Unit-III

TIMBER JOINTS
The timber, to be used for structural construction (such as door frames, window frames, trusses etc.) is to be dressed,
planed, framed and placed in proper position- Carpentry is a term applied to that form of wood construction which has -o resist
stresses due to loads coming on it. Such wood construction members may be permanently subjected to bear the loads (as in the
case of wooden lintels, beams, trusses, roofs, floors) or they may be subjected to bear the load temporarily (such as in scaffolding,
centering, form work, shoring etc.). Thus, a Carpenter constructs structural timber works, such as roofs, floors, scaffolding
shoring etc. The term joinery may be defined as the trade in woodwork in which skilled labour is required to render the wooden
members capable of framing together. It is the art of preparing internal fittings and finishing of timber. A.joiner, thus, constructs
limber works such as doors, windows, stairs, floorboards, cupboards, furniture etc. Joinery is used for delicate construction,
requiring precise workmanship, for enhancing the architectural beauty of timber.
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
Various types of joints used in wood work may be classified under the following heads ;
1. Lengthening joints.
2. Widening joints or side joints.
3. Bearing joints.
4. Framing joints.
5. Angle or corner joints.
6. Oblique shouldered joints.

LENGTHENING JOINTS
These are also known as spliced or longitudinal joints. These joints are used to increase the length of wood members, such
as ties, struts, etc. The method of lengthening depends upon the situation of the member in a framed structure, where such joints
are commonly required. Lengthening joints are of the following types :
1. Lapped joints.
2. Fished joints.
3. Scarfed or spliced joints.
5. Tabled joints
Lapped joints
This is the simplest type of joint, formed by placing the two ends ot the members one over the other for a short distance and
binding them together by means of wrought iron straps and bolts. If the member carries tensile stress, it is essential to provide
bolts1 passing through both the pieces

Fig-43.jpg

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Fished joints
In this joint, the ends of the two members are cut square and placed touching each other (or butted). They are then jointed
together placing wooden or iron fish plates on opposite faces and securing these by passing bolts through them, as shown in The
ends of fish plates are slightly bent and then pressed into the members.

Fig-44.jpg

Fig-45.jpg

3. Scarfed or spliced joint

In this joint, projections are made in the end of one piece and corresponding depressions are formed in the other piece.
The two pieces are then secured together by means of bolts, straps, fishplates and keys. Such joints give good appearance since the
uniform depth of the member is obtained.
4.Tabled joints
These joints are formed when the member is subjected to both tension as well as compression. It is similar to spliced
joint, but is formed by cutting special shape in both the pieces and securing them with fish plates, bolts, keys etc.,
16.4. WIDENING JOINTS
These joints are also called side joints or boarding joints, and are used for extending the width of boards or planks. The
members are placed edge to edge. These are used for wooden doors, floors etc. They arc of the following types :

Fig-46.jpg

1. Butt Joints .It is also known as square, plain of ordinary joint.

2. Rebated joint. It is formed by overlapping the cut portions. The joint remains dust proof after shrinkage of timber.
3. Rebated and filleted joint. It is formed by introducing wooden fillet in the rebated portions, having small depression. It
is used for floors of factories etc.
4. Ploughed and tongued joint.. It is formed by introducing wooden fillet in the groove cut in the two pieces.
5. Tongued and grooved joint. It is formed by making fillet in one piece and groove in the other.
6. Rebated, tongued and grooved joint .It is formed by forming a rebate in addition to tongue and groove. Nail is placed
in such away that it cannot be seen.
7. Splayed joint .It is formed by splaying the ends. The joint is used only for ordinary purposes, but is superior to butt
joint.

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 8. Dowelled joint. It is formed by making grooves in the centre portion of end of each piece and inserting dowels of slate,
gun-metal brass, bronze or copper. This is very strong joint.
9. Matched and beaded joint. This joint is formed by tongue and groove arrangement, and has special moulding on one
side to give good appearance-
10. Matched and V-jointed joint. This is similar to the beaded joint, except that it is chamfered in the shape of V.
11. Dovetailed Joint. It is formed by providing key of dovetail shape to fit in the corresponding grooves in the connecting
members.
BEARING JOINTS
Bearing joints are provided when two members meet at right angles, to give sufficient strength to the functions. Bearing
joints are of the following types:
1. Halved joints. These joints are formed by cutting through half the depth of each member meeting al right angles, that
top surfaces of both the members flush.

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2. Notched Joint It is formed by forming notch in one or both the members to be connected.

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3. Cogged joint. This joint is formed by cutting small notch in the beam or timber member and providing notches on the
lower member with a projection in the centre. The projection is known as cog. The upper portion, in which only small
notch has been formed, retains its strength.

4. Housed joint. It is formed by filling the entire thickness of the end of one member for a short distance into another

piece. It is used in stairs in which the ends of risers and treads are housed in the strings.

Fig-49.jpg

5.Chase-mortise joint. This is used for jointing a subsidiary member 10 a primary (main) member already fixed earlier. A
chase or recess of wedge shape is formed in the main member while a tenon of corresponding shape is provided in the secondary
member.
6. Dovetailed joint. The joint is formed by cutting wedge-shaped or flaring shaped pieces from each member and by
hooking Hie projection of one member into the other. This joint is used for curbs of skylights, and corners of boxes, cabinets,
drawers etc.

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 7.Mortise and tenon joint .The joint is formed by culling projection, known as tongue or tenon, in one member which fits
into slot, called mortise, cut into the other member.
8. Joggle or stump or stub tenon joint. This is used for framing studs into the sill of a wooden partition wall. It is similar
to mortise-tenon joint except that tenon is short in length, and does not extend for full depth of mortised member.
9. Bridle joint. The joint is commonly used in wooden trusses at the junction of struts and ties. It is formed by cutting a
type of mortise in the end of one piece to fit in the bridle or projection left upon another piece.

Fig-50.jpg

10. Fox-tail wedging Joint.. The joint is formed by cutting a slightly dovetailed mortise to a lesser depth than the member.
The tenon is cut and two sockets are made in the tenon in which wedges are inserted. The entire assembly is then inserted into the
mortise
11.Tusk tenon joint. This joint is very strong and is commonly used in timber floor construction. The joint is formed of tenon, tusk and
horn .It is employed for joining members of equal depth, meeting each other at right angles.
The tenon should be mortised in the centre of the members. Wedge is employed to strengthen the joint.

Fig-51.jpg

FRAMING JOINTS
Framing joints are used to construct the frames of doors, windows, ventilators etc. These joints are similar to bearing joints
except that they are not supposed to carry stress as compared to bearing joints. The method of cutting the grooves and tongues in
the members of the frame is suitably altered to obtain the desired form of the joint.
ANGLE OR CORNER JOINTS
Corner joints are used where two members are to be framed so as 10 form a corner or angular edge. These joints are very
often secured by railing. Glue is used for making these joints. Following are commonly used angle joints:
1. Butt joint. The members are connected just at joining them edge to edge. The joint may sometimes he rebated and beaded 10
give better appearance. The joint may also be tongued.
2. Grooved and tongued joint. The joint is formed by fitting the projection (or tongue) of one member into the groove of the
other.
3. Plain mitred joint. The joint is formed by culling the edges of both the members at an angle.
4.Mitred and feathered joint. In this, an additional wooden member is inserted in the middle of the mitre joint.
5. Housed Joint. The Joint is formed by filling on member completely into the depression of the other.

6. Shouldered and housed Joint.. In this only a part of one member fits into the corresponding depression of the other.

Fig-52.jpg

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7. Dovetailed housed Joint. This is a special type of housed joint in which one member is housed into the other by dovetail
shaped projection and cut.

8. Mitred and rebated joint . The joint is formed by using a rebate in addition to a mitre.

9. Mitred, rebated and feathered Joint. The joint is formed by inserted a feather in the above joint.

10. Tongued, grooved and mitred joint. This Joint is formed by making tongue and groove in the lower edge of the mitre, to
give unproved appearance.

OBLIQUE SHOULDERED JOINTS

These joints are used where member to be joined meet at an acute or obtuse angle, such as in limber truss construction
where the principal rafter, lie beam, struts etc, meet obliquely. Following are the common types of oblique joints:
1. Briddle joint
2. Mitred joints
3. Dove tailed halved joints
4. Birds mouth joint
5. Oblique tenon joint

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