Mebs6008 1415 01-Fluid01
Mebs6008 1415 01-Fluid01
Mebs6008 1415 01-Fluid01
http://www.mech.hku.hk/bse/MEBS6008/
Introduction
Dr. Sam C. M. Hui
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The University of Hong Kong
E-mail: cmhui@hku.hk
Jan 2015
Background
• Recommended references:
• ASHRAE, 2013. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook 2013,
SI edition, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating,
and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA. [ASHRAE
catalog via Techstreet]
• ASHRAE, 2014. ASHRAE Refrigeration Handbook 2014,
SI edition, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating,
and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA. [ASHRAE
catalog via Techstreet]
• Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and
Refrigeration, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York. [697.93
W24 h]
MEBS6008 Environmental Services II
http://www.mech.hku.hk/bse/MEBS6008/
• Fluid Properties
• Fluid Dynamics
• Flow Analysis
Fluid Properties
• Fluid motion
• Ideal-fluid model: no resistance to shearing
• Flow analysis is well developed
• Real model: effects of viscous action
• Fluids in HVAC applications
• Most of them are “Newtonian”*
• Deformation is directly proportional to the shearing
stress (Newtonian Law of Viscosity)
• Viscosity does influence turbulence
• Bernoulli equation *
• Basic tool for fluid flow analysis
• Apply first law of thermodynamics
• ΔE = Work done (W) + Heat absorbed (Q)
• Fluid energy is composed of kinetic, potential and internal
(u) energies. Per unit mass of fluid, the energy change is:
æ v2 ö æ pö
Dçç + gz + u ÷÷ = EM - Dçç ÷÷ + Q
è2 ø èrø
• Laminar flow
• For steady, fully developed laminar flow in a parallel-
walled conduit, the shear stress τ varies linearly with
distance y from the centerline
• For a wide rectangular channel, t = æç y ö÷t = m dv
w
• τw = wall shear stress = b (dp/ds) èbø dy
• 2b = wall spacing
• s = flow direction
• Because velocity = 0 at the wall (y = b), the integrated
result is: æ b 2 - y 2 ö dp Poiseuille-flow parabolic
v = çç ÷÷
è 2m øds velocity profile
Fluid Dynamics
• Turbulence
• Random fluctuations of flow (velocity & pressure)
• Without any order or periodicity
• Can be quantified by statistical factors
• “Strength of turbulence” is characterized by the root-mean-square
of the instantaneous velocity variation about the mean velocity
• Effect of turbulence
• Cause the fluid to diffuse momentum, heat and mass very rapidly
across the flow
Velocity fluctuation at point in turbulent flow
• Video presentation
• Fluid Flow [video, 24 min.], show how a fluid
flows over a solid body
• Boundary layer, Vorticity, Drag, Unsteady forces,
Wave motions
• YouTube:
• Slow flow past cylinder - experimental (0:30), http://youtu.be/gbDscDSUAg4
• Slightly faster flow past cylinder - experimental (0:12),
http://youtu.be/vQHXIHpvcvU
• Flow past cylinder: Karman vortex Street - experimental (0:10),
http://youtu.be/CB2aWiesq0g
• Experimental flow separation (0:37), http://youtu.be/Vjk9Ux2COx0
Basic Flow Processes
• Wall friction
• At the boundary of real-fluid flow, the relative
tangential velocity at fluid surface is zero
• High shear stress near the wall boundary
• Slowing down of adjacent fluid layers
• Velocity profiles near a wall
• Laminar and turbulent flow differ significantly
• Pipe factor = ratio of average to max. (centreline)
velocity
Velocity profiles of flow in pipes
• Boundary layer
• Encompasses all viscous or turbulent actions
• Causing velocity to increase rapidly from zero to that of
outer flow edge
• Generally laminar near the start of their formation,
but may become turbulent downstream
• For conduit flows, pipe diameter is small
compared with distances in flow direction
• Layers from walls will meet at the centreline
Flow in conduit entrance region
• Cavitation*
• Liquid flow with gas- or vapour-filled pockets can
occur if the absolute pressure is reduced to vapour
pressure or less
• Collapse noise of many small bubbles
• More bubbles appear & may join to form large cavities
• May modify flow pattern & alter device performance
• Frequent collapse of cavities on or near solid boundaries
may result in damage through cavitational erosion or
excessive vibration
* See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitation
(Source: ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook 2001)
(Source: ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook 2001)
Basic Flow Processes
• Aims
• To correlate pressure changes with flow rates and
nature of the conduit
• To evaluate flow rate and specify pump/fan for a
conduit piping system
• Generalised Bernoulli Equation
æ p V2 ö æ p V2 ö
çç +a + z ÷÷ + H M = çç +a + z ÷÷ + H L
è rg 2g ø1 è rg 2g ø2
Flow Analysis
• Worked Example:
• Specify the fan to produce an isothermal airflow of
200 L/s through the ducting system. Accounting
for intake and fitting losses, the equivalent conduit
lengths are 18 and 50 m and the flow is isothermal.
The pressure at the inlet (station 1) and following
the discharge (station 4), where the velocity is zero,
are the same. Friction losses HL are evaluated as
7.5 m of air between stations 1 and 2, and 72.3 m
between stations 3 and 4.
Worked Example
• Therefore,
• (p2/ρg)-(p1/ρg) = -7.8 m of air
• (p3/ρg)-(p4/ρg) = 73.2 m of air
• Apply Bernoulli to stations 2 & 3 and knowing
p1 = p4 = zero gauge, therefore,
• HM = 73.2 + (1.03x2.07) – [-7.8 + (1.06x0.846)] =
75.3 – (-6.9) = 82.2 m of air
Flow Analysis
• Conduit friction
• Frictional shear at bounding walls
• Flow energy is converted into heat (fluid internal
energy), unrecoverable (a loss)
• This loss can be evaluated by Darcy-Weishbach
Equation:
æLö V ö
æ 2
(H L ) f = f ç ÷çç ÷÷
• L = length of conduit è D øè 2 g ø
• D = diameter
• f = friction factor (for turbulent flow, f = 0.01 to 0.05)
Flow Analysis
Pipe
sizing
chart
Further Reading
• Web Links:
• CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics [University of Leeds]
• http://www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1400/course.html
• Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
• https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7FF084F8C414D602