Objective of The Assignment

Objective of the Assignment
The main objective of writing this paper is giving you the opportunity
to:
1. Apply the analytical skills and intuition obtained in the class to

examine an issue in which you have special interest.
2. Induce critical thinking on your part, which involves integrating what

you are learning and real-world economic issues.
3. Learn how to write a formal paper, to be read by other economists.
1. Modulation
1.1 Definition - Modulation:
Modulation is a process that causes a shift in the range of frequencies

in a signal.
• Signals that occupy the same range of frequencies can be separated
• Modulation helps in noise immunity, attenuation - depends on the
physical medium.
The transmission of a signal by using it to vary a carrier wave;

changing the carrier's amplitude or frequency or phase
1.2 Uses of modulation:
 “Carrying one signal on another” - uses carrier

 Modulated carrier transmitted
 Problems with transmitting baseband signals
 Antennas difficult at low frequencies
 Noise and interference at low frequencies
 Can’t share with others
 Easier to transmit carrier at higher frequency
 Can choose convenient frequency
 Antennas can be smaller
 May be useful propagation effects
 Fractional bandwidth much smaller
 Antennas and other components easier to design
 Can have many frequency channels
1.3 Types of modulation
 Sine wave (carrier) described by 3 parameters:
1. Amplitude modulation (AM)
2. Frequency modulation (FM)
3. Phase modulation (PM)
v (t) = A sin (ωt + φ)
• FM and PM closely related
• “AM” radio band ~500 to 1600 kHz
• “FM” radio band 88 to 108 MHz
1.3.1 Definition: Amplitude modulation, AM

Modulation of the amplitude of the (radio) carrier wave
1.3.2 Definition: Frequency modulation, FM
1. Modulation of the frequency of the (radio) carrier wave
2. Frequency modulation is the expanded form of a word that we
hear and use very often
1.3.3 Definition: Phase modulation, PM
Modulation of the phase of the carrier wave.
1.3.1 Amplitude Modulation
• Simplest case of AM is where carrier is just turned on or off.
Fig: 1.3.1 (a) Amplitude Modulation
• Continuous amplitude modulation (eg AM radio)

• Information contained in the envelope shape
Fig: 1.3.1 (b) Modulated Signal
1.3.2 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Fig: 1.3.2 (a) Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) Modulator
Amplitude modulation
 Modulation by a sine wave:
v(t) = AC cos (2π fCt) {1 + m cos (2π fmt)}
where,
AC = unmodulated peak carrier amplitude
fC = carrier frequency
m = modulation frequency
m = modulation index (“degree” of modulation)
• m must be between 0 and 1
• If m > 1 get overmodulation (bad …distortion)
Fig: 1.3.2 (c) Modulated Signal – Amplitude
Measuring modulation index
1.3.3 (a) Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

• Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits
• Simple to implement, inefficient use of bandwidth
• Very robust, used extensively in satellite communications
Fig: 1.3.3 (a) Binary Phase Shift Keying
1.3.3 (b) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

• Multilevel modulation technique: 2 bits per symbol
• More spectrally efficient, more complex receiver
2x bandwidth efficiency of BPSK
Fig: 1.3.3 (b) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
1.3.4 (a) Minimum Shift keying (MSK)

Special form of (continuous phase) frequency shift keying
– Minimum spacing that allows two frequencies states to be orthogonal
– Spectrally efficient, easily generated
Fig: 1.3.4 (a) Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
1.3.4 (b) Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)

• MSK + premodulation Gaussian low pass filter.
• Increases spectral efficiency with sharper cutoff, excellent power
efficiency due to constant envelope
Fig: 1.3.4 (b) Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
• Used extensively in second generation digital cellular and

cordless telephone applications
o GSM digital cellular: 1.35 bps/Hz
o DECT cordless telephone: 0.67 bps/Hz
o RAM Mobile Data
1.4 Bandwidth Efficiency
data rate R 1
o ASK/PSK: = = , 0 < r <1
transmissi on bandwidth BT 1 + r
R log 2 M
o MPSK: = , M : number of different signal elements
BT 1+ r
R log 2 M
o MFSK: =
BT (1 + r ) M
1.5 Bit Error Rate (BER)

o Bit error rate of PSK and QPSK are about 3dB superior to ASK and
FSK
o For MFSK & MPSK have tradeoff between bandwidth efficiency
and error performance
1.6 Digital Modulation Techniques

Demodulation
o Process of removing the carrier signal
Detection
o Process of symbol decision

o Coherent detection
 Receiver users the carrier phase to detect signal
 Cross correlate with replica signals at receiver
 Match within threshold to make decision
o Noncoherent detection
 Does not exploit phase reference information
 Less complex receiver, but worse performance
o Coherent (aka synchronous) detection: process received signal

with
a local carrier of same frequency and phase
o Noncoherent (aka envelope) detection: requires no reference

wave
Coherent Noncoherent
o Phase shift keying (PSK) o FSK
o Frequency shift keying (FSK) o ASK
o Amplitude shift keying (ASK) o Differential PSK (DPSK)
o Continuous phase o CPM
modulation (CPM)
o Hybrids o Hybrids
Conclusion:
Thus the Modulation techniques have been illustrated in detail
with the necessary diagrams.

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Objective of the Assignment

1. Apply the analytical skills and intuition obtained in the class to

2. Induce critical thinking on your part, which involves integrating what

3. Learn how to write a formal paper, to be read by other economists.

1.1 Definition - Modulation:

Modulation is a process that causes a shift in the range of frequencies

The transmission of a signal by using it to vary a carrier wave;

1.2 Uses of modulation:

 “Carrying one signal on another” - uses carrier

1.3.1 Definition: Amplitude modulation, AM

1.3.1 Amplitude Modulation

• Simplest case of AM is where carrier is just turned on or off.

Fig: 1.3.1 (a) Amplitude Modulation

• Continuous amplitude modulation (eg AM radio)

1.3.2 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Fig: 1.3.2 (a) Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) Modulator

Measuring modulation index

1.3.3 (a) Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

Fig: 1.3.3 (a) Binary Phase Shift Keying

1.3.3 (b) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

Fig: 1.3.3 (b) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

1.3.4 (a) Minimum Shift keying (MSK)

Fig: 1.3.4 (a) Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)

1.3.4 (b) Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)

Fig: 1.3.4 (b) Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

• Used extensively in second generation digital cellular and

1.4 Bandwidth Efficiency

1.5 Bit Error Rate (BER)

1.6 Digital Modulation Techniques

o Process of removing the carrier signal

o Process of symbol decision

o Coherent (aka synchronous) detection: process received signal

o Noncoherent (aka envelope) detection: requires no reference

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