Pompe Centrifuge PDF
Pompe Centrifuge PDF
Pompe Centrifuge PDF
Checklist of Problems
vvith Centrifugal Pumps
and their Causes
Centrifugal pumps are one of the world's most commonly used devices. Moreover.
their field of application is continuously expanding. However. new applications often
bring about new problems. Consequently. it is impossible to foresee the problems
that may turn up in the future. The only alternative is an indepth knowledge and
understanding of how different factors may affect pump performance.
However. even with this knowledge. it is not easy to determine which of the over
120 known causes of trouble with centrifugal pumps is the most likely source of a
given malfunction. Unique cases may also occur. Therefore. one of the first steps in
diagnosing the source or sources of a given problem is to reduce the number of
factors to be checked. This can be best accomplished by studying ready-made
checklists that enumerate the most probable causes of a given problem.
The following is a list of problems that I have encountered during my practice.
Following this list are checklists of causes that might have generated the given
problems.
1. Pump does not develop any head. nor does it deliver liquid
2. Pump develops some pressure. but delivers no liquid
3. Pump delivers less liquid than expected
4. Pump does not develop enough pressure
5. Shape of head-capacity curve differs from rated curve
6. Pump consumes too much power
7. Pump does not perform satisfactorily, although nothing appears to be wrong with
pumping unit or system
8. Pump operates satisfactorily during start, but performance deteriorates in a relatively
short time
9. Pump is operating with noise, vibrations, or both
347
348 Appendix A
1 Pump does not develop any head, nor does it deliver liquid
See checklist 3.
See checklist 3.
350 Appendix A
7 Pump does not perform satisfactorily, although nothing appears to be wrong with pumping system
This is usually due to incorrect testing. The reasons for this may
be as follows:
7 (continued)
8 Pump operates satisfactorily during start, but performance deteriorates in a relatively short time
9 Pump is operating with noise or vibrations, or both (see also checklist 16)
9 (continued)
10 (continued)
1. Leakage between the seal seat and gland from faulty gasket
or O-ring Chapter 17
2. Leakage between seal and shaft from faulty O-ring or lip seal Chapter 17
14 (continued)
15 Bearings overheat
16 (continued)
1. Balls skidding from excessive clearance between balls and races Chapter 16
2. Balls skidding from insufficient preloading (whenever required) Chapter 16
3. Shaft rubbing against housing from improper mounting of housing Chapter 16
4. Shaft rubbing against housing from bent shaft Chapter 23
5. Shaft rubbing against housing from having been machined
excentrically Chapter 23
This may happen when the increase in the available NPSH has reduced
the system resistance so far that the pump operates far out on the
QH curve. This happens when
1. Oversized impeller installed in pump Chapter 20
2. Pump operates at excessive speed Chapter 20
3. Breakdown or serious leak in discharge line Chapter 20
4. Open bypass in discharge line Chapter 20
5. Extremely large clearances between impeller and casing Chapter 20
6. Hole in casing allowing liquid from pressure side of casing to
return to its suction inlet Chapter 20, Fig. 15-12
APPENDIXB
Tables
Table B-1 Vapor Pressures of Water at Different Temperatures
359
360 Appendix B
Degree of Resistance: S=Satisfactory F=Fair N= Little or None Courtesy of Goulds Pumps, Inc.
1 Trademark of Union Carbide Corporation. 5 Loaded Bronze-85-5-5-5 or 80-10-10_ Hard materials
2 Nickel 213 and Nickel 305 have better gall resistance might "bite" into softer bronzes.
than Nickel 210. Both are comparable in gall resistance 6 Nickel-aluminum-bronze is generally somewhat
but Nickel 305 will stand heavier loads. inferior to Ni-Vee "N' in gall resistance and coefficient
3 Nickel-chromium alloy 705 is superior to Nickel 305 of friction, but will stand heavier loads in slower
and nickel-copper alloy 505 in gall resistance. motion.
4 The Ni-Vee bronzes are 5% nickel, 5% tin, cast and heat- 7 Chromium plate varies greatly in gall resistance. To be
treatable, similar in balance of composition to the 88- its best it must be backed up by hard material and the
10-2 Cu Sn Zn type. A, No load. B, 1% load. D, 10% load. plating must bond well to the backing.
Tables 361
Standard
Maximum Pressure
Style Description Temperature Remarks
Optional
Maximum Pressure
Style Description Temperature Remarks
Crane CVH or equal PfFE, V Ring with PfFE 5000 PSI/500°F All liquids except
(8764) Adaptors flourine and its
components
Crane 829 or equal Nitrile/Fabric with Brass 7500 PSI/250°F Mineral oils, petroleum
Adaptors (other adaptor products, water
material available) emulsion solutions
Maximum Pressure
Style Description Temperature Remarks
Crane CI055 or equal PfFE Yarn, Braided Ring 2000 PSI/500°F Food products
Grafoil 235A or equal Graphite, Comp-Split Ring 4000 PSI/1500°F Strong corrosive,
heat transfer liquids
Table B-4 Chemical Resistance Guide for Valves and Fittings (continued)
~~ z z
u
Z
o
u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Anunonium Nitrate Sat'd 185 180 140280 400 250 180200 160 100 C C C C AAA A
NH4N03
Anunonium Sulfate 185 180 140280 400 210 180200 160200 C C C C C C B B C B B B B B A B A
(NH4hS04
Ammonium Sulfide Dilute 125 350 210 140200 160 ACCCCCCCC C B BB
(NH4hS
Ammonium Thiocyanate 50-60% 140275 70 70 70 185 B C C C C C C C C C A AAB A
NH4SCN
B
Amyl Acetate C C 125100 to C C C C A B BBB B BB ABAAAAAAA
CH3COOCsHl1 70
Beet Sugar Liquors 180 140225 210 100 200 160 185 A A BBB AAAA
Table B-4 Chemical Resistance Guide for Valves and Fittings (continued)
~ Z Z
Z
W
Z ~
~ Iil
~
z~w~z
~o
~~~
o~
z~
Cicr.i
ZCioo
lil~zlil~~ ~o-l§
§
~
tl <:
~ ~ ~~~§~~~§~~~ffi~~~~~~
;21
z
8
00
~
~u 8:: ~ ~
~
Ci
Il.
W
Z
;:J
~
0
W
Z
° :;JU~1Ji:;J~"CiU~Z~C;;~ ;21
Borax Sat'd 180140280 210 140200 140 185 AAAAAABAAAAAAAAA
N&B407 . 10H20
Boric Acid Sat'd 185 180 140280 210 140200 140 185 BBBBCCB CBABAA A
H3B03
Butane 50% 73 140250 350 C 70 200 70 185 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
CilllO
Butylene (C) liquid 140280 400 C 70 C C 100 A AAA A AAAAAAA
CH3CH:CHCH3
Butyric Acid 180 73 230 300 140 C C 70 AAAACCCCCBAAAA
CH3CH2CH2COOH
Calcium Bisulfite 185 180 140280350 C 70 200 70 185 CCCCCCC CBA AC A
Ca(HS03h
Calcium Carbonate 185 180 140280 350 210 100 70 70 300 A C CCC B BB BAA A A A A
CaC03
Calcium Chlorate 140280350 140 70 70 70 185 C B BBB B BB BBBA AA
Ca(CI03h . 2H20
Calcium Chloride 100 185 180 140280 350 210 100200 160250 B B BBB A AC CBA B AAB A
CaCh
Calcium Hydroxide 185 180 140280 250 210 140200 70 250 C C C C C C C C C CAA AAA A
Ca(OHh
Calcium Hypochlorite 30% 185 150 140200 200 70 C 140 185 C C C C C C C C C CBB B BC B
Ca(OClh
Calcium Nitrate 180 140280 200 210 180 100 100 200 B B BBB B B B A AA
Ca(N03h
Calcium Sulfate 100 140280 200 210 180200 160200 A A B B B A A B A AA A A A AA A
CaS04
Cane Sugar 73 140275400 250 180100 160200 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
C12H22011
Carbon Dioxide Dry 100 185 150 140280 400 200 180200 160200 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
C02 100%
Carbon Tetrachloride C 73 C 73 280 350 C C C C 185 B A A AA C C A CAA AAA A
CCL!
Carbonic Acid Sat'd 185 140280350 210 180 70 70 200 C CCC B BB BBAAAAAB
H2C03
Cellosolve 73 280200 140 C 70 C AAAAAAA A A A A
CICH2COOH
B
Chloral Hydrate All 140 75 70 to C
CChCH(OHh 70
Tables 365
Table B-4 Chemical Resistance Guide for Valves and Fittings (continued)
~
r.:! Z Z
Z
r.:!
Z
~
~ ~
~~~~~
~o
~~~
o~
z~
@~z~~~
Qui
ZQ~
~~§~
><
0
~
@
:3 ~~~§~~~§~~~~~~~~~~
u
Z
~ ~ :2:5:~ <1:
Z 0 0
U 8:: ~ ~ ~ r.:!
~
0 ;:l r.:!
U ~ ~ Z ~ ~u~U'J~~'-'QU~Z~c;j~ :2:
Chlorobenzene Dry 73 C 170200 C C C C 70 A A AA C C B CAAAAA A
CsIIsCl
Chloroform Dry C C C 125200 C C C C 70 A A AA C C C CAAAAAA
CHCll
Chlorosulfonic Acid C 73 C 200 C C C C C CCCCCCBBCCBCCCBA A
CIS020H
BA A
Chromic Acid 10% 210 150 140 175 350 70 C 140 100 C C C CCC C CC CCtoto to B A
H2CrO, 212 70 125
B B
Chromic Acid 50% 210 180 C 125 200 C C 140 C CCCCCCCCCC C to to C B
H2CrO, 70 212
Citric Acid Sat'd 185 180 140275 200 210 70 140 140200 CCCCCCCC CBAAAA A
CsHS07
Coffee 140100 200 A A AAA C C C AAAA A
Copper Acetate Sat'd 73 73 73 250 350 100 180 C 160 140 CCCCCCC CBA AB A
Cu(C2H302)z . H2O
Copper Chloride Sat'd 185 140280350 210 180 200 160200 CCCCCCCCCCCBA AB A
CuClz
Copper Cyanide 185 140 275 350 210 180 160185 CCCCCCCCACBA AB
Cu(CN)z
B
Copper Nitrate 30% 140280 210 to 200 160 200 CCCCCCCCC CBA AC
Cu(N03)z·3H20 70
Copper Sulfate Sat'd 185 120 140280 210 180 200 160 200 CCCCCCCCC CAAAAC A
CuSO,·5H2O
Creosote 73 73 350 C 73 73 C 73 BBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAA
Table B-4 Chemical Resistance Guide for Valves and Fittings (continued)
Z
W
Z ~ ~
;::l
fIlo
OO~~
;;~;::l
o~
z~
0
Clui
ZCl~
ZO W
§>-
~~NZ~OO.~O~S~oo.~~§~
Z 0
Z 0
uW
Z
<i: ~ ~
~
~
~ ~ 0 ~~zo;:;;:~>; ~~ ~ui~OZ
0
U
Z ~
~
~
U 8:: ~ ~ ~
~
W
Z
;::l
~
0
W
Z
g
~ ~8~~~~~8u~~§~~~~~
Ethyl Acetate C 120 C C 200 70 C C C C AAB AAA AAAAABA
CH3COOC2H5
Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol) 140 180 140280300 170 180200 70 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
C2H 50H
B B
Ethyl Chloride Dry 73 C 280350 to C 70 to 140 A AB AAAAAAAAAABA
C2H5Cl 70 70
Ethylene Chloride Dry C 73 C 280350 C C 70 A AA
ClCH2CH2C1
Ethylene Glycol 73 185 120 140280 210 180 200 160 250 AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA
CH20HCH20H
Ethylene Oxide C C C 400 C C C C C AA BAA A A AB A
CH2CH20
Fatty Acids 73 120 140280 400 C 140 C 140 185 C C C CC C C C C A AA A
R-COOH
A
Ferric Chloride (Aqueous) Sat'd 185 180 140280 400 225 180200 160200 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C to
FeCl:! 175
Ferric Nitrate Sat'd 185 180 140280 400 210 180 140 160200 C C CCC C C C CBA AA C A
Fe(N03h . 9H20
Ferric Sulfate 180 140280 200 210 140 140 140185 C C C CC C C C CBA A AC
Fe2(S04h
Ferrous Chloride Sat'd 185 180 140280400 200 180 200 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C B
FeCb
Ferrous Sulfate 70 185 180 140280 400 200 180 140 160200 B C C B CCCCCAAAAA A
FeS04
Fluosilicic Acid 50% 73 140280 300 140 100 200 100 210 CCBB CCC CBBBAA A
H2SiF6
Formic Acid 73 73 73 250300 200 C 70 140 C C CB CCCBCAAAAA A
HCOOH
Freon 11 100% C 73 140 200 300 C 70 130 C 70 A A AAA B B B BAAAAA
Table B-4 Chemical Resistance Guide for Valves and Fittings (continued)
Z
I'l
Z ~ ~
~o
~~~
o~
z~
Clui
ZCI~
>-
0
~ Z~I'l~Z ~::lz~~~ ~ ~~
Z Z Z 0
I'l
~ ::E ?i<I: ~ ~I'lNZ~ ~ o~~ .~>-....l I'l
~ g ::E~ZO::E~~G~~ ~~~~~~~
U U ~ 0
Z 0
:;j Uis: 8:: ~ ~ ~ 52 ~8~~~~~2u~~~~~ ~~
~
0 I'l
U I'l ~ Z ~
Table B-4 Chemical Resistance Guide for Valves and Fittings (continued)
~
~
U ~x~~~~
U .... 0~ 0 <j0~~<j
0zU ~ ~~ ::>..:f:z ~~i§8~~~G~~~~~~3z~
~
~ ~ ~ P:) 2 ::> _0<O"1<j0
~
~ U
~
~ ~ z UP:)cn P:)'-'QU~z~;;:;~ ~
Magnesium Chloride Sat'd 185 180 140280 400 170 180200 160170 AAABBCCC CCCCBA A
MgCb
Magnesium Hydroxide Sat'd 185 180 140280 300 170 180200 160225 BCCBBAAA AAAAAAAA
Mg(OHh
Magnesium Nitrate 185 180 140280 300 140 70 140 160225 ACe B AAAAB
Mg(N03h . 2H20
Magnesium Sulfate 185 180 140280300 175 180140 160200 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
MgS0 4 ·7H2O
Malic Acid 185 150 140250 250 C 100 70 70 200 ABB CCC CAAAAA
COOHCH2eH (OH) COOH
Mercuric Chloride 140 180 140250 300 210 140 140 140 185 eeccccccCCCCCCBC A
HgCb
Mercuric Cyanide Sat'd 140250300 70 70 140 70 70 cccceccc C A AC
Hg(CNh
Mercury 185 150 140275 300 210 140 140 140 185 CCCCCAAA AAAAAB A
Hg
B
Methyl Acetate 100300 to C C C C B B BBB BBA AA A
CH3C02CH3 70
Methyl Acetone C 70 C C C AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
C3H60
Methyl Bromide e 280300 C 70 C C 185 C e B CCB B BB
CH3Br
Methyl Cello solve C 280 70 C 70 70 C AAB BBB AA AAAA
HOCH2CH2oCH3
Methyl Chloride Dry C e 280250 C C C C 70 C AACCAAAAAAAAAAAA
CH3Cl
Methyl Ethyl Keytone C C C C C 200 70 C C C C A A AAA A AA AAAAAAAA
(MEK)
CH3COC2Hs
Methylene Chloride C C 250 C C C C 70 B BB BBB AAAA A
CH2Cb
Molasses 73 140 150 300 100 150 150 150 185 AAAAAAAA AAAAAA A
Table B-4 Chemical Resistance Guide for Valves and Fittings (continued)
~ Z Z
Z
~
Z
~
~ ~
~ Z~~~~
~o
e~~ z~
o~
~~z~~~
~ui
Z~~
~~§~
:><
0
~
~
U
Z
~
~
~ :::E <1:
13
0 0
~~~§~~~6~~~~~~g~~~
""'""' ~ ~
~
~
0
U ;:j U ~ ~ p:)
~
Z ~ ~O~ ~ ;:l
UP:)U1 _8<O""~o
P:)"~u~z ... ;;;;:; :::E
B
Naphtha to 73 73 140280200 C 140 C C 150 A AAB AAAAAAAAAAAA
70
B
Naphthalene to C 200250 C C C C 170 A A AB AAA A AAAAAAA
ClOHs 70
Nickel Chloride Sat'd 185 180 140280 406 210 180200 160210 CCB CCC A AC A
NiCh
Nickel Nitrate Sat'd 140280 400 210 180 250 C C C CCC AAAAC
Ni(N03h·6H2O
Nickel Sulfate Sat'd 185 180 140280 400 210 200160300 ACCB CCC A
NiS04
Nicotinic Acid 140250 70 140 ABB CCC BBBBB
CSH4NCOOH
Nitric Acid 30% 180 120 140125250 70 C 100 C 185 CCCCCCCCC BA A
HN03
Nitric Acid 70% 73 C 73 C 250 C C C C 100 BCCCCCCCCC CA A
HN03
Nitric Acid 100% C C C 70 C C C C 70 BCCCCCCCCCCCA AC
HN03
Nitrobenzene 73 C 73 400 C C C 70 BB AAA A AA A
C6HsN02
B B
Oleic Acid 185 150 140250250 to 100 70 to 185 ABBA BBC BAAAA A
Cfu(CHv7CH:CH(CH2hCOOH 70 70
Oxalic Acid 50% 185 180 140 125 300 150 C 100100 C CCC CCCCCBAAAA A
HOOCCOOH . 2H20
Palmitic Acid 70% 73 180 73 250300 100 C C 185 ABBBABBB BBAAAA
CH3(CH2h4COOH
Perchloric Acid 10% 140 73 73 200250 70 C 70 70 70 C A AA
HCI04
Perchloroethylene 275200 C C C C 200 BB BBB BAAAAA A
ChC:CCh
Phenol C 73 73 73 125 70 C C C 200 AAC CCC CAAAAA A
C6HsOH
Phosphoric Acid 10% 210 180 140275 300 140 70 200 140200 C C C CCC C CC CCBAAAC
H3P04
370 Appendix B
Table B-4 Chemical Resistance Guide for Valves and Fittings (continued)
Table B-4 Chemical Resistance Guide for Valves and Fittings (continued)
~
s: p..,
~ ~ ""~
Q
p..,
Z
:=>
co
0
~
0
:=>
.....l
""
U U p.., ~ Z
B
Propane 73 140 280 300 C 70 to 70 70 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A
C3Hs 70
Propyl Alcohol 150 350 140 140 140 140250 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A
CH 3CH2CH20H
Rosin 200 70 70 70 100 C C CCC CAAAAA
Silver Nitrate 70 185 180 140280 350 210 140 200 160250 C C C CC C C C CBA A C
AgN03
Soaps 70 185 73 140 400 210 180 140 140250 BBA BBB BAAAAB A
Sodium Acetate Sat'd 185 180 140280400 170 C 70 C AAB BBC BBA AA A
NaC2H302
Sodium Aluminate Sat'd 300 200 180 140 140200 CCB BBA B A AA A
NazAi203
Sodium Bicarbonate 70 185 180 140280 400 250 180200 160300 A A A BB A A C AA A A A AA A
NaHC03
Sodium Bisulfate 70 180 140280 200 180 100 140250 C C C CC C C C CBA AA
NaHS0 4
Sodium Bisulfite 185 180 140280 400 200 180200 140250 B B CCC C A AC A
NaHS0 3
Sodium Borate (Borax) Sat'd 73 300 140 70 100 100140 AA B B BAAAAA
Na2B407·lOH20
Sodium Carbonate 70 185 180 140280 400 140 140 140 140300 C A A BB A AA A A A A A ABA
Na2C0 3
B B B
Sodium Chlorate Sat'd 180 73 250 350 to to to 100 AAC BBB BBAAAC
NaCl03 140 70 140
Sodium Chloride 210 180 140280 350 140 140 100 160200 B A A A B B B B CAB B B B A A A A
NaCI
Sodium Chlorite 25% 73 C 250 200 C C 140 C
NaCl02
Sodium Chromate 200 70 70 70 70 AA BBB BAAAAA
Na2Cr04 . lOH20
Sodium Cyanide 185 180 140280350 140140140 140200 C C C CC A A A A AA A A A
NaCN
Sodium Fluoride 140 185 140280 350 140 70 140 70 140 AAB CCC A AA
NaF
372 Appendix B
Table B-4 Chemical Resistance Guide for Valves and Fittings (continued)
~ Z Z
Z
~
~
~
~
~
;:l
~o
~~~
~~;:l
o~
z~
Oui
~!il~Z~(FJ~~i5~~P2cri:Z::~.....:l
zo~
0 0 §§>-
~
~
U ../:
Z
0
u
(FJ
~ u~ 8: ~ ~
~
~
~
6:
~
Z
;:l
~
0
~
Z
0
g
~
~~i5§~~~§~~~~~~~~
~utiSoo~~~o ~z§~~ ~~ ~
B
Sodium Hydroxide 15% 70 185 180 140170400 210 140200 160 to C A A AA BAAAAAAA
NaOH 100
B
Sodium Hydroxide 30% 70 210 180 140 73 350 210 100 140 160 to C A B BB BAAAAA
NaOH 100
(Caustic Soda)
Sodium Hydroxide 50% 70 210 180 100 C 350 180 C 140 160 C C B B C C C B B B B B A A A A A
NaOH
Sodium Hydroxide 70% 70 180 100 C 350 70 C 100 100 C C B C C C C B B B B B A A A A A
NaOH
Sodium Hypochlorite C 185120 73 200350 70 C 150 C 140 C C C C C C C C C C C C A AA A
NaOCI· 5H20
Sodium Nitrate Sat'd 185 180 140280 400 210 140 140 140225 B A A BB A AA AAAA A AABA
NaN03
Sodium Perborate 73 140 350 70 70 70 70 70 C C BBB AAAAA A
NaB02·3H20
B
Sodium Peroxide 140 200 250 140 to 200 70 185 B C C CC C C C AAAAA B
N~02 70
Sodium Silicate 180 280 200 140200 140200 CCB AAA AAAAAAAA
2Na20· Si02
Sodium Sulfate Sat'd 70 185 150 140280 400 140 140 140 140200 A A A BB A A A A AA A A A AA A
Na2S04
Sodium Sulfide 70 185 150 140 280 350 140 180 200 140 200 C C C CC B B C B BAA A A A
Na2S
Sodium Sulfite 70 185 180 140280 350 140 140 140 140200 AAC BBB BBAAAC A
Na2S03
Sodium Thiosulphate 150 140280 350 200 140200 160 200 A B BC C CC C A AA
Na2S203·5H20
Starch 140200300170180200 160200 B B BB B B B BAA A AA
Table B-4 Chemical Resistance Guide for Valves and Fittings (continued)
~ Z
~
Z ~ ~
~
il!lo
~~~
~~~ 0
o~
z~
Clui
ZClOO
ZO ~ 0
§>-
Z Z Z
~ ~ ~~~z~ ~~o~3~ .~~~§~
<
~
~
~~~~~~~~~~~;~~~~~
U
~ '~"' @ 0...
~ 0
Z
0
U
00
~
~
U
0...
0...
Cl
~
Z
~
~
0
~
Z ~
Sulfur Chloride C 73 350 C C 70 C 70 CCCCCCCCCCCCCCBCC
S2Ch
Sulfur Dioxide Dry C 73 140175350 70 C 200 C 100 A A A BAA A A A AAAAAAAA
S02
Sulfur Dioxide Wet C 73 73 150 140 C 200 140 BCCBBC CACAA A
S02
B
Sulfuric Acid Up to to 210 180 140250 250 140 C 100 100200 CCCCCCCCCCCABAACA
H2SO4 30% 100
Sulfuric Acid 50% C 210 150 140250 250 140 140 150 C 200 CCCCCCCCCCCACAACA
H2SO4
Sulfuric Acid 70% C 210 120 140200 200 140 C 150 C 250 CCCCCCCCCCCCBCACCA
H2SO4
B
Sulfuric Acid 100% C C C C C
to C C C C C CCCCCCCCCCCCBCBCC
H2SO4 200
Sulfurous Acid 150 C 230350 C 150 C C CCCCCCCCCCBAAAACA
H2S03
Tannic Acid 10% C 185 180 140225 250 70 100 100 100 100 AA BBCBBBAAAA A
C7ili52046
Tartaric Acid 150 140250250 C 70200 70 70 BAACC CCC CCAAAAA A
HOOC(CHOm2COOH
Toluene (foluol) C C C C 175 200 C C C 70 AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAA
Ch3Cili5
Trichloroethylene C C C C 280200 C C C C 185 AAAAAABBB AAAAAAA
CHCI:CCh
Turpentine 73 C 140280 C 70 C C 150 AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAA
Table B-4 Chemical Resistance Guide for Valves and Fittings (continued)
NIBCO INC., its marketing companies and distributors, and the authors of and contributors to this table specifically deny any
warranty, expressed or implied, for the accuracy and/or reliability of the fitness for any particular use of information contained
herein.
[1) Yedidiah. S.: Effect of Scale and Speed on Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps. ASME Symposium on
Fluid Mechanics in the Petroleum IndustIy. pp. 61-69. Houston. Tx. December 1973.
[2] Acosta. A. J. and Bowerman. R. D.: An Experimental Study of Centrifugal Pump Impellers. Trans.
ASME. 81: pp 1821-1839. 1957.
[3) Yedidiah. S.: A Study of Suction Specific Speed. ASME Cavitation Forum. pp. 32-34. Chicago Ill.
1967.
[4] Yedidiah. S.: Some Observations Relating to Suction Performance of Inducers and Pumps. Trans.
ASME. Basic Engng .. pp. 567-574. September 1972.
[5) Chanaud. R. C.: Measurements of Mean Flow Velocity Beyond a Rotating Disc. ASME Paper No. 70-
FE-C. 1970.
[6) Bennet, T. P. and Worster. R. C.: The Friction on Rotating Discs and the Effect on Net Radial Flow
and Externally Applied Whirl. BHRA Publication No. RR-691. 1961.
[7] Yedidiah. S.: Effect of Energy Losses on the Head Developed by a Rotodynamic Pump. ASME
Pumping Machinery Symposium. FED Vol. 81. pp. 181-186. La Jolla. Ca. 1989.
[8] Yedidiah. S.: ReCirculation in Centrifugal Pumps. AIAA Publication No. 86-1124. Atlanta. Ga. 1986.
[9) Yedidiah. S.: Cause and Effect of Recirculation in Centrifugal Pumps. Parts I and II. World Pumps.
pp. 267-295. September 1985.
[l0] Yedidiah. S.: A Study of Recirculation at the Inlet of Centrifugal Pumps. Joint ASME--JSME
Conference on Thermal Engineering. Hawaii. 1987.
[11] Worster. R. C. and Thorne. E. W.: Roughness and Friction Effects on Performance in Centrifugal
Pumps. BHRA Publication No. SP-564. 1957.
[12) Varley. F. A.: Effect of Impeller Design and Surface Roughness on the Performance of Centrifugal
Pumps. Proc. lnst. Mech. Engng.. 175(21): pp. 955-989.1961.
[13) Ishida. M. and Senoo. Y. : On the Pressure Losses due to the Tip-Clearance of Centrifugal Pumps.
ASME Paper No. 80-GT-139. 1980.
[14] Yedidiah. S.: Some Causes of Unstable Performance Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps. 17th
International Gas Turbine Conference (an ASME Paper). pp. 5-14. San FranCisco. Ca. 1972.
[15] Yedidiah. S.: Certain Unexplained Phenomena. Observed in Centrifugal Pumps. ASME Paper No. 85-
FE-3. Albuquerque. NM. 1985.
[16] Yedidiah. S.: The Recirculation Theory of Regenerative Pumps. ASME FED. Vol. 154. Pumping
Machinery. pp. 355-358. Washington. DC. 1993.
[17) Yedidiah. S.: Cause of a Dip in the QH Curve of a Centrifugal Pump. ASME Symposium on Unsteady
Flow. Anaheim. Ca. 1986.
[18) Yedidiah. S.: A Possible Cause of Surge in NPSH-Requirements of Centrifugal Pumps. ASME
Cavitation and Multiphase Forum. FED. Vol. 36. pp. 39-41. Atlanta. Ga. 1986.
[19) Yedidiah. S.: Certain Effects of Recirculation on Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps. Proc. Inst. Mech.
Engng. Vol. 200(A4). pp. 283-292. 1986.
[20) Yedidiah. S.: Effect of Impeller-Inlet GeometIy on the Intensity of Recirculation and on Cavitation in
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Washington. DC. 1993.
375
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[23] Paulon. J .. Fradin C. and Poulain. J.: Improvement of Pump Performance at Off Design Conditions.
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[24] Guiton. P.: Actual Behaviour of Pumps Outside their High Efficiency Range. Von Karman Institute
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[29] Agostinelli. A.. Nobles. D .. Mockridge. C. R. et al.: An Experimental Investigation of Radial Thrust in
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[30] Osterlei. R. E.: Motor Efficiency Test Methods-Apples and Oranges. Power Transmission Design.
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[31] Pfleiderer. C.: Die Kreiselpumpen. 3rd edn .. Springer-Verlag. p. 314. 1949 (in German).
[32] Taylor. I.: Two Pump Applications Need Extra NPSH Available. ASME Polyphase Forum. pp. 38-41.
San Francisco. Ca. 1972.
[33] Yedidiah. S.: Radial Thrust in Centrifugal Volute Pumps. The author's private notes. 1967.
[34] Yedidiah. S.: Factors Affecting the Suction Performance of Centrifugal Pumps. ASME Symposium on
Fluid Mechanics in the Petroleum Industry. pp. 53-60. Houston. Tx. December 1975.
[35] Yedidiah. S.: Alternate Vane Cavitation in an Impeller. ASME Cavitation Forum. pp. 12-13. Atlanta.
Ga. 1973.
[36] Yedidiah. S.: Some Observations Relating to Suction Performance of Inducers and Pumps. Basic
Engng .. pp. 567-574. September 1973.
[37] Minami. Sungo. Kyai Kawaguchi and Tetsou Homma: Experimental Study of Cavitation in
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[38] Yedidiah. S.: Oscillation at Low NPSH. Caused by Flow Conditions in the Suction Pipe. ASME
Cavitation Forum. pp. 27-28. Montreal. Canada. 1974.
[39] Knapp. R. T. et al.: Cavitation. McGraw-Hill. New York. 1970.
[40] Rees. R. P. and Trevence. D. H.: The Effects of Temperature and Viscosity on the Critical Tension of
Liquids. ASME Cavitation Forum. p. 1. Chicago. Ill .. 1967.
[41] Yedidiah. S.: Effect of a Sharp Edge on the Appearance of Vapor Bubbles in a Flowing Liquid. ASME
Cavitation and Multiphase Forum. FED Vol. 194. pp. 101-103. Lake Tahoe. Nv .. 1994.
[42] Denny. D. F.: Vortex Formation in Pump Sumps. BHRA Publication No. SP-436. 19??
[43] Campbell. J. M.: Development of a Pipe Bend having Good Outlet Velocity Distribution. and the
Effect of Subsequent Contractions. BHRA Publication No. RR-658. 1960.
[44] Levi. E.: A Universal Strouhal Law. Joint ASME-ASCE Mechanics Conference. Boulder. CO. 1981.
[45] Yedidiah. S.: Effect of a Sharp Edge on the Appearance of Vapor Bubbles in a Flowing LiqUid. ASME
Cavitation and Multiphase Flow Forum. 1994. FED Vol. 194. pp. 101-103. Lake Tahoe. Nv .. 1994.
[46] Yedidiah. S.: A Study of Suction Specific Speed. ASME Cavitation Forum. 1967. pp. 32-35. Chicago.
Ill.. 1967.
[47] Hammitt. F. G.: Observation of Cavitation Scale and Thermodynamic Effects in Stationary and
Rotating Components. Journal of Basic Engineering. Trans ASME Series D. Vol. 85. pp. 1-16. 1963.
[48] Jekat. W. K.: Reynolds Number and Incidence Angle Effects on Inducer Cavitation. ASME Paper No.
66-WA/FE-31. 1966.
[49] Yedidiah. S.: Effect of Impeller Width on the Suction Capability of Centrifugal Pumps. ASME
Cavitation and Multiphase Forum. 1988.
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[50] Worster, R. C.: The Flow in Volutes and its Effect on Centrifugal Pump Performance, Proc. Inst.
Mech. Engng. Vol. 77(31), pp. 843-876, 1963.
[51] Anderson, H. H.: Centrifugal Pumps, 3rd ed., Trade & Technical Press, 1980.
[52] Copley, D. M. and Worster, R. C.: Pressure Measurements at the Blade Tips of a Centrifugal Pump
Impeller and the Effects of Tip Profile on Pump Performance, BHRA Publication No. RR-71O, 1961.
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Machinery Forum, ASME Summer Meeting, FED Vol. 222, pp. 25-34, Hilton Head, S.C., 1995.
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Machinery Forum, ASME Summer meeting, Hilton Head, S.C., 1995.
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Diego, Ca., 1989.
[56] Yedidiah, S.: About the Validity of a Slip-Factor for Predicting the Head of a Centrifugal Pump, FED
Vol. 119, pp. 7-9, Portland, Or., 1991.
[57] Yedidiah, S.: An Alternate Method for Calculating the Head Developed by a Centrifugal Impeller, FED
Vol. 107, pp. 131-138, Portland, Or., 1991.
[58[ Saalfield, K.: Einige neuere Gedanken zur Laufradberechnung von radialen und halbaxialen
Kreiselpumpen, KSB Teechnische Berichte 11, August 1966 (in German).
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a Constant Pitch Axial-Flow Inducer, Proc. Inst. Mech. Engng., Vol. 205(C5), pp. 357-363, 1987.
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Axial-Flow Impeller, Proc. CSME Engineering Forum, Vol. 1, pp. 25-29, Toronto, Canada, 1990.
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Number of Blades, ASME Paper No. 69-FE-8, 1969.
Index
A B
Abrasion 73 Back vanes 10 1. 328-330
by metallic contact 74. 238. 274 Balancing device 99-104
by packing 221. 238 balancing holes 100. 139
by pumped liquid 237-238 Bearings. function and problems 209
resistance of materials to 73 sliding
Air advantages and disadvantages 209-210.
appearance 31 273
effects of 9. 31. 32. 132. 134-136. 158. lubrication 210
193. 196-197. 278 problems with 210
funnel 163-165. 167 rolling
handling capability of impellers 32. 204 advantages and disadvantages 211
in column 250 failures and their causes 216-219
sources of 31 handling 214-216
Air leakage lubrication 211-214
detection 139. 202 some special problems 219
due to bent shaft 207. 274. 290 Belt drive 120. 208
due to parallel operation 185-186 Bernoulli's equation 164
due to prerotation 168 Bernouli's equation for a rotating system 10-11
due to other sources 202-204 Blow
due to vortices 167 due to cavitation 231. 155-156
through mechanical seal 139-140. 202 due to compressed air 201-202. 206. 250
through stuffing box 139. 202-203 effects of 206-207
Air pockets 127. 128. 194-200 due to hard object 206
effects on check valve 201-202 due to prerotation 154-156
in discharge line 200-202 due to water hammer 178
in donut pumps 200 Boiling 33
in pumps proper 198-200 Borehole pumps (see Deep well pumps)
in suction lines 127-128. 136. 194-195 Bypass. uses of 183. 241
prevention of 195-196
in suction nozzle 199
reduction of 194 c
Air. solubility in liquids 141. 193
Air valve 126. 181 Careless starting 206
Alignment. checking for 290-292 Casing
Analysis of preliminary information 273-280 diffuser type 24. 260. 318
Axial thrust 97-99 effects of geometry 318-322
balancing split 23
multi-stage pumps 101-104 volute 20-21.317
single-stage pumps 99-101 Cavitation. definition of 8-9. 33-34
on closed impellers 97-98 alternate vane 150-151
on semi-open impellers 98-99 and specific speed 38. 51
379
380 Index
Cavitation. caused by: loud blow is heard each time the pump is
cutdown of impeller 37-38 started or stopped 357
heating of parts 205-208 mechanical seal leaks excessively 354
inertia 179-181 mechanical seal has short life 354
prerotation 143. 154-156 packing has short life 353
vibrations 141. 151-153 pump does not develop any head. nor does it
vortices 157-159 deliver liquid 348
water hammer 155. 179-181 pump develops some pressure. but does not
Cavitation. effects of deliver liquid 348
balancing holes 265-269 pump delivers less liquid than expected
discharge line 153 349
impeller cutdown 37-38 pump does not develop enough presure
impeller width 315 349
impurities 160 pump consumes too much power 350
sharp edge 161 pump does not perform satisfactorily.
suction line 157 although nothing appears to be wrong
temperature 159-160 with the pump or with the system 350
valve 152-153 pump operates satisfactorily during start.
Cavitation. external signs of 34. 279 but performance deteriorates shortly
Cavitation. cushioning 158 afterwards 351
Cavitation. effects on pump is operating with noise and vibrations.
performance 147-151 or both 351
wetted parts 237. 285. 287 pump overheats and/or seizes 356
Cavitation. graphical presentations pump develops cavitation under increased
at constant flow rate 41 NPSH 357
at different flows 41 shape of head-capacity curve differs from
at design-flow 47-54 rated curve 349
Cavitation Number stuffing box leaks excessively 352-353
dimensionless 40 Check valve. effect of air pockets 201. 250
Thoma's 37 Chemical compatibility of materials 362-374
Cavitation. occurence Centrifugal pumps. classifications:
at impeller inlet 148-150 by application 19
at impeller outlet 180 deep well 24. 25
at volute (diffusor)-throat 56-58 high temperatures 20. 24. 76
in istruments and their connections 129 irrigation 14
in pumps operating in parallel 186 sewage-disposal 25
in pumps operating in series 185 by design
in special cases 151-153.263-266 diffusor-pumps 24
Cavitation. prevention 181 multi stage 19. 23-26
Cavitation. remedial means 181. 300-302 single-stage 19. 20. 23
Cavitation. resistance of materials 303 volute pumps 20-22
Cavitation. at increased available NPSH by structure
263-265 centerline-discharge 20
Cavitation. at elevated temperatures 159-160 closed-impeller 25
Chain reactions 75. 117-118. 190 double-suction 23
Checklist. of most common problems 347-348 end-suction 20-21
Checklists of most common causes horizontal 21. 23-25
bearings overheat 354-355 open-impeller 25
bearings operate with noise 355-356 side-suction 21
bearings have short life 354-355 single-suction 20-21
casing bursts when the pump is started or split-casing 23
stopped 357 vertical 22. 25
flow rate periodically decreases. or by specific speed 26-28
even stops. then returns to normal Centrifugal pumps. principles of operation 6-8
357 Choice of pumps. effects of 14-17.55
gaskets leak during pump operation 357 Clearances. checking of 243-246
impeller and/or casing has short life 356 Clearances. closed impeller. effects of 67-70
Index 381
Clearances, open impeller, effects of 71-72 Dip in performance curve 87, 113-114
Closed test loop 133, 138, 153 Disk-friction 61-65
Column Discharge line
effects of air 250 air pockets in 201
effects of faulty assembly 250 cavitation in 179-180
effects of faulty machining 250 water hammer 177-179
oil lubricated 251 Discharge nozzle, effect on performance 91
water lubricated 251-253 Donut pumps 258-260
Compression, fracture due to 234 air in 200
Corrosion due to balancing axial thrust 101-104, 259-260
cavitation 237, 285 Drives
chemical affinity 234, 235, 285, 362-374 belt 120, 208
crevice 235 vertical lineshaft 248-249
elevated temperatures 236-237 Drooping curve, appearance and causes 92-95,
electrolytic 235 111-113
intermittend operation 237 effect of discharge nozzle 91
reduced NPSH 237 interaction with system 111-113
Corrosion, effects of pumps operating in parallel 185-188
discontinuities in surface 285 Dynamometer 121
velocity of flow 236
stabilisers 236-237
Critical speed 274, 300
Curve, drooping E
causes of 90-95, 111-113
definition of 14-15 Effects of
effects of 186-188 air pockets 127-128, 194-198
Curves, performance blow with a hard object 206-207
dip in 87, 113-114 blow against a ductile surface 234
as a diagnostic tool 273-278 careless starting 206
steepness of 15 choice of pumping unit 14-18
Curves, system 16,44 improper handling and workmanship 239
Cutdown of impeller-diameter misalignment 207-208, 290-292
with parallel edge 307-310 position of impeller 208, 258-259
with inclined edge 310-312 time 73-74, 134-136, 159, 240-241
Efficiency, definition of 13
shape of curve 17
effect of scale and specific speed 26-28
D effects of output 27
importance of 17
Damage Elbow, effect on flow 255
classification of 233-241 Electrical connections
effects of human factors 239, 283-285 checking 121
Deep well pumps, description 25, 247 safety precautions 290
Deep well pumps, problems caused by Energy, frictional losses
extension of lineshaft 247-248 in casing 65-66
in floating vessels 262 in ducts 61
installation 250 in impeller 61-65
sand 249-250 in rotating disk 61-65
well-geometry 250 Energy transfer 3-6
Deep well pumps, problems related to EqUilibrium, stable 187
all types 247-250 Erosion 234-238 (see also Corrosion)
oil lubrication 251 Errors in measuring of
semi-open impellers 245-246, 253-254 flow rate 121-122
variations in water level 248-249 head 122-130
water lubrication 251-253 power consumption 119-121
Diffusor 260, 318 NPSH 131-132
installation of 258-260 Extrusion 206, 234
382 Index
F flat 14
steep 14
Failed parts. visual inspection of 281-287 Head developed by an impeller 6. 164.334-341
bearings 281 Head increases with flow 277-278
casing 285-287 Head. measurements 122-130
impeller 285. 287 Head-NPSH curves 41-43
seals and packing 221-229. 281-282 Head. reduced 158
shaft 282. 300 Head. shutoff 91-94. 188
wearing rings 282-285 Head. Static 15-16
Failure of parts Head. Total 10. 122. 123. 164
time effects on 134-136. 159. 240-241 Heating of parts
human factors 239 causes 75. 205-208
Faults in effects 75. 190. 293.355-356
assembly 205-208.247.250 Hot liquids 75-76
layout 163-176 Human factors 239. 283-285
Field procedures 289-295 Hydraulic sources of noise 229-231
Flow meter Hysteresis due to recirculation 85-88
cavitation in 122
Flow rate
fluctuationsin 178.187.237 I
increases with head 14-15.92-95.
111-113 Impeller
measurements of 121-122 air-handling capability 32. 204
Flow ratio 42 closed 25
Flow for handling sewage 25
obstruction to 123-124. 136. semi-open 25
resistance to fluctuations 187 variations with specific speed 27
straightener 176-177 Impeller cutdowns. effect on
Foundation. setting of 240-241 head 38. 306-312
Fracture due to NPSH-requirements 38.57-58
bending 234 Impeller. effects of
cerelessnes 206 roughness 65
compression 234 width 313-315
extrussions and dents 207. 234 Impeller
fatigue 234 adjusting clearances 243-245
galling 74. 238-239 checking clearances 244-247
shear 234 inspection. on site 285. 290
tension 233 safety precautions. prior to on-site inspection
Frequency. natural 293 290
Impellers semi-open. problems with
in deep-well pumps 245-246.253-254
G in multi-stage pumps 244-247
in single-stage pumps 243-244
Galling. definition of 74. 238-239
Inducer
Gland. tightening of 238
effect of radial clearance 327-328
Gas (see Air)
effect of inlet-tip shape 328
Gas. solubility in liquids 141. 193
effect on NPSH-requirements 84
Gasket. obstruction to flow 123-124. 195-196
effect on performance 83-86
Gradual reduction of flow 178-182. 249-250
effect on recirculation 84
Graphs. performance
Inspection. visual of
as a diagnostic tool 273-278
bearings 209-219. 281
Grease. for different applications 212. 260
casing 285-287
impeler 285-287
H seals and packings 221-224.281-282
shaft 282
Head-capacity curve wearing rings 282-285
drooping 14-15.92-95.111-113 Inspection. on-site
Index 383