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    Advanced Analysis of Steel Frames

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    Kulal Swapnil
    The document discusses various types of structural frame analysis, including first and second order elastic analysis, where second order analysis accounts for the effects of frame geometry changes under loading, known as P-δ and P-Δ effects. Methods for second order elastic analysis include applying moment amplification factors or using direct analysis approaches. International code provisions for second order analysis are also referenced.

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    Advanced Analysis of Steel Frames

    Uploaded by

    Kulal Swapnil
    27 views15 pages
    The document discusses various types of structural frame analysis, including first and second order elastic analysis, where second order analysis accounts for the effects of frame geometry changes under loading, known as P-δ and P-Δ effects. Methods for second order elastic analysis include applying moment amplification factors or using direct analysis approaches. International code provisions for second order analysis are also referenced.

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    Module III steel

    Original Title

    Module III

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    The document discusses various types of structural frame analysis, including first and second order elastic analysis, where second order analysis accounts for the effects of frame geometry changes under loading, known as P-δ and P-Δ effects. Methods for second order elastic analysis include applying moment amplification factors or using direct analysis approaches. International code provisions for second order analysis are also referenced.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views15 pages

    Advanced Analysis of Steel Frames

    Uploaded by

    Kulal Swapnil
    The document discusses various types of structural frame analysis, including first and second order elastic analysis, where second order analysis accounts for the effects of frame geometry changes under loading, known as P-δ and P-Δ effects. Methods for second order elastic analysis include applying moment amplification factors or using direct analysis approaches. International code provisions for second order analysis are also referenced.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    Advanced Analysis of Steel

    Frames
    Module 3:

    Second order considerations in elastic analysis of


    frames P-δ & P-Δ effect. Critical load of single bay,
    single storey portal frame using P-δ & P- Δ effect;
    classical & semi geometrical approach. Direct
    second order elastic analysis (SOE), international
    codal provisions, application for simple frame.
    Four types of Analysis

    Non-Linear
    Deformed
    Geometry

    Geometry

    Behavior

    Behavior
    Material

    Material
    Linear
    Analysis Type Initial
    First Order
    Elastic
    . .
    First Order
    Inelastic
    . .
    (Plastic )

    Second Order
    Elastic
    . .
    Second Order
    Inelastic
    . .
    Load Deformation graph for different analysis type
    First Order Elastic Analysis
    • In a first-order elastic analysis, the equilibrium of
    the frame in the undeformed geometry is
    considered.
    • The changes in the geometry of the frame due to
    the loading are not accounted for, and changes in
    the effective stiffness of the members due to axial
    force are neglected.
    • The effects of these on the first-order bending
    moments shall be allowed for by applying moment
    amplification factor, CY, CZ.
    • If the moment amplification factor CY, CZ, is greater
    than 1.4, a second-order elastic analysis in
    accordance shall be carried out.
    Second Order Elastic Analysis
    • The analysis allows for the effects of the design
    loads acting on the structure and its members in
    their displaced and deformed configuration.
    • These second-order effects shall be taken into
    account by using either
    a) A first-order elastic analysis with moment
    amplification factor, provided the moment
    amplification factors are not greater than 1.4;
    b) A second-order elastic analysis
    i. Critical load or K – factor approach
    ii. Direct Analysis approach
    • The analysis is formulated based on the
    deformed configuration of the structure.
    • When derived rigorously, a second-order analysis
    can include both stability effects as,
    1. The member curvature , P −δ effect and
    2. The sidesway, P − Δ effect.
    • The P- δ effect is associated with the influence of
    the axial force acting through the member
    displacement with respect to the rotated chord,
    whereas the P − Δ effect is the influence of axial
    force acting through the relative sidesway
    displacements of the member ends.
    P-δ & P-Δ effect in frames
    • The bending moments in the frame determined from a first-
    order analysis are termed as primary moments.
    • The additional moments resulting from the P-∆ effect due to
    joint sway and the P- δ effect due to member curvature are
    called the secondary moments.
    • The columns of the frame are subjected to bending and so, in
    the deflected position, they have a curvature relative to the
    member line joining the ends of the member. This also creates
    second order moments and commonly termed the P-δ
    (member curvature) effect.
    • When the frame is free to sway, then there are additional
    second-order effects due to the deflection of the member. The
    relative sway of the ends of a member gives rise to additional
    second-order moments. This is often called the P-∆ (member
    rotation) effect.
    Method 1: Second order effect applying Moment
    Amplification Factor
    • Moment magnification factor, β1: the moment
    magnifier β1 is a P-δ moment amplification factor.
    It accounts for first order moments associated
    with the member curvature effects, so it applies
    to columns in braced and unbraced frames as
    well as trusses.
    • Moment magnification factor, β2: the moment
    magnifier β2 is a P-∆ moment amplification factor,
    it amplifies to the member end moments
    associated with lateral translation of the storey,
    and this factor is therefore applied to columns in
    unbraced frames only.
    • The maximum design moment and axial load are
    determined as

    M r = β1M nt + β 2 M lt
    Pr = Pnt + β 2 Plt
    • Where Mnt = Maximum moment assuming storey sidesway is
    prevented
    • Where Pnt = Maximum axial load assuming storey sidesway is
    prevented
    • Where Mlt = Maximum moment caused by sidesway from either
    lateral loads or unbalanced gravity loads
    • Where Plt = Maximum axial load caused by sidesway from either
    lateral loads or unbalanced gravity loads
    Β1 is given as
    Β2 is given as
    • Refer 8.5.3 for second-order elastic analysis by
    Critical load or K – factor approach

    • Refer 8.5.4 for second-order elastic analysis by


    Direct Analysis approach
    International Codal Provisions
    • IS 800: 2007 – Annexure B
    • AISC Specifications – Appendix 7
    • Euro Code -- Designer’s Guide to EN 1993-1-1
    Question Bank
    1. Explain various types of analysis.
    2. Differentiate between First order & second
    order elastic analysis. Mention various
    methods of second order elastic analysis.
    3. Explain P- δ & P − Δ effect.
    4. Explain second order critical load approach.

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