The effect Apis Mellifera Honey on the Growth of Bacteria

cause Periodontal Disease

Ardin Tito Febiantama1) Prof. DR. drg. IDA Ratna Dewanti, M. Si2)
1) Mahasiswa S1 Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Jember
2) Dosen Pembimbing
ardintito01@gmail.com

A.Background

Periodontal disease has been recognized as the most common disease Found in the
human oral cavity, along with dental caries. Prevalence The disease is found to be high in
Indonesian society, and is proven to beexperiencing Increased severity. The main diseases of
periodontal disease Is a microorganism found in dental plaque, and about 12 Microorganisms
can be classified as periodontal pathogens. The bacteria Important roles in the pathogenesis
of periodontal disease include: Actinobacillus actinomycetevitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis,
Tannerella Forsythensis, and Prevotella intermedia.
Microorganisms in dental plaque play an important role in the occurrence Periodontal
disease. In general, advanced periodontal disease is usually Associated with the number of
gram negative anaerobic bacteria in dental plaque. Wrong One bacterium that has been
proven to be involved in initiation and The development of late stage periodontal disease is
Porphyromonas Gingivalis. Porphyromonas gingivalis is found as a major component of
Subgingival plaque and is a successful colonizer of the oral epithelium.These bacteria
produce virulence factors in periodontal tissue, among others Damage immunoglobulin,
complement factor, and degrade epithelial attachment periodontal tissues resulting in
periodontal pockets.

B.Theory

Periodontal literally means "around teeth", periodontal disease refers to chronic

bacterial infections of the gums and bones supporting the teeth. This may affect one or more
teeth and if left untreated, can cause decay. The most common forms of periodontal disease
include gingivitis and periodontitis. In the early stages, only the gums are infected
(gingivitis). Then, spread to the bone around the teeth and other supporting tissues.
Eventually the teeth become loose and fall out. Periodontal disease can occur at any age.
Periodontitis initially does not hurt the sufferer, but in the advanced stage can make
the teeth easily separated. Bacterial infections erode the bones of the tooth and weaken the
attachment. In addition to dental caries, periodontitis is a common cause of tooth loss in
adults. Periodontal disease is one of the most pervasive diseases in human life, so most
societies accept this condition as inevitable. However, etiology studies, prevention and
treatment of periodontal disease suggest that the disease is preventable.
The main cause of periodontal disease is bacterial plaque. Our mouths are full of
bacteria, some are beneficial and there is a disadvantage. These bacteria react with food /
food waste and saliva, if not thoroughly cleaned and in continuous time will form a sticky
compound on the teeth / plaque. Brushing and flossing help prevent plaque accumulation.
Unwiped plaque can harden and form a storage container / bacterial bag together with the
thickening of calculus or "tartar" over time. Calculus can not be removed by regular
toothbrushing, only professional cleaning by the dentist can remove the calculus.
Stages of periodontal disease :
Gingivitis
The longer the plaque and calculus stay on the teeth, the more dangerous things can
happen. Plaque bacteria cause inflammation of the gums or so-called "gingivitis". The gums
become red and swollen and bleed easily. Gingivitis is a mild form of periodontal disease,
usually curable or preventable by brushing and flossing daily, and treatment / scaling by
dentists or dentalists.
Periodontitis
 If gingivitis is not treated, it can progress to "periodontitis". Gums begin to pull away
from teeth filled with plaque and become infected. Some of the plaque spreads and grows
below the gum line, the place where there is an immune system against bacteria. The war
between bacteria and the immune system produces toxins, if reacting with the body's
enzymes when fighting off bacterial infections can cause bone fragments and connective
tissue where the teeth are nested. If left untreated, bones, gums and connective tissue are
destroyed, eventually causing loose teeth and eventually escape by themselves.

C.Disscusion

Periodontal disease is a disease that affects the supporting tissues of the tooth, the
gingiva / gum and the periodontal tissue, the network that connects between the teeth and the
bone supporting the teeth of the alveolar bone. Periodontal disease is one of the most
pervasive diseases in human life, so most societies accept this condition as inevitable. But
etiology studies, prevention and treatment of periodontal disease suggest that the disease is
preventable. The most common diseases of periodontal tissue are gingivitis and periodontitis.
Gingivitis is an inflammation of bacterial-induced gums with clinical signs that the
color changes are redder than normal, swollen gums and bleeding under mild pressure.
Patients usually do not feel pain in the gums. Gingivitis is reversible gum tissue can return to
normal if done cleaning the plaque with a toothbrush regularly. Periodontitis shows
inflammation that already concerns the deeper dental support tissues. This disease is
progressive, usually found between the ages of 30-40 years and irreversible / can not return to
normal as before, ie if not treated can cause tooth loss and when the tooth is lost / dated
means failure in maintaining the presence of teeth in the cavity Mouth for life.
Porphyromonas Gingivalis is a mandatory anaerobic gram negative coccobacillus
bacteria in the oral cavity associated with periodontal tissue damage in humans.
Porphyromonas Gingivalis is almost always found in the subgigible and persistent regions of
the reservoir on the mucosal surfaces such as the tongue and the tonsils, but Porfphyromonas
Gingivalis is rarely found in healthy human plaque. As mentioned above, direct tissue
damage can be caused by bacterial infection of P.gingivalis through bacterial products or
indirectly.
Maintaining oral hygiene is the most effective preventative remedy through cleansing
and elimination of local factors such as plaque by brushing teeth and by scaling to remove
calculus / tartar. Calculus is a hard deposit derived from calcified plaque usually present in
the cervix / neck of the tooth and can be a chronic irritant to the gums resulting in
inflammation. Besides that the prevention of periodontal disease can be done by eliminating
bad habits such as bruxism / kerot, breathing through the mouth and correcting the condition
of teeth with occlusal trauma due to malposition, that is the wrong position of the teeth and
the hidden teeth.
Periodontal disease can be prevented and overcome with plaque control Adequate,
such as brushing, using mouthwash, irrigation solution, Or toothpastes containing
antibacterial substances (Newman et al., 2006).Antibacterials can be natural, semi-synthetic,
or synthetic. A natural antibacterial Has the advantage that is harmless and has more side
effects Small when compared with semi-synthetic and synthetic antibacterials. The variations
Produced by honeybees is the most commonly used and consumed Human (National Honey
Board, 2010). Use of traditional medicines To fight infection has been practiced since the
beginning of life Humans, and honey produced by Apis mellifera is a drug Traditionally the
oldest which is thought to be important on some countermeasures Disease in humans
(Mandal and Mandal, 2011).
Today, honey is increasingly believed to be antibacterial to diseases Gastroenteritis
and surface infections (Jones, 2001). Antibacterial activity of honey Associated with high
levels of osmolarity, low acidity, The content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the non-
peroxide component. Agent Antibacterial in honey is mainly hydrogen peroxide, The
concentration is determined by the level of glucose oxidase synthesized by Bees and catalase
derived from flower pollen (Weston R, 2000; Mavric Et al., 2008). Apis mellifera is the main
type of honey bee Cultivated in many countries, including Indonesia. Farmers choose This
bee because of its high adaptability to various climatic conditions, Produce a lot of honey,
and not too aggressive (Hidayat, 2006 sit. Gojmerac, 1983). Honey produced this type of bee
is not just a lot, But also quality because it only has a low water content that is about 17-20%
(Hery, 2011).
The antibacterial activity of honey is reported to have an effect on about 60 Bacterial
species, including aerobes and anaerobes, both gram-positive and gram Negative (Aurengzeb
and Azim, 2011). Honey is proven to have activity Against several bacteria, including
Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysentriae, and Vibrio
cholera (Syriac and Meida,2004).
Honey Apis mellifera has a lot of content especially antibacterial properties of honey
helps overcome the infection, because it contains antibiotics as antibacterial and antiseptic to
 keep the wound. Treatment and anti-inflammatory action can reduce pain and improve the
circulation that affects the healing process. Honey also stimulates the growth of new tissue,
so in addition to accelerate healing also reduce the incidence of scars / scars.
Based on the research results, it can be concluded that Apis bee honey Mellifera effect
inhibits the growth of Porphyromonas bacteria Gingivalis causes of periodontal disease in
vitro.

D.Conclusion

Periodontal disease is a disease that affects the supporting tissues of the tooth, the
gingiva / gum and the periodontal tissue, the network that connects between the teeth and the
bone supporting the teeth of the alveolar bone. Periodontal disease is one of the most
widespread diseases in human life, so most people accept this condition as inevitable.
Periodontal disease occurs due to the role of bacteria in dental plaque, one of them is
Porphyromonas gingivalis. Treatment of this disease can be done with the use of antibacterial
substances. Honey from bees Apis mellifera is a type of honey that has been known to have
antibacterial properties and is widely produced in Indonesia and honey bees Apis mellifera
influential Inhibit growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis in vitro.

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