CIT3111 Thermodynamics: Chemical Engineering III 2016: Test 2

FACULTY : Engineering and the Built Environment (FEBE)

PROGRAMME : Chemical Engineering
COURSE : Thermodynamics: Chemical Engineering III
COURSE CODE : CIT3111
DATE : 14 April 2016
TEST NO. : Two
DURATION : 2 hours
TOTAL MARKS : 100
FULL MARKS : 100
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INTERNAL EXAMINER(S) : Dr K Moothi

NO. OF PAGES : 08
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INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE(S):

- ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

- Number each question clearly; the order of answer/s does not matter

- Show all units in calculations

- This is a ‘closed book’ test

- Write clearly and legibly

- Use of scientific (non-programmable) calculator is permitted (only one per

candidate)

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CIT3111 Thermodynamics: Chemical Engineering III 2016: Test 2

Question One [Total: 30 Marks]

1.1 A 3 m3 rigid tank contains nitrogen gas at 500 kPa and 300 K. Now heat is transferred to
the nitrogen in the tank and the pressure of nitrogen rises to 800 kPa. The work done during
this process is: [3]
(a) 500 kJ
(b) 1500 kJ
(c) 0 kJ
(d) 900 kJ
(e) 2400 kJ

1.2 A glass of water with a mass of 0.45 kg at 20°C is to be cooled to 0°C by dropping ice
cubes at 0°C into it. The latent heat of fusion of ice is 334 kJ/kg, and the specific heat of
water is 4.18 kJ/kg.°C. The amount of ice that needs to be added is: [3]
(a) 56 g
(b) 113 g
(d) 224 g
(e) 450 g

1.3 The specific heat of a material is given in a strange unit to be Cp = 3.60 kJ/kg.°F. The
specific heat of this material in the SI units of kJ/kg.°C is: [3]
(a) 2.00 kJ/kg.°C
(b) 3.20 kJ/kg.°C
(c) 3.60 kJ/kg.°C
(d) 4.80 kJ/kg.°C
(e) 6.48 kJ/kg.°C

1.4 State if the following statements are true or false. If false, state a reason/ justification.
a) Some equations use compressibility factors to account for non-ideal behaviour using a
single factor, namely "Z." If Z equals 1 it indicates that the gas is behaving ideally, and the
further from unity Z becomes indicates the more deviation from ideal gas behaviour. [2]

(b) When a reaction releases heat to the surroundings it is an endothermic reaction and
enthalpy of reaction is positive. [2]

(c) Maximum amount of air needed for complete combustion of a fuel is called
stoichiometric (or theoretical) air. [2]

d) Enthalpy of formation of a substance change/s with temperature. [2]

e) It is impossible for any system to operate in a way that entropy is destroyed. [2]

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CIT3111 Thermodynamics: Chemical Engineering III 2016: Test 2

1.5 Determine the enthalpy of combustion of methane (CH4) at 25°C and 1 atm, using the
enthalpy of formation data. Assume that the water in the products is in:

(a) Liquid form, [4]

(b) Gaseous form. [2]

1.6 What is a thermal energy reservoir? Give two examples. [5]

Question Two [Total: 25 Marks]

2.1 Define/ discuss the following concepts:

(a) Triple point of a pure substance; [4]
(b) Critical point of a pure substance; [5]
(c) Equation of State (EOS) [6]

2.2 State the following:

(a) Two-parameter theorem of corresponding states; [6]
(b) Three-parameter theorem of corresponding states [4]

Question Three [Total: 15 Marks]

The reported values for the Virial coefficients of isopropanol vapour at 200oC are:
B = -388 cm3mol-1 and C = - 26 000 cm6mol-2
Using an R value of 83.14 cm3bar.mol-1K-1, calculate V and Z for isopropanol vapour at
200oC and 10 bar by:
3.1 The Ideal Gas equation [4]
3.2 Virial equation truncated to two terms [5]
3.3 Virial equation truncated to three terms [6]

NB: It is imperative that when using equations of state you select the R with the same units
you are using to solve the problem. It is not uncommon to get a problem wrong because you
used the wrong R value.

Question Four [Total: 30 marks]

4.1 Methane (CH4) is burned completely with the stoichiometric amount of air during a
steady-flow combustion process. If both the reactants and the products are maintained at
25°C and 1 atm and the water in the products exists in the liquid form, determine (state any
assumptions made):
(a) The heat transfer from the combustion chamber during this process. [15]

(b) What would the heat transfer be if combustion were achieved with 100% excess air? [5]

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CIT3111 Thermodynamics: Chemical Engineering III 2016: Test 2

4.2 A 700 MW steam power plant, which is cooled by a nearby river, has a thermal efficiency
of 35%. State any assumptions made.

(a) Determine the rate of heat transfer to the river water. [8]

(b) Will the actual heat transfer rate be higher or lower than this value? Why? [2]

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CIT3111 Thermodynamics: Chemical Engineering III 2016: Test 2

USEFUL EQUATIONS AND FORMULAE

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑉𝑡 𝑉𝑡 𝐹
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇; 𝑇1
= 𝑇2
; 𝑣= 𝑚
; 𝑣= 𝑛
; 𝜌 = 𝑣 −1; 𝑃=𝐴

𝑉
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑔 (𝑜𝑟 𝜌𝑔ℎ) + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 ; 𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑙; 𝑊 = − ∫𝑉 2 𝑃𝑑𝑉;
1

𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣
∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 + ∆𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 = 0; = 𝑊𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
; 𝑑𝑡
= ∆𝑚 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛

𝑑(𝑚𝑈)𝑐𝑣 1
Energy balance for open systems: 𝑑𝑡
= −𝑚̇∆ [𝑈 + 2 𝑢2 + 𝑔ℎ] + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇

1
Energy balance for steady-state flow processes: ∆𝑚̇ (𝐻 + 2 𝑢2 + 𝑔ℎ) = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇𝑠

𝑋 −𝑋 𝑋−𝑋1
Interpolation: 𝑀 = (𝑋 2−𝑋 ) 𝑀1 + (𝑋 ) 𝑀2
2 1 2 −𝑋1

Mechanically reversible closed processes:

𝑇2
𝑄 = 𝑛∆𝑈 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶𝑣 𝑑𝑇
𝑇1
𝑇
𝑄 = 𝑛∆𝐻 = 𝑛 ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
1
𝑄 = −𝑊
𝛾−1⁄ 𝛾−1⁄
𝑅∆𝑇 𝑅(𝑇2 −𝑇1 ) 𝑃2 𝑉2 −𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝛾 𝑅𝑇1 𝑃2 𝛾
𝑊 = ∆𝑈 = 𝐶𝑉 ∆𝑇 = = = = [( ) − 1] = [( ) − 1] ;
𝛾−1 𝛾−1 𝛾−1 𝛾−1 𝑃1 𝛾−1 𝑃1
𝐶
𝛾 = 𝐶𝑃 ;
𝑉

Virial equation truncated to 2nd term:

𝑃𝑉 𝐵 𝐶
𝑅𝑇
= 1 + 𝑉 + 𝑉 2;

Lee/ Kesler correlation:

𝑍 = 𝑍 𝑜 + 𝜔𝑍1 ;

Generalized Pitzer correlation:

𝑃 0.422 0.172
𝑍 = 1 + (𝐵0 + 𝜔𝐵1 ) 𝑇𝑟 (𝐵0 = 0.083 − 𝑇 1.6 ; 𝐵1 = 0.139 − 𝑇 4.2 )
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

Ideal gas:
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝑄 = 𝑛∆𝐻 = 𝑛⟨𝐶𝑃 ⟩𝐻 (𝑇1 − 𝑇0 ); ⟨𝐶𝑃 ⟩𝐻 = 𝑅 [𝐴 + 2 𝑇𝑜 (𝜏 + 1) + 3 𝑇𝑜2 (𝜏 2 + 𝜏 + 1) + 𝜏𝑇 2 ] ⟨𝐶𝑃 ⟩𝐻
𝑜

Clapeyron equation:
𝑑𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡
∆𝐻 = 𝑇∆𝑉 𝑑𝑇
;

General entropy change:

𝑇2 𝑃2
∆𝑆 = 𝐶𝑝 ln − 𝑙𝑛
𝑇1 𝑃1

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CIT3111 Thermodynamics: Chemical Engineering III 2016: Test 2

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CIT3111 Thermodynamics: Chemical Engineering III 2016: Test 2

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CIT3111 Thermodynamics: Chemical Engineering III 2016: Test 2

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