TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Transportation engineering or transport engineering is the application of technology and

scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for
any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient,
economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods (transport). It is a
sub-discipline of civil engineering. The importance of transportation engineering within the civil
engineering profession can be judged by the number of divisions in ASCE (American Society of Civil
Engineers) that are directly related to transportation. There are six such divisions (Aerospace; Air
Transportation; Highway; Pipeline; Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean; and Urban Transportation)
representing one-third of the total 18 technical divisions within the ASCE (1987).

Reasons to Transport

Throughout history, transportation techniques and technologies have played a vital role in war,
trade, cultural development and sport. Though technology has not always developed quickly,
transportation is vital to modern life. Without effective and low-cost transportation, it would be
extremely difficult for countries to export goods like cars and computers to foreign countries.
Likewise, countries that need to import resources like oil, steel and food would be limited to trade
with their immediate neighbors. In order to give a sense of how the history of transportation has
impacted the world, consider these events and milestones.

Early History
The early history of transportation includes innovation from around the world, with ancient China
contributing the compass and stirrup. The transportation technologies developed before the 19th
century were later built upon and adapted in later eras.
 Horses: Horses have been used
for several thousand years to pull
wagons, send messengers, and
transport soldiers. Horse training and
horse back riding technologies like
the stirrup (invented in China 2000
years ago; in use in Europe by 700 A.D, stirrups help riders to more easily control their horses).

The Compass: First used by Chinese sailors around 1100 A.D., the compass made
navigating ships and traveling long distances much more reliable and safe.

The Caravel: This type of sailing ship was used by Spanish and Portuguese explorers and
traders during their voyages of discovery. From Columbus's first voyage in 1492, the caravel
was popular due to its speed. Caravels have also been used for fishing and war.

Circumnavigation: As better ships and maps were developed, European explorers

embarked on longer voyages. The first known expedition to successfully sail around the world
was led by Ferdinand Magellan (1519-1522). Magellan set out on his journey with five ships but
only ship returned to Spain; Magellan himself died in a battle during the voyage.

19th Century
The nineteenth century was a great age of transportation advances that would only be eclipsed by
the achievements of the twentieth century. The development of steam power, iron clad ships,
accurate clocks (needed to determine a ship's longitude accurately at sea), railways and other
technologies defined the century. Socially, transportation
became much safer and cheaper than ever before. Large
steam powered ships carried millions of European
emigrants to America, Canada, and Australia. Let's review
some of the century's landmark moments in travel
technology.
Early 19th Century: Canal building in England
and the United States was very popular in the early 19th
 century. For example, the Erie Canal (completed in 1825) made heavy transportation in New
York State much cheaper. The Erie Canal was widely admired as a feat of engineering and was
expanded throughout the rest of the 19th century.

1825: The Stockton and Darlington Railway opens in England, the world's first passenger
railway. The line covered 26 miles and took more than two hours to complete the journey.

1869: The first transcontinental railway is completed in America. The line was completed at
Promontory Summit, Utah. Thousands of workers worked on building the railway including
many Chinese workers and Irish laborers; many railway builders worked under very difficult
conditions.

20th Century
Aircraft, space ships and cars are just some of the defining technologies of the twentieth century.
The automobile changed the configuration of cities in America and around the world; the modern
mall and suburb are difficult to imagine without the car. Likewise, safe air travel makes it possible to
visit another country for a short vacation and return - a luxury that would have been impossible for
Magellan and Columbus to imagine. In contrast to the earlier periods, the 20th century is also
noteworthy for making travel more affordable.
1903: The Wright Brothers conduct the world's very first flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
Aircraft did not become widely available until the First World War when aircraft were used for
espionage, attacks and other military purposes.

1908: The first Model T Ford automobile is

built-in Detroit, Michigan. Various automobiles and
cars had been built before 1908, but Ford is
generally credited with successfully producing
affordable cars in large numbers.

1927: Pilot Charles A. Lindbergh completes the first non-stop trans-Atlantic flight from
America. He covered a distance of more than 3,600 miles in only 33 hours. Passenger air
transportation companies also came into service in this period.
 1961: Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human being to reach space in the
Vostok 1 spacecraft. The first American in space, Alan Shepard, went into space later in 1961.

Transportation in the Philippines

Transportation in the Philippines is relatively underdeveloped, partly due to the country's

mountainous areas and scattered islands, and partly as a result of the government's persistent
underinvestment in the nation's infrastructure. In recent years, however, the Philippine
government has been pushing to improve the transportation system in the country through various
infrastructure projects.

Jeepneys are the most popular mode of public transportation in the Philippines, they have also
become a ubiquitous symbol of the Philippine culture. Another popular mode of public
transportation in the country is the motorized tricycle; they are especially common in rural areas.
Trains are also becoming a popular mode of public transportation in the country especially in the
bustling metropolis of Manila. The Philippines has three main railway networks: the Manila Light
Rail Transit System composed of the LRT-1 and LRT-2 and Manila Metro Rail Transit System
composed of the MRT-3 which only serves Metro Manila and the Philippine National Railways which
also serves the metropolis and some parts of Luzon. There are also steam engines found in Visayas
which operate sugar mills such as Central Azucarera. Taxis and buses are also important modes of
public transport in urban areas.

The Philippines has 12 international airports, and has more than 20 major and minor domestic
airports serving the country. The Ninoy Aquino International Airport is the main international
gateway to the Philippines.
Land transportation

Roads

The Philippines has 199,950 kilometers (124,240 mi) of roads, of which 39,590 kilometers (24,600
mi) are paved. As of 2004, the total length of the non-toll road network was reported to be 202,860
km, with the following breakdown according to type:

National roads - 15%

Provincial roads - 13%

City and municipal roads - 12%

Barangay roads - 60%

In 1940, there were 22,970 kilometres (14,270 mi) of road in the entire country, half of which was
in central and southern Luzon.[5] The roads served 50,000 vehicles.

Road classification is based primarily on administrative responsibilities (with the exception of

barangays), i.e., which level of government built and funded the roads. Most of the barangay roads
are unpaved village-access roads built in the past by the Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH), but responsibility for maintaining these roads have now been devolved to the Local
Government Units (LGUs). Farm-to-market roads fall under this category, and a few are financed by
the Department of Agrarian Reform and the Department of Agriculture. However, despite having a
large road network built over the country, large parts of the road network continue to be in poor
condition and only 20 percent of the total road network is paved.

Highways

Highways in the Philippines include national roads that can be classified into three types: the
national primary, national secondary and national tertiary roads.
The Pan-Philippine Highway is a 3,517 km (2,185 mi) network of roads, bridges, and ferry services
that connect the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte,
and Mindanao, serving as the Philippines'
principal transport backbone. The northern
terminus of the highway is in Laoag, and the
southern terminus is at Zamboanga City.

The Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) is one

of the most known highways of the Philippines,
the highway serves the National Capital Region of the Philippines, it also serves as an important
highway in the metropolis. The avenue passes through 6 of the 17 settlements in the region,
namely, the cities of Caloocan, Quezon City, Mandaluyong, San Juan, Makati and Pasay. EDSA is
the longest highway in the metropolis and handles an average of 2.34 million vehicles.
Commonwealth Avenue is also an important highway in the metropolis, it serves the Quezon City
area and has a length of 12.4 km (7.7 mi). Other important thoroughfares in Metro Manila that are
part of the Philippine highway network include Espaa Boulevard, Quezon Avenue, Taft Avenue,
and AlabangZapote Road.

Outside Metro Manila, the MacArthur Highway links Metro Manila to the provinces in central and
northern Luzon. It is a component of both N1 (from Caloocan to Guiguinto) and N2 (from Guiguinto
northwards to Laoag) of the Philippine highway network and Radial Road 9 (R-9) of Metro Manila's
arterial road network. Both Kennon Road and AspirasPalispis Highway are major roads leading to
and from Baguio. Aguinaldo Highway, Jose Laurel Highway, Manila South Road, and Calamba
Santa CruzFamy Road (part of Manila East Road) are the major roads in the CALABARZON area.
Andaya Highway (N68) links the province of Quezon to Bicol Region. Located in Cebu City is the
Colon Street, considered the oldest thoroughfare in the country. Among the major highways in
Mindanao are Sayre Highway, ButuanCagayan de OroIliganOzamiz Road, SurigaoDavao Road,
DavaoCotabato Road, and Maria Clara L. Lobregat Highway.
Expressways

The Philippines has numerous expressways and most of them are located in the main island of the
country, Luzon. The first expressway systems in the country are the North Luzon Expressway
formerly known as North Diversion Road and the South Luzon Expressway, formerly known as
South Super Highway. Both were built in the 1970s, during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos.

The North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) is a 4 to 8-lane

limited-access toll expressway that connects Metro
Manila to the provinces of the Central Luzon region.
The expressway begins in Quezon City at a cloverleaf
interchange with EDSA. It then passes through
various cities and municipalities in the provinces of
Bulacan and Pampanga. The expressway currently
ends at Mabalacat and merges with the MacArthur
Highway, which continues northward into the rest of Central and Northern Luzon.

The South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) is another important expressway in the country, it serves the
southern part of Luzon. The expressway is a network of two expressways that connects Metro
Manila to the provinces of the CALABARZON region in the southern part of Luzon. It starts at the
Paco District of Manila then passes through Manila, Makati, Pasay, Paraaque, Taguig and
Muntinlupa in Metro Manila; San Pedro, Bian City, Carmona in Cavite, then transverses again to
Bian City, Santa Rosa City, Cabuyao City and Calamba City in the province of Laguna and ends in
Santo Tomas, Batangas.

The Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway is another expressway that serves the region of Central Luzon,
the expressway is linked to the North Luzon Expressway through the Mabalacat Interchange. Its
southern terminus is at the Subic Bay Freeport Zone in Zambales, it passes through the Clark
Freeport Zone and its northern terminus is at Brgy. Amucao in Tarlac City, Tarlac. Construction on
the expressway began in April 2005, and opened to the public three years later.

The Strong Republic Nautical Highway links many of the islands' road networks through a series of
roll-on/roll-off ferries, some rather small covering short distances and some larger vessels that
might travel several hours or more.

The Philippine government and other private sectors are building more plans and proposals to build
new expressways through publicprivate partnership.

Railways

Rail transportation in the Philippines includes services provided by three rapid transit lines and one
commuter rail line: the Manila Light Rail Transit System
(LRT-1 and LRT-2), Manila Metro Rail Transit System
(MRT-3) and the PNR Metro South Commuter Line.

The Manila Light Rail Transit System or the LRTA system,

is a rapid transit system serving the Metro Manila area, it
is the first metro system in Southeast Asia. The system
served a total 928,000 passengers each day in 2012. Its 31 stations along over 31 kilometers (19 mi)
of mostly elevated track form two lines: the original LRT Line 1 (LRT-1), and the more modern LRT
Line 2 (LRT-2) which passes through the cities of Caloocan, Manila, Marikina, Pasay, San Juan and
Quezon City. Apart from the LRTA system, the Manila Metro Rail Transit System or the MRTC
system also serves Metro Manila. The system is located along the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue
(EDSA), one of Metro Manila's main thoroughfares. It has 13 stations along its 16.95 km track form
a single line which is the MRT Line 3 (MRT-3) which passes through the cities of Makati,
Mandaluyong, Pasay and Quezon City. Some of the stations of the system have been retrofitted
with escalators and elevators for easier access, and ridership has increased. By 2004, MRT-3 had
the highest ridership of the three lines, with 400,000 passengers daily.

Philippine National Railways (PNR) operates a commuter line that serves a region from Metro
Manila south toward Laguna. PNR, a state-owned railway system of the Philippines, was
established during the Spanish Colonial period. It used to provide services on Luzon, connecting
northern and southern Luzon with Manila. In 1988, the railway line to northern Luzon became
disused and later the services to Bicol were halted although plans to revive the southern line are
around as of 2015. Panay Railways is a company that ran rail lines on Panay until 1989 and Cebu
until World War II.

The University of the Philippines Diliman Automated Guideway Transit System is a pre-feasibility
study to determine whether to proceed with the development of an automated guideway transit
(AGT) system within the campus of the University of the Philippines Diliman in Quezon City.

Water transportation

Waterways

3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels.

River ferries

The Pasig River Ferry Service is a river ferry service that serves
Metro Manila, it is also the only water-based transportation that
cruised the Pasig River. The entire ferry network had 17 stations operational and 2 lines. The first
line was the Pasig River Line which stretched from Plaza Mexico in Intramuros, Manila to
Nagpayong station in Pasig City. The second line was the Marikina River Line which served the
Guadalupe station in Makati City up to Santa Elena station in Marikina City.
Ferry services

Because it is an island nation, ferry services are an important

means of transportation. A range of ships are used, from large
cargo ships to small pump boats. Some trips last for a day or
two on large overnight ferris such as those operated by 2GO
Travel while other trips can last for less than 15 minutes on
small, open-air pump boats such as those that cross the Iloilo
Strait.

There are numerous shipping companies in the Philippines. Notable companies include 2GO Travel
(the successor to Superferry and Negros Navigation) and Trans-Asia Shipping Lines.

Ports and harbors

The busiest port is the Port of Manila, especially the Manila International Cargo Terminal and the
Eva Macapagal Port Terminal, both in the pier area of Manila. Other cities with bustling ports and
piers include Bacolod City, Batangas City, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu City, Davao City, Butuan, Iligan,
Iloilo City, Jolo, Legazpi City, Lucena City, Puerto Princesa, San Fernando, Subic, Zamboanga City,
Cotabato City, General Santos City, Allen, Ormoc, Ozamiz, Surigao and Tagbilaran. Most of these
terminals comprise the Strong Republic Nautical Highway, a nautical system conceptualized under
the term of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo where land vehicles can use the roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro)
ferries to cross between the different islands.
Air transportation

Airports

Manila, Iloilo, Cebu, Davao, Clark, Subic, Zamboanga and Laoag are the international gateways to
the country, with the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) in Manila as the main and premier
gateway of the country.

The Ninoy Aquino International Airport serves as the premier

gateway of the Philippines, it serves the Metro Manila area and its
surrounding regions. It is located in the boundary of Paraaque
and Pasay in the National Capital Region. In 2012, NAIA became
the 34th busiest airport in the world, passenger volume increased
to about eight percent to a total of 32.1 million passengers,
making it one of the busiest airports in Asia.

The Clark International Airport is also a major gateway to the country, it will be the future
international gateway for the metropolitan area and it is planned to replace the Ninoy Aquino
International Airport. The airport mostly serves low-cost carriers that avail themselves of the lower
landing fees than those charged at NAIA.

Other important airports in the Philippines are the Mactan-Cebu International Airport in Lapu-Lapu
City, Cebu; the Iloilo International Airport in Cabatuan, Iloilo;the Francisco Bangoy International
Airport in Davao City; the Zamboanga International Airport in Zamboanga City and the General
Santos International Airport in General Santos City.

Airlines

Philippine Airlines (PAL) is the national flag carrier of the

Philippines, it is the first commercial airline in Asia. Philippine
Airlines remains as the countrys biggest airline company, it has
the largest number of international flights to the Philippines as well as domestic flights. The
Philippine Airlines links Manila to 48 cities in 4 continents, and flies regularly to 41 domestic
destinations outside Manila. Philippine Airlines also serves twenty destinations in the Philippines
and 32 destinations which are all located in Southeast Asia, South Asia, East Asia, Oceania and
North America.

Cebu Pacific is the low fare leader in the country, it is the country's leading domestic airline. It links
Manila to 21 different domestic destinations in Philippines and to 39 international destinations with
its direct flights. After offering low fares to domestic destinations, Cebu Pacific launched its
international operations on November 2001 and now flies to Bangkok, Busan, Guangzhou, Ho Chi
Minh City, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur, Macau, Osaka, Seoul, Shanghai,
Singapore and Taipei. The airline currently operates hubs in Manila, Cebu and Davao.

Other low-cost airlines in the country includes Cebgo, PAL Express, and Philippines AirAsia these
airlines have routes to several tourist destinations in the country at low prices.
REFERENCES:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_engineering

http://www.brighthubeducation.com/history-homework-help/115134-from-horses-to-space-flight-
brief-history-of-transportation/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines#Automobiles
INTRODUCTION
OF
TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED TO:

Engr. Roy Pablo

SUBMITTED BY:
Serapion, Julius Philip

Sabangan, Jr. Marlou