Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 41 (1) (2013) 59-69

Modified Bolomey equation for the design of

concrete
M. C. Nataraja and M. C. Sanjay

Department of Civil Engineering,

Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore 570 006, India

Received 18 September 2012

_____________________________________________________________________

Abstract
Bolomey equation and modified Bolomey equations are used for the design of light weight concrete. In
India huge quantities of soap stone wastes are produced from stone carving industries every year. Soap
stone is regarded as unconventional aggregate for the production of concrete. The soap stone
aggregates are weaker and denser with lower values of water absorption. In spite of this soap stone has
lots of potential for use in concrete production. This paper deals with development of an appropriate
technology to know the aggregate characteristic strength in concrete and proportion mortar strengths to
higher concrete strength or to limit the strength of concrete to that of the aggregate strength for optimal
use of cementing materials. For this well established generalized Abrams law based on composite
mechanics approach and modified Bolomey equation are successfully used. Few concrete mixes are
designed containing soap stone as well as granite stone as coarse aggregates. Based on the results,
correction to the published modified Bolomey equation is also suggested which can be used for the
design concrete containing soap stone.

© 2013 Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Industrial wastes, Re-proportioning concrete mixtures, Bolomey equation, Compressive strength of
concrete

1. Introduction

Depletion of natural resources is a common phenomenon in developing countries like India

due to rapid urbanization and Industrialization. Due to this engineers are in search of suitable
alternative materials for concrete so that the existing natural resources could be preserved for
the future. One such example is the industrial wastes such as fly ash, blast furnace slag,
quarry dust, tile waste, brick bats, broken glass waste, demolition wastes, etc. One promising
material is this direction is the soap stone produced from carving industries. Soap stone can
be used either as a partial or full replacement to the conventional coarse aggregate in
concrete. Research information regarding studies on concrete made with different wastes is
available in different forms in a scattered manner around the world. However a well
established method for the design of concrete containing unconventional aggregates is not
60 Nataraja and Sanjay/ Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 41 (1) (2013) 59-69

available. Only a few cases have been reported on the use of recycled aggregates in structural
concrete, and the amount of recycled aggregate used has generally been limited to a low level
of replacement [1-4]. Use of recycled aggregate in India is very limited and is picking up
slowly. The limited use of recycled aggregate in structural concrete is due to certain inherent
deficiencies of this type of material. In comparison with natural normal weight aggregates,
recycled aggregates are weaker, more porous and have higher values of water absorption [5].
In contrast soap stone is less porous, denser and soft in nature. This paper presents a recent
study by the authors which aims to develop a technique for using 100% of recycled soap
stone aggregates in concrete. This aggregate is obtained from broken soap stone cuttings
generated in a local industry. The waste is crushed to 20 mm or less for use in concrete as
coarse aggregate. Soapstone consists mainly of talc, which contain silicon oxide, oxygen,
magnesium oxide, water and loose molecules of magnesium and silicon. On the hardness
scale that places diamond at 10, soapstone is at 3. Soapstone varies in color depending on
other incidental minerals mixed into its creation.

2. Experimental investigation

2.1 Materials used

In the present experimental study, the cement, coarse aggregates, fine aggregate, water and
superplasticizer were used.

Cement
43 Grade OPC conforming to IS: 8112 [6] was used. The results obtained from the tests are
shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Properties of 43 grade OPC
IS: 8112-1989
Sl. No. Properties Test Results
Requirements
1 Standard Consistency, % 30.25 No standard value
2 Setting time in minutes
Initial setting time 135 Not less than 30
Final setting time 225 Not greater than 600
3 Specific gravity 3.15 -
4 Compressive Strength (MPa)
3 days 28.13 23
7 days 40.18 33
28 days 56.17 43

Table 2
Properties of soap stone and granite aggregates as obtained in laboratory
Properties Soap stone aggregates Granite
aggregate
Specific gravity 2.85 2.61
Dry rodded density (oven dry) 1665 kg/m3 1634
Dry rodded density (ssd) 1731 kg/m3 1639
Water absorption 1.04 % 0.41
% void 41.75 35.21
Impact value 9.06 22.82
Crushing value 9.93 23.45
Hardness >2 >5
 Nataraja and Sanjay/ Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 41 (1) (2013) 59-69 61

Coarse aggregates
Crushed soap stone obtained from local soap stone industry and locally available broken
granite is used as coarse aggregates. The aggregates passing through 20 mm and retained on
4.75 mm are used with 60:40 proportion which satisfies the requirements as per IS: 383 [7].
The composition of soap stone and properties of both aggregates are presented in Table 2.
The aggregates are tested as per IS:2386 [8].

Fine aggregate
Naturally available river sand confirming to zone II as per IS: 383 have been used as fine
aggregate. The specific gravity, fineness modulus and water absorption of fine aggregate are
2.61, 2.85 and 0.48 %, respectively.

Water
Tap water is used for mixing and curing of concrete and mortar cubes.

Superplasticiser
In the present investigation super plasticizing admixture is used, which complies with IS:
9103:1979 [9]. Conplast SP 430 is based on sulphonated naphthalene polymers and is
supplied as a brown liquid instantly dispersible in water. It has been specially formulated to
give high water reduction upto 25% without loss of workability. Its specific gravity is 1.145
(at 30C) and chloride content is Nil. Air entrainment is approximately 1%.

3. Proportioning and re-proportioning of concrete mixes

In the present investigation for the trial mix proportioning ACI 211.2 method [10] is used.

Steps involved in arriving at the trial mix proportions are

a) Volume of concrete = 1 m3
b) Volume of cement = weight of cement/[specific gravity of cement  103]
c) Volume of entrapped air
d) Volume of water = weight of water/[specific gravity of water  103]
e) Volume of admixture = [weight of admixture/ [specific gravity of admixture 103]
f) Volume of coarse aggregate = weight of coarse aggregate/[specific gravity  103]
g) Volume of fine aggregate=1- (b + c + d + e +f)
h) Weight of fine aggregate = specific gravity  volume fraction  103

In concrete technology, the concrete mix proportioning mainly depends on the Abrams law
according to which it has been categorically stated that, for a given set of materials, the
strength development is solely dependent on free water–cement ratio. In other words as
cement or combinations of cementitious materials and/or aggregate characteristics such as
size, shape and surface characteristics change, even if the water – cement ratio is the same the
strength development is not the same. Owing to this, a trial mix is arrived at based on
empirical considerations and tested for its strength. The strength obtained for this trial mix
might not meet the practical requirements. Hence an adjustment to water–cement ratio has to
be made until it is possible to arrive at the water–cement ratio required to arrive at the final
mixture proportions so as to meet the practical strength requirements envisaged [11-12].

In concrete, mortar is regarded as the matrix and coarse aggregate is the distributed phase. It
is found that soap stone aggregate is not as strong as conventional natural aggregate even
though its specific gravity is higher than that of granite. According to the law of mixture of
62 Nataraja and Sanjay/ Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 41 (1) (2013) 59-69

the composite material, the behavior of concrete in terms of the properties of the individual
phases and their proportions can be analyzed. For a unit cell model, the relation involving the
stress acting on each of the two phases (matrix, σm and coarse aggregate σa) loading and their
volume fractions (matrix, vm and that of coarse aggregate, va) is given by:
σc = σm vm + σa va … … … … … … (1)

for εc= εa=εm and vm + va =1

where σm and σa are the strength of matrix and aggregate respectively; vm and va are the
volume fraction of matrix and aggregate respectively; εc, εa, and εm are the strains in concrete,
aggregate and matrix respectively. To advance the generalized approach to proportion
concrete mixes taking into account the characteristic strength of coarse aggregate, the
possibility of using the above relations merits examination.

1. From the strength data of concrete, where aggregate fracture has been observed, along
with the compressive strength of constituent mortar matrix, typical strength of soap
stone aggregate in concrete is calculated.

2. Using the same law of mixtures with the typical strength of soap stone aggregate
known, the required compressive strength of mortar matrix is calculated for the
specific strength of concrete.

3. The water cement ratio required to get this mortar strength is calculated by using the
Generalized Abrams’ Law [13].

Table 3
Properties of granite and soap stone aggregates for trail mix design
Material Granite aggregate (GA) Soap stone aggregate (SSA)
3
Water content, kg/m 202 202
Superplasticizer 0% 0%
Water cement ratio 0.5 0.5
Fine aggregate Natural river sand Natural river sand
Coarse aggregate Crushed granite Crushed soap stone
Specific gravity of 3.15 3.15
cement
Specific gravity of sand 2.61 2.61
Specific gravity of coarse 2.61 2.85
aggregate
Specific gravity of 1.145 1.145
superplasticizer
Volume of coarse 0.70 (Table-3.5,ACI 0.70 (Table-3.5, ACI 211.2)
aggregate 211.2)

This exercise is designated as ‘Re-proportioning Method’ [14-15]. The two equations

proposed for the re-proportioning method are as follows.

S/S0.5 = - 0.2 + 0.6 (c/w) for S0.5 > 30 MPa (1)

S/S0.5 = - 0.73 + 0.865 (c/w) for S0.5 ≤ 30 MPa (2)
where S = Compressive strength at any water-to-cement ratio
S0.5 = Compressive strength at water-to-cement ratio of 0.5
w/c = water-to-cement ratio
 Nataraja and Sanjay/ Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 41 (1) (2013) 59-69 63

5. Trial mix results

Properties of materials and trial mix details for concrete containing soap stone aggregates,
granite aggregates and corresponding mortar cubes for a water cement ratio of 0.5 (reference)
are presented in Tables 3 and 4 respectively. The workability and the compressive strength of
concrete at 7 and 28 days are shown in Table 5.

Table 4
Trial mix details per cubic meter concrete
Crushed soap stone as coarse Crushed Granite as coarse
Ingredients
aggregate aggregate
Concrete
Water Cement ratio
0.5 0.5
[W/C]
Water content [kg/m3] 202 202
Cement content
404 404
[kg/m3]
Fine Aggregate
668 668
[kg/m3]
Coarse Aggregate
1176 1074
[kg/m3]
Aggregate Cement
4.56 4.30
ratio [A/C]
Superplasticizer [%] 0% 0%
Mortar mix
Water Cement ratio
0.5 0.5
[W/C]
Fine Aggregate
1.65 1.65
Cement ratio [FA/C]

Table 5
Compressive strength and workability of trial mix concrete and mortar
Compressive Strength, MPa Workability
Type of Mix Slump,
7 days 28 days Compaction factor
mm
Crushed Granite as
33.27 44.47 70 0.94
coarse aggregate (SSD)
Crushed soap stone as
25.34 36 50 0.93
coarse aggregate (SSD)
160 1
Equivalent Mortar* 32.02 50.15
(Collapse) (Flow)
*Mortar proportion is the same for both aggregates (1:1.65)

From the test results of trial mix, the characteristic strength of both aggregates is determined
as explained in the next section.

6. Determination of aggregate characteristic strength

The term aggregate characteristic strength is the strength contributed from the coarse
aggregate. With the concrete and mortar strengths and their respective volume fractions as
input parameters, the aggregate characteristic strength is determined from linear law of
mixtures. This law as an equation is from composite mechanics consideration and is given by;
64 Nataraja and Sanjay/ Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 41 (1) (2013) 59-69

 c =  m V m + a V a

where,
c = Strength of concrete
m = Strength of constituent mortar
a = Characteristic strength of aggregate
Va, Vm = Volume fraction of aggregate and mortar
Va = Weight / Specific gravity
Vm = 1- Va

For granite aggregate, we have

Va = Weight/ Specific gravity

= 1074/ (2.61 * 1000) = 0.412.
Vm = 1- 0.412 = 0.588.
a = [c - m Vm] / Va
= [44.47-(50.15*0.588)] / 0.412 = 36.36 MPa.

Similarly for soap stone we have

Va = Weight/ Specific gravity

= 1176/ (2.85 * 1000) = 0.412.
Vm = 1- 0.412 = 0.588.
a = [c - m Vm] / Va
= [36-(50.15*0.588)] / 0.412 = 15.80 MPa.

Using these characteristic strengths of aggregates found from the 28day strength, the 7 day
strength of concrete is predicted as follows and it matches with the experimental values.

For granite aggregate concrete

 c =  m V m + a V a
c = (32×0.588) + (36.36×0.412) = 33.79 MPa as against 33.27 MPa.

For soap stone aggregate concrete

 c =  m V m + a V a
c = (32×0.588) + (15.80×0.412) = 25.33 MPa as against 25.34 MPa.

7. Re-proportioning based on aggregate characteristic strength

It was noticed that the compressive strength of the constituent mortar is higher compared to
the corresponding concrete. The mortar matrix strength is also greater than the aggregate
strength and hence iso-strain condition prevails. The concrete cubes were failed predominant
by crushing of the aggregate. The fracture was through the aggregate. Hence by considering
this failure, it is suitable to analyze the strength by law of mixtures. This value of σa (15.80) is
used to re-proportion the concrete containing soap stone as the fracture is essentially through
the aggregate. Here re-proportioning of mixes is done for target strengths of 25, 30, 35, 45
and 50 MPa using soap stone aggregates and for target strength of 30 and 60 MPa for granite
aggregates. These mixes are called M25S, M30S, M35S, M45S and M50S for soap stone and
M30G and M60G for granite respectively. One typical mix design for M25S is illustrated
here. The w/c ratio is found using the method of re-proportioning. The mix details for all
mixes consisting of soap stone and granite are presented in Table 6.
 Nataraja and Sanjay/ Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 41 (1) (2013) 59-69 65

We know that, S/S0.5 = - 0.2 + 0.6 *(C/W) for S0.5 > 30 MPa
Aggregate strength < required concrete strength
c = m Vm+a Va
m = [c - a Va] / Vm
m = [25- (15.80 * 0.412) ] / 0.588
m = 31.44 MPa
31.44 / 50.15 = -0.2 + 0.6 *(C/W)
Solving, w/c = 0.75

Water for 20 mm downsize aggregate and a slump of 75-100mm is 202 kg. Hence, Cement =
202/0.75 = 269.33 Kg/m3

Coarse aggregate = Volume fraction x dry rodded density  correction for water absorption
= 0.701665  1.0104 =1176 kg/m3

Keeping the CA content same and for the above w/c, calculate re-proportioned constituents of
the mix using ACI 211.2 as follows;

a) Volume of concrete = 1 m3
b) Volume of cement = 269.33 /3.15  103= 0.085
c) Volume of entrapped air (2%) =0.02
d) Volume of water =0.202
f) Volume of aggregate = 1176/2.85  103=0.412
g)Volume of fine aggregate =1- (0.085+ 0.02 + 0.202 + 0.412)=0.281
h) Weight of fine aggregate = 2.60 0.281 103=730.6 kg/m3

Giving, Cement: Fine Aggregate: Coarse Aggregate to be 1:2.7:4.37

Table 6
Mix details for soap stone and granite aggregate concrete
Type of Mix Cement, Fine Coarse
kg aggregate. aggregate,
kg kg
M25S, w/c =0.75, w=202kg 269 731 1176
M30S, w/c =0.60, w=202kg 337 676 1176
M35S, w/c =0.51, w=202kg 396 627 1176
M45S, w/c =0.40, w=202kg 505 588 1176
M50S, w/c =0.35, w=202kg 577 470 1176
M30G, w/c =0.68, w=202kg 297 759 1074
M60G, w/c =0.34, w=202kg 594 514 1074

8. Concrete testing

Concrete cubes for all the above mixes are cast and tested as per IS: 516 -1959 [16] and the
results are presented in Table 7. All mixes are tested for workability in terms of slump and
compacting factor (CF) as per the Indian Standard IS: 1199-1959 [17]. From Table 7, it is
clear that the 28 days strength obtained is almost equal to the required design strength for
both concrete indicating the applicability of generalized Abrams law.
66 Nataraja and Sanjay/ Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 41 (1) (2013) 59-69

Table 7
Compressive strength and workability of re-proportioned mixes

Type of Compressive Workability

Mix Strength fc from lab
MPa
7 days 28 days Slump, Compaction
mm factor

M25S* 14.23 24.34 50 0.95

M30S 20.44 30.64 75 0.94
M35S 23.67 34.53 60 0.94
M45S 30.89 44.23 50 0.91
M50S 40.33 49.06 40 0.88
M30G 22.81 32.22 65 0.92
M60G 41.23 57.02 20 0.85
* [S/S0.5 = - 0.2 + 0.6 (C/W)], for S0.5 ≥ 30 MPa

9. Use of the Modified Bolomey equation for the design of light weight aggregate
concrete

The Modified Bolomey equation is suggested by Rajamane and Ambily [18] for the design of
light weight concrete containing fly ash aggregates. This equation is generalized for w/c of
0.4. In order to check the applicability of this method to our experimental results, their
published work has been studied in detail and the equation is further modified taking the
generalized w/c ratio as 0.5. This is done as generalized Abrams law is for w/c of 0.5 such
that all results can be compared. It is well established that generalized Abrams law is
applicable to all types of concrete and for any type of aggregates. The modified Bolomey
equation proposed by Rajamane and Ambily and the further modified Bolomey equation
proposed by the authors in the present work are of the form,

fc = f0.4[0.50 c/w-0.25](1-a) , [Later called MBE(0.4)] (3)

fc = f0.5[0.67 c/w-0.34](1-a), [later called MBE(0.5)] (4)

where,
f0.4 is the compressive strength at w/c =0.4
f0.5 is the compressive strength at w/c =0.5
c/w is cement to water ratio =1/ (w/c)
a is the volume fraction of coarse aggregate

Observation
Using the above two equations, the published results of Rajamane and Ambily [18] is verified
and presented in Table 8. Not much difference in the target and the observed strengths are
noticed and the difference is within about 5% for most of the cases except few. From Table 8,
it is observed that the strength predicted from MBE (0.4) is more by about 4 to 8%. It means
actual strength obtained in the laboratory is slightly less. However MBE (0.5) predicts
strengths slightly less by about 4% which is slightly less compared to MBE (0.4). It means the
actual value obtained in the laboratory is more by about 4% for few mixes. Thus equation
MBE (0.5) is more reliable and the percentage error is also less and conservative.
 Nataraja and Sanjay/ Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 41 (1) (2013) 59-69 67

Table 8
Applicability of the MBE for light weight concrete for published data [18]

fc % %
Sl. Density Bolomey- Bolomey-
w/c Vf (obtained in difference difference
No. kg/m3 MBE (0.4) MBE(0.5)
lab.) MBE (0.4) MBE(0.5)
0.40 2170 23.00 23.00 0.00 21.66 -6.18
1 0.50 2170 0.37 18.00 19.20 6.10 18.00 0.00
0.60 2170 16.00 16.30 2.00 15.43 -3.69
0.40 2173 20.00 20.00 0.00 21.69 7.78
2 0.50 2141 0.36 17.00 16.70 -2.10 17.00 0.00
0.60 2123 14.00 14.10 0.90 14.57 3.90
0.30 2.175 41.70 43.40 3.90 50.51 17.44
3 0.40 2117 0.18 32.60 32.60 0.00 38.00 14.00
0.50 2072 29.80 25.70 -15.70 29.80 0.00
0.30 2117 37.50 38.40 2.50 41.91 10.50
4 0.40 2059 0.24 29.50 29.50 0.00 32.19 8.00
0.50 2014 25.70 23.70 -8.40 25.70 0.00
0.30 2060 35.00 35.20 0.60 36.56 4.00
5 0.40 2002 0.30 27.60 27.60 0.00 28.67 3.00
0.50 1957 23.30 22.60 -3.30 23.30 0.00
0.30 2002 31.80 28.80 -10.60 31.15 -2.00
6 0.40 1944 0.36 23.00 23.00 0.00 25.75 10.67
0.50 1899 21.30 19.10 -11.40 21.30 0.00

The above two equations are further applied to our experimental data on soap stone aggregate
concrete and the results are presented in Table 9. The results obtained from the generalized
equation based on generalized Abrams law using composite mechanics approach is more
close to MBE (0.5). Although all the three approaches give more or less the same predicted
strength, the one obtained from generalized Abrams law is more close to the required
strength. In addition generalized Abrams law requires only water-cement ratio and is
independent on aggregate volume fraction. However in MBE, both water-cement ratio and the
volume fraction are considered. However it is observed that volume fraction is not significant
for the range of w/c ratio from 0.30-0.5. And it is also seen that as the volume fraction of light
weight aggregate increases the compressive strength decreases marginally, and is found to be
insignificant.
Table 9
Application of modified Bolomey equation

Type of mix** fc fc from % fc from %

(Experiment) MBE(0.4) Difference MBE(0.5) difference
M25S, w/c =0.75, w=202kg 24.34 26.43 7.91 25.42 0.42
M30S, w/c =0.60, w=202kg 30.64 30.50 -0.45 29.35 -4.39
M35S, w/c =0.51, w=202kg 34.54 36.87 6.32 35.44 0.29
w/c =0.50 36.00 37.44 3.85 36.00 0.00
M45S, w/c =0.40, w=202kg 44.23 44.23 0 42.67 -3.66
M50S, w/c =0.35, w=202kg 49.06 48.64 -0.86 47.00 -4.38
**Volume fraction for these mixes, vf = 0.412
68 Nataraja and Sanjay/ Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 41 (1) (2013) 59-69

10. Conclusions
Following conclusion can be drawn based on the observations and discussions
1. Aggregates obtained from soap stone are relatively heavy, rough and irregular
compared to conventional granite aggregates. Their surface is rough when broken and
slightly irregular in shape and their characteristic compressive strength is rather less.
In spite of this, relatively good concrete can be produced from soap stone aggregates.
2. Here the concrete is designed for the required strength. For few mixes, the
workability has decreased when soap stone aggregates were used which is mainly due
to its surface characteristics. To compensate this, suitable dosage of superplasticiser
should be added.
3. Concrete of medium strength in the range of 20 MPa to 40 MPa can be easily
produced using soap stone aggregates.
4. Use of generalized Abrams law for the design of concrete containing soap stone is
demonstrated successfully.
5. Technical feasibility of compensating the low characteristic strength of soapstone as
coarse aggregate by commensurate mortar strength is demonstrated.
6. It is noticed that both the modified Bolomey equations and generalized Abrams law
predicts the strength of concrete very well within about 5% errors.
7. Generalized Abrams law requires only water cement ratio where as Modified
Bolomey equation requires both the water cement ratio and the volume fraction of
coarse aggregate for design.

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