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GI 150 KV PIER
CT & VT CALCULATION NOTE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
No.
1. GENERAL 5
2. REFERENCES 5
3. METHODOLOGY 5
3.1 Knee Point Voltage ........................................................................................................... 5
3.2 Burden calculation (general formula) ............................................................................... 5
3.2.1 Lead burden (SL) ................................................................................................... 5
3.2.2 Relay burden (ZR).................................................................................................. 5
3.2.3 Standard CT Burden (SB) ...................................................................................... 6
3.2.4 Secondary winding CT Resistance (ZCT) .............................................................. 6
4. APPLICATION 6
4.1 Implementation of Class X CT ......................................................................................... 6
4.1.1 Implementation on Distance Protection (low impedance) .................................... 6
4.1.2 Implementation on Bus Differential Protection (low Impedance) ........................ 6
4.1.3 Implementation on Line Current differential Protection (low
impedance) ................................................................................................................ 6
4.1.4 Implementation on Transformer Differential & REF Protection (low
impedance) ................................................................................................................ 7
4.2 Implementation of Non Class X CT ................................................................................. 7
4.2.1 Over Current Protection ........................................................................................ 7
4.2.2 Implementation on Metering ................................................................................. 7
5. VT CALCULATION 8
5.1 Calculation Principles and Data ........................................................................................ 8
6. CT ACCURACY CALCULATION 9
6.1 Metering ............................................................................................................................ 9
6.2 Over Current and Earth Fault Protection .......................................................................... 9
6.3 Line Distance Protection ................................................................................................. 12
7. VT ACCURACY CALCULATION 14
7.1 VT Located at Line ......................................................................................................... 14
7.1.1 Primary System Data ........................................................................................... 14
7.1.2 Burden Calculation .............................................................................................. 14
7.1.3 VT Requirement .................................................................................................. 15
7.1.4 Resume ................................................................................................................ 15

GI 150 KV PIER
CT & VT CALCULATION NOTE
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8. Conclusion 15

GI 150 KV PIER
CT & VT CALCULATION NOTE
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1. GENERAL

This document describes method for performing current transformer and voltage transformer
accuracy calculation applied on protection system of GI 150 KV Pier.

2. REFERENCES

1. IEC 60044 : Part 1 - Current Transformer

Part 2 - Voltage Transformer
Part 6 - Requirements for protective current transformers for
transient performance
2. IEC 60185 : Current Transformers
3. IEC 60186 : Voltage Transformers
4. Technical specification of GI 150kV Pier

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Knee Point Voltage

Knee point voltage was defined as the point on the magnetizing curve at which 10% increases in
excitation voltage produce, a 50% increase in excitation current. The CT is properly designed if the
selected CT knee point voltage or burden capacity is more than total load burden connected to the
CT.

3.2 Burden calculation (general formula)

3.2.1 Lead burden (SL)

This burden consists of wire connected from CT terminal to relay terminal.

Z L  L  Z K M ............................................................................................................. (1)

Lead burden S L  Z L ( I F ) 2 ................................................................................................. (2)

Where, ZL = lead resistance
L = length of wire.
ZK-M = resistance per km (/km).
SL = Lead Burden (VA).
IF = fault current at secondary CT.

The Cu conductor 10 mm2 is used for connecting the CT winding and the Protection Relays.
The following conductor data meet SPLN 43-4, stated that 10 mm2 Cu conductor has resistance
1.83 /km at 200C temperature.
Note: this calculation take into account the longest distance of CT of each type of relay.

3.2.2 Relay burden (ZR)

The relay burden can be found from relay technical specification, generally submitted together with
relay itself.
Find the relay burden at a certain tap, i.e. 1 A tap at 1 VA.

VA
ZR  Ohms .................................................................................................... (3)
(I S ) 2

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Where ZR = burden impedance relay.

IS = secondary nominal current.

3.2.3 Standard CT Burden (SB)

The output burden of the CT for protection core can be defined by the following formula:
VA
SB  ............................................................................................................ (4)
(I S ) 2
Where:
SB : Standard Output burden (Ohm)
IS : Secondary rated current (1 A or 5 A)
VA : CT rated burden

3.2.4 Secondary winding CT Resistance (ZCT)

Where CT resistance is unknown, the assumption can be made that CT resistance is 0.0025
Ohm/turn. With CT ratio is N, then the CT resistance become

ZCT = N  0.0025 Ohm ............................................................................................... (5)

4. APPLICATION

4.1 Implementation of Class X CT

For all have mentioned bellow, the VK is the CT’s minimum knee point voltage required by the relays.

4.1.1 Implementation on Distance Protection (low impedance)

The formula generally used for CTs defined as class X is as follows:
 If 
VK  2 x   x RCT  2 RL  ................................................................................... (6)
 Ratio 
Where :

Vk = Required knee point voltage

IFAULT = Rated short time thermal current
RCT = Secondary winding CT resistance
RL = Lead resistance

4.1.2 Implementation on Bus Differential Protection (low Impedance)

The formula on equation (6) is used to find voltage knee point required by low impedance Busbar
Current differential protection.

4.1.3 Implementation on Line Current differential Protection (low impedance)

The formula on equation (6) is used to find voltage knee point required by low impedance Line
Current differential protection.

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CT & VT CALCULATION NOTE
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4.1.4 Implementation on Transformer Differential & REF Protection (low impedance)

The formula on equation (6) is used to find voltage knee point required by low impedance
Transformer Differential Protection and Restricted Earth Fault Protection

4.2 Implementation of Non Class X CT

4.2.1 Over Current Protection

According to IEC and British, the accuracy class of protective Current Transformer is designed by
the highest percentage error at the rated accuracy limit primary current prescribed for the accuracy
class concerned. For Class 5P20 designation for example, in accuracy of 20 time of primary rated
current, the composite error would be 5%.
Class 5P protection CTs can be used. The Knee point voltage equivalent these offer can be
approximated from the following.

VK = (VA x ALF)/Is + (RCT x ALF x Is) ................................................................................ (7)

Where:
VK = Knee point voltage
VA = Burden rating (VA)
ALF = Accuracy Limit Factor
Is = CT Nominal secondary current (A)

The actual voltage at secondary circuit can be calculated using the following equation,

x K RR  RCT  2 RL 
Isc
VA  ................................................................................. (8)
N
Isc is primary fault current, N is CT turn ratio, K is safety for the accuracy limit factor, depending on
type of protection relay connected to the CT.

Whenever VA ≤ Vk, The CT is accepted.

4.2.2 Implementation on Metering

The nominal CT burden requirement for measuring and metering purpose shall be as close as
possible to the total burden of the measuring and metering device to be connected to CT cores
including the necessary connecting wire and cables. That is in order to prevent the instrument
damage.

CT is accepted if total connected burden to CT in VA is less than CT burden.

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CT & VT CALCULATION NOTE
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5. VT CALCULATION

5.1 Calculation Principles and Data

5.1.1 General
This calculation has been raised to define the type, size, ratio, class and burden of the voltage
transformer for protection, instrument, and metering.

5.1.2 Burden Calculation

Lead burden
The lead burden of the voltage transformer will be calculated as follows:
r xL
SB = 2RL x IN2 ; RL =
1000

Where:
SB = Lead burden (VA)
RL = resistance of wires (Ohm)
IN = nominal current at secondary VT (Ampere)
r = Conductor resistance per km (Ohm/km)
L = Length of wire (m)

Load burden
The following load burden will be applied for VTs sizing, where relevant:
Protection relay
Voltage input 100 -120V < 0.03 VA (or depends on the relay type)
For safety reason load burden 1 VA will be applied for all relay type
Bay Control unit and Check synchro
Voltage input 100 -120V < 0.03 VA (or depends on the control unit type)
For safety reason load burden 1 VA will be applied for all control unit type
Metering
Voltage input 100 -120V < 0.015 VA (or depends on the metering type)
For safety reason load burden 1 VA will be applied for all metering type

The wiring section of 4 mm2 for VT circuits has been selected for wiring from VT's to relay/metering.
The wiring section of 2.5 mm2 has been selected for voltage selection.

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6. CT ACCURACY CALCULATION

6.1 Metering (T/L Karang Pilang I)

Overhead line metering is done by bay control relay. The CT error class shall be 0.5. The CT burden
will be microprocessor based bay control unit and lead burden.
The required CT for application of static power meter for measuring Watt-hours and VAr-hours that
send out or receive in substation can be defined as follows,
CT data’s:
a) CT ratio = 2000-4000/5A, Class Cl. 0.5, 40VA@1500/5
Ratio 2000/5A, Sn1 = 40VA and Ratio 4000/5A, Sn2 = 80VA

b). Cable cross section is 6 mm2 (3.93) and lead wire length connected to meter is 100 m (max).
ZL = 3.93   0.2 = 0.786 
lead burden, SL = 2 x IS2 x ZL = 2 x 52 x 0.366 = 18.3 VA
c). Bay Control Unit (Siemens) Burden Sr = 0.5 VA
d). Total connected burden,
ST = SL + Sr
= (18.3 + 0.5) VA
= 18.8 VA

For Ratio 1500/5A

Sn1 = 30 VA (CT Burden) > ST = 18.8 VA (Connected burden)
For Ratio 3000/1A
Sn1 = 60 VA (CT Burden) > ST = 18.8 VA (Connected burden)

Total connected burden is lower than VA the selected CT is accepted.

e). CT Requirement (As Calculated)

CT IP IS SB RCT Instrument
Class (A) (A) (VA) (Ohm) Safety Factor
0.5 1500-3000 5 30-60 - FS 15

6.2 Over Current and Earth Fault Protection (T/L Karang Pilang I)
a) CT ratio = 1500-3000/5A, Class 5P20 , 30VA@1500/5
Ip1 = 1500 A ; Ip2 = 3000
Maximum prospective fault current = 40000/1500 A = 26.67
Maximum prospective fault current = 40000/3000 A = 13.33
And the Over current relay has instantaneous threshold setting = 30 x Is
K = 30/26.67 = 1.12 (1500/5)

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K = 30/13.33 = 2.25 (3000/5)

b). CT Resistance ZCT = 0.0025 x 1500 = 3.75  using equation (5)

CT Resistance ZCT = 0.0025 x 3000 = 7.5  using equation (5)

c). Cable cross section is 10 mm2 and lead wire length connected to relay is 200 m (max).
ZL = 1.83   0.2 = 0.366 
2 ZL = 1.83   0.2 x 2 = 0.732 
VA = Is2 x R = 52 x 0.732 = 18.3 VA
d). Relay Burden
7SJ6 < 0.3 VA ------- phase

Total Burden = Burden lead wire + Burden Relay (7SJ6)

= 18.3 VA + 0.3 VA
= 18.6 VA
For Ratio 1500/5A
Sn1 = 30 VA (CT Burden) > ST = 18.6 VA (Connected burden)
For Ratio 3000/5A
Sn1 = 60 VA (CT Burden) > ST = 18.6 VA (Connected burden)
Total connected burden is lower than VA the selected CT is accepted.
ZR = (0.3)/25 Ω
= 0.012 Ω
e). Knee point voltage for 1500/5A Class 5P20, 30 VA Current transformer
using equation (7),
VK = (30 x 20)/5 + (3.75 x 20 x 5)
VK = 495 Volts
f). Knee point voltage for 3000/5A Class 5P20, 60 VA Current transformer
using equation (7),
VK = (60 x 20)/5 + (7.5 x 20 x 5)
VK = 990 Volts
g). Actual voltage at secondary circuit is calculated using equation 8,
Safety factor K is 1.12 for over current protection

40000
VA = 1.12 x x (0.012  3.75  0.732) = 135.56 Volt
1500

h). Actual voltage at secondary circuit is calculated using equation 8,

Safety factor K is 1.5 for over current protection

40000
VA = 2.25 x x (0.012  7.5  0.732) = 247.32 Volt
3000

VA ≤ VK, the CT is accepted.

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i). CT Requirement (As Calculated)

CT IP IS SB RCT VK (min)
Class (A) (A) (VA) (Ohm) (V)
5P20 1500-3000 5 30-60 3.75-7.5 135.56-247.32

6.3 Over Current and Earth Fault Protection (Bus Coupler Bay)

a) CT ratio = 2000-4000/5A, Class 5P20+0.5 , 30VA@2000/5

Ip1 = 2000 A ; Ip2 = 4000
Maximum prospective fault current = 40000/2000 A = 20
Maximum prospective fault current = 40000/4000 A = 10
And the Over current relay has instantaneous threshold setting = 30 x Is
K = 30/20 = 1.5 (2000/1)
K = 30/10 = 3 (4000/1)

b). CT Resistance ZCT = 0.0025 x 2000 = 5  using equation (5)

CT Resistance ZCT = 0.0025 x 4000 = 10  using equation (5)

c). Cable cross section is 10 mm2 and lead wire length connected to relay is 170 m (max).
ZL = 1.83   0.17 = 0.3111 
2 ZL = 1.83   0.17 x 2 = 0.6222 
VA = Is2 x R = 52 x 0.6222 = 15.56 VA
d). Relay Burden
Existing Relay < 3.5 VA ------- phase

Total Burden = Burden lead wire + Burden Relay

= 15.56 VA + 3.5 VA
= 19.06 VA
For Ratio 2000/5A
Sn1 = 30 VA (CT Burden) > ST = 19.06 VA (Connected burden)
For Ratio 4000/5A
Sn1 = 60 VA (CT Burden) > ST = 19.06 VA (Connected burden)
Total connected burden is lower than VA the selected CT is accepted.
ZR = (3.5)/25 Ω
= 0.14 Ω
e). Knee point voltage for 2000/5A Class 5P20, 30 VA Current transformer
using equation (7),
VK = (30 x 20)/5 + (5 x 20 x 5)
VK = 620 Volts
f). Knee point voltage for 4000/5A Class 5P20, 60 VA Current transformer
using equation (7),

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CT & VT CALCULATION NOTE
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VK = (60 x 20)/5 + (10 x 20 x 5)

VK = 1240 Volts
g). Actual voltage at secondary circuit is calculated using equation 8,
Safety factor K is 1.5 for over current protection

40000
VA = 1.5 x x (0.14  5  0.6222) = 172.866 Volt
2000

h). Actual voltage at secondary circuit is calculated using equation 8,

Safety factor K is 3 for over current protection

40000
VA = 3 x x (0.14  10  0.6222) = 322.866 Volt
4000

VA ≤ VK, the CT is accepted.

i). CT Requirement (As Calculated)

CT IP IS SB RCT VK (min)
Class (A) (A) (VA) (Ohm) (V)
5P20+0.5 2000-4000 5 30-60 5-10 172.866-
322.866

6.4 Line Distance Protection (T/L Karang Pilang I )

CT Data’s
a) CT ratio = 1500-3000/5A, Class X

b). CT Resistance ZCT = 0.56  max, based on technical data (1500/5)

CT Resistance ZCT = 1.12  max, based on technical data (3000/5)

c). Cable cross section is 6 mm2 and lead wire length connected to relay is 200 m (max).
2 ZL = 3.93   0.2  2 = 1.572 
d). Knee Point Voltage calculated using equation (6)
For CT ratio 1500/5:
40000
VK > 2 x x (0.56  1.572)
1500
VK > 113.71 Volts
For CT ratio 3000/5:
40000
VK > 2 x x (1.12  1.572)
3000
VK > 71.79 Volts

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For Ratio 1500/5:

VK ≥ 460 V (CT technical specification)
VK > 113.71 (Calculated)
For Ratio 3000/5:
VK ≥ 460 V (CT technical specification)
VK > 71.79 V (Calculated)
Calculated VK is lower than VK as CT technical specification, CT is accepted.
e). CT Requirement (As Calculated)
CT IP IS SB RCT VK (min)
Class (A) (A) (VA) (Ohm) (V)
X 1500-3000 5 - 0.56-1.12 71.79-113.71

6.5 Busbar Differential Protection (Bus Coupler Bay)

CT Data’s
a) Nominal current In = 4000 A.
The selected CT is : CT ratio = 2000-4000/5A, Class X
b). CT Resistance is :

CT Resistance ZCT = 1.84  max, based on technical data (2000/5)

CT Resistance ZCT = 3.68  max, based on technical data (4000/5)
c). Cable cross section is 6 mm2 and lead wire length connected to relay is 170 m.
2 ZL = 3.93  0.17  2 = 1.34 
d). Knee Point Voltage calculated (using equation 6),
For CT ratio 2000/5:

40000
VK > 2 x x (1.84  1.34)
2000
VK > 127.2 Volt
For CT ratio 4000/5:

40000
VK > 2 x x (3.68  1.34)
4000
VK > 100.4 Volt
For Ratio 2000/5:
VK ≥ 600 V (CT technical specification)
VK > 127.2 (Calculated)
For Ratio 4000/5:
VK ≥ 600 V (CT technical specification)
VK > 100.4 V (Calculated)

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CT & VT CALCULATION NOTE
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Calculated VK is lower than VK as CT technical specification, CT is accepted

f). CT Requirement (As Calculated)

CT IP IS SB RCT VK (min)
Class (A) (A) (VA) (Ohm) (V)
X 2000-4000 5 - 1.84-3.68 100.4-127.2
Note: for busbar differential protection CT calculation above is applied for all type of bay

7. VT ACCURACY CALCULATION

7.1 VT Located at Under Ground Cable Line and Bus Coupler

7.1.1 Primary System Data

Type = Voltage transformer

VT primary System Voltage Vp = 154√3 kV
VT secondary winding 1 system voltage Vs1 = 110√3 V
VT secondary winding 1 system voltage Vs2 = 110√3 V
VT rated accuracy power (winding 1) Sn1 = 30 VA
VT rated accuracy power (winding 2) Sn2 = 15 VA
VT accuracy class (winding 1) = 3P
VT accuracy class (winding 2) = 0.2
Lead resistance data
From VT to relay panel s =4 sqmm
L = 200 m
R20 = 4.61 Ohm/km
Lead Resistance (90 deg.C)
RL = 1.282 x R20 x (L/1000) RL = 1.18 Ohm

7.1.2 Burden Calculation

- Core 1 winding connected to Metering, BCU and synchro check

Bay control unit / Synchro SB1 = 3.5 (max) VA
Meter SB2 = 3.5 (max) VA
Load current IN = [SB1 + SB2/VS1] IN = 0.036 A
Lead Burden = IN2 * 2RL SL = 0.003 VA

Total Burden Including Lead Burden = 7.003 VA

BURDEN (VA)
BCU Meter Lead Total Burden
3.5 3.5 0.003 7.003

- Core 2 winding connected to Line Distance & Directional OCR protection

Line diff/distance protection SB1 = 1 (max) VA
Directional OCR SB2 = 1 (max) VA
Load current IN = [SB1+ SB2/VS2] IN = 0.012 A
Lead Burden = IN2 * 2RL SL = 0.0003 VA

Total Burden Including Lead Burden = 2.0003

BURDEN (VA)

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CT & VT CALCULATION NOTE
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Line Diff OCR Lead Total Burden

1 1 0.0003 2.0003

7.1.3 VT Requirement

VT VP IS SB
Class (kV) (A) (VA)
3P + 0.2 154√3 110√3 - 110√3 30-15

7.1.4 Resume

Total load burden connected in winding 1 and winding 2 is below the VT rated accuracy power.
The selected VT is well defined.

8. Conclusion

Table 1 shows the selected CT meets the system requirement and accepted.

Table 2 shows the selected VT meets the system requirement and accepted.

GI 150 KV PIER
CT & VT CALCULATION NOTE
 Table 1. The selected CT for GI 150kV RUNGKUT

No. Description / Tag. No. QTY of Function Type / Class Vk/Burden

CT Ratio (Volt / VA)

1 150 kV Line Karang Pilang 1,2

Four cores CT 6 units
Core1 : Main distance protection 1500- X Vk > 460
3000/5 A
Core2 : Over current protection, 1500- 5P20 VA = 30-60
earth fault protection 3000/5 A
Core3 : Busbar protection 2000- X Vk > 330
4000/5 A
Core4 : Metering 1500- 0.5S VA = 30-60
3000/5 A
4 150 kV Bus coupler
Two cores CT: 3 unit
Core1 : Over current protection, 2000- 5P20+0.5 VA = 30-60
earth fault protection, 4000/5A
instrument
Core2 : Busbar protection 2000- X Vk > 600
4000/1 A
One cores CT: 3 unit
Core1 : Busbar protection 2000- X Vk > 330
4000/5 A

Table 2. The selected VT for GI 150kV RUNGKUT

No. Description / Tag. No. QTY of Function Type / Class Vk/Burden

VT Ratio (Volt / VA)

1 150 kV Line Karang Pilang 1, 2

1.1 Two cores VT 6 units
Core1 : Metering, BCU, Synchro 154√3 kV- 3P 30
110√3 V
Core2 : Distance protection, 154√3 kV- 0.2 15
Protection over current 110√3 V

GI 150 KV RUNGKUT
CT & VT CALCULATION NOTE