Dew-Point Evaporative Comfort Cooling

Jesse Dean
April 20, 2012
Rocky Mountain Chapter
ASHRAE Technical
Conference
Lakewood, Colorado
Image Credit: Joshua Bauer, NREL NREL/PR-7A40-55837

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
DoD ESTCP Program

 Department of Defense – Environmental Security

Technology Certification Program

● Goal: Identify and demonstrate innovative and cost-effective

technologies to address DoD’s high-priority environmental
requirements

● Process: Collect cost and performance data to overcome the

barriers to employ state of the art and innovative technologies

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DoD ESTCP Program

 Department of Defense – Energy Use Characteristics

● Operate 300,00 + facilities world wide

● 500 + installations

● Annual facility related energy bill > $4 billion per year

● Very aggressive energy efficiency and renewable energy goals

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DoD ESTCP Program

 Current Demonstrations
● Automated Continuous Commissioning of Commercial Buildings

● Wireless Platform for Energy-Efficient Building Control Retrofits

● Daylight Redirecting Window Films

● Coupling Geothermal Heat Pumps with Underground Seasonal

Thermal Energy Storage

● Energy Efficient Phase Change Materials (PCM) Insulation

● Air Source Cold Climate Heat Pump

Reference: http://www.serdp.org/Program-Areas/Energy-and-Water/(list)/1/

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Project Objective

 Demonstrate the ability of new high performance

indirect evaporative cooling technology to:

● Enhance cooling efficiency and comfort in dry climates

● Substantially reduce peak power demand relative to conventional
air-conditioning
● Demonstrate improved comfort relative to traditional evaporative
coolers
● Quantify water consumption and compare to water consumed at
electric plant to power conventional a/c

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Technology Description

 Innovative indirect evaporative

cooling technology developed by
Coolerado Corporation

 Staged cooling with wet-bulb

effectiveness from 90% to 125%

 No moisture added to the product

airstream.

 Fan is the only major energy

input.

Reference: http://www.coolerado.com/products/how-it-works/
Image Credit: Coolerado

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 Technology Description

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART 55 60
210
Sea Level 65
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE 29.921 inches of Mercury 90
200
50 1.3

190
85
85
1.2
180

45 60
85 170
WE
TB 1.1
UL

AIR
B TE
MP 160

Y
80 ER

DR
AT 80
UR

OF
40 E- 1.0
150

D
°F

Exhaust

UN
PO

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

-°
80 55

E
140

PE

UR
TU

AT
.9

ER
-B
75
75

MP
PY
130

VAPOR PRESSURE - INCHES OF MERCURY

35

ENTHALPY - BTU PER POUND OF DRY AIR

TE
AL
TH

N
TIO
EN
120 .8

RA
75

TU
SA
70
110 70 50
30
.7
100
70
25 65
65
90 .6

65
60 80 45

%
60

90
20 .5
70

%
60

80
55
55
% 60
70 .4
50 55
15 % 50
60 50
40
45 50
% 45 .3
50
40
40

Image Credit: Coolerado

45 40
40%
10 35
40 30 35 .2

DEW POINT - °F
30 30%
35 30
25 20
30 25
20% 35
25 20 .1
20 Y
E HUMIDIT 10
10% RELATIV 10
0
-20
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Linric Company Psychrometric Chart, www.linric.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

10 15 20 25 30

Reference:
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/tir_coolerado.pdf

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Design Considerations

1. Sensitive to external static pressure

o Image (63 F WB, 95 F DB, 80 F Space)

2. Reduced Capacity at design conditions

o Zone temperature will float during peak
conditions

3. Improved Performance at Partial Loads

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 Performance Objectives

Performance Data
Metric Success Criteria
Objective Requirements
Quantitative Performance Objectives
Hours of space Indoor thermostat <1% of hours outside
Improve comfort
temperature inside temperature ASHRAE summer
provided by
ASHRAE comfort Indoor humidity comfort zone
evaporative
conditions Supply air temperature Supply air <70F
cooling
Supply air temperature
kW/ton of cooling Air flow Peak energy <1 kW/ton
Provide high
Temperature change Average energy <0.6
efficiency cooling
Power consumption kW/ton
Wet-bulb effectiveness Atmospheric weather <5% degradation of wet-
Air flow monitoring bulb eff. over 3
Sustain cooling Supply air temperature years
performance Air flow Negligible increase in
supply air pressure
drop
gallons/ton-hr of building Water inlet flow Demonstrate
Minimize water
cooling Water outlet flow conservation
consumption
site water quality (TDS) Water conductivity approach consuming
(Water Conservation)
<2.5 gal/ton-hr

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 Performance Objectives

Performance Data
Metric Success Criteria
Objective Requirements
Qualitative Performance Objectives
Standard form feedback A single facility
Maintainability Ability of an HVAC from the HVAC technician able to
(Ease of use) technician to operate technician on effectively operate
and maintain the usability of the and maintain
technology technology equipment with
minimal training
Standard form feedback >90% of units fall within
Maintainability Service Frequency from the HVAC nominal IEC
(Cost) technician on time maintenance
required to maintain schedule by project
end
No signs of biological
Maintainability Biological Fouling Visual inspection growth, including
(Failure) Freezing grey-water unit
No ruptured water lines

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Technical Approach
 Instrument and monitor (20) 1,800 cfm Coolerado coolers in
(5+1) buildings at Fort Carson (Colorado Springs)
 Prior to deployment, representative units were fully
characterized at NREL’s Advanced HVAC Lab ±5%

 Monitor for two cooling seasons – annual and peak energy use
compared to conventional air conditioning

Credit: NREL Credit: NREL Pix: 16929

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Data Acquisition System

Image Credit: Joshua Bauer, NREL

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Building Installations

Classroom Event Center

Theater Image Credit: Coolerado

Jet Aeration and Pump House
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Construction Drawings

Classroom Event Center

Theater Image Credit: NREL

Pump House
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Construction Drawings and Photographs

Event Center Event Center

Jet Aeration Theater

Image Credit: NREL

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Waste Water Demonstration
 Demonstration unit using treated waste water effluent in a remote setting
● Waste water had significant algae growth and unit immediately clogged with Algae in filter and in test unit.

Waste Water Unit

Waste Water Unit

Image Credit: NREL

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 Colorado Springs Weather Data (TMY3)

Design Days for Cooling:

 Cooling Design Day (0.4%)
o Tdb : 90.3 °F
o Mean Coincident Twb: 58.8 °F

 Evaporative Design Day (0.4%)

o Twb: 63.3 °F
o Mean Coincident Tdb: 78.3 °F

Measured at Site 2011:

 Max Conditions July – September
o Tdb : 98.85 °F, MC Twb : 65.5 °F
o Maximum Twb :67.74 °F Maximum Percent of
Maximum Outside Air Number of Cooling
Outside Air Wetbulb Hours Season Hours
Temperature Temperatur Above 0.4% above 0.4%
(F) e (F) Design Design (%)

98.85 67.74 161 1.8%

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Improve Comfort Provided by Evaporative Cooling

Success criteria #1 : <1% of hours outside ASHRAE summer comfort zone

 Performance objective met for all facilities

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Improve Comfort Provided by Evaporative Cooling

Success criteria: supply air less than 70 °F

× Performance objective met for >95% of the time

Percent Supply Air Temp < 70 °F Percent Supply Air Temp < 70 °F
Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 1 Unit 3 Unit 5 Unit 7
95.4% 99.5% 100.0% 96.9% 100.0% 95.4% 99.5% 99.8%

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Improve Comfort Provided by Evaporative Cooling

Success criteria: supply air less than 70 °F

× Performance objective met for >70% of the time

Percent Supply Air Temp < 70 °F Percent Supply Air Temp ≤ 70 °F

Unit 9 Unit 10 Unit 11 Unit 12 West Unit East Unit
83.5% 98.1% 100.0% 93.5% 69.0% 78.7%

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Supply Air Temperature Performance Objective Analysis

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Supply Air Temperature Performance Objective Analysis

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 Provide High Efficiency Cooling
Success criteria: Peak energy < 1 kW/ton, Average energy < 0.6 kW/ton

 Performance objective met for all facilities

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Minimize Water Consumption

Success criteria: Demonstrate conservation approach using <2.5 gal/ton-hr

× Performance objective not met (heat of vaporization 1.3 to 1.4 gal/ton-hr)

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Additional Performance Metrics:

 Sustain Cooing Performance:

o <5% degradation of wet-bulb eff. over 3 years
o Negligible increase in supply air pressure drop

 Maintainability:
o A single facility technician able to effectively operate and maintain equipment with
minimal training

 Maintainability:
o >90% of units fall within nominal IEC maintenance schedule by project end

 Maintainability:
o No signs of biological growth, including grey-water unit

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Additional 2011 Activities

 Waste Water catchment

o Installed a waste water catchment system at Theater
o One 1,500 gallon tanks w/sump pump

Image Credit: NREL

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Lessons Learned & Product Development

1. Maintenance:
o Frozen pipes in one facility
o Most maintenance issues were identified and resolved in first year

2. Solenoid Failures:
o Three solenoid failures in first year (failed open)
o Newer Coolerado units place solenoid inside unit with higher quality solenoid.

3. Heat Exchanger Temperature Variation:

o 20% of units didn’t meet performance objectives
– Heat exchanger performance is a function of water and air distribution

4. Excess Water Use:

o Standard control sequence set to 1.6 Cycles of Concentration
– Need to set unit at 5 Cycles of Concentration

5. Thermostat:
o DoD has option to use BACnet compliant thermostat that ties into DDC system

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 Coolerado HMX Improvements
2009 Version: Free-form
2011 Version: Modular Cassette
Advantages of 2011 Version:

1. More economical
2. Easier to replace/install
3. Self-supporting structure
preserves HMX integrity
over time
4. Integrated water
distribution with single
point of entry per HMX
reduces water usage
5. Yields a more consistent
and reliable product

Image Credit: Coolerado

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 Coolerado Water Solenoid and Regulator Comparison
2009 Version: Fiero Fluid Power (FFP) Disadvantages:
-Regulator very sensitive to building water
pressure fluctuations.
-Requires a narrow range of building water
pressures (e.g. 40-65 psi).
-Working Pressure must be set at the work
site by installation contractors.
Image Credit: NREL - Susceptible to damage from freezing,
2011 Version: Tyco/Cash Valve requiring it to be drained before winter or
installed indoors.

Advantages:
-Regulator more robust and less sensitive to building
water pressure fluctuations.
-Accommodates a wider range of building water
pressures (e.g. 20-75 psi).
-Working Pressure is set at the factory before shipment.
-Self-draining design prevents damage from freezing,
allowing it to be installed inside of unit outdoors.
Image Credit: NREL

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Design Options

 100% Outside Air Systems

1. Through the wall zone cooler
2. Outside air pre-conditioner (packaged RTU or AHU)

 Integrated Solutions
1. Zone cooler with return air
2. Integrated into air handling unit mixing box
3. Packaged Rooftop unit (H-80)

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100% Outside Air – Zone Cooler

 Advantages
o Simple installation
o High OA ventilation rates
o Significant energy savings
relative to DX units

 Disadvantages
o Not integrated w/HVAC
o Higher water and energy use
o Limited climate zones
o Maintenance
– Shut down and winterized
swing seasons

Image Credit: Joshua Bauer, NREL

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100% Outside Air – Pre Conditioner

 Advantages  Disadvantages
o Simple installation
o Integrated with HVAC System o Higher water and energy use
o Can be applied to large o Maintenance
systems – Shut down and winterized
o Appropriate for ASHRAE swing seasons
climate zones (2B, 3B, 4B, 5B)

Image Credit: Joshua Bauer, NREL

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Integrated Solution – Integrated into Mixing Box

 Advantages  Disadvantages
o Greater energy and water o Complicated installation
savings o Difficult exhaust run
o Applicable to more climate
zones o Higher installed costs
o Geared towards new
construction

Image Credit: Joshua Bauer, NREL

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Integrated Solution – Integrated into Mixing Box

Image Credit: Joshua Bauer, NREL

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Integrated Solution – Zone Cooler with Return Air

 Advantages  Disadvantages
o Greater energy and water o Higher installed costs
savings o Better fit for single story
o Applicable to more climate facilities
zones
o Controls need to be integrated
with existing HVAC

Outside
Air

Return
Air

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Coolerado Performance Model

 Developed from empirical curve fits (lab test and field

test data)

 Developed VBA and will be built into Energy Plus

 Verified to within 3% of laboratory test results and 12%

of field test results

 Includes sizing tool and annual simulation tool

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Preliminary Market Analysis

 Preliminary Market Analysis

o Single zone building model (similar to classroom)
o 600 ft2 w/ south facing wall/window and 3 adiabatic walls
o 20 people, 1.49 Watt/ft2 lighting, 5 Watt/ft2 plug loads
o Modeled in four climate zones relative to single zone DX with
EER 8

Image Credit: NREL

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Next Steps

 Reprogram Coolerado model into Energy Plus module

 Finalize market analysis – includes comparison to other evaporative

cooling technologies – energy use, water use, O&M

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Contact

Jesse Dean
303.384.7539
Jesse.dean@nrel.gov

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