Chapter 9

Chapter 9: Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts

1. Which one of the following is most likely to be an ionic compound?
A) CaCl2 B) CO2 C) CS2 D) SO2 E) OF2
Ans: A Category: Easy Section: 9.2

A) ClF3 B) FeCl3 C) NH3 D) PF3 E) SO3
Ans: B Category: Easy Section: 9.2

A) NCl3 B) BaCl2 C) CO D) SO2 E) SF4
4. Which of the following pairs of elements would be most likely to form an ionic
compound?
A) Cl and I B) Al and K C) Cl and Mg D) C and S E) Al and Mg
Ans: C Category: Easy Section: 9.2
5. Which one of the following is most likely to be a covalent compound?

A) Rb2O B) BaO C) SrO D) SeO2 E) MnO2
Ans: D Category: Easy Section: 9.4

A) KF B) CaCl2 C) SF4 D) Al2O3 E) CaSO4

A) CsOH B) NF3 C) Sr(NO3)2 D) CaO E) LiF
8. Complete this statement: Coulomb's law states that the magnitude of the force of
interaction between two charged bodies is
A) directly proportional to the product of the charges on the bodies and directly
proportional to the distance separating them.
B) directly proportional to the product of the charges on the bodies, and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance separating them.
C) inversely proportional to the product of the charges on the bodies, and directly
D) directly proportional to the sum of the charges on the bodies, and inversely
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 9.4
Page 161
9. The Lewis dot symbol for the a lead atom is

� � � �
A) Pb :
� B) Pb � C) �Pb � D) : Pb � E) �Pb �
� � �
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 9.1
10. The Lewis dot symbol for the S 2– ion is

��
A) : S : B) : S : 2– C) S2– D) S  2– E) : S 
��
11. The Lewis dot symbol for the chloride ion is

��
A) : Cl � B) : Cl : – C) : Cl – D) : Cl : – E) Cl–
��
12. The Lewis dot symbol for the calcium ion is

��
A) : Ca : 2+ B) Ca C) : Ca : 2+ D) Ca2+ E) Ca
��
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 9.2
13. Which one of the following ionic solids would have the largest lattice energy?
A) NaCl B) NaF C) CaBr2 D) CsI E) CaCl2
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 9.3
14. Which of the following ionic solids would have the largest lattice energy?
A) SrO B) NaF C) CaBr2 D) CsI E) BaSO4
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 9.3
15. Which of the following ionic solids would have the largest lattice energy?
A) KF B) KI C) LiF D) LiI E) NaF
16. Which of the following solids would have the highest melting point?
A) NaF B) NaCl C) NaBr D) NaI
17. Which of the following solids would have the highest melting point?
A) NaI B) NaF C) MgO D) MgCl2 E) KF
18. Which of the following solids would have the lowest melting point?
A) KI B) KBr C) KCl D) KF
Page 162
19. Calculate the energy change for the reaction

K(g) + Br(g)  K+(g) + Br– (g)
given the following ionization energy (IE) and electron affinity (EA) values
IE EA
K: 419 kJ/mol 48 kJ/mol
Br: 1140 kJ/mol 324 kJ/mol
A) –1,092 kJ/mol D) 1,092 kJ/mol

B) –95 kJ/mol E) 1,187 kJ/mol
C) 95 kJ/mol
20. Calculate the energy change for the reaction

K(g) + I(g)  K+(g) + I – (g)
given the following ionization energy (IE) and electron affinity (EA) values.
IE EA
K: 419 kJ/mol 48 kJ/mol
I: 1,010 kJ/mol 295 kJ/mol
A) –124 kJ/mol D) 1429 kJ/mol

B) –715 kJ/mol E) None of these
C) 715 kJ/mol
21. Use the Born-Haber cycle to calculate the lattice energy of KCl(s) given the following
data:
H(sublimation) K = 79.2 kJ/mol
I1 (K) = 418.7 kJ/mol
Bond energy (Cl–Cl) = 242.8 kJ/mol
EA (Cl) = 348 kJ/mol
o
H f (KCl(s)) = –435.7 kJ/mol
A) –165 kJ/mol D) 707 kJ/mol
B) 288 kJ/mol E) 828 kJ/mol
C) 629 kJ/mol
Ans: D Category: Difficult Section: 9.3
Page 163
22. Use the Born-Haber cycle to calculate the lattice energy of MgO (s) given the following
data:
H(sublimation) Mg = 130 kJ/mol
I1 (Mg) = 738.1 kJ/mol
I2 (Mg) = 1450 kJ/mol
Bond energy (O=O) = 498.7 kJ/mol
EA (O) = 141 kJ/mol
EA (O–) = –780 kJ/mol
o
H f (MgO(s)) = –601.8 kJ/mol
A) 2200 kJ/mol D) 3800 kJ/mol
C) 3200 kJ/mol
o
23. Use the Born-Haber cycle to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation (H f ) for
LiCl(s) given the following data:
H(sublimation) Li = 155.2 kJ/mol
I1 (Li) = 520 kJ/mol
Bond energy (Cl–Cl) = 242.7 kJ/mol
EA (Cl) = 349 kJ/mol
Lattice energy (LiCl(s)) = 828 kJ/mol
A) 440 kJ/mol D) –380 kJ/mol
B) 320 kJ/mol E) –1420 kJ/mol
C) –260 kJ/mol
24. Which of the elements listed below has the greatest electronegativity?
A) Na B) As C) Ga D) Cs E) Sb
25. Which of the atoms listed below is the most electronegative?

A) Li B) Cs C) P D) As E) Ge
A) Se B) Sb C) K D) Ga E) Fe
27. Which of the elements listed below is the least electronegative?

A) Sr B) V C) Ni D) P E) I
A) Mg B) Ga C) Si D) Ba E) Pb
Page 164
29. A polar covalent bond would form in which one of the following pairs of atoms?
A) Cl  Cl B) Si  Si C) Ca  Cl D) Cr  Br E) P  Cl
30. Which one of these polar covalent bonds would have the greatest percent ionic
character?
A) H Br B) H  Cl C) H  F D) H I
31. What type of chemical bond holds the atoms together within a water molecule?
A) Ionic bond C) Polar covalent bond
B) Nonpolar covalent bond D) Coordinate covalent bond
32. A nonpolar covalent bond (i.e., pure covalent) would form in which one of the following
pairs of atoms?
A) Na  Cl B) H  Cl C) Li  Br D) Se  Br E) Br  Br
33. Which of the bonds below would have the greatest polarity (i.e., highest percent ionic
character)?
A) Si  P B) Si  S C) Si  Se D) Si  Cl E) Si  I
Ans: D Category: Medium
34. Which of the following covalent bonds is the most polar (i.e., highest percent ionic
character)?
A) Al  I B) Si  I C) Al  Cl D) Si  Cl E) Si  P
35. The covalent bond with the greatest polarity would form in which of the atom pairs
below?
A) Br  Br B) S  O C) C  P D) C  O E) B  O
36. The bond in which one of the following pairs of atoms would be the most polar?
A) B  C B) C  N C) C  O D) Si  O E) C  C
37. The bond in which of the following pairs of atoms would have the greatest percent ionic
character (i.e., most polar)?
A) C  O B) S  O C) Na  I D) Na  Br E) F  F
Page 165
38. The bond in which of the following pairs of atoms would be the least polar (i.e., lowest
percent ionic character)?
A) C  Cl B) C  C C) C  H D) O  C E) N  C
39. Classify the O  H bond in CH3OH as ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent.
A) ionic B) polar covalent C) nonpolar covalent
40. Classify the C  Cl bond in CCl4 as ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent.
41. Classify the Ca  Cl bond in CaCl2 as ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent.
42. The electron dot formula for O2 shows

A) a single covalent bond D) a total of 8 x 2 = 16 electron dots
B) a double covalent bond E) a total of 32 electron dots
C) an ionic bond
43. The number of lone electron pairs in the N2 molecule is ___.

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
44. The number of lone electron pairs in the NO2– ion is ___.
A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8
45. The number of lone electron pairs in the CO32– ion is ___.
A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8
46. The electron dot structure for AsCl3 shows

A) a total of 84 electron dots
B) three single bonds and 10 lone pairs
C) two single bonds, one double bond, and 9 lone pairs
D) one single bond, two double bonds, and 8 lone pairs
E) three single bonds and one lone pair
Page 166
47. The total number of bonding electrons in a molecule of formaldehyde (H2CO) is

A) 3 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) 18
48. The total number of lone pairs in NCl3 is

A) 6 B) 8 C) 9 D) 10 E) 13
49. The Lewis structure for CS2 is:

�
� ��
A) C = S- S B) : S - C- S : C) S = C = S D) S = C- S :
�
� ��
50. Which of the following Lewis structures is incorrect?
A) D)
B) E)
C)
51. The number of resonance structures for the sulfur dioxide molecule that satisfy the octet
rule is
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) None of these
Ans: B Category: Difficult Section: 9.8
52. The number of resonance structures for the nitrate ion that satisfy the octet rule is
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) None of these
Ans: C Category: Difficult Section: 9.8
Page 167
53. The azide ion, N3–, is very reactive although it is isoelectronic with the very stable CO2
molecule. This reactivity is reasonable inasmuch as
A) a Lewis structure cannot be written for the azide ion that has nitrogen formal
charges of zero.
B) there is no valid Lewis structure possible for the azide ion.
C) there are resonance structures for azide ion but not for carbon dioxide.
D) nitrogen cannot form multiple bonds.
E) charged species always decompose in solution.
Ans: A Category: Difficult Section: 9.7
54. Assuming the octet rule is obeyed, how many covalent bonds will a nitrogen atom form
to give a formal charge of zero?
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4
55. Assuming the octet rule is obeyed, how many covalent bonds will an oxygen atom form
to give a formal charge of zero?
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4
56. Assuming the octet rule is obeyed, how many covalent bonds will a carbon atom form to
give a formal charge of zero?
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4
57. Assuming the octet rule is obeyed, how many covalent bonds will a neon atom form to
give a formal charge of zero?
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4
58. Which of the following is a useful guideline for the application of formal charges in
neutral molecules?
A) A Lewis structure in which there are no formal charges is preferred.
B) Lewis structures with large formal charges (e.g., +2,+3 and/or -2,-3) are preferred.
C) The preferred Lewis structure is one in which positive formal charges are on the
most electronegative atoms.
Ans: A Category: Easy Section: 9.7
59. What is the formal charge on the oxygen atom in N2O (the atomic order is N–N–O)?
A) 0 B) +1 C) –1 D) –2 E) +2
60. The formal charge on the bromine atom in BrO3– drawn with three single bonds is
A) –2 B) –1 C) 0 D) +1 E) +2
Page 168
61. How many covalent bonds will be drawn to bromine in BrO3– for the dot structure that
expands the octet to minimize formal charge and if necessary places negative formal
charges on the most electronegative atom(s).
A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6 E) 7
62. How many covalent bonds will be drawn to phosphorous in PO43– for the dot structure
that expands the octet to minimize formal charge and if necessary places negative formal
charges on the most electronegative atom(s).
A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8
63. The formal charge on the sulfur atom in the resonance structure of sulfur dioxide which
has one single bond and one double bond is
A) 0 B) +1 C) –1 D) +2 E) –2
64. What is the formal charge on sulfur in the best Lewis structure for the SCN– (thiocyanate)
ion?
A) +2 B) –2 C) +1 D) –1 E) 0
Ans: E Category: Difficult Section: 9.7
65. What is the formal charge on the singly bonded oxygens in the Lewis structure for the
carbonate ion?
A) –2 B) –1 C) 0 D) +1 E) +2
66. What is the formal charge on phosphorus in a Lewis structure for the phosphate ion that
satisfies the octet rule?
A) –2 B) –1 C) 0 D) +1 E) +2
67. Nitrous oxide, N2O, is sometimes called “laughing gas”. What is the formal charge on
the central nitrogen atom in the best Lewis structure for nitrous oxide? (The atom
connectivity is N–N–O.)
A) –2 B) –1 C) 0 D) +1 E) +2
68. In the best Lewis structure for the fulminate ion, CNO–, what is the formal charge on the
central nitrogen atom?
A) +2 B) +1 C) 0 D) –1 E) –2
Page 169
69. In the Lewis structure of the iodate ion, IO3–, that satisfies the octet rule, the formal
charge on the central iodine atom is
A) +2 B) +1 C) 0 D) –1 E) –2
70. BeF42– is called the fluoberyllate ion. The formal charge on the beryllium atom in this ion
is
A) –2 B) –1 C) 0 D) +1 E) +2
71. Each of the three resonance structures of NO3– has how many lone pairs of electrons?
A) 7 B) 8 C) 9 D) 10 E) 13
72. For which of these species does the best Lewis structure have two or more equivalent
resonance structures?
A) HCO2– B) SCN– C) CNO– D) N3– E) CO2
73. What is total number of lone pairs in the best Lewis structure for SOF4 that exceeds the
octet rule (S is the central atom)?
A) 0 B) 2 C) 14 D) 16 E) 18
Ans: C Category: Medium
74. Which of the following substances will display an incomplete octet in its Lewis
structure?
A) CO2 B) Cl2 C) ICl D) NO E) SO2
75. Which of the elements listed below is most likely to exhibit an expanded octet in its
compounds?
A) O B) S C) Na D) C E) N
76. Which one of the following compounds does not follow the octet rule?
A) NF3 B) CF4 C) PF5 D) AsH3 E) HCl
77. Which one of the following compounds does not follow the octet rule?
A) NF3 B) CO2 C) CF4 D) Br2 E) NO
Page 170
78. Which response includes all the molecules below that do not follow the octet rule?
(1) H2S (2) BCl3 (3) PH3 (4) SF4
A) (2) and (4) B) (2) and (3) C) (1) and (2) D) (3) and (4) E) (1) and (4)
79. Which one of the following molecules has an atom with an incomplete octet?
A) NF3 B) H2O C) AsCl3 D) GeH4 E) BF3
80. Which one of the following molecules has an atom with an expanded octet?
A) HCl B) AsCl5 C) ICl D) NCl3 E) Cl2
81. Which molecule has a Lewis structure that does not obey the octet rule?
A) N2O B) CS2 C) PH3 D) CCl4 E) NO2
82. Estimate the enthalpy change for the reaction 2CO + O2  2CO2 given the following
bond energies.
BE(CO) = 1074 kJ/mol
BE(O=O) = 499 kJ/mol
BE(C=O) = 802 kJ/mol
A) +2380 kJ/mol D) –561 kJ/mol
B) +744 kJ/mol E) –744 kJ/mol
C) +1949 kJ/mol
83. Estimate the enthalpy change for the combustion of one mole of acetylene, C2H2, to form
carbon dioxide and water vapor.
BE(C–H) = 456 kJ/mol
BE(CC) = 962 kJ/mol
BE(O=O) = 499 kJ/mol
BE(C=O) = 802 kJ/mol
BE(O–H) = 462 kJ/mol
A) –1759 kJ/mol D) –1010 kJ/mol
B) +653 kJ/mol E) –155 kJ/mol
C) +1010 kJ/mol
Page 171
84. Use bond energies to estimate the enthalpy of formation of HBr(g).

BE(H–H) = 436 kJ/mol
BE(Br–Br) = 192 kJ/mol
BE(H–Br) = 366 kJ/mol
A) +262 kJ/mol D) +104 kJ/mol
B) –52 kJ/mol E) +52 kJ/mol
C) –104 kJ/mol
85. Use bond energies to estimate the enthalpy change for the reaction of one mole ofCH4
with chlorine gas to give CH3Cl and hydrogen chloride.
BE(C–Cl) = 326 kJ/mol
BE(H–Cl) = 432 kJ/mol
BE(Cl–Cl) = 243 kJ/mol
A) –101 kJ/mol D) +106 kJ/mol
B) –106 kJ/mol E) +101 kJ/mol
C) +331 kJ/mol
86. Use the bond enthalpy data given to estimate the heat released when 6.50 g of nitrogen
gas reacts with excess hydrogen gas to form ammonia at 25°C.
BE(NN) = 941.4 kJ/mol
BE(H–H) = 436.4 kJ/mol
BE(N–H) = 393 kJ/mol
A) 228 kJ B) 340 kJ C) 107 kJ D) 46.1 kJ E) 24.9 kJ
Ans: E Category: Difficult Section: 9.10
87. Use the bond enthalpy data given to estimate the heat released when 50.0 g of propane
gas, C3H8, burns in excess oxygen to yield carbon dioxide and water vapor at 25°C.
BE(C–C) = 347 kJ/mol
BE(C=O in CO2) = 799 kJ/mol
BE(O=O) = 498.7 kJ/mol
A) 1360 kJ B) 2240 kJ C) 2370 kJ D) 1540 kJ E) 1970 kJ
Page 172
88. Use the bond enthalpy data given to estimate the heat released when 25.0 g of acetylene
gas, C2H2, burns in excess oxygen to yield carbon dioxide and water vapor at 25°C.
BE(C–C) = 347 kJ/mol
BE(CC) = 812 kJ/mol
BE(C=O in CO2) = 799 kJ/mol
BE(O=O) = 498.7 kJ/mol
A) 1180 kJ B) 447 kJ C) 364 kJ D) 1230 kJ E) 16.8 kJ
89. The standard enthalpy of formation of ammonia at 25°C is –46.3 kJ/mol. Estimate the
N–H bond enthalpy at this temperature.
(Given: BE(NN)=941.4 kJ/mol, BE(H–H) = 436.4 kJ/mol)
A) 383 kJ/mol D) 391 kJ/mol
C) 360 kJ/mol
90. Write the Lewis dot symbol for the chloride ion.
Ans:
Category: Medium
91. Write the Lewis dot symbol for the sulfide ion.
Ans:
Category: Medium
92. Calculate the energy required for the gas phase process represented by
Na(g) + Br(g)  Na+(g) + Br – (g)
Given: Ionization energy (Na) = 496 kJ/mol
Electron affinity (Br) = 324 kJ/mol
Electron affinity (Na) = 53 kJ/mol
Ans: 172 kJ/mol

Category: Medium Section: 9.3
93. Write the chemical equation for which the enthalpy of reaction is the lattice energy of
KCl(s).
Ans: KCl(s)  K+(g) + Cl – (g)
Page 173
94. Use the Born-Haber cycle to calculate the lattice energy of NaBr(s) given the
following data:
H(sublimation) Na = 109 kJ/mol
I1 (Na) = 496 kJ/mol
Bond energy (Br–Br) = 192 kJ/mol
EA (Br) = 324 kJ/mol
Hf (NaBr(s)) = –361 kJ/mol
Ans: 738 kJ/mol
Category: Difficult Section: 9.3
95. Write a Lewis structure for OF2.
Ans:
96. Carbonic acid, H2CO3, is a weak acid that contributes to the taste and produces the carbon
dioxide bubbles in all carbonated beverages. Write a Lewis structure for H2CO3,
Ans:
97. Dichloromethane, CH2Cl2, is an important solvent in synthetic chemistry. Write a Lewis

structure for CH2Cl2.
Ans:
98. Write a Lewis structure for the nitrate ion, NO3–, showing all non-zero formal charges.
Ans:
Page 174
99. Write a Lewis structure for SO3 that obeys the octet rule, showing all non-zero formal
charges, and give the total number of resonance structures for SO3 that obey the octet
rule.
Ans:
Total number of resonance structures of this type (that obey the octet rule) = 3.
100. Write a Lewis structure for SO3 that expands the octet to minimize formal charge and if
necessary places negative formal charges on the most electronegative atom(s).
Ans:
101. Write a Lewis structure for the chlorite ion, ClO2–, that obeys the octet rule, showing all
non-zero formal charges, and give the total number of resonance structures for ClO2– that
obey the octet rule.
Ans:
102. Write a Lewis structure for the chlorite ion, ClO2–, that expands the octet to minimize
formal charge and if necessary places negative formal charges on the most
electronegative atom(s).
Ans:
103. Write a Lewis structure for the chlorate ion, ClO3–, that obeys the octet rule, showing all
non-zero formal charges, and give the total number of resonance structures for ClO3– that
Ans:
Page 175
104. Write a Lewis structure for the chlorate ion, ClO3–, that expands the octet to minimize
Ans:
105. Write a Lewis structure for the phosphate ion, PO43–, that obeys the octet rule, showing all
non-zero formal charges, and give the total number of resonance structures for PO43– that
Ans:
106. Write a Lewis structure for the phosphate ion, PO43–, that expands the octet to minimize
Ans:
107. Write the Lewis structure of boron trifluoride.
Ans:
Page 176
108. Write the Lewis structure of ammonia (nitrogen trihydride).
Ans:
109. Write the Lewis structure for the product that forms when boron trifluoride combines
with ammonia.
Ans:
Category: Difficult Section: 9.7
110. Consider the hypothetical element X with electron-dot formula
Give the formula for the simplest compound this element forms with chlorine.
Ans: XCl4
111. Consider the hypothetical element Y with electron-dot formula
Ans: YCl3
112. Consider the hypothetical element Z with electron-dot formula
Ans: ZCl2
113. The polarity of covalent bonds increases as the percent ionic character increases.
Ans: True Category: Medium Section: 9.5
114. A charge of 2+ is most likely to occur for an ion formed from an atom whose electron
configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p4.
Ans: False Category: Medium Section: 9.???
Page 177
115. Of the following substances, KCl, KBr, and KF, KF will have the highest melting point.
Ans: True Category: Medium Section: 9.3
116. The bond in F2 is described as polar covalent.

Ans: False Category: Medium Section: 9.5
117. Of the species NO2, NO, and N2, only NO2 is an exception to the octet rule.
Ans: False Category: Medium Section: 9.
118. The Si  Cl bond has less ionic character than the C  Cl bond.
Ans: False Category: Medium Section: 9.5
Page 178

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Chapter 9

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Chapter 9: Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts

Chapter 9: Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts

2. Which one of the following is most likely to be an ionic compound?

3. Which one of the following is most likely to be an ionic compound?

5. Which one of the following is most likely to be a covalent compound?

6. Which one of the following is most likely to be a covalent compound?

7. Which one of the following is most likely to be a covalent compound?

9. The Lewis dot symbol for the a lead atom is

Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 9.1

10. The Lewis dot symbol for the S 2– ion is

Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 9.2

11. The Lewis dot symbol for the chloride ion is

Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 9.2

12. The Lewis dot symbol for the calcium ion is

Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 9.2

19. Calculate the energy change for the reaction

A) –1,092 kJ/mol D) 1,092 kJ/mol

20. Calculate the energy change for the reaction

A) –124 kJ/mol D) 1429 kJ/mol

25. Which of the atoms listed below is the most electronegative?

27. Which of the elements listed below is the least electronegative?

42. The electron dot formula for O2 shows

43. The number of lone electron pairs in the N2 molecule is ___.

46. The electron dot structure for AsCl3 shows

47. The total number of bonding electrons in a molecule of formaldehyde (H2CO) is

48. The total number of lone pairs in NCl3 is

49. The Lewis structure for CS2 is:

Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 9.6

50. Which of the following Lewis structures is incorrect?

84. Use bond energies to estimate the enthalpy of formation of HBr(g).

Ans: 172 kJ/mol

95. Write a Lewis structure for OF2.

97. Dichloromethane, CH2Cl2, is an important solvent in synthetic chemistry. Write a Lewis

107. Write the Lewis structure of boron trifluoride.

108. Write the Lewis structure of ammonia (nitrogen trihydride).

110. Consider the hypothetical element X with electron-dot formula

111. Consider the hypothetical element Y with electron-dot formula

112. Consider the hypothetical element Z with electron-dot formula

116. The bond in F2 is described as polar covalent.

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