Protochordates PPT Short Cut Summer 2014

Relationships of living deuterostomes
Craniata
Chordata
Deuterostomata
Chordata + Hemichordata
(Those animals with pharyngeal gill slits and an invaginated to
hollow nerve cord.)

PHYLUM Hemichordata
n Relationships uncertain.
n Sessile, bottom-dwelling filter-feeders.
n Have pharyngeal gill slits like other
chordates.
n Invaginated dorsal nerve chord in
juveniles, develops similarly to other
chordates, but usually solidifies as
adult.
n Tornaria larva similar to auricularia
larva of echinoderms.
n Range: Lower and Middle Cambrian
(500mya)
Class Enteropneusta: Acorn worms
about 75 species
Enteropneusta, Anatomy
Basically three parts to body
1) anterior - large and muscular proboscis as digging organ
2) collar - important in food sorting
3) trunk - 10-20x longer than collar with reproductive
organs, gut, etc.
Enteropneusta,
cont.
Enteropneusta,
cont.
Coelom is also divided into three parts

- anterior portion forms an incipient skeletal element called the
stomochord; acts as support for the proboscis
- ciliated gill slits for respiration; may have once been used for filter
feeding.
-nerve chord appears dorsally; partial ventral nerve chord

(ends at collar)
*different from other groups in this taxon
Three subphyla:
1) Urochordata
(tunicates)
2) Cephalochordata
3) Vertebrata
Urochordates
n(= Tunicata) Tunicates. Yarnemia? (a pre-Cambrian
form)
n Range: from the Jurassic
Classes in Urochordata:
1) Class Ascidiacea (sea squirts)
2) Class Thaliacea
3) Class Larvacea (Appendicularia)
CHARACTERISTICS
n Marine suspension feeders;
n ascidian embryo and larvacean adults
n ciliated pharyngeal slits, notochord, muscular tail,
dorsal nerve cord directly dorsal to notochord;
n Dual nervous system with different nerves
enervating segmented (somatic nerves) and
unsegmented (visceral nerves) regions;
n segmented muscles (myomeres) enervated by
dorsal nerve cord;
n locomotion by contraction of alternate sides as
in vertebrates; exhibit some allorecognition (i.e.
immune-type response).
Tunicates and sea squirts
n Juvenile stage:
n short, free-swimming, with
notochord and dorsal hollow
nerve cord present.
n settles and cements itself to
substrate.
n Notochord and dorsal hollow
nerve cord lost, pharynx
expands, siphons develop
(incurrent = mouth, excurrent
= atriopore).
Asicidiacea - sea squirts: larva, ascidian tadpole
n Adults sessile plankton feeders
Ascidiacea
(sea squirt)
Ascidians
Mainly sessile filter feeders
- body covered with an outer leathery tunic, or tunicin
composed of cellulose, connective tissue, and
blood vessels
Tunic may be opaque, colored, or transparent
Tunicates often incorporate and

concentrate obscure trace
elements like vanadium
in their tunics.
Ascidian reproduction
Almost all tunicates are hermaphrodites

- contain testes and ovaries
- sometimes associated with digestive tract
- others occur on the body wall
Some are brooders and the entire larval

stage occurs within adult
Others disperse tadpole- like larvae

Cephalochordates
Lancelet or Amphioxus
n Myomeres present - bands of muscles laterally,
links cephalochordates with vertebrates.
n Dorsal and ventral aortae, links cephalochordates
with vertebrates.
n Muscularized notochord, autopomorphy. Used to
change stiffness of notochord as an aid to
burying.
n Sessile filter feeders common in muddy tropical to
subtropical marine waters (including Alabama).
Cephalochordates
-live in sand environments and are burrowers
-filter feeders; tentacles manipulate food
-gills act as filter and respiratory organs
possess notochord, nerve chord

and have vertebrate-like muscles
(segmented myotomes)
stiff, but flexible notochord acts as

an antagonist to muscle movement
S-shaped bending results in
undulation of body for
swimming
Fig. 17.10
Anatomy of a cephalochordate
Vertebrates and Hagfishes
(sometimes called Craniata)
n Distinct head as locality for most sensory systems

and development of a unique brain.
n Neural crest ectoderm
n a unique set of cells developed from a ridge along the
neural tube.
n Neural crest cells are stem cells that migrate to the rest
of the body and become things as diverse as bone,
enamel, and pigment.
n Calcium phosphate - the main material in bone
n Pronephric kidney - a unique type of kidney

Protochordates PPT Short Cut Summer 2014

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Relationships of living deuterostomes

hollow nerve cord.)

Coelom is also divided into three parts

-nerve chord appears dorsally; partial ventral nerve chord

n Range: from the Jurassic

Tunic may be opaque, colored, or transparent

Tunicates often incorporate and

Almost all tunicates are hermaphrodites

Some are brooders and the entire larval

Others disperse tadpole- like larvae

possess notochord, nerve chord

stiff, but flexible notochord acts as

n Distinct head as locality for most sensory systems

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