This document provides information about a hydrogeology course including the instructor details, contact hours, and course outline. The course covers topics such as groundwater flow, steady and unsteady flow in confined and unconfined aquifers, well hydraulics, well design, and distance-drawdown curves. It also discusses governing equations for steady state groundwater flow and unsteady flow. Example problems are provided on heterogeneous systems and calculating head changes across layers of varying hydraulic conductivity.
This document provides information about a hydrogeology course including the instructor details, contact hours, and course outline. The course covers topics such as groundwater flow, steady and unsteady flow in confined and unconfined aquifers, well hydraulics, well design, and distance-drawdown curves. It also discusses governing equations for steady state groundwater flow and unsteady flow. Example problems are provided on heterogeneous systems and calculating head changes across layers of varying hydraulic conductivity.
This document provides information about a hydrogeology course including the instructor details, contact hours, and course outline. The course covers topics such as groundwater flow, steady and unsteady flow in confined and unconfined aquifers, well hydraulics, well design, and distance-drawdown curves. It also discusses governing equations for steady state groundwater flow and unsteady flow. Example problems are provided on heterogeneous systems and calculating head changes across layers of varying hydraulic conductivity.
This document provides information about a hydrogeology course including the instructor details, contact hours, and course outline. The course covers topics such as groundwater flow, steady and unsteady flow in confined and unconfined aquifers, well hydraulics, well design, and distance-drawdown curves. It also discusses governing equations for steady state groundwater flow and unsteady flow. Example problems are provided on heterogeneous systems and calculating head changes across layers of varying hydraulic conductivity.
Email: ochiengmalit@yahoo.com Lecture Room: A218, Time 8.00- 10.00 Hrs
Office: Block B, Room B 11
Contact hours :Monday :12.00 – 14.00 Hrs Friday :13.00 – 15.00 Hrs 4/17/2018 Review last lecture: Ground water flow
1. Hydraulic and hydraulic potential
2. Homogenous and heterogeneous aquifers 3. Heterogeneity and anisotropy 4. Darcy law and permeameter tests seepage velocity, linear velocity, K, k) 5. Flow in aquifers
4/17/2018 Hydraulic head and hydraulic potential
The hydraulic head is a means of expressing the
potential energy of a unit weight of water. The total potential energy in a unit weight of groundwater consists of both gravitational and pressure components.
where: h = hydraulic head [L] z = elevation [L] p = pressure [M/L·t2] ρw = fluid density [M/L3] g = gravitational acceleration [L/t2] 4/17/2018 Hydraulic head and hydraulic potential
The hydraulic potential (φ)is simply a way of
expressing the same fluid energy so that it is independent of gravity
Hydraulic head is sufficient for the problems that will
be dealt with here.
Equipotential lines are lines with equal hydraulic heads and useful in estimation of q between flow line boundary in an aquifer or saturated media(earth embarkment, sheetpiles etc) 4/17/2018 Refer. Dr Pengfei Zhang notes Lecture No 9_Flow nets.pdf and Second year foundation Enginnering notes Homogenous and heterogeneous aquifers
When we talk about variations of permeability in an aquifer, we use two
terms: heterogeneity and anisotropy. -Heterogeneity: the parameter varies with respect to location -Anisotropy: the parameter varies with respect to direction. In isotropic aquifers or aquifer layers the hydraulic conductivity (K) is equal for flow in all directions, while in anisotropic conditions it differs, notably in horizontal (Kh) and vertical (Kv) sense.
4/17/2018 Homogenous and heterogeneous aquifers On small scales, the cause of anisotropy is the shape and orientation of minerals in sedimentary rocks and unconsolidated sediments On larger scales, anisotropy arises from layered heterogeneity Equivalent Vertical Hydraulic Conductivity Q
Total head loss (1)
From Darcy's law (2)
where i ranges from 1 to n, and (3) (4)
Substituting 1 in 4 then substituting 3, we have
4/17/2018 Homogenous and heterogeneous aquifers
(6)
Canceling –q gives:
(7)
4/17/2018 Homogenous and heterogeneous aquifers Equivalent Horizontal Hydraulic Conductivity Now let us consider the case where flow is parallel to the layering. Let ∆h be the head loss over a horizontal distance l. The discharge Q through the layered structure is the sum of the discharges through the individual layers (Q1, Q2, ..., Qn). If the thickness of the layered structure is 1 (unit thickness), then the cross-sectional area (perpendicular to the horizontal flow) for each layer, Ai, is Ai=di x 1 , where i ranges from 1 to n. From Darcy’s law we have
l where i ranges from 1 to n, and
4/17/2018 Homogenous and heterogeneous aquifers
(8)
From Darcy's law of equivalent horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the layered structure is Kx:
(9)
Equating, 5 and 6 and rearranging, we have,
(10)
4/17/2018 Homogenous and heterogeneous aquifers
Equations 7 and 10 provide the Kx and Kz values for a single
homogeneous but anisotropic formation that is hydraulically equivalent to the layered structure of homogeneous, isotropic for all possible values of K geological. It can be mathematically proven that K1, K2, …, Kn. For example, for a simple layered system having two layers of identical thickness with with K1= 10-1cm/s (gravel) and K2= 10-4 cm/s (fine sand), Kx/Kz is 250!
4/17/2018 Darcy law and permeameter tests
Seepage velocity/ average linear velocity, K, k)
Apparent velocity/ specific discharge/ Darcy flux.
Average linear flow velocity/ Where ne is Effective porosity
Seepage velocity
Transmissivity
4/17/2018 Darcy law and permeameter tests
Seepage velocity/ average linear velocity, K, k)
If we divide Q through by the cross-sectional area, the volumetric discharge reduces down to a 1-dimensional discharge (i.e., velocity) called the darcian velocity (q), or:
Specific Discharge (Darcy Flux)
When we deal with real aquifers, we often use a quantity called the transmissivity (T), which is defined as the hydraulic conductivity multiplied by the saturated thickness of the aquifer (b), or:
4/17/2018 Darcy law and permeameter tests
Seepage velocity/ average linear velocity, K, k)
intrinsic permeability (k) is a quantity that characterizes the ease with which any fluid flows through a porous media, and only characterized the porous media itself.
where: k = intrinsic permeability [L2] ρfluid= density of the fluid [M/L3] g = gravitational constant [L/t2] µ fluid = viscosity of the fluid [M/L·t]
Discuss the limitations of Darcy law and state why it is used for ground water studies. Refer : HydrogeologyLectureNotes-v2.3-LR.pdf in dropbox 4/17/2018 QUESTION 1
In the heterogeneous system shown to the right, l-D groundwater
flow is perpendicular to layers of varying hydraulic conductivity.
The flow across the system (q) is 1 m/day. Using Darcy's Law. Find the change in head across each layer. What is the total change in head across the entire system? • K1. =·20 m/day; K2= 5 m/day; K3= 10 m/day • b1= 10 m; b2 = 20 m; b3 = 30 m Find the effective hydraulic conductivity (K) for an equivalent homogeneous system, that is, a system with the same total gradient (from part a) and flow rate as the heterogeneous system. 4/17/2018 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT WR423: Applied Hydrogeology Course outline Topic Contents Lecture No. 5.0 Well hydraulics I. Ground water flow L4/5/6 and design II. steady and unsteady flow in confined and unconfined aquifers, III. Well hydraulics: Distance - drawdown curves,
4/17/2018 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT WR423: Applied Hydrogeology Course outline Topic Contents Lecture No. 5.0 Well hydraulics and IV. Well Radius of influence, L5/6 design V. Well efficiency, VI. Well interference, VII.Well Recharge and boundary conditions
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW
Steady State Governing Equation: Laplace equation
Dupuit assumptions Homogeneous, isotropic and horizontal. One dimensional flow. Kind of steady flow. Remember Law of mass conservation is applied No net change in mass in small volume of aquifer 4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Governing Equation: Laplace equation
Physics Law of conservation of energy 1st law of thermodynamics: Energy can be neither lost nor gained, it can only change forms. Second Law: "there is no such thing as a free lunch“ All used to derive main equations ground-water flow Use of Control Volume 4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Governing Equation
q - flow per unit cross sectional area [LT3]
Apply law of conservation of mass I – O (what goes in minus what goes out) = ∆S (change in storage in the system)/∆T (change in time).
(1)
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Governing Equation
(2)
where… q = specific discharge (i.e., groundwater flow) in the x, y, or z direction [L/t] x, y, z = lengths in the principal directions in our coordinate systems h = hydraulic head [L] t = time [t] Ss= specific storage [1/L] We also substituted Darcy’s law… (3)
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Governing Equation
(4)
But remember, For confined aquifers, unsteady flow
where: ρw= density of water [M/L3] g = gravitational constant [L/t2] α = compressibility of the aquifer matrix [1·M.L-1.t-2] n = porosity [ - ] β= compressibility of water [1·M·L-1·t-2]
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Governing Equation
(5)
For steady state flow, ΔS/ΔT=0, homogenous and isotropic aquifer Kx = Ky= Kz= K.
(6)
(7)
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Governing Equation
A very famous equation called the Laplace equation.
This equation describes the steady-state flow of groundwater (i.e., no changes in storage) in a homogeneous and isotropic aquifer. As we can see, the assumptions of homogeneity and isotropy greatly simplify the equation.
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in unconfined aquifer Case 1:
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in unconfined aquifer
Mathematical model
Where W represent Net gain or loss (recharge,
discharge, evapotranspiration 4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in unconfined aquifer
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in unconfined aquifer
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in unconfined aquifer
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in unconfined aquifer
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in unconfined aquifer
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in unconfined aquifer
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in unconfined aquifer Case 2: Parallel aquifers
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in unconfined aquifer TUTORIAL
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in unconfined aquifer TUTORIAL
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in unconfined aquifer
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in unconfined aquifer
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in unconfined aquifer
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in unconfined aquifer
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in confined aquifer
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in confined aquifer
4/17/2018 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW Steady State flow in confined aquifer
4/17/2018 1-D GW Flow (x- direction) Example 1 Measurements of surface water elevation indicated that a 50 m deep lake at the end of sloping natural high rainfall vegetated ground is at 1050 masl. The aquifer is unconfined extending for a length of 5 km from the lake. Its elevation varies 1050-1030 masl at the lake (above bedrock) and 1450-1030 masl at the impervious end 25 km from the lake. An estimated daily recharge of 0.5 m occurs throughout the catchment. Assuming a transimissivity of 250 m2/d for this aquifer, estimate a) Maximum GW head b) Maximum GW flow into the lake c) GW heads at 0.5 m intervals {Your task} 4/17/2018 1-D GW Flow (x- direction) Solution Produce a conceptual diagram to represent the problem Given info: 1450 masl T = 250 m2/d Hlake = 1050 masl q = 0.5 mm/d q = 0.5 mm/d= 0.0005 m/d L = 5 km = 5,000 m x=0–L m
420 m 1050 masl Equations: Head:
30 m 50 m Flow: Q = qx 1030 masl Computations: • Max values at farthest dist from 1000 masl lake
4/17/2018 Task (c): estimate the rest of this curve
2-D GW Flow (x-y plane) Dupuit-Forchheimer Approach Unconfined GW flow patterns are difficult to estimate • The free surface is both a boundary condition and a solution to a drainage problem • Need for complex solution methods – Not always giving best results • Simplified methods are therefore looked at – e.g. Dupuit-Forschheimer method
4/17/2018 2-D GW Flow (x-y plane) Dupuit-Forchheimer Approach Unconfined GW flow patterns are difficult to estimate • The free surface is both a boundary condition and a solution to a drainage problem • Need for complex solution methods – Not always giving best results • Simplified methods are therefore looked at – e.g. Dupuit-Forschheimer method
4/17/2018 Example 2 An embankment of a new excavated unpaved regional road is composed of compacted sand layer on top of a compacted subgrade. The area receives the 1.5 m 9.0 m 1.5 m highest rainfall of 75 mm/d while recharge is normally 10% of unpaved embankment rainfall. Drain Drain
1.5 m Estimate if embankment failure will occur, which is related to
0.8 m
0.8 m 1.8 m water rise of at least 1 m into the sand layer. Then propose spacing of drains to avoid this 4/17/2018 ! Try this out ! 1.5 m 9.0 m 1.5 m
