Cells (Ch.

3)

components:
3-2 plasma membrane = cell membrane
cytoplasm = cytosol (fluid/gel) + ______________
nucleus

I. Plasma Membrane
- _______________ between intracellular fluid (ICF) &
interstitial fluid (IF) [remember, IF is part of extracellular
fluid (ECF)]
** See supplemental Focus Figure Posted with Partial Notes for
this chapter.

A. STRUCTURE

__________ fluid mosaic

__________ model 3-3
(_______________)

1. Lipids
2-16b a) Phospholipid
- form the basic structure of the membrane
- arranged in ___________ sheets (lipid bilayer)

"heads" (____ group) - polar - hydrophilic - outside

"tails" (______ ______)- nonpolar hydrophobic - inside

- impermeable to ions and _________- soluble molecules

b) cholesterol
- stabilizes _________ (makes sure the membrane
is just fluid enough in spite of temperature changes)
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2. Proteins
functions: **3-4** know- 6 functions (Obj. #2)
integral proteins
- inserted into ________________
- e.g.,
- transport proteins
- ___________ proteins
- convey messages (signals) to
cell's interior
peripheral proteins - lie on ___________ (outer or inner)

3. Carbohydrates "identity flags"

- ___________________ only
- glycolipids or glycoproteins
- function:
- cell-to-cell recognition:
e.g.: i.) immune system - "self" ID flag
prevents attack (like a white
flag)
ii.) embryo tissue formation
- "who is who"

B. CELL JUNCTIONS
3-5 1. tight junctions impermeable barriers
- prevent passage ________cells
e.g., lining of intestine
- form compartments

2. desmosomes anchoring junctions

- ______cells together, resist physical stress
- e.g., skin, heart

3. gap junctions communicating junctions

- "___________" (water-filled) between cells
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- ions (and other small molecules) pass through;

- allows electrical connection
- N.B. for synchronized contr'n in _____
and __________ muscle
- in _______, allow passage of monosaccharides

C. MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

1. Passive Processes: Through Phospholipid Bilayer

"passive" means - ______________________
- ______________________
(downhill)
a. Diffusion & osmosis

simple diffusion
- net movement of molecules down a [ ] gradient
3-7a, 3-8 - due to thermal motion (_________ energy)
- phospholipid membranes are selectively permeable,
which means that only some things can pass
(sneak) through without the help of a transport
protein
What are the criteria for simple diffusion?
2 criteria:
1. high -_____solubility (= low H2O solubility)
2. small size
What passes easily by simple diffusion?
- ___________-soluble molecules
e.g., O2, CO2 (all gasses are lipid- soluble)
e.g., ___________ hormones
- __________ molecules
e.g., H2O
What cant pass by simple diffusion?
- _________ -soluble molecules (usually these
are polar or charged e.g., K+, Na+)
- _________ molecules
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osmosis - diffusion of ________ through a selectively

permeable membrane
- can be via simple diffusion or via
facilitated diffusion (see later)
through special H2O _______
called aquaporins
3-7d
osmolarity - total [ ] of all _________ particles
3-8 - as osmolarity , H2O [ ] ___
tonicity - measure of ability of a sol'n to cause
a in cell _______
- of a sol'n depends on # of nonpenetrating
solutes

cell in hypertonic solution: ____________

3-9 cell in hypotonic solution: _____________
cell in isotonic solution: ______________

b. facilitated diffusion
- involves _________ protein in membrane
- may be an ion channel 3-7c
- may be a carrier 3-7b
- carriers transport monomers across the
membrane (e.g., glucose or amino acids)
- 3 N.B. characteristics:
- specific - _______ molecules only (= selective for
3D shape)
- passive
- saturable there is a max. _____ of diffusion
- (simple diff'n is NOT saturable)
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2. Active Processes
a. (primary) active transport
- active or passive?
- requires _________
- against _________ gradient
- specific or nonspecific?
- saturable or not saturable?

Focus Fig 3-1 - e.g., Na+-K+ pump = Na+-K+ ATPase

- pumps __ Na+ out for each ATP
- pumps __ K+ in and each cycle
3-10 b. secondary active transport = cotransport
- protein in membrane uses [ ] gradient for
energy instead of _____
- protein couples "________" transport of one
solute with "uphill" transport of another
- e.g., glucose and ____ transport into cells
lining intestines
c. vesicular transport
3-13 i) exocytosis
- secr'n of macromolecules by ________
of vesicles with cell membrane
3-12a ii) endocytosis
one type is phagocytosis taking in
particulate matter such as a white blood
cell eating a bacterium
("phagein" = to _____)
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D. RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL (RMP)

To study this difficult topic, use Masteringaandp Study Area under Tutorials:
Video Tutor: Resting Membrane Potential (Chapter 11)
Interactive Physiology, Nervous System I Membrane Potential
A&P Flix: Resting Membrane Potential (You have to tell it to Go to Chapter 11 1st and
then scroll down through Ch 11 materials)

1. What is it?
membrane potential
- separation of _________ across membrane
i.e., at rest (RMP), slight excess of:
____charges inside
____charges outside
- "potential" to do _____ (voltage is a form of
________ energy)
- each cell has one, but it is critical for functioning of:
-
-
- about -70 mV (by convention, the - refers to the
charge inside the cell)
Note most of the cells interior & exterior is electrically _________. It
is only very few ______ right next to the ____________ that determine
membrane potential.

2. Background Info
- [Na+] is higher __________ cell
- [K+] is higher ___________ cell
Focus Fig. 11.1 top
3. Factors That Establish RMP

1. _________ (difference in [] ) of Na+ and K+ across the

membrane
2. Relative _____________ of the membrane to Na+ + K+
(= how easily these ions cross; ion channels)
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4. How Does it Work?

- Suppose we had a cell permeable only to K+. So the only type of leak
channels this cell has is K+ channels. Lets do a thought experiment.
Conditions at the start of the exp. are: - [ ] gradients as in all cells
- no membrane potential

K+ channel

If we let this experiment run, we will reach a point where the [ ] gradient
for K+ will be exactly balanced by an ______________ gradient. At this
point (which is called the equilibrium potential for K+), the membrane
potential will be _____ mV. (3-14)

- Most cells also have some leakage Na+ channels (but far _________
than the K+ channels.)

In which direction will the [ ] gradient drive Na+ (in or out)?___

In which direction will the electrical gradient drive Na+? _____

So, if a cell had only K+ leak channels, its RMP would be _____.
Since most cells also have (some) Na+ leak channels, RMP is ______.
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5. Why Dont the Concentration Gradients Run Down?

In a normal neuron at rest, there is a constant net movement

- of K+ ions _____ through leakage channels
- of Na+ ions ______ through leakage channels

With all these leak channels, why dont the [ ] gradients run down?
- at rest, cells are in a steady state, where the passive movement of
K+ and Na+ are exactly balanced by the _________________.
See 3-14 and ****Focus Figure 11.1 on p. 400**** and Video Tutor (in Ch. 11)
II. MEMBRANE RECEPTORS = receptor proteins
- respond to chemical _________= ligand
= ______ messenger
A. THREE MAIN TYPES OF LIGANDS
neurotransmitters - released from ________ (nervous system)
- act at a very ________ distance
- e.g., acetylcholine, norepinephrine
hormones - released into blood (endocrine system)
- act at a long distance
- e.g., _________________
paracrines - act locally within _______ tissue (intermediate
distance)
- most cells release these to talk to neighbors
- e.g., ________________
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B. RESPONSE TO BINDING OF LIGAND TO RECEPTOR

- when ligand binds receptor, shape of ___________
- What is the result of this shape?
(i) some receptors are ________ activate enzyme
(ii) some receptors are also ________channels
open or close channel
(iii) some receptors are linked to G proteins
= "____________"

activate intracell.
second messenger
FFig.3.2 two 2nd messengers are:
i) cyclic AMP (cAMP) bring about cellular responses
ii) ____ by activating intracellular _____
*Note: Objectives 10 and 11 and their respective Key Terms are covered in Lab 2. See also Get
Ready for A&P, Chapter 6: Cell Biology accessible at www.masteringaandp.com. These
objectives will be tested in lecture and lab tests. Read the text and make sure you understand
the notes below.

III. The Cytoplasm See Table 3.3

A. CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
1. Mitochondria
- site of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of cell
- 2 membranes; inner is called cristae
3-15
2. Ribosomes
- made of protein and rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
- free ribosomes free in cytoplasm
- synthesize proteins that act in cytosol
- bound ribosomes bound to ER (becomes rough ER)
- synthesize proteins for export from cell or
for membranes
3-16
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- membrane system enclosing cavities
- rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
- ER studded with ribosomes
- proteins are bound in vesicles for
transport to Golgi
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- smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

- ER without ribosomes
- SER functions are mostly due to proteins within its membranes:
lipid & steroid synthesis
lipid metabolism
drug detoxification
Ca2+ storage in muscles
4. Golgi Apparatus
- stack of smooth membrane sacs and associated vesicles
- packages, modifies, & segregates proteins for
secretion from the cell
inclusion in lysosomes
incorporation into plasma membrane
3-17
3-18

5. Lysosomes
3-19 - membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases)
- sites of intracellular digestion, e.g.,
digesting ingested bacteria, viruses, toxins
degrading worn-out organelles
metabolic functions, (e.g., glycogen breakdown)

6. Peroxisomes
- membranous sacs containing enzymes called oxidases and catalases
- enzymes detoxify a number of substances (e.g., alcohol & formaldehyde)

3-21 7. Cytoskeleton:
- microtubules
- "railway tracks for transporting organelles
- form centrioles, mitotic spindle, bases of cilia & flagella
- microfilaments
- muscle contraction stabilize microvilli, & other functions
- made of protein called actin
- intermediate filaments
- most stable and permanent of the 3 types of cytoskeletal elements
3-22 8. Centrioles
- paired cylindrical bodies at right angles to each other
- each composed of 9 microtubule triplets
- found within a region near nucleus called the centrosome = cell center
- form the bases of cilia and flagella
- organize microtubule networks, (e.g., mitotic spindle)
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B. CELLULAR EXTENSIONS
3-23 1. Cilia and Flagella
3-24 cilia
short cell-surface projections
composed of 9 microtubule pairs surrounding a central pair
propel substances across cell surface
flagellum (singular)
long cell-surface projection
same structure as cilia
only human example is sperm
propels the cell
2. Microvilli
3-25 - finger-like extensions
- surface area (e.g., in intestine & kidney tubule epithelium)
- stiffened by actin
IV. Nucleus
- largest organelle
3-26 - cell control center
- contains nucleoli and chromatin
A. NUCLEOLUS
- non membrane-bounded
- composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins
- site of ribosome subunit manufacture
B. CHROMATIN
- granular, threadlike material in nucleus
- composed of DNA & histone proteins
V. Cell Cycle & Mitosis
A. CELL CYCLE 3-28
G1 and G2 = growth phases
S = DNA synthesis (chrom.
replic'n) phase
Go - stage entered by cells that
stop dividing

interphase- phase between division

- includes G1, S, G2
- chromosomes not visible under light
microscope (i.e., not condensed)

Note: fill in the "pie" diagram above by referring to Fig. 3-28 in your text.
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B. STAGES OF MITOSIS
-series of events that parcels out replicated
DNA from mother to 2 daughter cells
Focus Fig. 3.3 (p. 100-101)
1. Prophase
- starts when (1) chromosomes become visible
- (2) nuclear envelope disappears
- (3) mitotic spindle forms
2. Metaphase
- chromosomes align on equator
3. Anaphase
- chromosomes pull apart
4. Telophase
(1) chromosomes disappear
(2) nuclear envelope reappears
(3) mitotic spindle disappears
cytokinesis - division of cytoplasm

You are also responsible for the terms below. Find these in your glossary at the back of your
textbook and fill in the blanks:
apoptosis - a process of controlled cellular _______. Eliminates cells that are -________,
________ or ______.
cell differentiation The development of ________ and __________features in cells, from a
______ cell (the fertilized egg) to all the __________ cells of adulthood.

Note: You are not responsible for the details of DNA replication or the details of protein
synthesis transcription and translation). As always, you are responsible for what is in your
objectives and key terms and what is in the lecture notes.