Muscle Physiology (Ch.

9)
I. Overview
myo, mys, sarco = ____________

A. TYPES
skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle
striated
(striped)
voluntary
moves bones heart walls of hollow
visceral organs & b.v.

B. FUNCTIONS of SKELETAL M.
- movement
- ___________
- stabilize _________
- generate heat

II. Skeletal Muscles

A. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 9-1, Table 9-1
Conn. tissue covering:
muscle (organ) epimysium

fascicle (part of muscle) perimysium all continuous with

each other &
muscle fiber (cell) endomysium __________

myofibril (organelle) - long, ___________ to muscle length

- ____% of volume
sarcomere - section of ___________
- contractile ______ (functional unit) of muscle
myofilament - thin filament actin (and troponin & tropomyosin)
- thick filament - myosin
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B. GROSS ANATOMY
- each sk. m. supplied by - _______ (= bunch of axons = neuron
processes)
- ________
- 1 or more veins
- attachments:
insertion - __________ bone
origin - less movable bone
tendon or aponeurosis (see 10-12)
- ________ that attaches to skeleton or
other muscle

C. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
9-2 1. Muscle Fiber
- surrounded by sarcolemma (= plasma __________)
- multinucleate
- long
- has myoglobin - ____ -containing pigment
- stores O2
9-3 2. Thick Filament
- myosin = _______ + 2 heads (form cross bridges)
- bind actin
- thick filament - about _______ myosins
- tails in middle
- _______ stick out towards surrounding
thin filaments
3. Thin Filament
actin has active site that binds myosin _____
tropomyosin - ______ -like
- at rest blocks actin active sites
troponin: 3 subunits: - binds _________
- binds _____
- binds _____
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4. Banding
9-2 A band = dark band
= entire length of thick filament and part of thin
that overlaps with thick
- contains:
H zone part of A band lacking thin filaments
M line protein that holds together thick filam.
I band = light band
- thin filament that doesnt project into A band
- contains:
Z disc protein that holds together thin filam.
Find the answer to the following in your text: Each thin filament is surrounded by ___
(# of) thick filaments, and each thick filament is surrounded by ___ (# of) thin
filaments.
Label A band, H zone, M line, I band, and Z disc on the diagram below using the info
above:

relaxed

contracted
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9-5 5. T Tubules and SR

T tubule = ___________ tubule
- extension (indent) of sarcolemma
rcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
- elaborate SER
- stores ______
- terminal cisterns ("end sacs")
- next to __ tubules (either side)
- at A-I junctions
(6) Background info Types of Ion Channels:
2 types of ion channels:
leakage (nongated) channels - always _____ (underlie
RMP)
gated channels:
11-7 - chemically (ligand) gated channels_____messengers
(e.g., _____________ open or close)
- voltage-gated channels - _________opens or
closes
- mechanically gated channels deformation of
membrane
D. PHYSIOLOGY OF SK. M. FIBER CONTRACTION
note: contr'n shortening, just activation of _____ bridges
nerve
process
1. Big Picture: (see also 9.7)
i) motor neuron fires action potential (AP) along its axon

neuron that innervates

Events at nerve impulse (brief
__________ muscle
NMJ reversal of ______
FocFig 9.1 Fig. 9-9

ii) _______ neuron releases acetylcholine (ACh;

neurotransmitter) into neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
- region between motor n. & __. m.
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iii) AP in sarcolemma travels down __ _________

iv) Ca2+ released from _________ _________of ____
excitation- v) Ca2+ in ICF
contraction vi) Ca2+ binds _________________
coupling vii) ___________ moves away from actin's active site
FocFig 9.2 viii) contr'n via __________ = sliding filament model of contrn

2. Neuromuscular Junction

a. Neuromuscular Junction Terminology Exercise:

The axon (process) of a motor neuron approaches the muscle. The axon branches into
many endings (axon terminals). Each axon ending forms a neuromuscular junction. Label
the following parts of the neuromuscular junction below:
o motor neuron
o muscle fiber
o synaptic vesicle membranous sac containing neurotransmitter (acetylcholine)
o acetylcholine (ACh)
o ACh receptor
o junctional fold specialized portion of the muscle membrane at the
neuromuscular junction
o synaptic cleft space between axon end & muscle fiber
o calcium channel
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b. Events at Neuromuscular Junction (See A&P Flix and Video Tutor)

i) AP reaches end of ________ = axon terminal

ii) opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in axon terminal

Ca2+ entry from ECF

FocFig 9.1
in axon
iii) release of _______ from synaptic vesicles via of
__________________
motor
neuron

iv) ACh ____________ across synaptic cleft

v) ACh binds to ACh receptors (on junctional folds)

opening of ________-gated Na+/K+ channels (ACh

receptors are chem-gated Na+/K+ channels)

9-8 Na+ influx local depolarization (= excitation) called

an end plate potential (a type of
graded potential more on this in Ch 11)
- membr. potential becomes _____negative
- this depolarizn starts an AP & is then
followed by repolarization (return to RMP)

vi) acetylcholinesterase - _________ in synaptic cleft

- destroys ACh (needed for relaxn)

3. Excitation- Contraction (EC) Coupling (How does AP in sarcolemma

bring about muscle contraction?) (See A&P Flix)
(AP is about 1 ms, contraction is about 100 ms)

FocFig 9.2 i) AP propagates along ______________ and down

____________
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ii) ___________ ___________ of SR release _______

iii) Ca2+ binds ______________ shape removal of

block by ________________ (of actin active sites)

iv) myosin heads attach to actin and _______ repeated

cross-bridge cycling (see below sliding filaments)

v) Ca2+ pump pumps Ca2+ back into _____ (10 active

transport- uses ATP)
relaxation
vi) Ca2+ levels _____ cross-bridge cycling (relaxation)
(_____________ block restored)

4. Sliding Filament Model of Contraction (A&P Flix & Video Tutor)

- thin filaments move closer together between thick fil.
9-6 shortened sarcomere
- banding: A band - _____________
I band - _____________
H zone- _____________
- What causes sliding?
- myosin heads are hinged, pull actin
- E from ________
= working (power) stroke
- steps:
i) cross-bridge formation (myosin head attaches to
actin)
*FocFig 9.3* ii) power stroke (myosin head pivots & pulls actin)
- Pi and ADP are released
cross- iii) x-bridge detachment - requires new ATP
bridge - if no ATP present ______ ________
cycling iv) "cocking" (energizing, reactivation) of myosin head
- due to ATP hydrolysis
- (ADP & Pi stay attached)
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E. CONTRACT'N OF SK. M. (WHOLE MUSCLE)

muscle tension - force exerted on _____ by contracting m.
load - force exerted on ________ by weight of object

9-11a muscle twitch - response of muscle to single ___ of its

motor neuron

1. motor unit
- ________ ________ & all of the m. fibers it supplies
9-10 - spread throughout the musc.
- between __and several 100
2. graded muscle responses
- _______ in degrees of muscle contraction
a. temporal summation & tetanus ( stimul'n frequency
(= wave summation) of AP in motor neuron)
9-12

- 2nd ____ in unfused (incomplete) tetanus

musc. before fused (complete) tetanus
relaxed - smooth, sustained contr'n
- Ca2+ release
b. recruitment = multiple motor unit summation
9-13 ( strength of _______)
- # __________ units

- weak contr'n - ________ motor units recruited

- strong contr'n - _______motor units recruited

3. Isotonic & Isometric Contraction

isotonic - "same __________" - muscle length
- in exps, measure in length
9-15 concentric contr'n - muscle ___________
eccentric contr'n - muscle ____________
isometric - "same _________" - muscle tension
- in exps, measure in tension
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F. MUSCLE METABOLISM
1. Energy Sources
a. stored ATP
- about ____ seconds
b. creatine phosphate (CP)
creatine kinase
- creatine-P + ADP creatine + ATP
- 1 ______ sec of exercise
st

- reaction reverses at rest

c. anaerobic glycolysis
- > ___% maximal effort

glycolysis = glucose 2 pyruvate

aerobic
anaerobic H2O + CO2
- 5% of E of aerobic, fast
- produces lactic acid
- muscle
9-16 fatigue (___ )
d. aerobic resp'n
- occurs in _____________
- uses ______
= oxidative __________________
- lots of ATP/ glucose
- slow

2. muscle fatigue
- a state of physiological inability to contract
= ? relative deficit of ______
- ? lactic acid ______ (probably not a cause, usually)
- ionic imbalances?
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3. Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

- to return muscle to resting state
- extra amt. of ____ that needs to be taken in to:
- replenish O2 reserves (i.e., on ____________)
- convert lactic acid back to _____________
9-17 - replace stores of: ____________,_________,___

G. FORCE, VELOCITY, DUR'N OF M. CONTR'N

9-18 1. Force, 4 factors:
a. # of m. fibers stimulated (& motor units)
b. size of m. (hypertrophy = size of fibers)
c. frequency of stim.
tetanic stimulation generates more force
9-19* d. degree of stretch
length-tension relationship
- ________ overlap of thick & thin filaments

9-20 2. Velocity/ Duration, 3 factors:

a. muscle fiber type
- speed of contr'n:
______fibers describes speed of
______ fibers myosin ATPase
- pathway for ATP formation:
oxidative fibers
glycolytic fibers

- 3 types:
slow oxidative fibers
fast oxidative fibers **Table 9-2**
fast glycolytic fibers
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Exercise: Predict what goes in each column before verifying your answer in Table 9.2
Slow oxidative Fast glycolytic
primary pathway for ATP synth.
diameter (smaller or larger)
myoglobin content (high or low)
& color (red or white)
capillaries (many or few)
mitochondria (many or few)
glycogen stores (low or high)
rate of fatigue (slow or fast)
endurance (high or low)
power (high or low)

b. load
9-21 load = ___ velocity
max load = ____ velocity

c. recruitment
motor units ____ velocity

disuse atrophy
= ________________ + loss of mass

III. Smooth Muscle

A. STRUCTURE
- __________ -shaped
9-22 - much shorter and thinner than sk. m.
- no _____________
- often arranged in sheets
- no ___________
- innervated by autonomic nervous system (not ________
______ neurons, which are
somatic nervous system)
9-23 - nerves end in varicosities
- bulbous swellings that
sprinkle neurotransmitter
onto muscle
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- no ___ tubules
- ____ less well developed
- most Ca2+ from ECF
- no sarcomees
- but thick & thin filaments are present
(1:13 ratio of thick to thin filaments vs ____for sk. m.)
- ________ filaments longer
- diagonally arranged in cell
- no troponin
9-24 - dense bodies for anchoring of thin filaments (correspond to
_________)

B. CONTRACTION
1. Mechanisms & Characteristics
- ______ junctions in many sm. m. sheets cells contract
as a unit
- some sm. m. cells act as pacemaker cells
- similarities with sk. m.:
_________ ____________ mechanism
trigger for contraction = in ICF _______
_______ for energy
BUT: Ca2+ doesn't bind with _____________
- binds with calmodulin (a protein); activates it
9-25
- activates myosin (light chain) kinase

- transfer of _________ from ATP to myosin

head (= phosphorylation of myosin)

- myosin interacts with ____ X-bridge cycling

- contr'n ends when ICF _____ (pumped out to ECF + SR)
note: because there is no ________, actin active sites are
always exposed. So Ca2+ in ICF brings about:
- not a ________ in thin filament
- but a chemical (phosphoryln) in thick fil.
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2. Regulation of Contraction

a. Neural Regulation
- neurotransmitters may ______ or inhibit contr'n
- depends on neurotransmitter type and
________ type
b. Hormones
c. Paracrines (local factors)
- all act by influencing amount of ______ entry
- may be ____________________
- histamine
- _____ lack
- CO2
- pH (H ions can act as paracrines)

3. Special Features
a. Stretch Response
- stress-relaxation response
- after initial ________, sm. m. adapts to
longer length and relaxes
- N.B., e.g., ________

b. Length & Tension

- ______developed length-tension relationship
C. TYPES OF SM. M.
unitary (visceral) smooth muscle multi unit smooth muscle
_______ common _______ common
gap junctions _____ gap junctions
contracts as a unit does not contract as a unit
spontaneous APs no spontaneous APs
has ____________cells, these contraction initiated by _______
initiate contraction (autonomic)
most hollow ________ large airways, large_________,
arrector pili muscle, internal eye
muscles