(ii) mustcalculated in (i) (1) a (s) to Na (g) + gaseous ions to solid NaH

because

1
 (c) W Weighingmust be evidence of two w
the proce marks and energ

7. (a) 100 = 4%6. (a) (i) Enthalpy/heat m

representation 3

(b) 2 0.01 100 = 8% (1)

0.25
0.01
but allow 4
0.25

(c) (i)
[11]

9. (a) (i) moles of KNO3 = 10.1/101 = 0.100 (1) 1

Allow 0.1/0.10

(ii) moles of KOH = 0.100 (1)

or answer from (i) could be shown in calculation below.
volume = 0.1 1000/2 = 50.0(cm3) (1) 2
Consequential on (i); allow 501) (1)
H Safety
(solution of) acid is corrosive and appropriate safety precaution
e.g. wear eye protection and/or gloves (1)
melts/ turns into ball n.b. do not accept arguments based on error 2

correctly (1) (*)

D Dissolve Dissolve in water in beaker / volumetric flask (1) (*)
R RinseRinse beaker and add was
rinse funnel (if solid straight to volumetric flask) (1) (*)Actual values for these
compounds probably slightly different

amount H2 = 0.065 mol (1)

from its elements (1) a chemical error, they can score a maximum of 1 mark. If the
error is mathematical = negative) (1)
a when gaseous ions (1)
(come togetould be doubled to give 2 electron affinity
n. b. an energy diagram scores 0 marks

0.25
(i) = 0.00258 / 2.58 103 / 0.0026 / 0.002577 (1) MnCl2 (1) This is a stand alone
97
mark
or

2
MnCl2 and some correct working (3)
Note:

any 2

in their standard states / or stated temperature of 298K

(25C) and 1 a they can score a maximum of 2 marks
3
[

3
 (iii) moles of O2 = 0.1/2 = 0.0500 (1) i.e. divide by 2
vol O2 = 0.05 24 = 1.2 (dm3) (1) i.e. by 24 2
consequential on (ii) or (i)
if use wrong unit eg mol dm3 max (1)

(b) (i) Percentage of oxygen = 29.1 % (1) stand alone

K O
70.9/39 29.1/16 (1)
i.e. divide by Ar
1.82 1.82
1 1
KO (1) 3
If assume KO and prove it (Max 2)

(ii) Mr (= 22/0.2) = 110 (1)

(Mr of KO = 55 so) molecular formula = K2O2) (1) 2
[10]

10. (a) Enthalpy / heat (energy) change on the neutralisation

/ reaction of one mole of a monobasic acid /
hydrogen ions (by an alkali)
or
Enthalpy / heat (energy) change on the formation of one mole of
water when an acid is neutralised
Or
Enthalpy change per mole for reaction H+ + OH ,
H2O (1) 1

(b) q = mcT (1) other unambiguous symbols/names

= 100 4.18 6.90 (1)
= 2884 J including units (1) 3
Consequential on sensible chemistry in line 2 i.e. use of 50 for mass or temp
in K or data for temperature, transposed(max2). Ignore sign of answer
Allow 3 or 4 significant figures

(c) 2884/0.05 (1)

answer from (b) 0.05/allow answer from (b) 20
= 57.7 kJ mol 1 (1) accept 57.6 2
If wrong sign (max 1)
If wrong units (max 1)

4
 (d) Ensures all acid reacts / neutralisation (of acid) 1
completed / reaction (of acid) completed / all H+ reacted (1)
[7]

11. (a) Note 1 mark for improvement 1 mark for related reason in each case to max 4 marks.
Reason must relate to improvement. Max 2 for improvement. Max 2 for reason.
Improvement insulate beaker / polystyrene cup / plastic cup / use lid (1)
Reason Prevents / reduces heat loss or absorbs less heat (1)
Improvement Use pipette / burette (1)
Reason More accurate (than measuring cylinder) (1)
Improvement Measure temperature for several minutes before the addition (1)
Reason Allows more accurate value for the initial temperature (1)
Improvement Measure temperature more often (1)
Reason Allows for better extrapolation / more accurate
temperature change from graph (1) tm (or suitable unit) (1) 3

V Volumetric Volumetric / standard / graduated flask (1)

flask DO NOT AWARD IF CANDIDATE USES VOLUMETRIC
FLASK TO MEASURE OUT 250 cm3 (*)

M 250 cm3 Making up to mark / exactly 250 cm3 of solution (1) (*)
S Shake Shake / invert / mix final solution (1) n.b. this is at end (*)
mass of sulphamic acid 1000
C concentration = (1) as above is not essential any
97 (or Mr) 250
correct 3
cycle in any possible answers 0. 11, 0.110, 0.1111(Cl in) OCI both oxidised or
reduced (1)
Final mark can be awarded to a single atom of chlorine not acceptable. (ii)0.00258
/ same number of
1000
0.00258 (1) = 0.110 (mol dm3) (1) units not required
23.45
consequential on (i) t state (iii)negative sign means reaction exothermic/gives out
heat (1)
if no answer given to part

Improvement Read thermometer to 1 dp / use more precise

thermometer/ digital thermometer (1)
Reason Gives more accurate temperature change (1)
Improvement Stir mixture (1)
Reason Ensure even temperature / reaction faster less heat loss
with time (1)
Improvement Use finely divided iron / smaller pieces (1)

5
 Reason Reaction faster less heat loss with time (1)
Not speeds up alone 4

(b) (i) Heat change = 50.0 4.18 15.2J

= 50.0 4.18 15.2 / 1000kJ
= 3.18kJ or 3180J (1)
Ignore sig. fig. Allow mark if units omitted 1
If units quoted but wrong eg 3.18 J score 0.

(ii) No of mols of copper sulphate = 50.0 0.500 / 1000

= 0.025 (1) 1

6
 (iii) Enthalpy change per mol = 3.18/.025 = 127kJ (1)
negative sign (1) stand alone
consequential on (i) and (ii)
max 4 sig fig and answer must be in kJ mol1 even if units omitted. 2
[8]

12. (a) (i) Energy / enthalpy change per mole (1)

required to remove an electron (1)
from / mole of gaseous atoms (1) 3
(ii) The nuclear charge on K is greater than on Na (1)
the outer electron is further from the nucleus (1)
but there is more shielding around K than Na (1) 3

(b) (i) 4.56 / 71 (1) = 0.0642 (1)mol 2

(ii) Answer from (i) 2 (1) = 0.0321 mol 1
(iii) Answer from (ii) 24 (1) 0.771 dm 3
1
(iv) Answer from (iii) 3/2 (1) 1.16 dm3 1
[11]

13. (a) Enthalpy or heat change or heat energy / released when 1 mol
of substance / element or compound (need to say both) (1)
is burned in excess oxygen / completely / reacts completely (1)
at 1 atm pressure and specified temperature (1) 3

(b) H = 2Hc(C) + 2Hc(H2) Hc(CH3COOH) (1) for this or

equivalent cycle drawn;
H = (394 2) + (286 2)(874) (1)
= 486 kJ mol1 (1) 3

(c) (Enthalpy of) formation / Hf (1)

7
 (d) correct orientation of energy levels / labelled (at least one) (1)
H shown - number allowed (1)
reaction profile showing Ea (1)
[if based on (b) max 2]

activation energy
C (+ O 2 )
Enthalpy

CO 2
[10]

14. (a) (i) Reaction is complete (1)

addition of cooler NaOH causes temp to fall (1) 2

(ii) 20.0 cm3 (1) 1

(iii) 20.0 2.00 / 1000 (1)= 0.0400 mol 1

(iv) 20 1.00 / 1000 (1) =0.0200 mol 1

(v) 1 : 2 (1) MUST be consequential on working in (iii) to (iv) 1

(vi) Cu(OH)2 (1) Consequential provided that the ratio of Cu to OH is

a whole number 1

(b) (i) 7.2 C (or K) (1) 1

(ii) q = 1210 J / 1.21 kJ (1) Consequential on (b)(i) 1

(iii) H = 1210 J / 0.020 (1) ie. method Mark consequentially on (a)(iv)
and (b)(ii).
sign (1)
Correct units (1) (*)
2 max if numerical error (*)
In final answer 3

8
 (c) No stirring / poor mixing (1)
Specified method of stirring or mixing e.g. magnetic stirrer / swirl cup
between additions (1)
or
Solutions at different initial temperatures (1)
Allow them to stabilise at room temperature (1)
Do not allow anything to do with heat loss. Do not allow more accurate
thermometer` since the one specified is good enough. 2
[14]

15. (a) (i) NO 3

2
(ii) CrO 4 2
2
(b) Ag+, CrO 4 or names 1

(c) 2Ag+(aq)+ CrO 24 (aq) Ag2CrO4(s)

Formulae and balancing (1)
State symbols (1) 2
[5]

16. (a) 20
1000 0.5 = 0.01 1

(b) Energy change = 20 4.18 26.3 = (2198.68)

2198 .68
H = () (1)
0.01
220, ALLOW 4sf 219.9, no units needed
OR 220,000 J (1) 2
[3]

9
17. (a) (i) (46 8 + 47 7.3 + 48 74 + 49 5.5 + 50 5.2) 100 = 47.926
= 47.9
Method (1)
Correct answer to three significant figures (1) 2
(ii) mass spectrometer 1
(b) (i) 1s2 2s2 2 p6 3s2 3 p6 (1) 4s2 3d2 OR 3d2 4s2 (1) 2
(ii) Transition metals /elements OR d block 1
(c) (i) reduction or redox 1
(ii) 940 2 110 = +720 kJ mol1
Method (1)
Value (1)
Sign and units (1) 3
(iii) Hess / Law of Conservation of Energy First Law of Thermodynamics 1
(iv) Carbon monoxide / CO is produced (1)
which is toxic / poisonous (1) 2
[13]

18. (a) (i) Description of asymmetry of electron/charge cloud hence attractive

forces between neighbouring induced dipoles 1
(ii) NCl3 / chlorine because more electrons 1
(iii) NF3 because F more electronegative (than Cl) 1
(iv) Van der Waals forces more significant/greater than permanent
dipole-dipole interactions 1

10
 (b) (i) N(g) + 3F(g) in top right-hand box
N2(g) + 1 F2(g) in lower box. 1
(ii)

473 + (3 79)

125 (kJ mol 1 ) = (+) 710 (kJ mol 1 )

(1)
ACCEPT 710 alone
(1)
Arrows in correct directions and labelled with correct data 2
(iii) Hat for [NF3(g)] N (g) + 3F (g) = 710 ( 125) = (+) 835 (kJ mol 1) (1)
835
E (N F) = = (+) 278 kJ mol1 (1)
3
Penalise 4 or more SF
Penalise incorrect units 2
[9]

19. (a) (i) Weighted average (mass) of 1 atom (1)

on a scale in which 1 atom of 12C = 12 units / compared to
1/12 atom of 12C (1) 2
(ii) Number of protons plus / and neutrons or nucleons in a nucleus / an atom. 1
(iii) Atoms of same atomic number / same proton number (1)
which differ in the number of neutrons (1) (in the nucleus) 2

(b) (i) Concept of high energy electron collision:

Electron bombardment / gun / acceleration / fired (1)
knocks off electron / equation showing electron being knocked off (1) 2
(ii) Positive, +, S+ 1
(iii) Voltage differential across plates / charged plates [plural] /
electrostatic field / electric field 1

(c) [95.0 32 + 0.76 33 + 4.24 34] / 100 (1)

= 32.0924 = 32.09 (1) NOT 32 or 32.10 2
(d) 1s2s2p63s3p4 1
[12]

11
20. (a) % oxygen 100 (31.84 + 28.98) = 39.18 (1)
K Cl O
31.84/39 28.98/35.5 39.18/16 Divide by Ar (1)
0.8164 0.8163 2.448 Divide by smallest

1 1 3
Must be 2 or more significant figures
Alternative multiply by Ar + SUM (1) Calc % (1) 39.18 for 0 (1) 3

(b) Ratio of moles or mass (1)

Moles of A or relative mass of A (1)
24 or volume of O2 (1) (not stand alone)
E.g.
2 moles of A gives 3 mols of oxygen (1)
1.0g of A 1.00/122.5 moles of A
therefore 1.00 3/122.5 2 moles of oxygen
volume of oxygen = 1.00 3 24 / 122.5 2
= 0.294 dm3

OR
1.00g of A gives 0.3918 g of oxygen (1)
0.3918 g of oxygen = 0.03918/32 moles of oxygen = 0.0122 moles (1)
0.0122 moles of oxygen = 0.0122 24 dm3 of O = 0.293 dm3 (1)
2-4 significant figure in answer allowed 3
[6]

21. (a) (i) It is the enthalpy / heat (energy) change / evolved for the
formation of 1 mol of urea (1)
from its elements (1)
in their standard states / at 1 atm and stated temperature {298K} (1) 3

(b) AMENDED (ignore units)

{(-333.0) + ( 285-8)} {(2 46.2) + (393.5)}
= - 618.8 + 485.9
= - 132.9 kJ (3)
Correct answer with some correct working (3)

12
 Correct answer alone (1)
+ 132.9 kJ (2)
Omitting the 2 gives 179.1 kJ (2)
+ 179.1 kJ (1)
Incorrect application of Hesss Law gives 1104.7 kJ (2)
+ 1 1 04.7 kJ (1)
Incorrect Hesss Law and omit 2 gives 1058.5 kJ (1)
+ 1058.5 kJ (0)

NOT AMENDED (ignore units)

{(632.2) + (285.8)) ((2 46.2) + (393.5)} (1)
= - 918.0 + 485.9
= - 432.1 kJ (3)

Correct answer with some correct working (3)

Correct answer alone (1)
+ 432.1 kJ (2)
Omitting the 2 gives 478.3 kJ (2)
+ 478.3 kJ (1)
Incorrect application of Hesss Law gives 1403.9 kJ (2)
+ 1403.9 kJ (1)
Incorrect Hesss Law and omit x2 gives 1357.1 kJ (1)
+ 1357.1 kJ (0)
[6]

22. (a) 31e, 38n, 31p

All correct (2)
2 correct (1) 2

69 60 71 40
(b) (1)
100
= (4140 + 2840)/100
= 69.8 (1)
-1 for more or less than 3 SF 2

(c) Metallic/ metal 1

[5]

13
23. (a) (i) 4gS = 1/8 mol / 0.125 mol 1
(ii) 1/8mol S 1/8 mol SO2 (stated or implied) (1)
Volume = 24/8 = 3 dm3 / 3.0 dm3/ 3.00 dm3 / 3000 cm3 (1)
1 for incorrect/missing units 2

(b) SO 2 2OH SO 32 H 2 O 2


(1) (1)
[5]

24. (a) (i) H2O is proton / H+ / hydrogen ion donor 1

(ii) Strong base ionises completely in water/solution
or weak base does not ionise/ interact to any extent in water
or strong base is a better proton acceptor than weak base
Dont allow definitions based on rate 1

(b) (i) 2N2(g) +6H2(g) + 5O2(g)

Correct diatomic elements with state symbols (1)
Balanced cycle (1) 2

(ii) ie H = 4(90.2) + 6(241.8) 4(46.1) (2)

= 360.8 1450.8 + 184.4
= 905.6 kJ mol1
= 906 kJ mol1 (1)
1 for incorrect significant figures
correct use of Hess cycle (1)
correct use of multiples (1)
consequential answer with correct sign and units (1) 3
[7]

25. (a) Density = 1.0 g cm 3

OR 1 cm3 (of water) weighs 1 g 1

(b) (T = 38.1 19.5 =) 18.6 (C) calculated or correctly used (1)

200 4.18 18.6
= 15.5/15.55 (kJ) (1)
1000
Correct answer with some working (2) 2

14
 (c) (Mass used = 198.76 197.68 = ) 1.08 calculated or correctly used
(1)
1.08
Moles = 46.0 = 0.0235 / 0.02348 (1) 2

Answer to (b)
(d) (1)
Answer to (c)
15.5
e.g.
0.0235
negative sign and kJ mol1 (1)
answer correct to 3sf (1) 3

(e) (i) Ethanol vaporises/evaporates (1) 1

(ii) Carbon/soot (1)
Incomplete combustion/insufficient oxygen so reaction does
not go to completion (1) 2
[11]

26. Number of molecules

= 12/24 (1) 61023
= 31023 (1) 2

27. (a) H2SO4(aq) + CuCO3(s) CuSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Reactants (1)
Products (1)
No/wrong state symbols 1max
If H2CO3 product 1 max 2
H2SO4(I) 1 max

(b) (i) Measuring cylinder / pipette / burette

Volumetric flask (0) 1
(ii) 2.5102 / 0.025 1

(c) (i) 2.5 102 123.5 (1) 1.1 = 3.4 / 3.40 / 3.396 g (1)
ALLOW TE from (b)(ii) 2
(ii) To prevent the reaction mixture from frothing out of the beaker 1
(iii) Filter (to remove unreacted copper(II) carbonate) 1

15
 (d) (i) 249.5 1
(ii) actual mass/ mol 100 / = 3.98 / 249.5 100
method
theoretical mass / mol 2.5 102
OR method using masses = 3.98 = 3.98 etc
(1)
0.025249.5 6.2375 2
answer 63.8 / 64 % (1)
ALLOW TE from (a) / (c) (I) / (d)(i)

(e) Toxic/irritant/enzyme inhibitors 1

[12]

28. (a) (i) Mg(s) + Cu2+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + Cu(s)

entities (1)
state symbols (1) 2
(ii)

H(r) = Hf[Mg 2+ (aq)] Hf [Cu2+ (aq)]

entities including state symbols (1)
arrows (1)
Hess applied (1) 3

(b) (i) 4.215060 (1)

= 37800 / 38000 J (1)
OR 37.8 / 38 kJ 2
(ii) 37800 / 530000
= 0.07(13) (mol) 1
(iii) 1000 0.0713 / 8
= 8.9(2) cm 3
ALLOW TE from (i) and (ii) 1

(c) Heat losses to surroundings /container / through container (1)

Heat capacity of chemicals not considered (1)
Incomplete reaction / mixing (1)
Any two reasonable points 2
[11]

16
29. (a) (i) a particle / species /group with an unpaired electron /OWTTE 1

(ii) 1

(iii) homolytic 1

(b) B and C 1
(c) (i) C12 + CH4 CH3Cl + HCl 1
(ii) +242 + 4 + 339 = 93 kJ mol1
(A + B + F)
OR
+4 97 = 93 kJ mol1
(B + C)
Method (1)
answer with units (1) 2

(d) (i) -242 kJ mol1 1

(ii) Exothermic because a bond has been formed. 1
(e) Less endothermic (1)
the bond is weaker (1) 2
[11]

30. (a) (i) 5.00 + 84.0 = 0.0595 mol 1

(ii) 50.0 4.18 6.5 (1) ignore sign
1000 (1) = 1.36kJ mark consequentially
(1.49.kJ if use 55.0 g (1)) 2

(iii) Answer to (ii) answer to (i) (1) /correct method.

(expected answer +22.6 to + 22.9 for 50.0 g or +24.8 to +25.1 for
55.0g)
Answer with positive sign to 3 sfs (1) 2

(b) (i) Increase temperature for Na2CO3 and decrease for NaHCO3 (1)
Larger T with Na2CO3 (or consequential on (a)(iii) (1) 2
(ii) No heat lost/gained to/from surroundings/reaction is complete
shc of the solution is the same as water
Allow 1 cm3 of solution has a mass of 1g 1
Do not allow shc is 4.18 J g10C1
[8]

17
31. (a) (i) Nichrome/platinum wire/ceramic rod (1)
cleaned in concentrated hydrochloric acid (1)
dipped in powdered sample and heated in flame (1)
both ideas needed for 3rd point. 3
(ii) Electrons promoted/excited to higher energy levels (1)
Fall back releasing energy as light of a particular frequency
/wavelength/emr (1) 2
(iii) Sodium/Na+ 1

(b) (i) 4.18 100 1.1 (1)

= 460J / 0.460 kJ/459.8J (1) 2
(ii) Mr MgSO4.7H2O = 246 (1)
12.3/246 = 0.05 (1) Allow TE 2
(iii) 460/0.05
+9200 J mol1 /+9.2 kJ mol1 (1)
sign and units (1)
1 for incorrect SF.
ALLOW TE from b(i) and/or b(ii) 2

(c) (i) Hr = H1 H2 1
(ii) +9.2 85.2
= +94 kJ mol1 (1)
sign and units (1) 2
[15]

32. (a) (i)

1
ACCEPT all dots/crosses

(ii)

Trigonal pyramid/Tetrahedral/Three leg stool shape (1)

must be some attempt at 3D or correct name
107 ALLOW 92-108 (1) 2

18
 (iii) repulsion between four pairs of electrons gives
tetrahedral shape (1))
Greater repulsion of non-bonding electrons/lone pair
closes down tetrahedral bond angle (1) 2

(b) (i) PH3(g) P(g) + 3H(g) 1

(ii) Hess applied (1)
Multiples (1)
Correct answer + 963(.2)/960 kJ mol1 (1) 3
(iii) Answer to (ii) divided by 3
+ 321(.1)/320 kJ mol1 1
[10]

33. (a) Reduction is electron gain (1) IGNORE any reference to oxygen and hydrogen
ALLOW decrease in oxidation number/state 1
(b) In (i) and (ii) allow multiples

(i) Fe3+ + e Fe2+ 1

(ii) 2I I2 + 2e Do NOT allow I for I2 1

(iii) 2Fe3+ + 2I 2Fe2+ + I2
Stand alone
This equation must be correct for the mark and not just a combination
of (i) and (ii) 1
(c) (i) Cl is (+) 1 in NaClO (1),
(+) 5 in NaClO3 (1),
and 1 in NaCl (1)
ACCEPT as Roman numerals 3
(ii) Chlorine is both oxidised and reduced
OR
The chlorines oxidation number goes from +1 to +5 and 1.
consequential on oxidation numbers in (i) provided that chlorine has
gone both up and down 1

19
 (d) (i) Amount of N2 = 54 dm3/20 dm3 mol1 = 2.7 (mol) 1
(ii) Amount of NaN3 = 2.7 2/3 = 1.8 mol 1
(iii) 117 g (2)
Salvage marks:
Mr of NaN3 = 65 g mol1 (1)
Mark consequentially (iiii)
24 SF
117 with no unit (1)
117 with wrong unit (1) 2
[12]

34. (a) Enthalpy / heat/energy change when 1 mol of a substance (1)

NOT heat needed
is burnt in excess / burnt completely in air/oxygen (1)
under standard conditions of 1 atm pressure & stated temperature / at 298 K (1) 3

(b) Bonds broken 4 C-H = + 1740

996
2 O=O (1)
2736
Bonds made 2 C=O = 1610
1856
4 HO (1)
3466
H = + 2736 + (3466) = 730 (1) (kJ mol1) 3

(c)
CH 4 (g) + 2H 2 O(g) CO 2 (g) + 4H 2 (g)

4H 2 (g) + C(s) + O2 (g)

Cycle (1)
do not allow the word elements
Arrows labelled Hf etc or numbers (1)
Hr = 394 ( 75) 2 (242) (1)
= + 165 (1) (kJ mol1) 4
[10]

20
35. (a) Step II Wait before reading temperature/ take a series of
(temperature) readings (1)
NOTE Ignore any references to time or more accurate thermometer
Step III Stir after each addition / leave thermometer in solution
throughout/do not rinse (1) 2

(b) Drawing two best fit lines (second line can be through first three points) (1)
Extending to a maximum (1) 2
Curve between 20 and 25 cm3 scores first mark only
Note if use wrong last point for first line, no marks can be scored.
Hand sketched (without ruler) scores one mark only.

(c) Reading T consequentially (1) expected T = 7.0 0.1 (C) 2sf for T
Reading VN consequentially (1) expected VN = 22.5 to 23.0 (cm3) 3sf for VN

T = 6.9 (C) VN = 25.0 (cm3) scores (1) only 2

(d) (i) Heat calculated using candidates values in (c)

ignore 3 or more SF at this stage 1
Answer to (d )(i)
(ii) ()
0.025
Method consequentially (1)
Answer, sign and 24 SF (1) 2
T Vol Heat/kJ H/kJ mol1
7.0 22.5 1.39 55.6
7.0 23.0 1.40 56.0 / 56.2
6.9 25.0 1.44 57.7 / 57.6
[9]

36. Only penalise wrong or missing units once in parts (a) & (b).
(a) 24 dm3 OR 24 000 cm3 1
(b) 48 dm3 OR 48 000 cm3 1
[2]

21
37. (a) (ionic) precipitation 1
(b) (i) (2)NH4+ and Cr2O72- 2

(ii) Cr2O72-((aq)) + 2NH4+((aq)) (NH4)2Cr2O7((s))

State symbols not required 1
(iii) The orange colour would move towards the anode / + / left 1

(c) (i) 18 2 + 52 2 + 16 7 = 252 (g / g mol-1)

Penalise incorrect units eg 252 g-1 in (i) and (ii) only once. 1
(ii) 0.1 mol has a mass of 25.2 (g)
ALLOW TE 1
3 3
(iii) 100 cm / 0.1 dm must have units 1
(iv) Filter (1)
Wash with (small quantity) / (cold) water (1)
Dry between filter papers / in a warm oven (< 40 C) / in a dessicator (1) 3
(v) Some remains in solution )
Some lost on washing ) Any two
Transfer loss eg on glassware, filter paper ) 2
[13]

38. (a) thermal decomposition / redox

NOT reduction or oxidation on their own 1
(b) (i) Formation of 1 mole of the compound/substance (1)
from its elements (1)
in their standard states/ under standard conditions/ (temperature
and pressure) at 298K and 1 atmosphere pressure (1) 3
(ii)

Cr2 loses formula mark 2 max

Mark independently formulae (1)
number of moles (1)
arrows and state symbols (1) depend on one mark being given for
the above. 3

22
 (iii) 0 / zero (kJ mol-1) 1
(iv) 4 242 + 1140 (OR 2108) 1810 (1)
298 kJ mol-1
value (1)
signs and units (1) dependent on value being one of these given 3

(c) Exothermic + attempt at explanation (1)

Bonds are formed when a gas turns to a liquid (1)
ACCEPT answers based on kinetic theory
Evaporation is endothermic (therefore by Hesss Law) the reverse
must be exothermic 2
[13]

39. (a) (i) % of oxygen = 45.1% (1)

54.9/39 = 1.41 and 45.1/16 = 2.82 (1)
1.41/1.41 = 1 and 2.82/1.41 = 2 (hence KO2) / 1.41 : 2.82 1 : (1)
2
MUST have some working 3
Correct inductive reasoning (3)
(ii) -0.5 / / -.5 1

(b) KNO3 because K+ / potassium ion has larger radius / is larger - ion essential (1)
but same charge - stated or K+ and Li+ given
[lower charge density scores 1 out of the first two marks]
Charge density on its own (1) UNLESS term is explained (2)
polarises/distorts nitrate/negative ion/anion less (1)
OR weakens bonds in nitrate less
NOT weakens ionic bond
If LiNO3 more stable (0) 3
[4]

1664
40. (a) (i) = 416 (kJ mol 1) IGNORE + signs 1
4
(ii) energy needed to break bonds:
2 436 + 193 = (+)1065 (1)
energy change in making bonds:
348 + 4x 416 + 2x 276 = () 2564 (1)
enthalpy change = 1065 2564 = 1499 (kJ mol1) (1)
[value and ve sign needed for 3rd mark] 3
ALLOW T.E.
+ 1499 with working scores (2)

(b) C not in standard state / C not solid 1

[5]

23
41. (a) (i) Points accurately plotted (1)
Two straight lines of best fit. (1)
NOT dot-to-dot, IGNORE any other joining up. 2

(ii) Suitable extrapolation to find maximum temperature rise at 3 min (1)

Value from candidates graph 0.5 C (1)
(43.5-44.5C for accurate plot) 2

(iii) (The best fit line) allows for cooling effect

OR heat loss
OR calculation of more accurate temperature change
OR response time of the thermometer
OR slowness of reaction
NOT more accurate on its own 1

(b) (i) Heat change = 50 4.18 T (= 9196J or 9.196kJ)

Consequential on (a) (ii)
If no units given, assume J
If kJ must be correct value
Wrong units eg kJ mol1 (0)
IGNORE SF or sign 1

(ii) Density = 1g cm3 / total volume after reaction 50 cm3 / total mass is 50 g.
ACCEPT 1g = 1 cm3
ACCEPT Density is same as that for water
ACCEPT Heat capacity of metal is irrelevant
NOT density = 1 1
(iii) (1.0 50 / 1000) = 0.05(0) (mol) 1
answer to (b) (i)
(iv) (1)
answer to (b) (ii)
divide by 1000, value, negative sign (for units of kJ mol1). (1)
ALLOW answer in J mol1 if unit given. 2
IGNORE SF.

24
 (c) Improvement is a stand alone mark, reason is not
Any two from:
QWC Improvement: Place a lid on the polystyrene cup (1)
Reason: Reduces heat loss (1)
Improvement: Use a pipette or burette (to measure the volume of solution) (1)
Reason: More accurate (way of measuring volume) (1)
Improvement: Use more precise thermometer / digital thermometer (1)
Reason: Gives more accurate temperature change (1)
Improvement: Mechanical stirrer / magnetic stirrer (1)
Reason: to ensure complete / or faster reaction (1)
NOT spread heat
Improvement: Measure temperature more often
Reason: Allows for better extrapolation (1)
OR can obtain a more accurate value of maximum temperature /
temperature change from graph 4
NOT repeating few times
NOT cotton wool insulation alone
NOT more accurate weighing.
[14]

42. (a) (i) Filter (1)

Evaporate some of the filtrate by boiling / heating (1)
Leave to crystallise / cool (collect crystals) (1)
Dry between sheets of filter paper / blotting / dessicator / warm
oven (1)
NOT dabbing / patting on its own
NOT hot oven
NOT oven
If temperature quoted, must be < 70 C
Stages must be in correct order.
Mark until procedure fails
Can score remaining 3 marks even if initial filtration has not been
carried out 4

(ii) BaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) BaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

ALLOW H2CO3(aq)
balanced equation (1)
state symbols (1)
BaCl2.2H2O(aq/s) acceptable, providing extra H2O(l) on left
ALLOW 2nd mark provided a sensible but unbalanced equation is
given. 2

25
 (iii) moles of HCl used =
((25/1000) 1.0)
= 0.025 / 2.5 102
IGNORE units 1

(iv) Mr [BaCl2.2H2O(s)] = 137 + 71 + 36

= 244 (g mol1 ) 1

(v) Moles of BaCl2.2H2O = 0.5 0.025 = 0.0125

Mass of crystals = 0.0125 244 = 3.05 / 3.1 (g)
IGNORE units
ALLOW transferred error from (ii), (iii) and (iv) 1

(vi) Any one

BaCl2 lost in the (saturated) filtrate when crystals collected /
OWTTE (1)
Transfer loss/ OWTTE (1)
Loss when washing (1)
NOT incomplete reaction/ inaccurate measurement of materials /
spillage on its own BUT neutral otherwise 1

(b) (i) (Apple) green / yellow-green NOT yellow 1

(ii) Pt/nichrome (wire)/ceramic rod / spatula
NOT nickel / chromium wire
NOT wire of indeterminate material 1
[12]

43. (a) Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) Ca(2+)CO3(2-) (s)

left-hand side (1)
right-hand (1) 2
BUT if all formulae correct (including charges) but missing/
wrong state symbols 1 max

(b) (i) (Energy = 100 4.2 1.5 =) (+) 630 (J)

NOT 630 (J) 1
(ii) Quantity of CaCl2 = (50/1000) 1.00
= 0.05 mol 1

26
 (630/0.05)
(iii) H = = + 13 kJ mol1 [2 SF]
1000
answer (i) (ii) (1)
sign, units and 2 SF (1)
2nd mark dependent on 1st unless clear method given
Answer can be calculated in J mol1
+ 13 kJ mol1 with no working (2)
+ 13 000 J mol1 with no working (2) 2

(iv) Temperature, since T is so small (and therefore leads to

relatively large % error) / thermometer has limited accuracy
Heat loss / gain not sufficient 1

(v) Thermos flask / (expanded) polystyrene/plastic cup / a beaker

contained in a larger one lagged with cotton wool
OR
Calorimeter (unqualified) (0) BUT with cotton wool/
insulated/lagged etc gets (1) 1

(c) 1.5 C / no change 1

[9]

44. (a) (i) moles Na = 92 / 23 = 4 = moles NaCl

mass NaCl = 4 58.5 = 234 (g)
Penalise use of atomic numbers once
Incorrect answer scores (1) only if moles (NaCl) mentioned
OR
23g Na 58.5g NaCl (1)
92 58.5
Mass NaCl 234 (g) (1)
23
2

4 234
(ii) = 0.40 mol dm3 OR 23.4 g dm3
10 10
consequential on (a)(i)
units required 1

27
 (iii) moles chlorine = 2
vol = 2 24 = 48 (dm3)
Consequential on (a)(i)
Correct answer (some working) (2)
Correct answer (no working) (1)
Incorrect answer scores (1) only if moles of Cl2 mentioned 2

(b) Regular pattern or lattice of (sodium) ions

in a sea of electrons / delocalised electrons
ALLOW cloud of electrons
electrons are mobile / free to move (under an applied
potential and so conduct electricity)
NOT free on its own or carry the charge 3

(c) (i) Energy (allow enthalpy) required per mole

to remove 1 electron (per atom)
from gaseous atoms
OR
X(g) X+(g) + e
Species (1)
State symbols (1) only on correct equation
Electron affinity defined (0) 3

(ii) chlorine has more protons / nucleus more positive

Same shielding / same number of inner electrons/atomic
radius less ALLOW outer electron(s) in same shell
(so more energy required)
OR
effective nuclear charge increases (1) 2
[13]

45. (a) Heat / enthalpy / energy change (for a reaction) / H (1)

is independent of the pathway / route (between reactants and products)
OR depends only on its initial and final state (1)
Both marks can score from a diagram and equation 2

28
 (b) (i) H = {(4x + 435) + (2x + 498)} (1)
+ {(2x 805) + (4x 464)} (1)
IGNORE signs for first two marks, ie marks for total
enthalpies of bonds broken and made.
= 730 (kJmol1) (1)
3rd mark is consequential on their values for first two marks
+ 730 (kJmol1) (max 2) 3

(ii) (Enthalpy of) combustion

DO NOT penalise standard 1

(iii) At 1 atm pressure OR 101 / 100 kPa OR 1 bar (1)

stated temperature (1)
ACCEPT 298 K / 25 C 2

(iv) Reaction has H2O(g) (rather than H2O(l)) (1)

So not standard conditions (1) 2nd mark is conditional on the 1st
Average bond enthalpies used (so not specific) (1 max) 2

QWC (c) (Exothermic so) products are at lower energy than reactants (1)
Reactants are therefore thermodynamically unstable
(with respect to products) (1) Consequential on 1st mark
NOT reaction or system is thermodynamically unstable
Can argue from point of view of products.
Ea is high (for noticeable reaction at room temperature) (1)
NOT Ea high on its own
So reactants are kinetically stable (with respect to products) (1)
Consequential on 3rd mark
If reaction instead of reactants is used (3 max) 4
[14]

46. (a) Two intersecting straight lines through data 1

(b) (i) 27.0 cm3 ALLOW 1.0 cm3 1

(ii) 9.3 0.5 C 1

29
 (b) (i) 2
(c) (i)
1000
ALLOW correct answer with no working 1
(ii) (c)(i) 1
1000
(iii) (c)(ii) (1)
50
Correct answer see table below (1) 2

(d) (i) 50 + (b)(i) (1)

(b)(ii)
4.2 = answer (1)
(1000)

Must use (b)(i) in calculation to score 2nd mark

If the units are given, they must be correct 2

(d) (i)
(ii) H answer plus units
0.05 (c) (iii)
sign (1)
numerical answer, using candidates figures, to 2 or 3 s.f. (1)
kJ mol1 (1) can be in J or KJ 3

Table of answers
(b)(i) (b)(ii) (c)(i) & (ii) (c)(iii) (d)(i) (d)(ii)
/ kJ / kJ mol1
26.0 9.4 0.052 1.04 3.00 57.7
9.6 3.06 58.8
26.5 9.4 0.053 1.06 3.02 57.0
9.6 3.08 58.1
27.0 9.4 0.054 1.08 3.04 56.3
9.6 3.10 57.4

(e) Insulate calorimeter / (polystyrene) cup

OR put (calorimeter) in a (glass) beaker
OR put a lid on 1
[13]

30
 3.5
47. (a) Number of moles / 0.50 / 1 2 (1)
7
If candidate does first part only, working must be shown
Number of atoms = 3.01 1023 (1)
ACCEPT 3.0 OR 3 OR 3.010(1023)
NOT 3.0123
If all working shown, allow TE for 2nd mark Ignore units
Correct answer with no working (2) 2

(b) (i) 2Li((s)) + 2H+((aq)) 2Li+((aq)) + H2((g))

ALLOW multiples Ignore state symbols 1

+
(ii) ++
Li + Cl

(1) (1)
Allow all dots or all crosses on Cl
Max 1 if no/wrong charges
If covalent (0)
Do NOT penalise if electrons not shown in pairs
Maximum 1 if Li and Cl not labelled
Li and Cl symbols can go below diagram
Square brackets not essential
Allow number of protons/positive charges in nucleus as
alternative to symbols for Li and Cl 2

(iii) Any two from:

Temp 298 K/ 25 C OR at a specified temperature
Unit of temperature needed
NOT room temperature
(Acid/solution) concentration 1 mol dm3 / 1 molar
Pressure 1 atm / 105 Pa / 1.01 105 Pa/102 k Pa /
101 k Pa/105 N m2 / 76 cm Hg
NOT pressure of hydrogen OR pressure of reactants
NOT atmospheric pressure
Must be the most stable/usual/normal physical states
NOT standard states
If more than 2 conditions given, deduct 1 mark for each incorrect answer 2
[7]

48. (a) 2
Protons 18 (1)
Electrons 18
Neutrons 22 (1)

31
 (b) Position depends on proton number/ atomic number (not mass) / Ar
atom has 1 less proton than K atom.
IGNORE references to number of protons = number of electrons 1

(c) Average = 36 1.34 + 38 0.16 + 40 98.5

100 (1)
= 39.9 (1)
1 for more or less than 3 SF
IGNORE units 2

(d) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

Numbers following letters can be subscript or superscript 1
s and p can be upper or lower case

(e) (i) Ar(g) Ar+ (g) + e() ((g))

OR Ar(g) e()((g)) Ar+ (g)
Symbol of Ar must be correct 1

(ii) Potassium value well below sulphur in range 250-750 (1)

Low ionisation energy as electron which is removed is more
shielded / further from the nucleus / in a higher energy level (1)
NOT just because electron is in fourth shell 2

(iii) Sulphur has 4 electrons in (3) p / phosphorus has 3 (1)

Plus any one from:
Electrons in shared p orbitals repel (so are lost more easily) (1)
half-filled sub-shells are (more) stable (1)
phosphorus has half-filled sub-shell (1) 2

(iv) Chlorine has more protons/greater nuclear charge (1)

Shielding unchanged /electrons in same shell/ electrons same
distance from nucleus (1)
Could be answered in terms of S having fewer protons 2

(f) Argon inert / unreactive so filament cant react/ vaporises less easily/
lasts longer (1)
(b) (24 0.7860) + (25 0.1011) + ( 26 0. 1129) (1)
24.33 (1) 2
[7]

5.

32
that negative means exothermic and positive means
endothermic reaction 1

1
[14]

33
49. (a) (i) 1/l, 0 1/l, 0
minus can be either side, sub or superscript
iodine nos correct (1)
chlorine nos correct (1) 2

(ii) chlorine oxidation number goes down/goes from 0 to 1, so reduced (1)

iodine oxidation number goes up/goes from 1 to 0, so oxidised (1) 2
Mark consequentially on (a)(i)

30.0
(iii) moles NaI = 0.2 (1)
150
moles I2 = 0.1 (1)
mass of I2 = 0.1 254 = 25.4 (g) (1)
OR
300g NaI (1) 254g I2 (1)
254
30.0 = 25.4(g) (1)
300
Correct answer with some working (3)
Use of atomic numbers 2 max
Penalise wrong units 3

(iv) vol = 0.1 24 = 2.4 (dm3) 1

If not 2.4, check for consequential on (a)(iii)

(b) (i) black/grey/grey-black (1)

NOT blue-black
NOT purple
IGNORE shiny/silvery
Solid (1) 2

(ii) I(g) I+(g) + e() OR I(g) e() I+(g)

species (1)
state symbols (1) - award state symbols mark only if species correct
and in correct place, or if wrong halogen used
If I2 OR I2 (0) 2
[12]

34
50. (a) (i) 4 pairs of electrons /2 lone pairs and 2 bond pairs (1)
so electron pairs arranged tetrahedrally
OR
Arranged to give maximum separation/minimum repulsion (1) 2

(ii) 103 105 () (1)

lone pair repulsion> bond pair repulsion (1) 2

(b) (i) trigonal planar diagram (1)

e.g two opposite wedges gets (1)
three wedges of two types gets (1)
one wedge only gets (0)
IGNORE name
120 () marked on diagram (1) - stand alone 2

(ii) B and Cl have different electronegativities / Cl more

electronegative than B 1
OR different electronegativities explained

(iii) Dipoles (or vectors) cancel/symmetrical molecule/centres

of positive and negative charges coincide
IGNORE polarity cancels 1

(iv) Induced-dipole(-induced dipole)/dispersion/London/v der Waals/vdw

Temporary or instantaneous can be used instead of induced
NOT dipole forces
NOT permanent dipole
NOT dipole-dipole 1

14.9 85.1
(c) = (0.481) = (2.40) (1)
31 35.5
0.481 2.40
=1 = 5 , so PCl5 (1)
0.481 0.481
Use of atomic number max 1 2
[11]

35
51. (a) Heat/enthalpy/energy change per mole of substance/compound/product
OR
heat/enthalpy/energy change for the formation of 1 mol of substance/
compound/product (1)
heat released and heat required not allowed unless both mentioned
NOT molecule
from its elements in their standard states (1)
at 1 atm pressure and a stated temperature/298 K (1)
NOT room temperature and pressure
NOT under standard conditions 3

(b) (i) (H = 306 (399)) = (+) 93 (kJ mol1) 1

ALLOW kJ
Incorrect units lose mark otherwise

(ii) The equilibrium moves to right hand side

OR amount of dissociation increases (1)
Because the (forward) reaction is endothermic (1)
Needs to be consistent with (i)
If (i) has a negative answer (exothermic)
equilibrium moves to left hand side (1)
Because (forward) reaction is exothermic (1)
If answer to (i) is +93 or 93 but state that this is exothermic
If reaction moves to left hand side (1)
If reaction moves to right hand side (0) 2

(iii) add chlorine (1)

which drives equilibrium to the left (1)
OR
increase the (total) pressure (1)
because there are fewer (gas) molecules on left hand side (1)
OR
add PCl3 (1)
Which drives equilibrium to the left (1) 2
[8]

52. (a) To make sure the decomposition/ reaction is complete / all the carbon
dioxide has been given off.
Reference to burning (0)
NOT maximum CO2 1
IGNORE significant figures in (b) and (c)

36
 (b) (i) 2.2(0) (g) 1

2.20
(ii) = 0.05(00) mark is for 44 1
44

(iii) 0.05(00) 1

5.75
(iv) (1) = 115 (g mol1) 1
0.0500

(v) 115 (12 + 48) = 55 1

Consequential BUT answer must be sensible

115 0.91
(c) (i) Molar mass error = = () 1(.05) (1) 1
100
Consequential on (b)(iv)
ALLOW a range of 2 error

(ii) 114 to 116 1

Consequential on (i)

(iii) 54 to 56 1
Consequential on (ii)

(iv) Could be Mn or Fe 1
Consequential on (iii)
MUST be metals and must give all possible in range
[10]

79.0
53. (a) L (1)
1.31 10 22
= 6.03 1023 (1)
1 mark for SF error
Final answer must be 6.03 1023 for 2nd mark
Correct answer with no working (2)
6 1023/ 6.02 1023 quoted with no working (0)
Error in method, max (1) 2

37
 (b) 80 is the average mass of Br atoms / isotopes
OR
There must be another/at least one Br isotope of mass greater than
80/with more than 45 neutrons
NOT naturally occurring isotope has mass 80 1
[3]

54. (a) Difficult to decide when reaction complete/ reaction may be incomplete (1)
OR All CaCO3 may not decompose (1)
OR Difficult to measure temperature changes in solids (1)
OR T or Hreaction cannot be determined because heat is supplied (1)
OR Necessary temperature cannot be reached (1)
OR No suitable thermometers (for measuring temperature change at high
temperatures) (1)
ALLOW heat is required so temperature change will not be accurate
NOT Heat is supplied so temperature cannot be
measured/ will not be accurate 1

(b) (i) Reaction occurs quickly / incomplete reaction (in reasonable time)
with lumps (1)
Heat losses occur if reaction is slow (1) 2

(ii) 4.2 20 2.5 = 210 (J) OR 0.210 kJ

IGNORE +/- signs
Incorrect units (0) 1

(iii) Number of moles of CaCO3 = 0.02 (1)

210
10 500 (1)
0.02
H1 = 10500 J mol1 OR 10.5 kJ mol1 (1)
ALLOW TE from (ii)
1 for incorrect/missing sign/units
Third mark depends on correct method for 2nd mark 3

(iv) Hr = H1 H2 (1) = 10.5 (181) ie use of Hess

= (+) 170.5/ (+) 171 ( kJ mol1) (1)

ALLOW T.E. from (iii)
Watch for adding J to kJ 2

38
 (c) (Standard) enthalpy (change) of formation (of calcium carbonate)
ACCEPT Hformation / Hformation/formation
NOT Hf / Hf 1
[10]

55. (a)
Neutrons Electrons
24
12
12Mg
26
14
12Mg
24
10
12Mg2+

1 mark each number 3

Accept words or numbers

(b)
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Mg

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Cl

Arrows can be
for
for 2
Accept both arrows up or both down
Reject numbers

(c) Mg(s) + Cl2(g) MgCl2(s)

Formulae (1)
State symbols (1) only if formulae correct or near miss for MgCl2
(e.g. MgCl/Mg2Cl) 2
Accept multiples
Accept Mg2+(Cl)2(s)

Reject Mg2++ 2Cl for MgCl2

(0 mark)

39
 (56.25 70) (37.50 72) (6.25 74)
(d) (1)
100
= 71 (1)
Any unit max 1
2nd mark consequential on fraction provided 70, 72 and 74 used 2
Accept answer 2 SF
Reject use of Ar (0 mark)
Reject just 71 with no working (0 mark)

4.73
(e) moles (1)
71
X 30.6 = 2.04 dm3 (1)
Answer with no working 1 max 2
Accept consequential if wrong answer to (d) used.
Accept 71 used when (d) incorrect
Accept answer 2 SF
Reject no or incorrect unit of volume (loses 1 mark)

(f) Type Metallic(1)

Attraction between Mg2+ (1)
And (surrounding) sea of electrons/delocalised electrons (1)
Stand alone 3
Accept cations/positive ions /magnesium ions
Reject atoms/nuclei/ions
force between if used instead of attraction

40
 (g) Ionic (1)
2+
oo oo
o o o o
o
Mg
o 2 o Cl o
oo oo

OR

oo
2+
oo oo
o o o o o o
o Cl o o
Mg
o o Cl o
oo oo oo

Correct charges and number of ions (1)

Correct electronic structures (1)
Stand alone 3
Accept diagram without brackets
Accept Mg with no electrons shown
ie [Mg]2+
Reject any suggestion of electrons being shared
Reject [Mg]+
[17]

56. (a) (i) 23 + 3 14 = 65(g)

Ignore units e.g. g mol1, g/mol 1

(ii) 48 dm3 = 2 moles (1)

allow TE from (a)(i)
allow 87 g/86.67 g
Reject 86 g
86.6 g
86.6666666 g
number of moles of NaN3 = 2/3 2 = 4/3
mass = 4/3 65 = 86.7 g (1)
ALLOW 2,3 or 4 SF
Accept correct answer with no working (2)
If 2 moles of N2 seen anywhere award 1st mark 2

41
 (b) Formation of sodium which is reactive
with water/air / oxygen (1)
Reject 1 if discuss poisonous flammability of N2 as well as
correct problems with sodium
to produce hydrogen which is flammable / NaOH which is
corrosive (1)
Reject sodium is poisonous
Max 1 if only discuss sodium and air 2
[5]

57. (a) (i) An ion which is unchanged during the reaction owtte
An ion which does not take part in the reaction 1
Reject an ion which does not change its state
Reject use of word element instead of ion

(ii) SO42 1

(iii) Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu

IGNORE state symbols 1
Accept Zn + Cu++ Zn++ + Cu
Accept Zn + Cu2+ = Zn2+ + Cu

(b) measuring cylinder 1

Accept burette
Accept pipette
Accept volumetric pipette
Accept graduated pipette
Accept 50 cm3 pipette
Accept pipette = pipette filter
Accept reasonable phonetic spelling e.g. pipet, biurette
Reject beaker
Reject biuret
Reject graduated flask
Reject volumetric flask
Reject beaker or a pipette
Reject pepite
Reject conical flask

42
(c) Any two
polystyrene conducts heat less well than metals/less heat lost
to surroundings (1)
Accept discussion of either polystyrene or metal
has a lower (specific) heat capacity/absorbs less heat energy (1)
Plastic inert whereas metal container might react (with CuSO4) (1) 2

(d) Zinc 5/65.4 = (0.0765/0.08/0.076/0.77) (1)

Copper sulphate 50/1000 = 0.05 (1)
Copper sulphate / Cu2+ / CuSO4 (1)
Accept consequential on copper being less than zinc
Accept zinc is in excess
IGNORE sig figs 3

(e) (i)

70
allow either

60

50

Temperature 40
/C

30

20

10

0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240
Time / s
correctly plotted points (1) All 7 (including 0, 22)
must be correctly plotted
points joined by suitable lines (1)
Accept curve/straight lines
[If you cannot see a line, check twice, if still not visible send to
review as out of clip] 2

(ii) reaction not instant / so some time before all heat

energy released/measured (1)

43
 Accept energy lost
(temperature (slowly) declines) as heat energy given out
(to the surroundings) (1) 2
Reject no temp change for first 60 s because zinc has not been
added. Slow to start
Reject temp slowly declines because reaction is complete
Reject no marks for describing shape of graph without
explanation

(iii) 66 69 C 1
Reject 65.5 and less and 69.5 and more

(f) (i) 50 4.2 45 = 9450 (J) for 67C

Ignore units unless value and units are incompatible e.g.
9240 kJ (0)
9.24 J (0) 1
Accept TE from e(iii)
e.g.
66 = 44 rise = 9240
68 = 46 rise = 9660
69 = 47 rise = 9870
65 = 43 rise = 9030
(Allow minus sign) ignore sign
70 = 48 rise = 10080
65.5 = 43.5 rise = 9135
allow use of 65 even if different value in (iii)
Reject 55 for mass of solution + zinc

44
 (ii) Max Temp
9870
0.05 197,000 = 197 kJ mol1 69
9660
0.05 193,000 = 193 kJ mol1 68
9450
0.05 189,000 = 189 kJ mol1 67
9240
0.05 185,000 = 185 kJ mol1 66
9030
0.50 180,600 = 181 kJ mol1 65

This first mark is for dividing by 0.05 (1)

Value and sign (1)
units and 3 or 4sf (1) 3
Accept if 0.08 only 1st mark lost
[18]

79
58. (a) 35 Br : 44 neutrons (1)
81
35 Br : 35 protons (1)
81 -
35 Br : 36 electrons (1) 3

(b) Na 2s2 2p6 3s1 (1)

Br 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5 (1)
Ignore repeat of 1s2 2
Allow subscripts and ignore capital letters
Allow 4s2 3d10 4p5
Allow p as pxpypz with 2 in each

45
 (c) They have the same (number of protons and) electron(ic) configuration
Same (number of protons and)electronic structure
Same (number of protons and)electron arrangement
same (number of protons and)number of electrons
MUST MENTION ELECTRONS 1
Reject just Same number of protons
Reject just same number of electron shells
Reject same number of outer electrons
Reject same number of electrons in outer shell
Reject correct answer followed by reference to outer shell
scores (0)

(d) Mass spectrometer 1

Allow variations of spelling
Reject mass spec (1)

(78.93 50.54) (80.91 49.46)

(e) (1)
100
= 79.91(1)
2nd mark consequential on transcription error data used
Correct answer with no working scores 2
Answer to 4 S.F. with NO units but allow g/mol 2

(f) Between the atoms: Covalent (1)

Between the molecules :Induced dipole-(induced) dipole
OR dispersion OR London OR van der Waals OR
instantaneous OR Temp dipole (1) (forces) 2
Accept variations on van der Waals such as de and walls, vdW
Reject dipole-dipole OR JUST intermolecular forces
Reject IDID
[11]

59. (a) The number of atoms in 12g of 12C (2)

The number of atoms in 1 mole of 12C (2) 2
Accept number of atoms in 1 mole (1) of atoms / stated
monatomic substance (1)
OR Number of molecules in 1 mole (1) of molecules / stated
molecular substance (1)
OR Number of electrons in 1 mole (1) of electrons (1)
OR Number of particles in 1 mole (1) max
If answer just quotes the number it does not score it is in the
question.
Reject number of particles in 1 mole of a substance

(b) (i) 1.907 g of Z contains 2.87 1022

46
 Accept moles of Z = 2.87 1022 / 6.02 1023 = (0.04767) (1)
1.907 6.02 1023/ 2.87 1022 is 1 mol (1)
= 40.(0) (1) No units but allow 40 g/mol
IGNORE s.f. in answer
Accept atomic mass = 1.907/moles = 40.(0) (1)
Allow 39.7 for 2 marks this is rounding 0.04767 to 2 sig figs in calc
Allow 38.14 for 1 mark as this is rounding to 1 sig fig.
Correct answer with some working (2) 2

(ii) Ar / Argon
Consequential on (i) but must be nearest group 0 1

3.09
(c) (i) Amount hydrogen peroxide produced = = 0.09088 (moles) (1)
34
Amount of potassium superoxide = 0.09088 2 (moles) (1)
34g of H2O2 requires 2 71g of KO2 (1)
2 71 3.09
3.09g requires (1) or (2) if this is start line
34
= 12.9 g (1)
If round 0.09088 to 0.09 can score 2 for 12.78
mass of potassium superoxide = 0.09088 2 71
= 12.9g (1) / 13g
incl unit but ignore S.F. (note = 6.45 g scores 2 marks)
Correct answer with some working scores 3 marks 3

3.09 24
(ii) Volume of oxygen = = 2.18 dm3 (1) IGNORE s.f. &
34
do not penalise lack of units twice
Allow error carried forward. i.e if omit to 2 in part (i)
only penalise it in part (i) not here 1
Accept 2.2
[9]

47
60. (a) In (a)(i), (ii) and (iii) penalise 1SF on the first occasion only.
ACCEPT 2SF
(i) Mass methanol burnt = 0.34 (g) (1)
0.34
= 0.0106 (1) 2
32
Accept 0.011, 0.01063, 0.010625
CQ on incorrect calculation of mass
Correct answer with some working (2)

(ii) Temperature rise = 43.5 22 (= 21.5) (C) (1)

21.5 4.18 50
(Heat energy =) = 4.49 (kJ) (1)
1000
The temperature rise mark can be scored from the heat
energy expression 2
Accept CQ on incorrect calculation of temp.
Correct answer with some working (2)
Reject answer in Joules

Answer (ii) 4.49

(iii) (1)
Answer (i) 0.0106
Accept CQ on (i) and ii)
= 422.9 (kJ mol1) [calculator stored value]
Accept answers in the range 420 to 424
OR
= 423.6 (kJ mol1) [using rounded values] (1) minus
sign and value both required
Correct answer with some working (2)
If the final answer is incorrect the 2nd mark is only
accessible if energy is divided by moles in first part of calculation 2

1.0
(b) (i) 100 = ()4.65 %
21.5
IGNORE SF 1

48
 (ii) (21.5 + 1.0 =) 22.5 (C)
OR
(44 21.5)=22.5 (C)
OR
104.65
21.5
100 = 22.5 (C)

CQ on % error in b(i) if this is used to calculate the temperature 1

Reject all other values

(c) (i) Evaporation (of methanol/alcohol) 1

Accept turns to vapour
OR methanol volatile
Reject balance faulty or spills or Methanol reacts

(ii) Carbon (1)

Lower/less exothermic (1) ignore references to incomplete
combustion 2
Accept soot
Reject any other substance
[11]

1000
61. [CH3COOH] = 0.020 = 0.8(0) (mol dm3)
25.0
Accept correct answer with no working.
[1]

62. (a) (1s2) 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 .... (1)

.. 3d8 4s2 / 4s2 3d8 (1) 2

(b) Mr[Ni] = (58 0.6902) + (60 0.2732) + (62 0.0366)

Or correct fraction using percentages (1)
= 58.6928 (calculator value)
= 58.7 (3 s.f.) (1)
No 2nd mark if units given, e.g. g, % etc 2
Accept 58.6928 / 58.693 / 58.69
Mr[Ni] = 59, if working shown
Reject 60 /Incorrectly rounded answer, e.g. 58.692, 58.70, 58.6

5.9
(c) 5.9 g of nickel = = 0.10 (mol) (1)
59
From equation, 0.40 mol of CO required

49
 Volume of CO = 0.40 24 = 9.6 dm3 / 9600 cm3 (1)
Correct units needed for 2nd mark, eg dm3 mol1/dm3 (0)
Allow TE for 2nd mark, from wrong number of moles
(i.e. 4 number of moles 24 dm3) 2
Allow full marks for answer based on Ar[Ni] calculated in (b)

(d) (i) Ni + 2H+ Ni2+ + H2

Ignore state symbols 1
Accept Ni + 2H3O+ Ni2+ + 2H2O + H2 (1)

(ii) Stop marking when operation no longer works, e.g.

distil/add CaSO4/boil solution to dryness
Boil/heat (NOT warm) to drive off some of the water/to
concentrate (not to dryness) (1)
leave/set aside for some time/overnight (to crystallise) /
allow to cool (must be evident that some solution remains
afterwards) (1)
Collect crystals by decantation/filtration/use of tweezers (1)
Dry crystals between (sheets of) filter paper (must imply
an active process leaving on filter paper isnt enough) /
use of warm oven, not just oven (1)
4 key points 3
3 key points 2
2 key points 1
1 or 0 key point 0 3

(iv) Mr[NiSO4.7H2O]= 59 + 32 + 64 + (7 18)

= 281 (g mol1) (1)
2.95
2.95 g of Ni = = 0.050 mol
59
Mass of crystals formed = 0.050 281 = 14.1 (g) (1)
Ignore units, e.g. g mol1
Allow TE from incorrect Mr[NiSO4.7H2O], i.e. 0.05 Mr
Allow full credit for answer based on accurate Ar[Ni], e.g. 58.7 2
Accept 14.05 g answer to between 2 and 4 sig. fig
[12]

50
63. (a) (i) E[Ca(OH)2] = 25.0 4.2 16.5 = 1730 (J)
E[CaO] = 25.0 4.2 25.5 = 2680 (J)
Both correct for 1 mark
Ignore negative signs in front of values / missing/wrong units 1
Accept 1732.5 / 1733 / 1700 J
Accept 2677.5 / 2678 / 2700 J
Answers in kJ acceptable
Reject 1732 J
Reject 2677 J

1.00
(ii) = 0.0135 mol
74.0
Answer must be decimalised 1
Accept 0.014
1
Reject / 0.01
74

1732 .5
(iii) H1 = = 130 (kJ mol1) ( 2 s.f.)
0.0135
2677 .5
H2 = = 200 (kJ mol1) ( 2 s.f.)
0.0135
1st mark for method (dividing energy by number of moles)
2nd mark for both answers given to 2 sig fig and including
negative signs.
2nd mark is dependant on 1st 2
Allow TE from (a)(i) and (a)(ii)

(b) (i) Hreaction = H1 H2 /relevant values being subtracted (1)

= 130 (200) = + 70 kJ mol1 (1)
Mark independently
For 2nd mark: correct arithmetic, sign and units needed 2
Allow TE from (a)(iii)
Ignore sig. figs.

(ii) Using a glass beaker / no lid is likely to lead to heat loss (1)
(glass) beaker has significant heat capacity (1)
No apparent check made to ensure that Ca(OH)2 was heated
long enough/difficult to know whether Ca(OH)2 was fully decomposed (1)
The likely use of an insufficiently accurate thermometer (1)
Any TWO valid and agreed sources of error 2

51
 (iii) Measuring temperatures of solids (with a lab thermometer)
isnt accurate / is difficult (1)
Bunsen/high temperatures are involved (above bpt. of
Hg/ethanol) so lab thermometers cant be used (1)
Difficult to know when Ca(OH)2 has fully decomposed (1)
Given high temperatures involved, impossible to use
thermometer to measure energy taken in by the Ca(OH)2 (1)
Any ONE of these 1
[9]

53
64. (a) (i) Amount of CO2 =
24000
= 0.0022 (mol)
Accept 0.002 with working
0.020
Amount of H2O=
18
= 0.0011 (mol) 3
Amount of C = 0.0022 mol = 0.0265(g)
Amount of H = 0.0022 mol = 0.0022(g)
Any one of above needed for 1st mark (1)
Mass of O in Z = 0.0714 (g)
OR amount of O in Z = 0.0045 (mol)
Some clear indication they have done it correctly (1)
Empirical formula CHO2 (1)

(ii) (CHO2)y = (12 + 1 + 2 16)y = 90

Y=2
Molecular formula C2H2O4
Allow TE from (i)
Allow C2H2O4 with no working
Allow any indication they know how to do it
eg n empirical mass = molar mass 1
Reject C4H10O only (no connection with (i))

20.0 1.00
(iii) (0.01 mol Z contain =) 0.02 (mol) (1)
1000
Accept formula alone for Z
CO2H
|
CO2H (1) 2
Accept fully/partially displayed formula

(iv) W CH2=CH2 (1)

X CH2BrCH2Br (1)
Y CH2OHCH2OH (1)

52
 Look out for TE and internal TE
Eg W CH3CHCH2
X CH3CHBrCH3
Y CH3CHOHCH3
is worth 1 max 3
Accept full credit for consistent answers based on other gaseous
alkenes eg CH3CHOHCH2OH etc

(v) C20H42 C18H38 + C2H4 (1)

Allow C17H36 + C3H6 OR C16H34 + C4H8 1
Accept TE for W
Accept any balanced equation including ethane

(b) Potassium manganate((VII))/KMnO4 (1)

Sulphuric acid/H2SO4 consequential on potassium manganate (1)
ALLOW acidified potassium manganate((VII)) for both marks 2
Accept TE for W alkene and corresponding monohydric alcohol
1. H2SO4/sulphuric acid
2. H2O/water
Reject other Roman numerals after managate
[12]

65. (a) (i) Copper

.3d104s1 1
Accept subscripts/ignore capitals 4s inside 3d
Reject 3d94s2
(ii) Bromide ion
.3d104s24p6 1
Accept subscript/ignore capitals 4s inside 3d
Reject 4p inside 3d

53
(b) The average mass (taking into account the abundance of each isotope)
of the atoms (of that element) (1)
relative to 1/12th the (mass of a)
carbon 12 atom
Or
relative to 12C = 12 (exactly) (1)
second mark stand alone 2
Accept weighted/mean in place of average
Atoms must be mentioned at least once to score (2)
Accept average mass of a mole of atoms of an element relative
to 1/12th mole of C12 / relative to one mole of 12C = 12 (exactly)
(2)

[62.93 69.17] [64.93 30.83]

(c) (1)
100
= 63.55 (1)
must be to 2 decimal places
cq only on transcription error e.g.
69.71 provided answer to 2 d.p. 2
Accept 63.54 with some working scores (1)
Correct answer alone scores (2
Answer should have no unit, but allow unit of g mol1 but not
grams or g

(d) (i)
Cu C O H
57.5 5.40 36.2 0.900
63.5 12 16 1
0.906 0.450 2.26 0.900
2.01 1 5.02 2.00

Use of atomic number scores 0

Empirical formula Cu2CO5H2
(1) for dividing by atomic mass
(1) stating empirical formula 2
Correct answer without working scores (2)

54
 (ii) Empirical formula mass = 221 = Mr
Molecular formula Cu2CO5H2
Must show use of 221 1
If use atomic number in (i) allow mark for Cu2CO5H and 220
Allow any formula that adds up to the correct molecular
formula

(e) (Highest = 65Cu + 2 37Cl) = 139 (1)

(Lowest = 63Cu + 2 35Cl) = 133 (1)
Ignore units 2
[11]

66. (a) N/N2 goes from 0 to 3 = reduction (1)

H/H2 goes from 0 to (+)1 = oxidation (1) 2
If the oxidation number of N goes down hence reduced and the
oxidation number of H goes up and hence oxidised (max 1)
If all O.N. correct but fails to state which is oxidation and
which is reduction scores 1.
If all O.N. correct but both reactions misclassified, scores zero.
Any answer not referring to nitrogen or hydrogen scores zero.

(b) (i) Calculation of bonds broken 463 3 + 944/ (= 2252) (1)

Calculation of bonds made 3886/ (= 2328) (1)
H = 76 (kJ mol1) (1)
mark consequential on numerical values calculated above 3
Correct answer with some working scores 3 marks
Correct answer alone scores 2 marks

(ii) Average / mean bond enthalpy used for NH bond / ammonia 1

Reject just average bond enthalpies used

55
 (iii) Thermodynamic:
energy level of products lower than that of reactants
OR
energy released in bond formation > energy used to break bonds (1)
Accept H negative / reaction exothermic
kinetic:
high activation energy (1)
because strong NN (1)
[confusion between thermodynamic and kinetic loses first 2 marks]. 3
Accept because NN is 944/ total bond breaking energy is
high/2252(kJ mol1)

(c) (i) QWC

One way
temperature increase therefore molecules have greater (average
kinetic) energy (1)
Accept moving faster
more molecules/collisions have E Eact (1)
Therefore a greater proportion of/ more of the collisions are
successful (1)
Ignore greater frequency of collision
Accept E > Eact particles for molecules
greater frequency of successful collisions/ more successful
conditions per unit time
Reject just more successful collisions
Another way
addition of (iron) catalyst (1)
Accept platinum catalyst
Reject incorrect catalyst
provides alternative route of lower activation energy (1)
EITHER:
A greater proportion of /more of the molecules/collisions have E Ecat/
a greater proportion of collisions are successful
Reject just more successful collisions
OR provides (active) sites (where reactant molecules can
bond / be adsorbed) (1)
Ignore any answers referring to pressure or concentration.
Do not penalise just more collisions are successful more
than once 6

56
 (ii) QWC
Decrease temperature (1)
because (forward) reaction exothermic (1)
increase pressure (1)
because more moles (of gas) on left (1) 4
Accept low temperature H is negative
Answer based on endothermic reaction scores 0
Accept high pressure
Accept molecules for moles
[19]

67. (a) Mg(s) + C(graphite) + 1O2(g) in both left hand boxes

Balancing (1)
state symbols for Mg/C/O2 must be present and correct at least once (1) 2
Accept C(s)
Accept everything in all boxes doubled (allow 2HCl rather than
4HCl)
Reject equation with CO or CO2 in it

0.1
(b) (i) 0 = 4.17 103 / 0.00417 1
24
Accept 0.00416 (recurring)
Accept 0.0042
Reject 0.004
Reject 0.00416

(ii) Moles of HCl at the start = 0.2 (1)

Moles of HCl reacted = 2 0.00417
= 0.00834 (1)
Moles of HCl left = 0.2 0.00834
= 0.19166 (1)
ignore sf 3
Accept transferred error from (b)(i)
Eg 0.192
0.1917
Reject 0.2
Accept 0.196
(forgetting to multiply by 2)
Worth max of 2

57
 (ii) Axes labelled and suitable scale must cover more than half
the provided grid and time must be on the horizontal axis (1)
All points plotted accurately and suitable curve/straight lines (1)
From 0 to 1 minute, must be straight horizontal line.
From 1 to 2 minutes, vertical or sloping line to 25.3 or
above. From 2 to 6 minutes, straight line or smooth curve. 2
Reject temperature scale starting at 0C (1 max)

(iv) Energy change = 4.2 100 4.5

= 1.89 (kJ) 1
Accept 1890 (J)
Accept 1.9 (kJ)
Accept 1900 (J)
Accept with either + or or no sign
Reject answers using mass = 100.1g
Giving 1891.89 (J)
Reject J mol1 kJ mol1

1.89
(v) H =
0.00417
= 453 kJ mol1 (2)
1 mark for number and 1 for sign and units 2
Accept TE from (b)(i) and (iv)
Second mark dependent on the first

(vi) Either lines drawn on graph to show maximum temperature

rise should be 4.5
Or
Some heat loss (and so the reading of 4.3 was too small) 1
Accept max temperature between 1 and 2 minutes
Reject rounded up to nearest 0.5

(c) (i) 24 + 12 + 3 x 16 = 84 (g) (1)

Number of moles = 2.2/84 = 0.0262 / 0.02619 (1)
Ignore sf except if only 1 (i.e. 0.03) 2
Accept 0.026
Reject 0.0261
Reject 0.02

58
 1.05
(ii) H =
0.0262
= 40.1 kJ mol1 1
Accept correct sign and units needed for mark
Allow K instead of k 40.131
Allow TE from (c)(i)
Reject 40.1

(d) Hf = H1 + H2 H3 (1)
= 453 680 + 40
= 1090 kJ mol1 (1) 2
Only penalise missing units once
Accept 1093
Accept transferred error:
H1 = (b)(v)
H2 = 680
H3 = (c)(ii)
correct answer with no working gets 2 marks
Reject incorrect application of Hesss Law (0)

(e) Elements dont react together to form magnesium carbonate 1

Reject hard to measure temperature of solid
[18]

68. (i) Ignore sig figs unless they round to 1 sig.fig during calculation
Incorrect /absent units in final answer penalise only once in part (i)/(ii)
7.19
7.19 g of PCl5 = mol (1)
208 .5
2 31 g of P produce 2 208.5 g of PCl5 (1)
(= 0.03448)
(1 mol of PCl5 from 1 mol of P)
Mass of P = 0.03448 31 = 1.07 g (1)
2 31 7.19
7.19 g of PCl5 from
2 208.5
= 1.07g (1)
Penalise use of Atomic Number only once
Answer with no working scores 2 2
Allow 0.034 but NOT 0.035

59
 (ii) Mark consequentially on part (i)
Moles of chlorine needed = 0.03448 2.5 (1)
Accept 2 208.5 g of PCl5 produced from 5 24 dm3 of Cl2
(1)
Volume = 24 0.03448 2.5 = 2.07 dm3 (1)
Value and unit necessary
Value consequential on their calculated/stated moles of chorine 24
Answer with no working scores 2 2
5 24 7.19
7.19 g PCl5 produced from = 2.07 dm3 (1)
2 208.5
Just 24 2.5 = 60 dm3 scores zero
[4]

69. (a) Initially CuSO4 in excess so amount of reaction depends on amount of Zn

or
More CuSO4 reacts (as more Zn added) (1)
Accept CuSO4 in excess
Accept more Zn reacts
Reject reaction is exothermic
Graph levels off because all CuSO4 used up (1) 2
Accept Zn now in excess
Reject just Reaction is complete

(b) (i) Heat capacity (of metal)

low (compared with that of solution) 1
Accept metal has negligible/low specific heat capacity
Accept metal absorbs (much) less heat (than solution/water)

(ii) q = 50 63.5 4.18 = 13271.5 J

Units, if given, must be correct
Ignore signs 1
Accept 13300/13270/13272
Accept answer in kJ only if units stated
Reject 13271

60
 1.25
(iii) Moles CuSO4 = 50 = 0.0625 (1)
1000
Correct answer with some working scores full marks
Accept Ecf from moles
13271 .5
H = () (1)
0.0625 1000
= 212 (kJ mol1)
1 mark for negative sign
1 mark for answer to 3 SF
Units, if given, must be correct 4
Accept Ecf from (ii) gives 213/212/212

(c) (i) Extra precision negligible compared with

approximations in calculations/heat loss 1
Accept measuring cylinder is least accurate measuring
instrument

(ii) Use a lid on the cup (to reduce heat loss) 1

Accept extra insulation for cup
Accept weigh CuSO4 solution
Accept use burette/pipette to measure volumes
Reject repeat experiments
OR
use more accurate balance
OR
Smaller mass intervals
[10]

70. (i) 112 1

(188 15.2) (189 17.4) (190 26.4) (192 41.0)
(ii) (1)
100
= 190.3 (1)
Correct answer with no working (2)
Ignore units 2
Accept 190.34/190.342 with no working = max 1
Reject 190
Reject 190.34
Reject 190.342
[3]

61
71. (i) 3S (s) + O2 (g) + 2H2 (g)
correct entities (1)
state symbols and balancing (1) 2

(ii) Energy change when 1 mole of a compound is formed (1)

from its elements (in their standard states) (1)
at 298K/quoted temperature and 1atm (1) 3

(iii) (2 285.8) (296.8 +(2 20.6)) (1)

= 233.6/234 (kJ mol1) (1)
Allow transferred error for one minor slip (e.g. 20.4 instead of 20.6)
but not for omission of multiples.
Ignore units 2
Reject 233
Reject 230
[7]

72. (a) A 1

(b) B 1
[2]

73. (a) C 1

(b) D 1

(c) A 1

(d) D 1
[4]

74. (a) CuCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) CO2(g) + CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) 1

(b) B 1

62
 (c) (i) (0.025 123.5) 1.1 = (1)
3.396/ 3.40 / 3.4g (g) (1)
OR
0.025 mol copper carbonate = 3.087/3.09 (g)(1)
3.087 +10% = 3.396/ 3.40/ 3.4 (g)
Full marks for correct answer with no working 2

(ii) No, as copper carbonate is in excess 1

Reject no, as molar mass is only to one decimal place

(d) Filter to remove excess copper carbonate 1

(e) (i) 249.6 1

(ii) Expected yield = 0.025 249.6 (1)

= 6.24g
% yield = (100 3.98/6.24 )= 63.8/63.78% (1) 2
[9]

75. (a) QWC (i) & (iii)

(Lattice of) positively charged ions/ ions with 2+charge (1)
held together by (electrostatic) attraction to delocalised electrons (1)
Delocalised electrons /free electrons/ electrons in sea of electrons
are free to move and carry charge / current (1) 3
Reject incorrect use of the terms atom or molecule for ion.
Reject incorrect descriptions of delocalised electrons.

(b) (i) Mg2+ shown as 2,8 (1) 1

(ii) F shown as 2,8 (1) 1

(c) When molten/ when dissolved in water so that ions can move/
lattice breaks down (1) 1
Reject dissolved in other solvents.
Reject reference to atoms or molecules rather than ions.

63
 (d) (i) 77% 24Mg, 10% 25Mg, 13% 26Mg (1)
Average atomic mass
((77 24) (10 25 13 26))
= 24.36 = 24.4 g (1) 2
100

(ii) Have same electron configuration 1

Reject same number of electrons in outer orbit

(e) (i) 1.20 109 mol of Mg per dm3 (1)

(1.20 109 24.3 103) =
2.92 1011 / 29.2 1012 (g) (1)
max 1 for more/less than 3 significant figures eg 2.916 2

(ii) Hydrogen because it has the least number of electrons per atom 1
[12]

50
76. (a) (6.02 1023 )= 1
24
1.25 1024 / 1.254 1024 / 1.26 1024
Allow TE from a 1

(b) Mr = (23 + 42) = 65 (1)

50
Mass = (2 65 ) (1)
72
= 90/ 90.3g (1) Allow TE from (c) 3
Reject wrong unit eg kg

(c) decrease 1

(d) QWC (i) & (iii)

Sodium is hazardous (1)
May go on fire with water/ produces flammable gas with water/
produces explosive gas with water/ produces strong alkali with
water/ reacts with moisture on skin and becomes hot /corrosive (1)
2nd mark depends on reference to sodium 2
Reject unspecific comments about sodium being poisonous /
toxic / flammable without reference to water.
[8]

77. (a) (i) 4410 1

(ii) 0.015 1

64
 (iii) (4.41/ 0.015) = 294 kJ mol1
Value (1)
Negative sign and units (1)
TE for answer to (i)/ answer to (ii) 2

(iv) QWC
Any two of:
Use an insulated container/(expanded) polystyrene cup
Use a lid
Use a thermometer calibrated to at least 0.5 C 2

(b) (i) QWC

No effect, as all copper nitrate reacts anyway. (1)
Enthalpy change is based on mass of solution heating up
/ SHC of the metal is very low. (1) 2

(ii) QWC
Yes, temperature rise is smaller than it should be(1)
So enthalpy change less negative (1) 2

(c) Use more concentrated solution (with correspondingly more magnesium). 1

[11]

78. (a) A Cu(g)

B Cu+ (g)
C 2Br(g)
2 marks for all correct but max 1 if state symbols wrong/ missing
1 mark for 2 correct
D Hf() / (standard) enthalpy (change) of formation (of CuBr2) (1) 3

(b) Hf = Ha(Cu) + Em1(Cu) + Em2(Cu) + 2 Ha(1/2 Br2) + 2 Eaff(Br) + Hlatt

OR
Lattice energy = D(other enthalpy changes) (1)
Can be shown using the numbers
= 141.8 (338.3 + 746 + 1958 + 2 111.9 + 2 342.6) = 141.8 2580.9
= 2722.7 = 2723 (kJ mol1) (2)
max 1 if no multiples of 2 for Br
max 2 (out of 3) if positive sign 3

(c) (i) QWC

Not 100 % ionic/ has some covalent character 1
Reject answers where it is not clear that bonding has some

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 intermediate character, but not entirely ionic or covalent

(ii) Non-spherical bromide / negative ion with bulge towards

copper / positive ion (1) 1
[8]

1. (a) H C
11.1 / 1 88.9 / 12 (1)
= 11.1 = 7.4
1.5 1 (1)
Empirical formula C2H3 (1) 3

(b)
full / incomplete d sub shell (1)
1

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(b) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5 or 3d54s2 (1) 1
(c) (i) The heat/energy/enthalpy change needed to remove one mole of electrons (1)
from (1 mole) of gaseous (chlorine) atoms (1)
Correct equation i.e. Cl(g) Cl+(g) + e can score second mark. 2
(ii) Increasing slopes (1)
Jump after 7 (1)
Jump after 15 (1)
Ignore small jumps in the correct places. The points do not need to be joined.
3

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