Hindawi Publishing Corporation

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Volume 2012, Article ID 853651, 7 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/853651

Research Article
Design and Analysis of Wideband Nonuniform Branch Line
Coupler and Its Application in a Wideband Butler Matrix

Yuli K. Ningsih,1, 2 M. Asvial,1 and E. T. Rahardjo1

1 Antenna Propagation and Microwave Research Group (AMRG), Department of Electrical Engineering,
Universitas Indonesia, New Campus UI, West Java, Depok 16424, Indonesia
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Trisakti University, Kyai Tapa, Grogol, West Jakarta 11440, Indonesia

Correspondence should be addressed to Yuli K. Ningsih, yuli kn@yahoo.com

Received 10 August 2011; Accepted 2 December 2011

Academic Editor: Tayeb A. Denidni

Copyright © 2012 Yuli K. Ningsih et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This paper presents a novel wideband nonuniform branch line coupler. An exponential impedance taper is inserted, at the series
arms of the branch line coupler, to enhance the bandwidth. The behavior of the nonuniform coupler was mathematically analyzed,
and its design of scattering matrix was derived. For a return loss better than 10 dB, it achieved 61.1% bandwidth centered
at 9 GHz. Measured coupling magnitudes and phase exhibit good dispersive characteristic. For the 1 dB magnitude difference
and phase error within 3◦ , it achieved 22.2% bandwidth centered at 9 GHz. Furthermore, the novel branch line coupler was
implemented for a wideband crossover. Crossover was constructed by cascading two wideband nonuniform branch line couplers.
These components were employed to design a wideband Butler Matrix working at 9.4 GHz. The measurement results show that
the reflection coefficient between the output ports is better than 18 dB across 8.0 GHz–9.6 GHz, and the overall phase error is less
than 7◦ .

1. Introduction In general, the Butler Matrix is an N × N passive feeding

network, composed of branch line coupler, crossover, and
Recently, a switched-beam antenna system has been widely phase shifter. The bandwidth of the Butler Matrix is greatly
used in numerous applications, such as in mobile commu- dependent on the performance of the components. However,
nication system, satellite system, and modern multifunction the Butler Matrix has a narrow bandwidth characteristic
radar. This is due to the ability of the switched-beam antenna due to branch line coupler and crossover has a limited
to decrease the interference and to improve the quality of bandwidth.
transmission [1, 2] and also to increase gain and diversity As there is an increased demand to provide high data
[3]. throughput [16], it is essential that the Butler Matrix has
The switched-beam system consists of a multibeam to operate over a wide frequency band when used for angle
switching network and antenna array. The principle of a diversity. Therefore, many papers have reported for the
switched-beam is based on feeding a signal into an array of bandwidth enhancement of branch line coupler [17–20]. In
antenna with equal power and phase difference. Different reference [17, 18], design and realization of branch line cou-
structures of multibeam switching networks have been pler on multilayer microstrip structure was reported. These
proposed, such as the Blass Matrix, the Nolen Matrix, the designs can achieve a wideband characteristic. However, the
Rotman Lens, and the Butler Matrix [4]. One of the most disadvantages of these designs are large in dimension and
widely known multibeam switching networks with a linear bulk.
antenna is the Butler Matrix. Indeed, it seems to be the most Reference [19] introduces a compact coupler in an N-
attractive option due to its design simplicity and low power section tandem-connected structure. The design resulted in
loss [5–15]. a wide bandwidth. Another design, two elliptically shaped
2 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

A =1
P1 √ P3
Z(z)/ 2

P1 P3 S 11 S 31
4.75

Zo Zo
8 12.75 14.5
S 21 S 41
3
P2 P4
P2 P4

Figure 2: Circuit of the nonuniform branch line coupler.

Figure 1: Geometry structure of a new nonuniform branch line
coupler design with exponential impedance taper at the series arm.
+1/2
1 √ 1
Z(z)/ 2
microstrip lines which are broadside coupled through an
1 1 Se12
elliptically shaped slot, was employed in [20]. This design Se11
was used in a UWB coupler with high return loss and
isolation. However, these designs require a more complex
manufacturing. +1/2 1 1
In this paper, nonuniform branch line coupler using
exponential impedance taper is proposed which can enhance 1 1
bandwidth and can be implemented for Butler Matrix, as Open circuit stub
shown in Figure 1. Moreover, it is a simple design without (2 separate 2-ports)
needs of using multilayer technology. This will lead in cost
(a) Even mode (e)
reduction and in design simplification.
To design the new branch line coupler, firstly, the +1/2
1 √ 1
series arm’s impedance is modified. The shunt arm remains Z(z)/ 2
unchanged. Reduced of the width of the transmission line So12
So11 1 1
at this arm is desired by modifying the series arm. Next, by
exponential impedance taper at the series arm, a good match
over a high frequency can be achieved.
+1/2 1 1

2. Mathematical Analysis of Nonuniform 1 1

Branch Line Coupler Short circuit stub
(2 separate 2-ports)
The proposed nonuniform branch line coupler use λ/4
(b) Odd mode (o)
branches with impedance of 50 Ω at the shunt arms and
use the exponential impedance taper at the series arms, as Figure 3: Decomposition of the nonuniform branch line coupler
shown in Figure 1. Since branch line coupler has a symmetric into even and odd modes of excitation.
structure, the even-odd mode theory can be employed to
analyze the nonuniform characteristics. The four ports can
be simplified to a two-port problem in which the even
and odd mode signals are fed to two collinear inputs [22]. A branch line coupler has been designed based on the
Figure 2 shows the schematic of circuit the nonuniform theory of small reflection, by the continuously tapered line
branch line coupler. with exponential tapers [23, 24], as indicated in Figure 1,
The circuit of Figure 2 can be decomposed into the where
superposition of an even-mode excitation and an odd-mode

excitation is shown in Figures 3(a) and 3(b). Z0 e−az , for 0 < z ≤ L,
The ABCD matrices of each mode can be expressed Z(z) = (3)
Z0 eaz , for L ≤ z < 2L,
following [22]. In the case of nonuniform branch line
coupler, the matrices for the even and odd modes become:
    which determines the constant a as:
A B Z(z) −1 j
= √  
C D 2 j −1 , (1)
1 Z
e a= ln L , (4)
    L Zo
A B Z(z) 1 j
= √ . (2)
C D o 2 j 1 L = discrete steps length, Zo = Z (0), and ZL = Z (L).
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 3

into equal powers in port 3 (P3 ) and port 4 (P4 ). Considering

(1) to (16), a number of properties of the ideal branch line
coupler maybe deduced from the symmetry and unitary
properties of its scattering matrix. If the series and shunt arm
are one-quarter wavelength, by using (11), resulted in S11 =
0.
As both the even and odd modes of S11 are 0, the values
of S11 and S21 are also 0. The magnitude of the signal at the
coupled port is then the same as that of the input port.
Figure 4: Photograph of a proposed nonuniform branch line Calculating (7) and (8) under the same o, the even and
coupler. odd modes of S21 nonuniform branch line coupler will be
expressed as follows in(17)

Z(z)

Useful conversions for two-port network parameters for Se21 = − √ 1 + j ,

the even and odd modes of S11 and S21 can be defined as 2
(17)
Z(z)

follows [22]: So21 = √ 1 − j .

2
(A + B − C − D)e
Se11 = , (5) Based on (13), S31 can be expressed as follows
ΔY e
(A + B − C − D)o 1 Z(z)

So11 = , (6) S31 = − √ 1+ j − 1− j

ΔY o 2 2
2 1 Z(z)

Se21 = , (7) =− √ 1+ j−1+ j (18)

ΔY e 2 2
Z(z)
2 = −j √ .
So21 = , (8) 2
ΔY e
where Following (14), S41 nonuniform branch line coupler can be
calculating as follows
ΔY e = (A + B + C + D)e , (9)
1 Z(z)

o
S41 = −√ 1+ j + 1− j
ΔY = (A + B + C + D)o . (10) 2 2
1 Z(z)

=− √ 1+ j +1− j (19)
Since the amplitude of the incident waves for these two 2 2
ports are ±1/2, the amplitudes of the emerging wave at each Z(z)
port of the nonuniform branch line coupler can be expressed =− √ .
2
as [22]:
From this result, both S31 and S41 nonuniform branch
1 e

line couplers have equal magnitudes of −3 dB. Therefore, due

S11 = S + So11 , (11)
2 11 to symmetry property, we also have that S11 = S22 = S33 =
1 e
S44 = 0, S13 = S31 , S14 = S41 , and S21 = S34 . Therefore, the
S21 = S − So11 , (12) nonuniform branch line coupler has the following scattering
2 11
matrix in (20):
1 e

S31 = S + So21 , (13) ⎡ ⎤

2 21 0 0 j 1
1 e
Z(z) ⎢
⎢0 0 1 j
⎥
⎥
S41 = S − So21 . (14) S=− √ ⎢ ⎥. (20)
2 21 2 ⎣ j 1 0 0 ⎦
1 j 0 0
Parameters even and odd modes of S11 nonuniform
branch line coupler can be expressed as (15) and (16) as
follows:
3. Fabrication and Measurement
  Result of Wideband Nonuniform Branch
Z(z) −1 + j − j + 1 Line Coupler
Se11 = √ = 0, (15)
2 −1 + j + j − 1
  To verify the equation, the nonuniform branch line coupler
Z(z) 1 + j − j − 1 was implemented and its S-parameter was measured. It
So11 = √ = 0. (16)
2 1+ j + j+1 was integrated on TLY substrate, which has a thickness
of 1.57 mm. Figure 4 shows a photograph of a wideband
An ideal branch line coupler is designed to have zero nonuniform branch line coupler. Each branch at the series
reflection power and splits the input power in port 1 (P1 ) arm comprises an exponentially tapered microstrip line
4 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

0
6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5
S-parameters magnitude (dB)

−5

−10

−15

−20

−25
Figure 8: Photograph of microstrip nonuniform crossover.
−30
Frequency (GHz)

S (1, 1) S (3, 1) 0

S-parameters magnitude (dB)

S (2, 1) S (4, 1) 8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10
−5

Figure 5: Measurement result for nonuniform branch line coupler. −10

−15

−20
200
Phase characteristic (deg)

150 −25
100 −30
50 Frequency (GHz)
0
−50 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 S (1, 1) S (3, 1)
S (2, 1) S (4, 1)
−100
−150 Figure 9: Measurement result for nonuniform crossover.
−200
Frequency (GHz)
S (4, 1)
S (3, 1)

Figure 6: Phase characteristic of nonuniform branch line coupler.

P5 P6 P7 P8

45◦ 45◦ Phase shifter

3 dB hybrid
Cross over coupler
Figure 10: Final layout of the proposed wideband Butler Matrix
4 × 4.
P1 P2 P3 P4

Figure 7: Basic schematic of the 4 × 4 Butler Matrix [21].

the coupling ratio is supposed approximately 3 ± 1 dB, the
bandwidth of about 22.2% centered at 9 GHz.
which transforms the impedance from Zo = 50 ohms to As expected, the phase difference between port 3 (P3 ) and
ZL = 50.6 ohms. This impedance transformation has been port 4 (P4 ) is 90◦ . At 9 GHz, the phases of S31 and S41 are
designed across a discrete step length L = 6.75 mm. 85.54◦ and 171◦ , respectively. These values differ from ideal
Figure 5 shows the measured result frequency response of value by 4.54◦ . The average phase error or phase unbalance
the novel nonuniform branch line coupler. For a return loss between two branch line coupler outputs is about 3◦ . But
and isolation better than 10 dB, it has a bandwidth of about even the phase varies with frequency; the phase difference is
61.1%; it extends from 7 to 12.5 GHz. In this bandwidth, almost constant and very close to ideal value of 90◦ as shown
the coupling ratio varies between 2.6 dB up to 5.1 dB. If in Figure 6.
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 5

Frequency(GHz) Frequency (GHz)

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10
−2 −5
Insertion loss (dB)

−10
−4

Return loss (dB)

−15
−6 −20
−8 −25
−30
−10
−35
−12 −40
−45
S (5, 1) simulated S (5, 1) measured
S (8, 1) simulated S (8, 1) measured S (1, 1) simulated S (1, 1) measured
S (7, 1) measured S (6, 1) simulated S (4, 4) simulated S (4, 4) measured
S (7, 1) simulated S (6, 1) measured (a) Input port 1 or 4 are excited
(a) Input port 1 excitation
Frequency (GHz)
Frequency (GHz) 0
0 8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10
8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10 −5

Return loss (dB)

−2 −10
Insertion loss (dB)

−4 −15

−6 −20

−8 −25
−30
−10
−35
−12
S (2, 2) simulated S (2, 2) measured
S (5, 2) simulated S (5, 2) measured S (3, 3) simulated S (3, 3) measured
S (8, 2) simulated S (8, 2) measured
S (7, 2) measured S (6, 2) simulated (b) Input port 2 or 3 are excited
S (7, 2) simulated S (6, 2) measured
Figure 12: Return loss of the proposed Butler Matrix when different
(b) Input port 2 excitations ports are fed.
Frequency (GHz)
0
8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10
−2
Insertion loss (dB)

−4
4. Design and Fabrication of the Wideband
−6
Butler Matrix
−8
−10 Figure 7 shows the basic schematic of the 4 × 4 Butler Matrix
−12 [21]. Crossover also known as 0 dB couplers is a four-port
device and must provide for a very good matching and
S (5, 3) simulated S (5, 3) measured
isolation, while the transmitted signal should not be affected.
S (8, 3) simulated S (8, 3) measured
S (7, 3) measured S (6, 3) simulated In order to achieve wideband characteristic crossover, this
S (7, 3) simulated S (6, 3) measured paper proposes the cascade of two nonuniform branch line
couplers.
(c) Input port 3 excitations
Figure 8 shows the microstrip layout of the optimized
Frequency (GHz)
0 crossover. The crossover has a frequency bandwidth of
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
−2 1.3 GHz with VSWR = 2, which is about 22.2% of its centre
Insertion loss (dB)

−4 frequency at 9 GHz. Thus, it is clear from these results

−6 that a nonuniform crossover fulfills most of the required
−8
specifications, as shown in Figure 9.
−10
Figure 10 shows the layout of the proposed wideband
Butler Matrix. This matrix uses wideband nonuniform
−12
branch line coupler, wideband nonuniform crossover, and
S (5, 4) simulated S (6, 4) simulated phase-shift transmission lines.
S (5, 4) measured S (6, 4) measured The wideband Butler Matrix was measured using Net-
S (7, 4) simulated S (8, 4) simulated work Analyzer. Figure 11 shows the simulation and measure-
S (7, 4) measured S (8, 4) measured
ment results of insertion loss when a signal was fed into
(d) Input port 4 excitations port 1, port 2, port 3, and port 4, respectively. The insertion
loss are varies between 5 dB up to 10 dB. For the ideal
Figure 11: Insertion loss of the proposed Butler Matrix when
different ports are fed. Butler matrix, it should be better than 6 dB. Imperfection
6 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

60 Table 1: Output phase difference and estimated direction of

Phase different (deg)

50 generated beam.
40
30 P5 (◦ ) P7 (◦ ) P6 (◦ ) P8 (◦ ) β (◦ ) θ (◦ )
20 P1 45 90 135 180 45 14.4 [1L]
10 P2 135 0 225 90 −135 −48.6 [2R]
0
8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10 P3 90 225 0 135 135 48.6 [2L]
Frequency (GHz) P4 180 135 90 45 −45 −14.4 [1R]
Phase (port 3)-phase (port 1)
Phase (port 2)-phase (port 3)
Phase (port 4)-phase (port 2) of fabrication could contribute to reduction of the insertion
(a) Input port 1 excitation loss.
The simulated and measured results of the return loss
Frequency (GHz)
−115 at each port of the wideband 4 × 4 Butler Matrix is shown
Phase different (deg)

8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10

−120 in Figure 12. For a return loss better than 10 dB, it has a
−125 bandwidth about 17% centered at 9.4 GHz.
−130
Figure 13 shows the phase difference of measured results
−135
−140 when a signal was fed into port 1, port 2, port 3, and port 4,
−145 respectively. The overall phase error was less than 7◦ . There
−150 are several possible reasons for this phase error. A lot of bends
in high frequency can produce phase error. Moreover, the
imperfection of soldering, etching, alignment, and fastening
Phase (port 3)-phase (port 1) also could contribute to deviation of the phase error.
Phase (port 2)-phase (port 3) Table 1 shows that each input port was resulted a specific
Phase (port 4)-phase (port 2) linear phase at the output ports. The phase differences each
(b) Input port 2 excitations between the output ports are of the same value. The phase
difference can generate a different beam (θ). If port 1 (P1)
Phase different (deg)

145
140
is excited, the phase difference was 45◦ , the direction of
135 generated beam (θ) will be 14.4◦ for 1L. It is summarized
130 in Table 1.
125
120
115 5. Conclusion
8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10
Frequency (GHz) A novel nonuniform branch line coupler has been
employed to achieve a wideband characteristic by expo-
Phase (port 6)-phase (port 5)
nential impedance taper technique. It is a simple design
Phase (port 6)-phase (port 5)
Phase (port 6)-phase (port 5)
without needs of using multilayer technology and this
will lead to cost reduction and design simplification. The
(c) Input port 3 excitations scattering matrix of the nonuniform branch line coupler
was derived and it was proved that the nonuniform branch
Frequency (GHz) line coupler has equal magnitude of −3 dB. Moreover, the
0 novel nonuniform branch line coupler has been employed
8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10
to achieve a wideband 0 dB crossover. Furthermore, these
Phase different (deg)

−10
−20
components have been implemented in the Butler Matrix
and that achieves wideband characteristics.
−30
−40
−50 References
−60
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