
or pointer.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct Books
{
char title[50];
char author[50];
char subject[100];
int book_id;
};
void printBook( struct Books book );
int main( )
{
struct Books Book1; /* Declare Book1 of type Book */
struct Books Book2; /* Declare Book2 of type Book */
/* book 1 specification */
strcpy( Book1.title, "SPA");
strcpy( Book1.author, "Anuradha Bhatia");
strcpy( Book1.subject, "C Programming ");
Book1.book_id = #120100;
strcpy( Book2.title, " Object Oriented Programming ");
strcpy( Book2.author, "Yaswant Kanitkar");

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strcpy( Book2.subject, "C++");

Book2.book_id = #121100;
/* print Book1 info */
printBook( Book1 );
/* Print Book2 info */
printBook( Book2 );
return 0;
}
void printBook( struct Books book ) {
printf( "Book title : %s\n", book.title);
printf( "Book author : %s\n", book.author);
printf( "Book subject : %s\n", book.subject);
printf( "Book book_id : %d\n", book.book_id);
}
The output is:
The Output is
Book title : SPA
Book author : Anuradha Bhatia
Book subject : C programming
Book book_id : #120100
Book title : Object Oriented Programming
Book author : Yaswant Kanitkar
Book subject : C++
Book book_id : #121100

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5 Pointers & Files
5.1 Understanding pointers, declaring pointer variable,
initialization of pointer variable, accessing address of a
variable, pointer expressions, Pointers arithmetic
5.2 Working with Files

Anuradha Bhatia
Structured Programming Approach 5. Pointers and Files

5.1 Understanding pointers, declaring pointer variable,

initialization of pointer variable, accessing address of a variable,
pointer expressions, Pointers arithmetic

(Question: Explain the concept of pointers in C. 4 Marks)

1. A pointer is a variable that contains the address of a variable.
2. Pointers are much used in partly because they are sometimes the only way to
express a computation, and partly because they usually lead to more compact
and efficient code than can be obtained in other ways.
3. Pointers and arrays are closely related; this chapter also explores this
relationship and shows how to exploit it.
4. Pointers have been lumped with the goto statement as a marvelous way to
create impossible to- understand programs.
5. This is certainly true when they are used carelessly, and it is easy to create
pointers that point somewhere unexpected. With discipline, however,
pointers can also be used to achieve clarity and simplicity.
6. This is the aspect that we will try to illustrate.
7. The main change in ANSI C is to make explicit the rules about how pointers
can be manipulated, in effect mandating what good programmers already
practice and good compilers already enforce. In addition, the type void *
(pointer to void) replaces char * as the proper type for a generic pointer.

I. Pointers and Addresses

(Question: Explain the concept of pointers and address in C. 4 Marks)
1. A typical machine has an array of consecutively numbered or addressed
memory cells that may be manipulated individually or in contiguous groups.
2. One common situation is that any byte can be a char, a pair of one-byte cells
can be treated as a short integer, and four adjacent bytes form a long.

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3. A pointer is a group of cells (often two or four) that can hold an address.
4. So if c is a char and p is a pointer that points to it, we could represent the
situation this way:
5. The unary operator & gives the address of an object, so the statement p = &c;
assigns the address of c to the variable p, and p is said to ``point to'' c.
6. The & operator only applies to objects in memory: variables and array
elements.
7. It cannot be applied to expressions, constants, or register variables.
8. The unary operator * is the indirection or dereferencing operator; when
applied to a pointer, it accesses the object the pointer points to. Suppose that
x and y are integers and ip is a pointer to int.
9. This artificial sequence shows how to declare a pointer and how to use & and
*:
int x = 1, y = 2, z[10];
int *ip; /* ip is a pointer to int */
ip = &x; /* ip now points to x */
y = *ip; /* y is now 1 */
*ip = 0; /* x is now 0 */
ip = &z[0]; /* ip now points to z[0] */
10 The declaration of x, y, and z are what we've seen all along. The declaration
of the pointer ip, int *ip; is intended as a mnemonic; it says that the
expression *ip is an int.
11 The syntax of the declaration for a variable the syntax of expressions in which
the variable might appear.
12. This reasoning applies to function declarations as well.
13. For example,
double *dp, atof(char *);
14. In an expression *dp and atof(s) have values of double, and that the argument
of atof is a pointer to char.

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15. If ip points to the integer x, then *ip can occur in any context where x could,
so
*ip = *ip + 10;
increments *ip by 10.
16. The unary operators * and & bind more tightly than arithmetic operators, so
the assignment
y = *ip + 1
takes whatever ip points at, adds 1, and assigns the result to y, while
*ip += 1
increments what ip points to, as do
++*ip
And (*ip) ++
17. The parentheses are necessary in this last example; without them, the
expression would increment ip instead of what it points to, because unary
operators like * and ++ associate right to left.
18. Finally, since pointers are variables, they can be used without dereferencing.
For example, if iq is another pointer to int, iq = ip copies the contents of ip
into iq, thus making iq point to whatever ip pointed to.

II. Pointers and Function Arguments

1. Since C passes arguments to functions by value, there is no direct way for the
called function to alter a variable in the calling function.
2. For instance, a sorting routine might exchange two out-of-order arguments
with a function called swap. It is not enough to write
swap(a, b);
void swap(int x, int y) /* WRONG */
{
int temp;
temp = x;

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Structured Programming Approach 5. Pointers and Files

x = y;
y = temp;
}
3. Because of call by value, swap can't affect the arguments a and b in the
routine that called it. The function above swaps copies of a and b.
4. The way to obtain the desired effect is for the calling program to pass pointers
to the values to be changed: swap(&a, &b);
5. Since the operator & produces the address of a variable, &a is a pointer to a.
In swap itself, the parameters are declared as pointers, and the operands are
accessed indirectly through them.
void swap(int *px, int *py) /* interchange *px and *py */
{
int temp;
temp = *px;
*px = *py;
*py = temp;
}
pointer argument to store the converted integer back in the calling function.

III. Pointers and Arrays

1. Any operation that can be achieved by array subscripting can also be done
with pointers.
2. The pointer version will in general be faster but, atleast to the uninitiated,
somewhat harder to understand.
3. The declaration int a[10]; defines an array of size 10, that is, a block of 10
consecutive objects named a[0], a[1],...,a[9].
4. The notation a[i] refers to the i-th element of the array. If pa is a pointer to an
integer, declared as int *pa; then the assignment pa = &a[0];

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5. Sets pa to point to element zero of a; that is, pa contains the address of a[0].
Now the assignment x = *pa; will copy the contents of a[0] into x.
6. If pa points to a particular element of an array, then by definition pa+1 points
to the next element, pa+i points i elements after pa, and pa-i points i elements
before.
7. Thus, if pa points to a[0], *(pa+1) refers to the contents of a[1], pa+i is the
address of a[i], and *(pa+i) is the contents of a[i].
8. These remarks are true regardless of the type or size of the variables in the
array a.
9. The meaning of ``adding 1 to a pointer,'' and by extension, all pointer
arithmetic, is that pa+1 points to the next object, and pa+i points to the i-th
object beyond pa.
10. The correspondence between indexing and pointer arithmetic is very close.
By definition, the value of a variable or expression of type array is the address
of element zero of the array.
11. Thus after the assignment pa = &a[0]; pa and a have identical values. Since
the name of an array is a synonym for the location of the initial element, the
assignment pa=&a[0] can also be written as pa = a;

IV. Address Arithmetic

1. If p is a pointer to some element of an array, then p++ increments p to point
to the next element, and p+=i increments it to point i elements beyond where
it currently does.
2. These and similar constructions are the simples forms of pointer or address
arithmetic.
3. C is consistent and regular in its approach to address arithmetic; its
integration of pointers, arrays, and address arithmetic is one of the strengths
of the language. Let us illustrate by

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V. Pointers to Structures
1. Pointers to structures is declared in the same way as you define pointer to
any other variable
struct Books *struct_pointer;
2. The address of a structure variable is now stored in the above defined
pointer variable.
3. To find the address of a structure variable, place the '&'; operator before the
structure's name as follows
struct_pointer = &Book1;
4. To access the members of a structure using a pointer to that structure, you
must use the operator as follows
struct_pointer->title;
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct Books {
char title[50];
char author[50];
char subject[100];
int book_id;
};

void printBook( struct Books *book );

int main( ) {

struct Books Book1;

struct Books Book2;
strcpy( Book1.title, "SPA");
strcpy( Book1.author, "Anuradha Bhatia");

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strcpy( Book1.subject, "C Programming ");

Book1.book_id = #120100;

/* book 2 specification */
strcpy( Book2.title, " Object Oriented Programming ");
strcpy( Book2.author, "Yaswant Kanetkar");
strcpy( Book2.subject, "C++");
Book2.book_id = #121100;
printBook( &Book1 );
printBook( &Book2 );
return 0;
}

void printBook( struct Books *book )

{
printf( "Book title : %s\n", book->title);
printf( "Book author : %s\n", book->author);
printf( "Book subject : %s\n", book->subject);
printf( "Book book_id : %d\n", book->book_id);
}

The Output is
Book title : SPA
Book author : Anuradha Bhatia
Book subject : C programming
Book book_id : #120100
Book title : Object Oriented Programming
Book author : Yashwant kanetkar
Book subject : C++

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Book book_id : #121100

Program 30
WAP to copy one string to another using pointers

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char str1[10],str2[10],*ptr1,*ptr2;
clrscr();
printf(enter a string ");
scanf(%s,str1);
ptr1=str1;
ptr2=str2;
while(*ptr1!='\0')
{
*ptr2=*ptr1;
ptr2++;
ptr1++;
}
*ptr2='\0';
cout<<"string copied:"<<str2;
getch();
}

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Program 31
WAP to find the number of vowels in a string

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char str[10],*ptr;
int count=0,i;
printf(enter a string ");
scanf(%s,str);
for(ptr=str;*ptr!='\0';ptr++)
{
if(*ptr=='a'||*ptr=='e'||*ptr=='i'||*ptr=='o'||*ptr=='u')
count++;
}
cout<<"mumber of vowels are:"<<count;
getch();
}

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Program 32
WAP to find the length of the string

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char str[10],*ptr;
int i,count=0;
printf(enter a string ";
scanf(%s ,str) ;
for(ptr=str;*ptr!='\0';ptr++)
{
count++;
}
while(count>=0)
{
cout<<*ptr;
ptr--;
count--;
}
getch();
}

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Program 33
WAP to find a character in a string

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char str1[10],ch,*p;
clrscr();
cout<<"enter a string: ";
cin>>str1;
p=str1;
cout<<"enter character to be searched: ";
cin>>ch;
while(*p!='\0')
{
if(*p==ch)
{
cout<<"character found";
break;
}
p++;
}
if(*p=='\0')
cout<<"not found";
getch();
}

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5.2 Working with Files

(Question: Explain the concept of files in C. 4 Marks)
1. When the program is terminated, the entire data is lost in C programming.
2. To keep large volume of data, it is time consuming to enter the entire data.
3. File is created, these information can be accessed using few commands.
4. There are large numbers of functions to handle file I/O in C language. In this
tutorial, you will learn to handle standard I/O(High level file I/O functions) in
C.
High level file I/O functions can be categorized as:
1. Text file
2. Binary file
File Operations
1. Creating a new file
2. Opening an existing file
3. Reading from and writing information to a file
4. Closing a file
I. Working with file
i. While working with file, you need to declare a pointer of type file. This
declaration is needed for communication between file and program.
FILE *ptr;
II. Opening a file
i. Opening a file is performed using library function fopen(). The syntax for
opening a file in standard I/O is:
ptr=fopen("fileopen","mode")

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For Example:
fopen("E:\\cprogram\program.txt","w");
E:\\cprogram\program.txt is the location to create file.
"w" represents the mode for writing.
Here, the program.txt file is opened for writing mode.

Opening Modes in Standard I/O

File Mode Meaning of Mode During Inexistence of file

If the file does not exist, fopen()

r Open for reading.
returns NULL.

If the file exists, its contents are

w Open for writing. overwritten. If the file does not
exist, it will be created.

Open for append. i.e,

If the file does not exists, it will be
a Data is added to end
created.
of file.

Open for both reading If the file does not exist, fopen()
r+
and writing. returns NULL.

If the file exists, its contents are

Open for both reading
w+ overwritten. If the file does not
and writing.
exist, it will be created.

Open for both reading If the file does not exists, it will be
a+
and appending. created.

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Structured Programming Approach 5. Pointers and Files

III. Closing a File

i. The file should be closed after reading/writing of a file. Closing a file is
performed using library function fclose().
fclose(ptr);
IV. The Functions fprintf() and fscanf() functions.
i. The functions fprintf() and fscanf() are the file version of printf() and fscanf().
The only difference while using fprintf() and fscanf() is that, the first
argument is a pointer to the structure FILE.

PROGRAM 34
WAP to print the content in to a file.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n;
FILE *fptr;
fptr=fopen("C:\\program.txt","w");
if(fptr==NULL){
printf("Error!");
exit(1);
}
printf("Enter n: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
fprintf(fptr,"%d",n);
fclose(fptr);
return 0;
}

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Structured Programming Approach 5. Pointers and Files

This program takes the number from user and stores in file. After you compile
and run this program, you can see a text file program.txt created in C drive of
your computer. When you open that file, you can see the integer you entered.
Similarly, fscanf() can be used to read data from file.

PROGRAM 35
WAP to Read from file

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n;
FILE *fptr;
if ((fptr=fopen("C:\\program.txt","r"))==NULL){
printf("Error! opening file");
exit(1); /* Program exits if file pointer returns NULL. */
}
fscanf(fptr,"%d",&n);
printf("Value of n=%d",n);
fclose(fptr);
return 0;
}

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2. Binary Files
i. Depending upon the way file is opened for processing, a file is classified into
text file and binary file.
ii. If a large amount of numerical data it to be stored, text mode will be
insufficient. In such case binary file is used.
iii. Working of binary files is similar to text files with few differences in opening
modes, reading from file and writing to file.

I. Opening modes of binary files

i. Opening modes of binary files are rb, rb+, wb, wb+,ab and ab+.
ii. The only difference between opening modes of text and binary files is that, b
is appended to indicate that, it is binary file.
II. Reading and writing of a binary file.
i. Functions fread() and fwrite() are used for reading from and writing to a file
on the disk respectively in case of binary files.
ii. Function fwrite() takes four arguments, address of data to be written in disk,
size of data to be written in disk, number of such type of data and pointer to
the file where you want to write.
fwrite(address_data,size_data,numbers_data,pointer_to_file);
iii. Function fread() also take 4 arguments similar to fwrite() function as above.

PROGRAM 36
WAP to open a file and to print it contents on screen.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{
char ch, file_name[25];

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FILE *fp;

printf("Enter the name of file you wish to see\n");

gets(file_name);

fp = fopen(file_name,"r"); // read mode

if( fp == NULL )
{
perror("Error while opening the file.\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

printf("The contents of %s file are :\n", file_name);

while( ( ch = fgetc(fp) ) != EOF )

printf("%c",ch);

fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
PROGRAM 37
WAP to read name and marks of n number of students from user and store
them in a file
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char name[50];
int marks,i,n;
printf("Enter number of students: ");

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Structured Programming Approach 5. Pointers and Files

scanf("%d",&n);
FILE *fptr;
fptr=(fopen("C:\\student.txt","w"));
if(fptr==NULL){
printf("Error!");
exit(1);
}
for(i=0;i<n;++i)
{
printf("For student%d\nEnter name: ",i+1);
scanf("%s",name);
printf("Enter marks: ");
scanf("%d",&marks);
fprintf(fptr,"\nName: %s \nMarks=%d \n",name,marks);
}
fclose(fptr);
return 0;
}

PROGRAM 38
WAP to read name and marks of n number of students from user and store them
in a file. If the file previously exits, add the information of n students.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char name[50];
int marks,i,n;
printf("Enter number of students: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
FILE *fptr;

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Structured Programming Approach 5. Pointers and Files

fptr=(fopen("C:\\student.txt","a"));
if(fptr==NULL){
printf("Error!");
exit(1);
}
for(i=0;i<n;++i)
{
printf("For student%d\nEnter name: ",i+1);
scanf("%s",name);
printf("Enter marks: ");
scanf("%d",&marks);
fprintf(fptr,"\nName: %s \nMarks=%d \n",name,marks);
}
fclose(fptr);
return 0;
}
PROGRAM 39
WAP to write all the members of an array of structures to a file using fwrite().
Read the array from the file and display on the screen.
#include <stdio.h>
struct s
{
char name[50];
int height;
};
int main(){
struct s a[5],b[5];
FILE *fptr;
int i;

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Structured Programming Approach 5. Pointers and Files

fptr=fopen("file.txt","wb");
for(i=0;i<5;++i)
{
fflush(stdin);
printf("Enter name: ");
gets(a[i].name);
printf("Enter height: ");
scanf("%d",&a[i].height);
}
fwrite(a,sizeof(a),1,fptr);
fclose(fptr);
fptr=fopen("file.txt","rb");
fread(b,sizeof(b),1,fptr);
for(i=0;i<5;++i)
{
printf("Name: %s\nHeight: %d",b[i].name,b[i].height);
}
fclose(fptr);
}

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6 Programs

Anuradha Bhatia
Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 40
WAP to reverse a number.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, reverse = 0;
printf("Enter a number to reverse\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
while (n != 0)
{
reverse = reverse * 10;
reverse = reverse + n%10;
n = n/10;
}
printf("Reverse of entered number is = %d\n", reverse);
return 0;
}

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Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 41
WAP to check whether a given is a palindrome or not.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, reverse = 0, temp;
printf("Enter a number to check if it is a palindrome or not\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
temp = n;
while( temp != 0 )
{
reverse = reverse * 10;
reverse = reverse + temp%10;
temp = temp/10;
}
if ( n == reverse )
printf("%d is a palindrome number.\n", n);
else
printf("%d is not a palindrome number.\n", n);
return 0;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 128

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 42
WAP to print the diamond pattern in c
*
***
*****
***
*
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, c, k, space = 1;
printf("Enter number of rows\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
space = n - 1;
for (k = 1; k <= n; k++)
{
for (c = 1; c <= space; c++)
printf(" ");
space--;
for (c = 1; c <= 2*k-1; c++)
printf("*");
printf("\n");
}
space = 1;
for (k = 1; k <= n - 1; k++)
{
for (c = 1; c <= space; c++)
printf(" ");
space++;

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Programming in C 6.Programs

for (c = 1 ; c <= 2*(n-k)-1; c++)

printf("*");
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 130

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 43
WAP to check whether a number is prime or not.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, i = 3, count, c;
printf("Enter the number of prime numbers required\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
if ( n >= 1 )
{
printf("First %d prime numbers are :\n",n);
printf("2\n");
}
for ( count = 2 ; count <= n ; )
{
for ( c = 2 ; c <= i - 1 ; c++ )
{
if ( i%c == 0 )
break;
}
if ( c == i )
{
printf("%d\n",i);
count++;
}
i++;
}
return 0;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 131

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 44
WAP to check whether a number is an armstrong number.
Examples:
7 = 7^1
371 = 3^3 + 7^3 + 1^3 (27 + 343 +1)
8208 = 8^4 + 2^4 +0^4 + 8^4 (4096 + 16 + 0 + 4096).
#include <stdio.h>
int power(int, int);
int main()
{
int n, sum = 0, temp, remainder, digits = 0;
printf("Input an integer\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
temp = n;
// Count number of digits
while (temp != 0) {
digits++;
temp = temp/10;
}
temp = n;
while (temp != 0) {
remainder = temp%10;
sum = sum + power(remainder, digits);
temp = temp/10;
}
if (n == sum)
printf("%d is an Armstrong number.\n", n);
else
printf("%d is not an Armstrong number.\n", n);

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Programming in C 6.Programs

return 0;
}
int power(int n, int r) {
int c, p = 1;
for (c = 1; c <= r; c++)
p = p*n;
return p;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 133

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 45
WAP to print Fibonacci Series.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, first = 0, second = 1, next, c;
printf("Enter the number of terms\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("First %d terms of Fibonacci series are :-\n",n);
for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
{
if ( c <= 1 )
next = c;
else
{
next = first + second;
first = second;
second = next;
}
printf("%d\n",next);
}
return 0;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 134

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 46
WAP to print floyds triangle.
1
23
456
7 8 9 10
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, i, c, a = 1;
printf("Enter the number of rows of Floyd's triangle to print\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{
for (c = 1; c <= i; c++)
{
printf("%d ",a);
a++;
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 135

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 47
WAP to print pascal triangle.
1
11
121
1331
#include <stdio.h>
long factorial(int);
int main()
{
int i, n, c;
printf("Enter the number of rows you wish to see in pascal triangle\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
for (c = 0; c <= (n - i - 2); c++)
printf(" ");
for (c = 0 ; c <= i; c++)
printf("%ld ",factorial(i)/(factorial(c)*factorial(i-c)));
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
long factorial(int n)
{
int c;
long result = 1;
for (c = 1; c <= n; c++)
result = result*c;

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Programming in C 6.Programs

return result;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 137

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 48
WAP to add two numbers using pointers.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int first, second, *p, *q, sum;
printf("Enter two integers to add\n");
scanf("%d%d", &first, &second);
p = &first;
q = &second;
sum = *p + *q;
printf("Sum of entered numbers = %d\n",sum);
return 0;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 138

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 49
WAP to add two numbers using call by reference.
#include <stdio.h>
long add(long *, long *);
int main()
{
long first, second, *p, *q, sum;
printf("Input two integers to add\n");
scanf("%ld%ld", &first, &second);
sum = add(&first, &second);
printf("(%ld) + (%ld) = (%ld)\n", first, second, sum);
return 0;
}
long add(long *x, long *y) {
long sum;
sum = *x + *y;
return sum;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 139

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 50
WAP to print maximum number of element in the array.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int array[100], maximum, size, c, location = 1;
printf("Enter the number of elements in array\n");
scanf("%d", &size);
printf("Enter %d integers\n", size);
for (c = 0; c < size; c++)
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
maximum = array[0];
for (c = 1; c < size; c++)
{
if (array[c] > maximum)
{
maximum = array[c];
location = c+1;
}
}
printf("Maximum element is present at location %d and it's value is %d.\n",
location, maximum);
return 0;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 140

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 51
WAP to print minimum number of element in the array.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int array[100], minimum, size, c, location = 1;
printf("Enter the number of elements in array\n");
scanf("%d",&size);
printf("Enter %d integers\n", size);
for ( c = 0 ; c < size ; c++ )
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
minimum = array[0];
for ( c = 1 ; c < size ; c++ )
{
if ( array[c] < minimum )
{
minimum = array[c];
location = c+1;
}
}
printf("Minimum element is present at location %d and it's value is %d.\n",
location, minimum);
return 0;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 141

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 52
WAP to add two matrices.
First Matrix:-
12
34
Second matrix:-
45
-1 5
Sum of First and Second matrix
57
29
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m, n, c, d, first[10][10], second[10][10], sum[10][10];
printf("Enter the number of rows and columns of matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d", &m, &n);
printf("Enter the elements of first matrix\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)
for (d = 0; d < n; d++)
scanf("%d", &first[c][d]);
printf("Enter the elements of second matrix\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)
for (d = 0 ; d < n; d++)
scanf("%d", &second[c][d]);
printf("Sum of entered matrices:-\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++) {
for (d = 0 ; d < n; d++) {
sum[c][d] = first[c][d] + second[c][d];

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Programming in C 6.Programs

printf("%d\t", sum[c][d]);
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
PROGRAM 53
WAP to subtract two matrices.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m, n, c, d, first[10][10], second[10][10], difference[10][10];
printf("Enter the number of rows and columns of matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d", &m, &n);
printf("Enter the elements of first matrix\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)
for (d = 0 ; d < n; d++)
scanf("%d", &first[c][d]);
printf("Enter the elements of second matrix\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)
for (d = 0; d < n; d++)
scanf("%d", &second[c][d]);
printf("Difference of entered matrices:-\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++) {
for (d = 0; d < n; d++) {
difference[c][d] = first[c][d] - second[c][d];
printf("%d\t",difference[c][d]);
}
printf("\n");

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Programming in C 6.Programs

}
return 0;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 144

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 54
WAP to find transpose of a matix.
12
34
56
then transpose of above matrix will be
135
246
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m, n, c, d, matrix[10][10], transpose[10][10];

printf("Enter the number of rows and columns of matrix\n");

scanf("%d%d", &m, &n);
printf("Enter the elements of matrix\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)
for(d = 0; d < n; d++)
scanf("%d",&matrix[c][d]);
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)
for( d = 0 ; d < n ; d++ )
transpose[d][c] = matrix[c][d];
printf("Transpose of entered matrix :-\n");
for (c = 0; c < n; c++) {
for (d = 0; d < m; d++)
printf("%d\t",transpose[c][d]);
printf("\n");
}
return 0;

Anuradha Bhatia 145

Programming in C 6.Programs

}
PROGRAM 55
WAP to multiply two matrix
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m, n, p, q, c, d, k, sum = 0;
int first[10][10], second[10][10], multiply[10][10];
printf("Enter the number of rows and columns of first matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d", &m, &n);
printf("Enter the elements of first matrix\n");

for (c = 0; c < m; c++)

for (d = 0; d < n; d++)
scanf("%d", &first[c][d]);

printf("Enter the number of rows and columns of second matrix\n");

scanf("%d%d", &p, &q);

if (n != p)
printf("Matrices with entered orders can't be multiplied with each other.\n");
else
{
printf("Enter the elements of second matrix\n");

for (c = 0; c < p; c++)

for (d = 0; d < q; d++)
scanf("%d", &second[c][d]);

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Programming in C 6.Programs

for (c = 0; c < m; c++) {

for (d = 0; d < q; d++) {
for (k = 0; k < p; k++) {
sum = sum + first[c][k]*second[k][d];
}

multiply[c][d] = sum;
sum = 0;
}
}

printf("Product of entered matrices:-\n");

for (c = 0; c < m; c++) {
for (d = 0; d < q; d++)
printf("%d\t", multiply[c][d]);

printf("\n");
}
}

return 0;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 147

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 56
WAP to swap two values using Call by Value
#include <stdio.h>
/* function declaration goes here.*/
void swap( int p1, int p2 );
int main()
{
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
printf("Before: Value of a = %d and value of b = %d\n", a, b );
swap( a, b );
printf("After: Value of a = %d and value of b = %d\n", a, b );
}
void swap( int p1, int p2 )
{
int t;

t = p2;
p2 = p1;
p1 = t;
printf("Value of a (p1) = %d and value of b(p2) = %d\n", p1, p2 );
}

Anuradha Bhatia 148

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 57
WAP to swap two values using Call by Reference
#include <stdio.h>

/* function declaration goes here.*/

void swap( int *p1, int *p2 );

int main()
{
int a = 10;
int b = 20;

printf("Before: Value of a = %d and value of b = %d\n", a, b );

swap( &a, &b );
printf("After: Value of a = %d and value of b = %d\n", a, b );
}

void swap( int *p1, int *p2 )

{
int t;

t = *p2;
*p2 = *p1;
*p1 = t;
printf("Value of a (p1) = %d and value of b(p2) = %d\n", *p1, *p2 );
}

Anuradha Bhatia 149

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 58
WAP to print the series of prime numbers
#include<stdio.h>
int check_prime(int num);
int main(){
int n1,n2,i,flag;
printf("Enter two numbers(intervals): ");
scanf("%d %d",&n1, &n2);
printf("Prime numbers between %d and %d are: ", n1, n2);
for(i=n1+1;i<n2;++i)
{
flag=check_prime(i);
if(flag==0)
printf("%d ",i);
}
return 0;
}
int check_prime(int num) /* User-defined function to check prime number*/
{
int j,flag=0;
for(j=2;j<=num/2;++j){
if(num%j==0){
flag=1;
break;
}
}
return flag;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 150

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 59
WAP to find sum of natural numbers using recursion.
#include<stdio.h>
int add(int n);
int main()
{
int n;
printf("Enter an positive integer: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Sum = %d",add(n));
return 0;
}
int add(int n)
{
if(n!=0)
return n+add(n-1); /* recursive call */
}

Anuradha Bhatia 151

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 60
WAP to find factorial of a number using recursion
#include<stdio.h>
int factorial(int n);
int main()
{
int n;
printf("Enter an positive integer: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Factorial of %d = %ld", n, factorial(n));
return 0;
}
int factorial(int n)
{
if(n!=1)
return n*factorial(n-1);
}

Anuradha Bhatia 152

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 61
WAP to find HCF using recursion
#include <stdio.h>
int hcf(int n1, int n2);
int main()
{
int n1, n2;
printf("Enter two positive integers: ");
scanf("%d%d", &n1, &n2);
printf("H.C.F of %d and %d = %d", n1, n2, hcf(n1,n2));
return 0;
}
int hcf(int n1, int n2)
{
if (n2!=0)
return hcf(n2, n1%n2);
else
return n1;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 153

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 62
WAP to reverse a sentence using recursion
#include <stdio.h>
void Reverse();
int main()
{
printf("Enter a sentence: ");
Reverse();
return 0;
}
void Reverse()
{
char c;
scanf("%c",&c);
if( c != '\n')
{
Reverse();
printf("%c",c);
}
}

Anuradha Bhatia 154

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 63
WAP to convert binary to decimal or decimal to binary
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int binary_decimal(int n);
int decimal_binary(int n);
int main()
{
int n;
char c;
printf("Instructions:\n");
printf("1. Enter alphabet 'd' to convert binary to decimal.\n");
printf("2. Enter alphabet 'b' to convert decimal to binary.\n");
scanf("%c",&c);
if (c =='d' || c == 'D')
{
printf("Enter a binary number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("%d in binary = %d in decimal", n, binary_decimal(n));
}
if (c =='b' || c == 'B')
{
printf("Enter a decimal number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("%d in decimal = %d in binary", n, decimal_binary(n));
}
return 0;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 155

Programming in C 6.Programs

int decimal_binary(int n) /* Function to convert decimal to binary.*/

{
int rem, i=1, binary=0;
while (n!=0)
{
rem=n%2;
n/=2;
binary+=rem*i;
i*=10;
}
return binary;
}

int binary_decimal(int n) /* Function to convert binary to decimal.*/

{
int decimal=0, i=0, rem;
while (n!=0)
{
rem = n%10;
n/=10;
decimal += rem*pow(2,i);
++i;
}
return decimal;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 156

Programming in C 6.Programs

PROGRAM 64
WAP to rpint Fibonacci series using recursion
#include <stdio.h>
int fibonaci(int i) {
if(i == 0) {
return 0;
}
if(i == 1) {
return 1;
}
return fibonaci(i-1) + fibonaci(i-2);
}
int main() {
int i;

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

printf("%d\t\n", fibonaci(i));
}
return 0;
}

Anuradha Bhatia 157