Sug456 4N

LECTURE 4
SUG/GLS456
GEODESY
PPSUG, FSPU, ASSOC. PROF. Sr. DR. AZMAN BIN MOHD. SULDI (MRICS, MRISM)
UiTM, SHAH ALAM
ASSOC. PROF. Sr. DR. AZMAN BIN MOHD. SULDI PPSUG, FSPU, UiTM, SHAH ALAM SUG456 GEODESY : ELLIPSOID COMPUTATIONS
CALCULATION OF GEODETIC COORDINATES

(SOLUTION OF THE ELLIPSOIDAL POLAR TRIANGLE)
The geodetic coordinates of points on the ellipsoid are usually specified as Latitude and
Longitude. If we assume that we are given the coordinates of a starting point, the
distance and azimuth to the 2nd point, we desire to compute the coordinates of the 2nd
point as well as the azimuth from the 2nd point to the 1st. Such problem is defined as the
direct geodetic problem or simply the direct problem. (i.e. given 1, 1, s12, 12 :
calculate 2, 2, 21)
The inverse geodetic problem is defined as the case where the coordinates of the end
point of the line are given and we desire to find the azimuth from point one to point two,
the azimuth from point two to point one, and the distance between the two points.
(i.e. given 1, 1, 2, 2, : calculate, 12 , 21, s12)
The solution of either of these problems is basically the solution of the ellipsoidal
polar triangle shown in Fig 7.1

Pole We can expressed the defined problems

in the following functional forms

Direct problem : 2 = f1 (1, 1,12 , s)
2 = f 2 (1, 1,12 , s ) (7.1)
21 = f3 (1, 1,12 , s )
P1 P2
s
(1, 1) 12 12 (2, 2) Inverse problem : s = f 4 (1, 1,2 , 2 )
21
a12 = f5 (1, 1,2 , 2 ) (7.2)
Fig 7.1 The Polar Ellipsoidal Triangle 21 = f 6 (1, 1,2 , 2 )
A minimum of 3 independent formula are = 2 1 = .......

required and often given in the following form; = 2 1 = .......
= 21 12 180o = .......

Pole
There are many solutions for these problems.
Such solutions are generally classified by the
distance for which they are valid and by the type
(i.e. normal section or geodesic) of the line
being considered. Solution for long lines require
more extensive formulas.
P1 12 P2 Some authors group these formula under one
(1, 1) (2, 2) generic name Long Line Formulae.
s12 21
Others differentiate between Short Line,
Medium Line and Long Line Formulae
Fig 7.1 The Polar Ellipsoidal Triangle depending on their applicability.
Also, due to many formulae available, they are usually categorized into two categories
depending on their mode of derivations. i.e.
Normal Section Formulae those formulae where their derivation is dependent on an
osculating sphere.
Geodesic Formulae Those which utilizes the differential equations of the ellipsoidal geodesic.

(Normal Section Formulae)
These are usually derived by taking a sphere which touches the ellipsoid at some
convenient point, such as the stand point or mid-point of the line or at the equator.
Among the best known of these are the Clarke-Robbins formulae and Puissants formula.
The simplest, conceptually, are the Gauss Mid-Latitude formulae (GML).
In deriving these formulae, Gauss mapped the ellipsoid conformally on to a sphere of

radius R imposing the conditions that
(i) the scale at a particular latitude o should be true.
(ii) the variation in scale away from this latitude should be as little as possible.
He found that if R = M o .No , then for points within 1o (100km) of o , the ellipsoidal
angles and distances were mapped on to the sphere without distortion.
Gauss therefore conformally mapped the ellipsoidal 1, 1, 12 and s on to the sphere,

solved by spherical trigonometry for 2, 2 and 21, and then transferred these back to the
ellipsoidal surface.

(Normal Section Formulae) - GML
As a result, he obtained the following formula for , , , neglecting the 5th order
terms;
s. cos m 2 2 .sin2 m
" = 1 + +
M m .sin1" 12 24
s.sin m .secm 2 .sin2 m 2
" = 1 + (4.11)
Nm .sin1" 24 24
2 .sin2 m 2 . cosm 2
" = ".sinm 1 + +
24 12 12
Where; = 2 1 in radian measure, or " in seconds of arc
= 2 1 in radian measure, or " in seconds of arc
= 21 12 180o in radian measure, or " in seconds of arc
It is obvious, the solution of the direct problem requires iteration.
But not so for the inverse problem.

Pole
PC A simple derivation of the Gauss formulae may be
achieved if we consider a sphere which touches the
ellipsoid at the point of the line between 1 and 2
where the latitude
1
= (1 + 2 ) = the mid- latitude
2
Using the standard formula of spherical

trigonometry, one can find the relationship
12+ between the elements of the spherical triangle P12.
(Figure 4.3)
12 2B
s
(2, 2) It is obviously advantageous to obtain values
1A = 21, =21 etc. In order to minimize
(1, 1) the number of significant figures needed for a
certain required accuracy. Hence, we shall use the
Fig 4.3 half-angle formulae of Delambre and Napier.

Pole
PC The convergence , is deduced by straight
substitution in one of Napiers anologies, obtaining

1 1 1 1
tan = tan .sin1 + .sec (4.12)
2 2 2 2
is of course the convergence on the sphere,

but a theorem due to Dalby has shown that
convergence on the conformal sphere is equal to
12+ convergence on the ellipsoid with negligible
inaccuracy for lines as long as 800km.
12 2B
s Also, since , , and are small angles, it is
(2, 2) sufficient to only use the first term of the series
1A
2 . sin2 m 2 . cosm 2
(1, 1) " = ".sinm 1 + +
24 12 12
Fig 4.3 " = ".sinm (4.13)
Sufficient in accuracy for lines up to 30km.

Pole
PC , is obtained by simple substitution into one of
Delambres anologies, obtaining

1 s 1 1
sin = sin . cos12 + .sec
2 2R 2 2
s
Again, if we assume 2 , 2 and 2R are small
angles, using the first term, we have
s 1
= . cos12 +
R 2
12+
The problem of transferring this spherical back to
12 2B the ellipsoid is reduced if we make R equal to Mm, the
s radius of the curvature of the ellipsoid of the meridian
(2, 2)
at the mid-latitude. Then, converting to seconds of
1A arc by multiplying it by 206265 or (1/sin 1) we
(1, 1) obtain,
s 1 s. cos m
Fig 4.3 " = . cos 12 + or = (4.14)
M m .sin1" 2 M m . sin1"

(Normal Section Formulae)- GML
Pole
PC , is obtained by straight substitution into
Delambres formula, giving

1 1 1 s
sin = sin12 + .sec1 + .sin
2 2 2 2R
And, if we use the first term only in the series
of expansion of small angles and s , we
obtain 2 2R
s 1 1
= .sin 12 + .sec 1 +
12+ R 2 2
12 We can, by the same argument as for , use Nm for
2B
s R, and converting to seconds of arc, obtain
(2, 2)
1A s 1
" = .sin12 + .secm (4.15)
(1, 1) Nm .sin1" 2
Fig 4.3 Which is the first term in Gauss formula.

USE OF THE GAUSS MID-LATITUDE FORMULAE
Their use can be illustrated by reference to the short formulae, which are collected
here,
s
(i) " = . cosm (4.14)
M m .sin1"
s
(ii) " = .sinm .secm (4.15)
Nm .sin1"
(iii) " = ".sinm (4.13)
A. The Direct problem. Given 1, 1, s12, 12 : find 2, 2, 21

First iteration,
s
" = . cos12
M1.sin1"
s
" = .sin12.sec1
N1.sin1"
" = ".sin 1
USE OF THE GAUSS MID-LATITUDE FORMULAE
Second iteration : Use correct formulae with values determined from 1st iteration, and
continue iterating until the difference between successive values of , and is
within the accuracy requirement. Three iterations usually suffice when using (4.13), (4.14)
and (4.15).
B. The Inverse problem. Given 1, 1, 2, 2: find s12, 12 and 21
Divide (4.15) by (4.14), we have M m

= . tanm .secm
Nm
Where everything is known except m
Then, obtain from (4.13) and s from (4.14).
Hence, NO ITERATION is necessary.
An accuracy of 1ppm is achievable with formulae (4.13), (4.14) and (4.15) for
distances up to 30km, with (4.11) up to 100km.
7.2 Clarkes formula for Geodetic Line

Pole Let s = distance between point A and B
P
Az = the azimuth from point A to B

In plane Cartesian coordinate system
x = s sin Az ; y = s cos Az
If we think of s cos Az as distance along the
meridian (i.e. M) and s sin Az as distance
along parallel of latitude (i.e. p=N cos )
we can write :
s cos Az
B = rad (change in latitude)
M
s (2, 2)
s sin Az
= rad (change in longitude)
A N cos
(1, 1)
Fig 7.2 The geometry of the

development of the Clarkes Formula

Pole OR, in seconds of arc,
P
s cos Az
=
M sin1"
s sin Az
=
N cos sin1"
K
Where, N = the radius of curvature in the prime vertical
M = the radius of curvature in the meridian
Q
For simplicity, first consider the problem on the sphere
Az B
s (2, 2) Draw a line from B to line AP at right angle and draw arc
BK such that its length = (i.e. difference in longitude)
A
(1, 1) Area
= spherical excess in triangle ABQ (Area) =
R2

Pole That is,
P
1s s 1 s2
= sin Az cos Az = 2
sin Az cos Az (radian) (7.3)
2R R 2R
since Q = 90o , Therefore B = 90 Az +
o
K In spherical PKB, side BK = (i.e. by construction)

Using sine rule for spherical triangle;
sin s = sine of opposite sides
Q
Therefore, Each angle = its opposite side or its supplement
Az B . (180o )
s (2, 2) Let be the latitude of point B, then
A PB = 90o (co - latitude of point B)

(1, 1) PKB = 90o +
BKQ = 90o

Pole Let be equal to spherical excess in BQK
P
Therefore,

B + Q + K = 180o
But Q = 90o
Therefore, B = 180o 90o (90o ) + (7.4)
K
In right angled triangle ABQ. QB = s sin Az (7.5)
In right angled triangle BQK.
Q
QB
B tan( 90o ) = (7.5)
A Az QK
s (2, 2)
(1, 1) QB
Thus QK = (7.6)
tan(90 )
o
Fig 7.2 The geometry of

the development of the Substituting 7.5 into 7.6, we have QK = s sin Az tan (7.7)
Clarkes Formula

Pole Recall equation 7.3
P
1 s2
= 2
sin Az cos Az (radian)
2R
1 s2
then, = sin Az (7.8)
cos Az 2 R2
K
1
BQ.QK
Area BQK 2
The spherical excess = = (7.9)
R2 R2
Q
Substituting 7.5 and 7.7, i.e. for QB and QK
Az B
into (7.9) we have
A s (2, 2)
(1, 1) 1
s.sin Az .s.sin Az . tan 2
1 s
= 2 2
= 2
sin 2
Az . tan (7.10)
Fig 7.2 The geometry R 2R
of the development of
the Clarkes Formula

K Considering the problem on a plane (Fig 7.3) and applying

Legendres theorem
Using sine law in ABQ, we can write

Q A' Q' s
= (7.11)
2
sin(90o Az ) sin(90o - )
3 3
B
s 2
s Therefore, A' Q' = cos Az
3
cos
A 3

And, AQ A' Q' and since is small cos is close to 1
3
Fig 7.3 Geometry 2
Therefore, AQ s cos Az (7.12)
on a plane 3

B' Q' s
K Similarly, =

sin Az sin 90o
3 3

Q s sin Az
3
Therefore, B'Q' = = s sin Az
3
sin 90o
3
B And, BQ B' Q'

s Therefore, BQ s sin Az (7.13)
3
A
Also in triangle B'Q'K' ;

Fig 7.3 Geometry BQsin 90o
3
BK B' K ' =
on a plane
(
sin 90o )

K Substitute for BQ from 7.13 and being small,

i.e.
sin 90o 1
3
Q Therefore,

s sin Az
3
B BK =

cos
3
s
But linear length of BK = R;
A and in triangle BQK
BQ
=

Fig 7.3 Geometry sin 90o
3
on a plane

K Substitute for BQ from 7.13 we have

s
sin Az
R 3
= radians

Q cos
3
B In triangle BQK and from sine law, we have

R 2
QK = .sin +
s 3
sin 90o
A 3
And again, being small, i.e. sin(90 ) 1

o
Fig 7.3 Geometry 2

on a plane Therefore, QK = R.sin + (7.14)
3
Spherical Triangle using Napiers Rule

(Normal Section Formulae) - Clarke
Pole
P Considering Spherical Triangle BQK;

90-K
QK
K 90-KB
BQ
90-B
Q
Az B
A s (2, 2) Sinus of an angle = Cosine of Opposites
(1, 1) = Tangent Adjacents.
e.g. sin (QK) = cos (90 KB).cos (90 B)
o o
Fig 7.2 The geometry
of the development of = tan (90o K ). tan ( BQ)
the Clarkes Formula
Solving the Spherical Triangle using Napiers Rule

Pole
P
In triangle BQK : sin = cos
QB
R
(
. cos 90o ( + ) )

QB QP
In triangle PBQ : sin = cos . cos
R R
K Therefore, QP
= 90o ( + )
R
QP
From fig. 7.1, is the co-latitude of point Q
Q R
B Thus from which latitude of point

Az AQ
A s (2, 2) Q = ( + ) = Q Also Q = A +
R
(1, 1)
Substitude for AQ from 7.12, we have;
Fig 7.2 The geometry
s 2
of the development of + = A + . cos Az
the Clarkes Formula R 3

Pole
P Since as stated earlier, = B
Therefore,
s 2
B = A + . cos Az
R 3
K
Where. H is the difference in latitude between
B and Q. In similar manner, using Napiers
rule, in triangle BQK;
Q
sin = tan(90o ). tan
QK
Az B R
A s (2, 2) In triangle PBQ; ( )
sin = tan 90o . tan(90o PBQ)
(1, 1)
Therefore
Fig 7.2 The geometry QK QK
of the development of = 90o PBQ Thus PBQ = 90o
R R
the Clarkes Formula

Pole
Substitute for QK from 7.14 we have
P
2
.R.sin +
3 2
PBQ = 90o = 90o .sin ( + )
K R 3
In triangle ABQ of fig 7.1; Q = 90o

Q
Therefore ABQ = 90o Az +
Az B
s (2, 2) Thus, bearing BA (Back bearing of AB)
A
(1, 1) = 180o (PBQ + ABQ)
o 2
Fig 7.2 The = 180 90 sin + + 90 Az
o
o
geometry of the 3
development of 2
the Clarkes = Az + sin + + (7.15)
3
Formula
TRANSFORMATION TO THE ELLIPSOID

2
s. cos Az
3
= B = A +
Mm
1
sin Az
s 3
: Difference in longitude = N .
radians
B
cos +
3
o 2
B
The azimuth of point B (i.e. azimuth BA) z = Az 180 + . sin +
3
Where; Mm = Radius of curvature in the meridian at mid-point m
NB = Radius of curvature in the prime vertical at point B

SUMMARY
Direct problem using Clarkes formula
Given 1 , 1 ,12 , s Must be given datum ellipsoid parameters
Calculate 2 , 2 , 21
Calculation steps: A. Preliminary computations.

a a(1 e 2 )
N= M=
1. Calculate N and M for point 1
(1 e )
1 3
(1 e sin 1 ) 2
2 2 2
sin 1
2 2
1 2
s sin Az . cos Az
= 2 Where; Az = 12
2. Calculate the 1st spherical excess M1 .N1 . cos1.(sin1")
s. cos Az
3. Calculate approximate change in Latitude; =
M1 .(sin1" )
4. Calculate approximate Latitude of point 2; ' = 1 +
5. Calculate the 2nd spherical excess; = . tan Az . tan '

SUMMARY
B. Precise computations.
1 + 2
1. Calculate the mean Latitude; m =
2
2. Calculate; Nm and Mm
1 2
s sin Az . cos Az
= 2
3. Calculate 1st spherical excess;
Mm .Nm . cosm .(sin1" )
4. Calculate the 2nd spherical excess; = . tan Az . tan '
5. Calculate for which is equal to latitude of point 2; i.e. 2
2
s. cos Az
3
2 = = 1 +
Nm
SUMMARY
C. Computations of Longitude of Point 2.
1. Calculate; N2 1
sin Az
s 3
= .
2. Calculate the difference in Longitude; NB 1
cos 2 +
3
3. Longitude of point 2 ; 2 = 1 +
D. Computation of azimuth from Point 2 to 1

2
1. Azimuth at Point 2; Bz = 21 = 12 180o + .sin2 +
3
7.3 CLARKES FORMULA FOR GEODETIC LINES

(INVERSE PROBLEM)
Given: 1, 1,2 , 2 Calculate; 12,21, s
From the solution of the direct problem, we have

2 1
s.cos Az sin Az
3 s 3
2 = 1 + (7.16) And, = . (7.17)
Mm Nm 1
cos +
3
Rearranging 7.16 and 7.17, we have
2
Mm (2 1 +) = s.cos Az (7.18)
3
1 1
.Nm .cos + = s.sin Az (7.19)
3 3
In above equations, all the parameters were known except the two spherical excess
and . Since they are small, we can compute the approximate values using
1
s. cos Az = M m = M m (2 1 ) And, s. sin Az = N m cos m = s. sin Az
3

(INVERSE PROBLEM)
Thus; = 2
1
(s. cos Az )(s. sin Az ) (s. sin Az ) = . tan A . tan
= 2 = . tan 2 .
M m .Nm (s. cos Az ) z 2
Taking (7.19) / (7.18), we have;

1 1
s. sin Az Nm . cos + .
3 3
=
2
s. cos Az -
(2 1 + )M m
3
Since is small; 1
Nm . cos + .
3
tan Az' =
(2 1 + )M m

(INVERSE PROBLEM)
Therefore, the azimuth;

1
(
Az = 12 = Az' + . 1+ sin2 Az'
3
) (7.20)
2
And, azimuth; Bz = 21 = 12 180o + .sin2 + (7.21)
3
From equation 7.18 we have;
(2 1 +).M
The distance s= m
(7.22)
2
cos Az
3

(Geodesic Formulae)
Utilize the differential equations of the geodesic and are therefore intrinsically rigorous.
The integration involves an elliptic integral. Such an integral can only be integrated in
terms of elementary functions by expansion in series, after which integration is achieved
term by term. Similarly, integration of any other differential equation of the geodesic of the
ellipsoid will result in an infinite series. The series may be in terms of e2 or higher order
terms, or it may be in f and higher order terms. In both these cases, the accuracy of the
formula will depend on the value of the truncated terms.
7.3 GAUSS MID LATITUDE DIRECT PROBLEM

(EXAMPLE.)
Given the following information.
1 = 45o 20 30.2124
1 = 8o 10 14.1247
12 = 300o 33 10.38
s12 = 5321.732m.
Calculate the value of 2, 2, 2 with reference to WGS84 reference

ellipsoid using the GML method.
Solution:
For WGS84 ellipsoid. a = 6378137m.
1/f = 298.257223563
ASSOC. PROF. Sr. DR. AZMAN BIN MOHD. SULDI PPSUG, FSPU, UiTM, SHAH ALAM SUG456 GEODESY : GEODETIC COORDINATES

(EXAMPLE.)

The solution to this
2 = ?
2 = ? Direct Problem is
21
1 2 = 1 +
1 = 45o 20 30.2124
2 = 1 +
12 = 0 21 = 12 180o
300o 33 10.38
2 = ? 1 = 8o 10 14.1247 Note that in GML

formula, the mean
elements are

m = 1 +
2

m = 12 +
2

(EXAMPLE.)
First Iteration:
We have s.cosm s.sinm
= & =
Mm.sin1" Nm.cosm.sin1"
And. e2 = 2 f f 2
Now, 1
= 298.257223563
f
1
f =
298.257223563
f 2 = 1.124133936 10 5
e2 = 0.00669438

(EXAMPLE.)
Calculate Mm and Nm using the related formula;
Mm =
(
a 1 e2 )
(1 e .sin m )
3
2 2 2
Where, we set m as 45o 20 30.2124

6378137(1 0.00669438) Nm =
a
Mm =
(1 e .sin m )
1
(1 0.00669438 sin )
3 2 2
2 2
45o 20' 30.2124" 2
6335439.327 6378137.000
= =
(1 0.00669438 sin )
1
3
(0.9966128841) 2
2 o
45 20' 30.2124" 2
6335439.327 6378137.000
= = 1
0.9949236308 (0.9983050055)2
= 6,367,764.450m. = 6,388,966.263m.

(EXAMPLE.)
Now, s.cosm
=
Mm.sin1"
Where, we set m as 300o 33 10.38

5321 .732 cos 300 o 33 ' 10 .38"
=
6367764 .450 sin 1"
5321 .732 cos 300 o 33 ' 10 .38" 206265
=
6367764 .450
= 87 .6275 ".
s. sin m
=
N m . cos m . sin 1"
5321 .732 sin 300 o 33 ' 10 .38" 206265
=
6388966 .263 cos 45 o 20 ' 30 .2124 "
= 210 .5003 " = . sin m
= ( 210 .5003 ") sin 45 o 20 ' 30 .2124 "
= 149 .7313 "

(EXAMPLE.)
Then, 87.6275 "

= = 43.8137 "
2 2
( 210.5003 ")
= = 105.2501"
2 2
(149.7313 ")
= = 74.8656 "
2 2
Hence,

m = 1 + = 45 o 20 ' 30 .2124 " + 43 .8137 "
2
= 45 o 21' 14 .0261"

m = 12 + = 300 o 33' 10.38 " + ( 74 .8656 ")
2
= 300 o 3 1' 55.5144 "

(EXAMPLE.)
Second Iteration:
m = 45 o 21' 14 .03" and m = 300 o 3 1' 55.51 "
We have new values
Mm =
(
a 1 e2 )
(1 e .sin m )
3
2 2 2
6378137(1 0.00669438)
Mm =
(1 0.00669438 sin )
3
2 o
45 21' 14.03" 2
= 6,367,778.080m.
a
Nm =
(1 e .sin m )
1
2 2 2
6378137.000
=
(1 0.00669438 sin )
1
2 o
45 21' 14.03" 2
= 6,388,970.820m.

(EXAMPLE.)
Then, s. cos m
=
M m . sin 1"
87.5733"
5321.732 cos 300o 31' 55.51" = = 43.7867"
= 2 2
6367778.080 sin 1"
= 87.5733".
s. sin m
=
( 210.5903")
5321.732 sin 300 31' 55.51" 206265
o = = 105.2952"
= 2 2
6388970.820 cos 45o 21' 14.03"
= 210.5903"
= . sin m ( 149.8267")
= = 74.9134"
= ( 210.5903") sin 45 21' 14.03"
o
2 2
= 149.8267"

(EXAMPLE.)
Thus,

m = 1 + = 45 o 20 ' 30 .2124 " + 43 .7867 "
2
= 45 o 21' 13 .9991"

m = 12 + = 300 o 33' 10.38 " + ( 74 .9134 ")
2
= 300 o 3 1' 55.47 "

(EXAMPLE.)
Third Iteration:
Now, we have new values m = 45 o 21' 14 .00 "
m = 300 o 3 1' 55.47 "
Mm =
(
a 1 e2 )
(1 e .sin m )
3
2 2 2
6378137 (1 0.00669438 )
Mm =
(1 0.00669438 sin )
3
2 o
45 21' 14.00" 2
= 6,367,778.070m.
a
Nm =
(1 e .sin m )
1
2 2 2
6378137.000
=
(1 0.00669438 sin )
1
2 o
45 21' 14.00" 2
= 6,388,970.817 m.

(EXAMPLE.)
Then, s. cos m
=
M m . sin 1"
5321.732 cos 300 o 31' 55.47" 87.5734"

= = = 43.7867"
6367778.070 sin 1" 2 2
= 87.5734".
s. sin m
=
5321.732 sin 300 o 31' 55.47" 206265 ( 210.5905")
= = = 105.2953"
6388970.817 cos 45o 21' 14.00" 2 2
= 210.5905"
= . sin m
= ( 210.5905") sin 45o 21' 14.00" ( 149.8269")
= = 74.9135"
= 149.8269" 2 2
Note: Iteration stopped when the difference in coordinates (, , )

to previous iteration < 0.0001.

(EXAMPLE.)
Therefore, the values of 2, 2, 2 with reference to WGS84 reference ellipsoid using

the GML method;
2 = 1 + = 45o 20 30.2124 + 87.5734

= 45o 20 30.2124 + 0o 01 27.5734 = 45o 21 57.7858
2 = 1 + = 8o 10 14.1247 + (- 210.5905)
= 8o 10 14.1247 - 0o 3 30.5905 = 8o 06 43.5342
21 = 12 + 180o + = 300o 33 10.38 - 180o + (-149.8269)

= 300o 33 10.38 - 180o - 0o 02 29.8269
= 120o 30 40.55
7.3 GAUSS MID LATITUDE INVERSE

PROBLEM (EXAMPLE.)
Inverse Problem.
Given, the geodetic coordinates of two points, namely 1 and 2.

i.e. 1, 1, 2, 2 with reference to a reference ellipsoid.
To find, azimuths 12, 21 and distance s12. a
Nm =
(1 e .sin m )
1
2 2 2

To find azimuth 12 ; 12 = m
2
= . sin m
.N m . cos m
tan m =
.M m 21 = 12 + 180 o
Where; = 2 1 .M m . sin 1"

s12 =
cos m
= 2 1
1 + 2 No iteration is needed for the above
m =
2 problem where mean value of latitude can
Mm =
(
a 1 e2 ) be directly determined with the
coordinates of point 1 and 2 known.
(1 e .sin m )
3
2 2 2
Assignment 3

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What are the direct and inverse geodetic problems?

What are the direct and inverse geodetic problems?

How are the geodetic coordinates of points on an ellipsoid calculated?

How are the geodetic coordinates of points on an ellipsoid calculated?

LECTURE 4

CALCULATION OF GEODETIC COORDINATES

CALCULATION OF GEODETIC COORDINATES

Pole We can expressed the defined problems

A minimum of 3 independent formula are = 2 1 = .......

CALCULATION OF GEODETIC COORDINATES

CALCULATION OF GEODETIC COORDINATES

The simplest, conceptually, are the Gauss Mid-Latitude formulae (GML).

In deriving these formulae, Gauss mapped the ellipsoid conformally on to a sphere of

Gauss therefore conformally mapped the ellipsoidal 1, 1, 12 and s on to the sphere,

CALCULATION OF GEODETIC COORDINATES

CALCULATION OF GEODETIC COORDINATES

Using the standard formula of spherical

CALCULATION OF GEODETIC COORDINATES

is of course the convergence on the sphere,

CALCULATION OF GEODETIC COORDINATES

CALCULATION OF GEODETIC COORDINATES

Fig 4.3 Which is the first term in Gauss formula.

USE OF THE GAUSS MID-LATITUDE FORMULAE

A. The Direct problem. Given 1, 1, s12, 12 : find 2, 2, 21

USE OF THE GAUSS MID-LATITUDE FORMULAE

B. The Inverse problem. Given 1, 1, 2, 2: find s12, 12 and 21

Divide (4.15) by (4.14), we have M m

7.2 Clarkes formula for Geodetic Line

Fig 7.2 The geometry of the

7.2 Clarkes formula for Geodetic Line

7.2 Clarkes formula for Geodetic Line

K In spherical PKB, side BK = (i.e. by construction)

A PB = 90o (co - latitude of point B)

7.2 Clarkes formula for Geodetic Line

Fig 7.2 The geometry of

7.2 Clarkes formula for Geodetic Line

7.2 Clarkes formula for Geodetic Line

K Considering the problem on a plane (Fig 7.3) and applying

Using sine law in ABQ, we can write

7.2 Clarkes formula for Geodetic Line

7.2 Clarkes formula for Geodetic Line

K Substitute for BQ from 7.13 and being small,

7.2 Clarkes formula for Geodetic Line

K Substitute for BQ from 7.13 we have

B In triangle BQK and from sine law, we have

And again, being small, i.e. sin(90 ) 1

Fig 7.3 Geometry 2

Spherical Triangle using Napiers Rule

Solving the Spherical Triangle using Napiers Rule

B Thus from which latitude of point

Solving the Spherical Triangle using Napiers Rule

Solving the Spherical Triangle using Napiers Rule

In triangle ABQ of fig 7.1; Q = 90o

TRANSFORMATION TO THE ELLIPSOID

Where; Mm = Radius of curvature in the meridian at mid-point m

NB = Radius of curvature in the prime vertical at point B

Given 1 , 1 ,12 , s Must be given datum ellipsoid parameters

Calculation steps: A. Preliminary computations.