OPEN ENDED EXPERIMENT

BASIC ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (ES 201)

TO DESIGN AND ANALYSE A MULTISTAGE TRANSISTOR
AMPLIFIER

Submitted To – Submitted By
Dr Pradeep Kumar P.Uday Ashish
A2305116072
Yatharth Gupta
A2305116069
Kartikey Tyagi
A2305116071

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
ASET
AUUP
 TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page No.
Aim 1
Components required 1
Theory 1 -13
Calculations 14 - 15
Observation 16 - 18
Result 19
Conclusion 19

i
 List of Figures
Name Page No.
Common Base configuration 3

Common Emitter configuration 4

Common Collector configuration 6

Circuit showing RC coupling 10

Circuit design of Multistage 14
Amplifier
Circuit of Multistage Tansistor 17
Amplifier
Input Wave form 17
Output wave form from 1st 18
stage
Output wave form from 2nd 18
stage
Final Output wave form 19
Comparison between Input & 19
Final output wave form

ii
AIM:- To design and analyse a multistage transistor amplifier.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:-
Bread board, resistors (68K, 10K, 2.2K, 8.2K, 100 ohms), Capacitor ( 403Pf, 1uF),
Transistor(2N2222),
Connecting wires & Oscilloscope

THEORY :-
An electronic signal contains some information which cannot be utilized if doesn’t have proper
strength. The process of increasing the signal strength is called as Amplification
Amplification in practical applications is done using Multi-stage amplifiers. A number of
single-stage amplifiers are cascaded to form a Multi-stage amplifier. Let us see how a single-
stage amplifier is built, which is the basic for a Multi-stage amplifier.

Based on number of stages Depending upon the number of stages of Amplification, there are
Single-stage amplifiers and Multi-stage amplifiers
 Single-stage Amplifiers − This has only one transistor circuit, which is a single-stage
amplification.

 Multi-stage Amplifiers − This has multiple transistor circuit, which provides multi-
stage amplification.
different configurations to understand which configuration suits better for a transistor to work
as an amplifier.

COMMON BASE Amplifier(CB):-

The amplifier circuit that is formed using a CB configured transistor combination is called as
CB amplifier. The input signal being applied at emitter base junction and the output signal
being taken from collector base junction. The emitter base junction is forward biased by
VEE and collector base junction is reverse biased by VCC. The operating point is adjusted with
the help of resistors Re and Rc. Thus, the values of Ic, Ib and Icb are decided by VCC, VEE,
Re and Rc. In CB configuration, a positive input produces a positive output and hence input
and output are in phase. So, there is no phase reversal between input and output in a CB
amplifier. If CB configuration is considered for amplification, it has low input impedance and
high output impedance. The voltage gain is also low compared to CE configuration. Hence
CB configured amplifiers are used at high frequency application.
 1

Fig. 1:- Common Base Amplifier configuration

2
COMMON EMITTER Amplifier (CE):-
The amplifier circuit that is formed using a CE configured transistor combination is called as
CE amplifier the input signal being applied at emitter base junction and the output signal being
taken from collector base junction. The emitter base junction is forward biased by VEE and
collector base junction is reverse biased by VCC. The operating point is adjusted with the help
of resistors Re and Rc. Thus the values of Ic, Ib and Icb are decided by VCC, VEE, Re and Rc.
When no input is applied, the quiescent conditions are formed and no output is present. When
positive half of the signal is being applied, the voltage between base and emitter V be is
increased because it is already positive with respect to ground. Therefore, in a CE amplifier,
as the positive going signal appears as a negative going signal, it is understood that there is a
phase shift of 180o between input and output.
CE amplifier has a high input impedance and lower output impedance than CB amplifier. The
voltage gain and power gain are also high in CE amplifier and hence this is mostly used in
Audio amplifiers.

3
Fig. 2:- Common Emitter Configuration

4
COMMMON COLLECCTOR Amplifier (CC):-
The amplifier circuit that is formed using a CC configured transistor combination is called as
CC amplifier. the input signal being applied at base collector junction and the output signal
being taken from emitter collector junction. The emitter base junction is forward biased by
VEE and collector base junction is reverse biased by VCC. The Q-values of Ib and Ie are adjusted
by Rb and Re. When no input is applied, the quiescent conditions are formed and no output is
present. When positive half of the signal is being applied, the forward bias is increased because
Vbe is positive with respect to collector or ground. With this, the base current IB and the
collector current IC are increased. Consequently, the voltage drop across Re i.e. the output
voltage is increased. As a result, positive half cycle is obtained. As the input and output are in
phase, there is no phase reversal.

If CC configuration is considered for amplification, though CC amplifier has better input

impedance and lower output impedance than CE amplifier, the voltage gain of CC is very less
which limits its applications to impedance matching only.

Fig. 3:- Common Collector Configuration

5

In practical applications, the output of a single state amplifier is usually insufficient, though it
is a voltage or power amplifier. Hence they are replaced by Multi-stage transistor
amplifiers.

In Multi-stage amplifiers, the output of first stage is coupled to the input of next stage using a
coupling device. These coupling devices can usually be a capacitor or a transformer. This
process of joining two amplifier stages using a coupling device can be called as Cascading.

The following figure shows a two-stage amplifier connected in cascade.

The overall gain is the product of voltage gain of individual stages.
AV=AV1×AV2=V2V1×V0V2=V0V1AV=AV1×AV2=V2V1×V0V2=V0V1

Where AV = Overall gain, AV1 = Voltage gain of 1st stage, and AV2 = Voltage gain of 2nd stage.
6
Purpose of coupling device
The basic purposes of a coupling device are

 To transfer the AC from the output of one stage to the input of next stage.

 To block the DC to pass from the output of one stage to the input of next stage, which
means to isolate the DC conditions.

Types of Coupling :-
Joining one amplifier stage with the other in cascade, using coupling devices form a Multi-
stage amplifier circuit. There are four basic methods of coupling, using these coupling
devices such as resistors, capacitors, transformers etc. Let us have an idea about them.

Resistance-Capacitance Coupling
This is the mostly used method of coupling, formed using simple resistor-
capacitor combination. The capacitor which allows AC and blocks DC is the main coupling
element used here.

The coupling capacitor passes the AC from the output of one stage to the input of its next
stage. While blocking the DC components from DC bias voltages to effect the next stage.

Impedance Coupling
This uses inductance and capacitance as coupling elements can be called as Impedance
coupling network.

In this impedance coupling method, the impedance of coupling coil depends on its inductance
7
and signal frequency which is jwL. This method is not so popular and is seldom employed.

Transformer Coupling
The coupling method that uses a transformer as the coupling device can be called as
Transformer coupling. There is no capacitor used in this method of coupling because the
transformer itself conveys the AC component directly to the base of second stage.
The secondary winding of the transformer provides a base return path and hence there is no
need of base resistance. This coupling is popular for its efficiency and its impedance matching
and hence it is mostly used.

Direct Coupling
If the previous amplifier stage is connected to the next amplifier stage directly, it is called
as direct coupling. The individual amplifier stage bias conditions are so designed that the
stages can be directly connected without DC isolation.

The direct coupling method is mostly used when the load is connected in series, with the
output terminal of the active circuit element. For example, head-phones, loud speakers etc.

Role of Capacitors in Amplifiers

Other than the coupling purpose, there are other purposes for which few capacitors are
8
especially employed in amplifiers. To understand this, let us know about the role of capacitors
in Amplifiers.

The Input Capacitor Cin

The input capacitor Cin present at the initial stage of the amplifier, couples AC signal to the
base of the transistor. This capacitor Cin if not present, the signal source will be in parallel to
resistor R2 and the bias voltage of the transistor base will be changed.

Hence Cin allows, the AC signal from source to flow into input circuit, without affecting the
bias conditions.

The Emitter By-pass Capacitor Ce

The emitter by-pass capacitor Ce is connected in parallel to the emitter resistor. It offers a low
reactance path to the amplified AC signal.

In the absence of this capacitor, the voltage developed across RE will feedback to the input
side thereby reducing the output voltage. Thus in the presence of Ce the amplified AC will
pass through this.

Coupling Capacitor CC
The capacitor CC is the coupling capacitor that connects two stages and prevents DC
interference between the stages and controls the operating point from shifting. This is also
called as blocking capacitor because it does not allow the DC voltage to pass through it.

In the absence of this capacitor, RC will come in parallel with the resistance R1of the biasing
network of the next stage and thereby changing the biasing conditions of the next stage.

Construction of a Two-stage RC Coupled Amplifier

9
The constructional details of a two-stage RC coupled transistor amplifier circuit are as follows.
The two stage amplifier circuit has two transistors, connected in CE configuration and a
common power supply VCC is used. The potential divider network R1 and R2 and the resistor
Re form the biasing and stabilization network. The emitter by-pass capacitor Ce offers a low
reactance path to the signal.

The resistor RL is used as a load impedance. The input capacitor Cin present at the initial stage
of the amplifier couples AC signal to the base of the transistor. The capacitor CC is the coupling
capacitor that connects two stages and prevents DC interference between the stages and
controls the shift of operating point. The figure below shows the circuit diagram of RC coupled
amplifier.

Fig 4: - Circuit showing RC coupling

Operation of RC Coupled Amplifier

When an AC input signal is applied to 10 the base of first transistor, it gets amplified and appears
at the collector load RL which is then passed through the coupling capacitor CC to the next
stage. This becomes the input of the next stage, whose amplified output again appears across
its collector load. Thus the signal is amplified in stage by stage action.
The important point that has to be noted here is that the total gain is less than the product of
the gains of individual stages. This is because when a second stage is made to follow the first
stage, the effective load resistance of the first stage is reduced due to the shunting effect of the
input resistance of the second stage. Hence, in a multistage amplifier, only the gain of the last
stage remains unchanged.

As we consider a two stage amplifier here, the output phase is same as input. Because the
phase reversal is done two times by the two stage CE configured amplifier circuit.

Frequency Response of RC Coupled Amplifier

Frequency response curve is a graph that indicates the relationship between voltage gain and
function of frequency. The frequency response of a RC coupled amplifier is as shown in the
following graph.

11

From the above graph, it is understood that the frequency rolls off or decreases for the
frequencies below 50Hz and for the frequencies above 20 KHz. whereas the voltage gain for
the range of frequencies between 50Hz and 20 KHz is constant.

We know that,
XC=12πfcXC=12πfc

It means that the capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to the frequency.

At Low frequencies (i.e. below 50 Hz)

The capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to the frequency. At low frequencies, the
reactance is quite high. The reactance of input capacitor Cinand the coupling capacitor CC are
so high that only small part of the input signal is allowed. The reactance of the emitter by pass
capacitor CE is also very high during low frequencies. Hence it cannot shunt the emitter
resistance effectively. With all these factors, the voltage gain rolls off at low frequencies.

At High frequencies (i.e. above 20 KHz)

Again considering the same point, we know that the capacitive reactance is low at high
frequencies. So, a capacitor behaves as a short circuit, at high frequencies. As a result of this,
the loading effect of the next stage increases, which reduces the voltage gain. Along with this,
as the capacitance of emitter diode decreases, it increases the base current of the transistor due
12
to which the current gain (β) reduces. Hence the voltage gain rolls off at high frequencies.
At Mid-frequencies (i.e. 50 Hz to 20 KHz)
The voltage gain of the capacitors is maintained constant in this range of frequencies, as shown
in figure. If the frequency increases, the reactance of the capacitor C C decreases which tends
to increase the gain. But this lower capacitance reactive increases the loading effect of the
next stage by which there is a reduction in gain.

Due to these two factors, the gain is maintained constant.

13
Calculations: -

As shown in the above design of the circuit, the values of R1, R2, RC, & RE are same for all the
three stages so the values of VE, VTH, VCE, VC, IE, IC, IB, RTH & beta will be same for all three
stages.

Now,

VTH = Vcc(R2/R1+R2)

= 12(10/68+10) = 1.538 V

VE = VTH – 0.7 = 1.538 – 0.7 = 0.838 V

IE = VE / RE = 0.838/ 200 = 4.19 Ma

We know IE is almost equal to IC

So IC = 4.19 mA

Beta = 100

Now Vc = Ic X Rc= 9.218V

VCE =VCC – (VE + VC) = 1. 949 V

RTH = R1R2/R1 + R2 = 8.717K

re = 26 mV/ 4.19 Ma = 6.205 ohms

15

Now for stage 1: -

Zi = RTH || BETA re = 1.726 K

Zo = RC || Ro = RC = 2.2 K

Hence,

AV1 = 2.2/1.726 = 1.246

For stage 3: -

AV3 = (Rc || RL)/(Re +re)

= 16. 32

Rin (base) = Beta x (Re +re)

= 10.6205 k

Zin = RB5 || RB6 || RIN

= 4.7878 K

For stage 2:-

AV2 = (RC || ZIN ) / (Re +re)

= 14.18

AVTOTAL = AV1 + AV2 + AV3

= 31.746
 16
OBSERVATIONS:-

Img. 1 :- Circuit of Multistage Tansistor Amplifier

 Img. 2 :- Input Wave form

17

Img. 3 :- Output wave form from 1st stage

Img. 4:- Output wave form from 2nd stgae

18
 Img. 5:- Final Output wave form

Img.6 :- Comparison between Input & Final output wave form

19
RESULT :-

The output signal obtained has been amplified by approx. 32 times of the input signal.
Conclusion :-

By performing this experiment we verify that an input signal can be amplified to desired output
by using multisatge transistor amplifier.

20