Tungsten Disulfide

Tungsten disulfide
Tungsten disulfide is the chemical

compound with the formula WS2. It occurs
naturally as the rare mineral tungstenite.
This material is a component of certain
catalysts used for hydrodesulfurization
and hydrodenitrification.
Tungsten disulfide
Left: WS2 film on sapphire. Right: dark exfoliated

WS2 film floating on water.
Names
IUPAC names
Tungsten disulfide
Bis(sulfanylidene)tungsten
Systematic IUPAC name

Dithioxotungsten
Other names
Tungsten(IV) sulfide
Tungstenite
Identifiers
CAS Number 12138-09-9
3D model (JSmol) Interactive

image
ChEBI CHEBI:30521
ChemSpider 74837
ECHA InfoCard 100.032.027
EC Number 235-243-3
PubChem CID 82938
InChI
InChI=1S/2S.W
Key: ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/2S.W
Key: ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES
S=[W]=S
Properties
Chemical formula WS2
Molar mass 247.98 g/mol
Appearance blue-gray
powder[1]
Density 7.5 g/cm3,

solid[1]
Melting point 1,250 °C

(2,280 °F;
1,520 K)
decomposes[1]
Solubility in water slightly soluble
Band gap ~1 eV (indirect,

bulk)
~1.8 eV (direct,
monolayer)[2][3]
Magnetic susceptibility (χ) +5850·10−6
cm3/mol[4]
Structure
Crystal structure Molybdenite
Coordination geometry Trigonal
prismatic (WIV)
Pyramidal (S2−)
Related compounds
Other anions Tungsten(IV)
oxide, Tungsten
diselenide
Other cations Molybdenum
disulfide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for
materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F],
100 kPa).
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Infobox references
WS2 adopts a layered structure related to
MoS2, with W atoms situated in trigonal
prismatic coordination sphere. Owing to
this layered structure, WS2 forms inorganic
nanotubes, which were discovered on an
example of WS2 in 1992.[5]
Properties
Atomic image (top) and model (bottom) of Nb-doped

WS2. Blue, red, and yellow spheres indicate W, Nb, and
2 , , y p , ,
S atoms, respectively. Nb doping allows to reduce the
WS2 bandgap.[3]
Bulk WS2 forms dark gray hexagonal

crystals with a layered structure. Like the
closely related MoS2, it exhibits properties
of a dry lubricant. It is chemically fairly
inert but is attacked by a mixture of nitric
and hydrofluoric acids. When heated in
oxygen-containing atmosphere, WS2
converts to tungsten trioxide. When
heated in absence of oxygen, WS2 does
not melt but decomposes to tungsten and
sulfur, but only at 1250 °C.[1]
The material undergoes exfoliation by
treatment with various reagents such as
chlorosulfonic acid.[6]
Synthesis
WS2 is produced by a number of
methods.[1][7] Many of these methods
involve treating oxides with sources of
sulfide or hydrosulfide, supplied as
hydrogen sulfide or generated in situ.
Other routes entail thermolysis of
tungsten(VI) sulfides (e.g., (R4N)2WS4) or
the equivalent (e.g., WS3).[7]
Freestanding WS2 films can produced as

follows. WS2 is deposited on a hydrophilic
substrate, such as sapphire, and then
coated with a polymer, such as
polystyrene. After dipping the sample in
water for a few minutes, the hydrophobic
WS2 film spontaneously peels off.[8]
Applications
WS2 is used, in conjunction with other
materials, as catalyst for hydrotreating of
crude oil.[7]
Lamellar tungsten disulfide is used as a

dry lubricant for fasteners, bearings, and
molds under the brand name Dicronite.[9]
Research
Like MoS2, nanostructured WS2 is actively
studied for potential applications, such as
storage of hydrogen and lithium.[6] WS2
also catalyses hydrogenation of carbon
dioxide:[6][10][11]
CO2 + H2 → CO + H2O
Nanotubes
Tungsten disulfide is the first material

which was found to form inorganic
nanotubes, in 1992.[5] This ability is related
to the layered structure of WS2, and
macroscopic amounts of WS2 have been
produced by the methods mentioned
above.[7] WS2 nanotubes have been
investigated as reinforcing agents to
improve the mechanical properties of
polymeric nanocomposites. In a study,
WS2 nanotubes reinforced biodegradable
polymeric nanocomposites of
polypropylene fumarate (PPF) showed
significant increases in the Young's
modulus, compression yield strength,
flexural modulus and flexural yield
strength, compared to single- and multi-
walled carbon nanotubes reinforced PPF
nanocomposites, suggesting that WS2
nanotubes may be better reinforcing
agents than carbon nanotubes.[12] The
addition of WS2 nanotubes to epoxy resin
improved adhesion, fracture toughness
and strain energy release rate. The wear of
the nanotubes-reinforced epoxy is lower
than that of pure epoxy.[13] WS2 nanotubes
were embedded into a poly(methyl
methacrylate) (PMMA) nanofiber matrix
via electrospinning. The nanotubes were
well dispersed and aligned along fiber
axis. The enhanced stiffness and
toughness of PMMA fiber meshes by
means of inorganic nanotubes addition
may have potential uses as impact-
absorbing materials, e.g. for ballistic
vests.[14][15]
WS2 nanotubes are hollow and can be

filled with another material, to preserve or
guide it to a desired location, or to
generate new properties in the filler
material which is confined within a
nanometer-scale diameter. To this goal,
inorganic nanotube hybrids were made by
filling WS2 nanotubes with molten lead,
antimony or bithmuth iodide salt by a
capillary wetting process, resulting in
PbI2@WS2, SbI3@WS2 or BiI3@WS2 core–
shell nanotubes.[16]
Nanosheets
WS2 can also exist in the form of

atomically thin sheets.[17] Such materials
exhibit room-temperature
photoluminescence in the monolayer
limit.[18]
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related
to Tungsten disulfide.
1. Eagleson, Mary (1994). Concise

encyclopedia chemistry . Walter de Gruyter.
p. 1129. ISBN 978-3-11-011451-5.
2. Yun, Won Seok; Han, S. W.; Hong, Soon
Cheol; Kim, In Gee; Lee, J. D. (2012).
"Thickness and strain effects on electronic
structures of transition metal
dichalcogenides: 2H-MX2 semiconductors
(M = Mo, W; X = S, Se, Te)". Physical Review
B. 85 (3): 033305.
Bibcode:2012PhRvB..85c3305Y .
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.85.033305 .
3. Sasaki, Shogo; Kobayashi, Yu; Liu, Zheng;
Suenaga, Kazutomo; Maniwa, Yutaka;
Miyauchi, Yuhei; Miyata, Yasumitsu (2016).
"Growth and optical properties of Nb-doped
WS2 monolayers". Applied Physics Express.
9 (7): 071201.
Bibcode:2016APExp...9g1201S .
doi:10.7567/APEX.9.071201 .
4. Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd
ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.136.
ISBN 1439855110.
5. Tenne R, Margulis L, Genut M, Hodes G
(1992). "Polyhedral and cylindrical
structures of tungsten disulphide". Nature.
360 (6403): 444–446.
Bibcode:1992Natur.360..444T .
doi:10.1038/360444a0 .
6. Bhandavat, R.; David, L.; Singh, G. (2012).
"Synthesis of Surface-Functionalized WS2
Nanosheets and Performance as Li-Ion
Battery Anodes". The Journal of Physical
Chemistry Letters. 3 (11): 1523.
doi:10.1021/jz300480w . PMID 26285632 .
7. Panigrahi, Pravas Kumar; Pathak, Amita
(2008). "Microwave-assisted synthesis of
WS2 nanowires through tetrathiotungstate
precursors" (free download). Sci. Technol.
Adv. Mater. 9 (4): 045008.
Bibcode:2008STAdM...9d5008P .
doi:10.1088/1468-6996/9/4/045008 .
PMC 5099650  .
8. Yu, Yang; Fong, Patrick W. K.; Wang,
Shifeng; Surya, Charles (2016). "Fabrication
of WS2/GaN p-n Junction by Wafer-Scale
WS2 Thin Film Transfer" . Scientific
Reports. 6: 37833.
Bibcode:2016NatSR...637833Y .
doi:10.1038/srep37833 . PMC 5126671  .
PMID 27897210 .
9. French, Lester Gray, ed. (1967).
"Dicronite" . Machinery. Vol. 73. Machinery
Publications Corporation. p. 101.
10. Lassner, Erik; Schubert, Wolf-Dieter
(1999). Tungsten: properties, chemistry,
technology of the element, alloys, and
chemical compounds . Springer. pp. 374–.
ISBN 978-0-306-45053-2.
11. Engineer making rechargeable batteries
with layered nanomaterials . Science Daily
(2013-01-016)
12. Lalwani, Gaurav (September 2013).
"Tungsten disulfide nanotubes reinforced
biodegradable polymers for bone tissue
engineering" . Acta Biomaterialia. 9 (9):
8365–8373.
doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2013.05.018 .
PMC 3732565  . PMID 23727293 .
13. Zohar, E.; et al. (2011). "The Mechanical
and Tribological Properties of Epoxy
Nanocomposites with WS2 Nanotubes" .
Sensors & Transducers Journal. 12 (Special
Issue): 53–65.
14. Reddy, C. S.; Zak, A. & Zussman, E.
(2011). "WS2 nanotubes embedded in
PMMA nanofibers as energy absorptive
material". J. Mater. Chem. 21 (40): 16086–
16093. doi:10.1039/C1JM12700D .
15. Nano-Armor: Protecting the Soldiers of
Tomorrow . Physorg.com (2005-12-10).
Retrieved on 2016-01-20.
16. Kreizman, Ronen; Enyashin, Andrey N.;
Deepak, Francis Leonard; Albu-Yaron, Ana;
Popovitz-Biro, Ronit; Seifert, Gotthard;
Tenne, Reshef (2010). "Synthesis of Core-
Shell Inorganic Nanotubes". Adv. Funct.
Mater. 20 (15): 2459–2468.
doi:10.1002/adfm.201000490 .
17. Coleman, J. N.; Lotya, M.; O'Neill, A.;
Bergin, S. D.; King, P. J.; Khan, U.; Young, K.;
Gaucher, A.; De, S.; Smith, R. J.; Shvets, I. V.;
Arora, S. K.; Stanton, G.; Kim, H.-Y.; Lee, K.;
Kim, G. T.; Duesberg, G. S.; Hallam, T.;
Boland, J. J.; Wang, J. J.; Donegan, J. F.;
Grunlan, J. C.; Moriarty, G.; Shmeliov, A.;
Nicholls, R. J.; Perkins, J. M.; Grieveson, E.
M.; Theuwissen, K.; McComb, D. W.; et al.
(2011). "Two-Dimensional Nanosheets
Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered
Materials" . Science. 331 (6017): 568.
Bibcode:2011Sci...331..568C .
doi:10.1126/science.1194975 .
PMID 21292974 .
18. Gutiérrez, Humberto R.; Perea-López,
Nestor; Elías, Ana Laura; Berkdemir, Ayse;
Wang, Bei; Lv, Ruitao; López-Urías,
Florentino; Crespi, Vincent H.; Terrones,
Humberto; Terrones, Mauricio (2013).
"Extraordinary Room-Temperature
Photoluminescence in Triangular WS2
Monolayers". Nano Letters. 13 (8): 3447.
arXiv:1208.1325  .
Bibcode:2013NanoL..13.3447G .
doi:10.1021/nl3026357 . PMID 23194096 .
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Tungsten disulﬁde

Tungsten disulﬁde is the chemical

Left: WS2 ﬁlm on sapphire. Right: dark exfoliated

Systematic IUPAC name

3D model (JSmol) Interactive

ECHA InfoCard 100.032.027

Density 7.5 g/cm3,

Melting point 1,250 °C

Band gap ~1 eV (indirect,

verify (what is ?)

Atomic image (top) and model (bottom) of Nb-doped

Bulk WS2 forms dark gray hexagonal

Freestanding WS2 ﬁlms can produced as

Lamellar tungsten disulﬁde is used as a

Tungsten disulﬁde is the ﬁrst material

WS2 nanotubes are hollow and can be

WS2 can also exist in the form of

1. Eagleson, Mary (1994). Concise

Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless

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