Exp.

6: Losses in Piping System

Major Losses (Due to friction)

Temperature = 23 C

= From the Table

Pipe inner Diameter = 13.7 mm

Pipe Length = 1 m

Trail Vol T Q V Re h1 h2 HL f parc. fth.

3
(L) (sec) (m /sec) (m/sec) (cm) (cm) (m)
1 3 20.99 1.42*10^-4 0.808 12304.6 610 230 0.38 0.17129 0.030
2 3 18.82 1.59*10^-4 0.902 13736 896 413 0.483 0.1747 0.0292
3 3 23.82 1.25*10^-4 0.712 10842.8 375 85 0.29 0.168 0.0309
4
5
64
For Laminar Flow: F theory =
0.316
For Turbulent flow; F theory = 0.25 (Blasius) h1: Pressure head for the 1st section
2

f practical = hL nd
h2: Pressure head for the 2 section
2

Draw a graph of f vs. Re hl = h1-h2

Draw a graph of fPrac. vs. fTheo.

2 -6
Temperature C Kinematic Viscosity , (m /Sec) * 10
5 1.52
10 1.308
15 1.142
20 1.007
25 0.897
30 0.804
35 0.727
40 0.661
50 0.556
 Sudden Expansion

D1 = 13.7 mm A1 = .m2

D2 =26.4 mm A2= ..m2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Trail Vol t Q V1 V2 h1 h2 (h2-h1) (h2-h1)
L sec (m3/sec) Practical Theoretical
1 3 12.2 2.45 4.89 1.083 387 4350.048 0.042
2 3 13.77 2.17 4.33 0.959 391 4300.039 0.0329
3 3 17.1 1.75 3.49 0.773 397 422 0.025 0.021
4
5
12 22
(h2 h1) Theoretical = - ( 1 2)2
2 2

Draw a graph between (h2 h1) Theoretical vs (h2-h1) Practical

(h2-h1) Practical = col(8) col(7)

Sudden Contraction

D1 = 26.4 mm A1 = .m2

D2 =13.7mm A2= ..m2

2

1 =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
3
Trail Vol t Q(m /sec) V1 V2 h1 h2 (h2-h1) (h2-h1) OR
cm cm m m kc
Practical Theoretical
1.0 1.6
1 3 12.2 2.459 8 4.89 121 609 0.488 45
0.9 1.2
2 3 13.77 2.18 59 4.33 170 556 0.386 9
0.7 0.8
3 3 17.2 1.75 73 3.49 230 478 0.248 3
4
5

(h1 h2) Theoretical = 22 12 +K 22 K = {( 12 22 ) + (h1-h2) Practical} * ( 2 )

bb2 2
2 2

(h1-h2) Practical = col(8) col(7)

Draw a graph between (h2 h1) Theoretical vs (h2-h1) Practical

2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.0

1

Kc 0.50 0.46 0.41 0.36 0.30 0.18 0.06 0

 Losses due to valves

D for globe valve Pipe = 26.4 mm

D for gate valve Pipe = 26.4 mm

Valve Type K

Globe Valve, fully open 10.0

Gate Valve, fully open 0.2

Gate Valve, half open 5.6

Volume Time Q v h1 h2 2
K Kav.
m3 sec
3
(m /sec) m/sec cm cm = 2
2

m = 2

h1 h2

Globe 1 3
0.1
Valve 16.83 1.782 0.785 172 118 0.054 34 1.71 1.72

2 3
0.0
46
13.83 2.169 0.955 195 121 0.074 5 1.59
0.0
73
3 3 11 2.72 1.201 260 123 0.137 5 1.86

Gate 1
0.0
Valve 3 14.17 2.11 0.932 120 117 0.03 44 0.677
2
0.0
3 12.5 2.4 1.057 125 123 0.02 56 0.351
3
0. 0.
09 3
3 9.83 3.05 1.34 128 125 0.03 51 2
4
Flow measurement using differential Head
2
Qtheo. = A1 1
1( 2)2

Qpractical / Qtheoritical = Cd
Cd: discharge coefficient
Cd = ( 0.91-0.99 ) for a venturi
A1 is the area of the throat (D1= 31.8 mm for venturi )
A2 is the area of upstream pipe (D2 = 15 mm)

trial Vol (L) t ( Sec) Q h1 h2 Q Cd

Practical mm mm Theoretical
3
(m /sec) m 3
(m /sec)
1 10 34.66 240 95
2 10 29.97 280 75
3 10 26.35 305 70

Calculate Cd Average.