Korean - Do and Dont
Korean - Do and Dont
Korean - Do and Dont
~게 하다
To create this meaning of “to make” or “to let,” you can attach ~게 하다 to the stem of a word.
The subject of the sentence “makes/lets” the object do that action. For example:
The Korean usage does not distinguish between “forcing” or “allowing.” It simply indicates that
the subject does something (regardless of it was by “forcing” or “allowing”) that causes/influences
the rest of the clause to occur. Therefore, a more accurate translation might be:
In the previous two examples: assuming that the action is somehow positive or beneficial for the
person being influenced, it is acceptable to attach ~아/어 주다 to the end of ~게 하다.
~게 하다 can also be added to adjectives. When used like this, the subject causes/influences the
object to “be” the adjective used. For example:
A common adjective that this is used with is 놀라다, which translates to “to be surprised.” By
attaching ~게 하다 to 놀라다, you meano “one surprised somebody.” For example:
In these situations, ~이/가 can be attached to the person you are influencing, and ~을/를 can be
attached to the object that the person is acting on. For example:
~시키다 can be used to create the same meaning. ~시키다 can be attached to the noun-form of
~하다 verbs and adjectives in replace of ~하게 하다. For example:
These constructions with ~시키다 are typically used when a subject “makes” a person do the
action specified before ~시키다. For example:
When the word ends in ~하다, the subject is typically the acting agent who performs the action .
There are many times where the translation of the original verb (containing ~하다) is similar to the
meaning that is created when ~시키다 is added. For example: 감동하다 = to (be) impress(ed).
감동하다 usually translates to “to impress.”
However, “to impress” in English is used when one person impresses another (ex. She impressed
me). When a subject impresses another person like this, 감동시키다 should be used. When a
subject is impressed, 감동하다 or 감동받다 can be used. In a way, 감동하다 feels like a passive
verb when it’s translated. For example:
As you can see above, it is difficult to come up with an accurate translation that would allow for an
easy distinction between 감동하다 and 감동시키다. You can see this same phenomenon with
many other words that ~시키다 is attached to. The acting agent in the sentences using ~하다 is
performing the action, but the acting agent in the sentences using ~시키다 is commanding the
action.
When the person being talked about is respected by the speaker: (Prof. Lee.)
When the person being talked about does not need to be honored: (Linda and Sandy are
talking about their mutual friend Steve.)
샌디: 스티브는 뭐 공부해요? What does Steve study? 린다: 한국어 공부해요. He studies ~
When asking about the listener to whom you show respect: In the examples (1)-(2), the first
speaker is asking a question concerning the listener. In showing his or her respect for the
listener, the -(으)세요 ending is used. In response, however, now the statement is about the
second speaker himself or herself. Therefore, the non-honorific ~어요/아요 ending is used.
샌디 asks a professor how he is, and uses the -(으)세요 ending, showing her respect for the
professor. In response, the professor uses the non-honorific ~어요/아요, because the statement is
about himself/herself. Note that the greeting 안녕하세요? is asking about the listener's well-being.
It conventionally takes ~(으)세요 to show respect to the other person.
Requesting an action: Requesting an action typically takes the form of ~(으)세요 to show
respect for the listener, as in (3) in the examples.
(1) The following questions are addressed to you. Answer the questions.
학생이세요? ______________________________________
한국어 공부하세요? _______________________________
한국사람이세요? __________________________________
일학년이세요? ____________________________________
'-읍시다' is attached to the verb stem ending in a consonant, and '-ㅂ시다' to the verb stem ending
in a vowel. It is used to express the subject's suggestion with the action verbs and the verb of
existence '있다'. It cannot be used with '이다' nor with adjectives. In plain speech style (반말) you
can use '-자'
저는 공부해야 하니까 도서관에 갑시다. Let’s go to the library because I have to study.
1. 가 : 목이 마릅니다.
나 : 저도 목이 마릅니다. 우리 _____________________________.
2. 가 : 방이 더럽습니다.
나 : 그럼 같이 _____________________________.
4. 가 : 버스가 왔습니다.
나 : 네, 우리 빨리 _____________________________.
5. 가 : 내일 시험을 봅니다.
나 : 저도 내일 시험이 있습니다. 같이 _____________________________.
6. 가 : 저 식당에 갈까요?
나 : 아니요, _____________________________. 저 식당은 맛이 없습니다.
7. 가 : 이따 어디에서 만날까요?
나 : _____________________________.
(Formal/honorific) Please do: -(으)십시오. [ a little more polite/honorific than V-(으)세요]
Adding ~(으)십시오 to a verb stem is done in the same manner as when adding ~(으)세요. That
is, the same irregulars come in to play. However, adding ~(으)십시오 to a verb stem allows you to
give a command very formally. You will most likely only use this form in a few circumstances, as
it is usually reserved for times when speaking to people who deserve a ridiculous amount of
respect. If you were to meet your girlfriend/boyfriend’s grandparents for the very first time, you
might use this ending. You will also see it sometimes in government buildings/stores/restaurants
on signs telling you to “come again” or stuff like that.
여기서 내리십시오 = Get off here (I think this is the message that is broadcasted in the Seoul
subway at every stop, telling you to “get off”)
If the action verb stem ends in ㄹ, drop the ㄹ and then add the imperative ending.
빨리 가라! Go fast!
• Plain: ~어/아 주다
Ex: 유진이 성희한테 커피를 사 주었습니다.
Changing -세요 to -아/어/여 주세요 does not only make the sentence more polite, but it also adds
the meaning of “for me”, so even if you are using the same verb and even if you don’t literally say
the words “for me (lit. 저를 위해서)” in Korean, just using -아/어/여 주세요 at the end will
automatically make the sentence mean “do it for me, please.”
Often times, when you want to ask for help, it is more natural to add -아/어/여 주세요 at the end.
For example, it’s not very natural to say “저를 도우세요!” (from the irregular verb, 돕다, to help)
when you mean “Help me!”. You need to say “저를 도와 주세요” or just “도와 주세요” to sound
more natural.
영어를 배우고 있어요. 도와 주세요. = I’m learning English. Please help me.
아/어/여 주시겠어요?
'-아/어/여 주시겠어요?' is used to make a request or to ask for help. Since this pattern takes the
form of the question, it sounds politer, making the listener feel less burdensome. If you use this
pattern with '좀' in front of it, it feels even politer.
A: 한국어 좀 도와 주실래요?
B: 뭘 도와 드릴까요? A: 내일 숙제 좀 도와 주세요.
빌리다 can mean both "to borrow" and "to loan," so Koreans frequently distinguish the two by
saying 빌려 오다 or 빌려 받다 for "to borrow" and 빌려 주다 for "to loan."
When used to make a negative command, ~지 말다 should be added to the stem of a word. For
example:
공부하지 말다 / 가지 말다 / 먹지 말다
In order to make those constructions a command, you should use one of the imperative
conjugations that I taught you earlier in the lesson.
If you want to tell somebody to “go,” you should add one of the many ‘imperative mood’
conjugations to the word “가다.” For example (in order of formality):
가다 + ~아/어 = 가!
가다 + ~아/어라 = 가라!
가다 + ~아/어요 = 가요!
가다 + ~(으)세요 = 가세요! (가셔요)
가다 + ~(으)십시오 = 가십시오!
The same is done when telling somebody not to do something. If you want to tell somebody to
“not go,” you should add ~지 말다 and conjugate it using one of the many ‘imperative mood’
conjugations. For example:
1) 가지 말다 + ~아/어 = 가지 말아! 가지 마!
2) 가지 말다 + ~아/어라 = 가지 말아라! 가지 마라
3) 가지 말다 + ~아/어요 = 가지 말요! 가지 마요!
4) 가지 말다 + ~(으)세요 = 가지 마세요!
5) 가지 말다 + ~(으)십시오 = 가지 마십시오!
Notice that numbers 1, 2 and 3 go against the normal grammatical rules of Korean. 말다 is an
irregular verb in this respect and to my knowledge no other verb follows this pattern. (These
irregular conjugations only apply when specifically attaching the additions shown above. In all
other situations, 말다 follows the ㄹ irregular like a normal verb ending in ㄹ.)
All five of those conjugations are possible. However, the two most common conjugations that you
will hear are number 1 and number 4. If you are speaking to somebody informally, you will most
likely hear “가지 마.” If you are speaking to somebody formally, you will most likely hear “가지
마세요.”
Note: Grammatically, "말아요" is often used in everyday Korean, but it's not standard.
V-지 마십시오/시다
전화하지 말고 직접 오세요. Don't call me, but please come here yourself.
공부하지 말고 영화 보자. Let's not study, but watch a movie instead.
걱정하지 말고 그냥 해 봐요. Don’t worry and just give it a try.
늦지 말고 일찍 오세요. Don’t be late and come early.
N1 말고 N2:
손 들어 보세요. . . . 손 말고 . . . 손 들으세요.
무슨 운동하세요? . . . 말고 또 무슨 운동 할 줄 아세요?
V1~지말고 V2: