3 Balance
3 Balance
3 Balance
3. “Newton’s 3rd Law” Prove “Newton’s 3rd Law” t(n, x) = −t(−n, x) by applying
global linear momentum balance to a subset Pδ ⊂ B. Here, Pδ is a rectangular region
centered at x, which has dimensions δ × δ × δ 2 , and which has n and −n normal to the
δ × δ faces.
t(n,x)
n(x)
δ
2
δ
−n(x)
t(−n,x)
(5) Localize the equations of part (3) to determine the partial differential equations for
the balance of linear and angular momentum. Note: (a) In the case without couple
stresses angular momentum balance reduces to σ = σ T ; here you will obtain a partial
differential equation. (b) You may employ the result t = σn without proof. (c) Use the
convention of the first index of a stress tensor identifying a force/couple direction and
the second index identifying the face.
(6) Comment on the symmetry of σ in this new setting.
what are the components of the traction vectors on the planes with normals e1 , e2 , and
e3 .
9. Cauchy stress from tractions A square plate R = [0, 2] × [0, 2] is deformed such that
the deformation map is given by χ(X1 , X2 ) = (X1 + γX2 )e1 + X2 e2 , where γ is a given
constant. At the center of the plate the traction vector on a surface with normal e2 is
where a and b are known constants. Likewise, atpthe center of the plate, the traction
vector on a surface with normal n = [1e1 − γe2 ]/ 1 + γ 2 is
where c and d are known constants. Determine the components of the Cauchy stress
tensor at the center of the plate in the {ek }2k=1 basis. Are the parameters (a, b, c, d)
independent of each other? or do they satisfy some inter-relations?
10. Universal solution for hydrostatic loading Show for a solid body (without holes)
subjected to zero body forces and to a surface traction t = cn, where c ∈ R is a constant
and n is the surface normal, that the stress field is given by σ(x) = c1.
Page 2
11. Signorini’s theorem Define the volume average stress in a body Ω with volume V by
Z
1
σ̄ = σ dΩ
V Ω
Show that in the static case, that
Z Z
1
σ̄ = t ⊗ x dΓ + bo ⊗ x dΩ
V ∂Ω Ω
12. Average stress Consider a body of volume V which contains a single cavity of volume
V1 . The surface of the cavity is subject to a traction field t = p1 n, where p1 is a given
constant and n is the outward unit normal vector. The outer surface of the body is
subjected to a traction field t = p2 n. Show that the volume average stress in the body
is given by
V 2 p2 − V 1 p1
σ̄ = 1,
V
where V2 = V + V1
n V_1
13. Stress power The local stress power is defined as P = σij dij where d = sym[∂v/∂x]
is the symmetric velocity gradient. Show that one can express the local stress power as
P = (1/J)PiA ḞiA where P = JσF −T is known as the first Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor.
14. Referential equilibrium For the static case and zero body forces, show that σij,j = 0
implies PiA,A = 0.
Page 3
15. Differential construction for angular momentum balance Show symmetry of the
Cauchy stress tensor using a classical differential element construction.
16. Deviatoric projection tensor If σij Aijkl σkl = sij sij determine Aijkl .
+ 2x21 + x1 x2 + Cx22 e2 ⊗ e2 ,
where all scalar multipliers and the constants A, B, and C have units of force per unit
length4 . For what values of A, B, and C does this stress distribution represent an
equilibrium stress distribution (assume zero body forces and no accelerations).
in a body occuping the domain Ω = {xi | 0 < x1 < 1 , 0 < x2 < 1 , 0 < x3 < 4}.
20. Analysis of stress state Consider a body Ω where the Cauchy stress, σ, has been
measured. The principal stresses are found to be
q q
σ1 = 0 , σ2 = x21 + x22 , σ3 = − x21 + x22 .
Page 4
and the corresponding principal directions are found to be
x1 x2
n1 = p 2 2
e1 + p 2 e2
x1 + x 2 x1 + x22
" #
1 x1 x2
n2 = √ p 2 e2 − p 2 e1 + e3
2 x1 + x22 x1 + x22
" #
1 x1 x2
n3 = √ p 2 e2 − p 2 e1 − e3 .
2 x1 + x22 x1 + x22
21. Uniaxially Loaded Bar Consider a prismatic bar with axis along the 1-direction in
the reference configuration. Assume that the bar is in a homogeneous state of uniaxial
stress (along its axis) but that its current orientation is along the (1, 1, 1)-direction.
What is the Cauchy stress tensor? What is the 1st Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor? You
may assume that
F = λv 1 e1 + v 2 e2 + v 3 e3 ,
√ √ √
where v 1 = (1/ 3)(e1 + e2 + e3 ), v 2 = (1/ 2)(e1 − e2 ), and v 3 = (1/ 6)(e1 + e2 − 2e3 ).
Assume that λ is a given constant.
x2
x1
x3
Assume the following stresses are zero: σ33 = σ23 = σ13 = 0. Allow for general surface
tractions within these assumptions. Assume there is no body force in the 3-direction but
do not assume the other two body force components are are zero. Assume there are no
dependencies upon x3 .
Page 5
1. Define the axial force resultant on a cross-section as
Z
P = σ11 dA (49)
A
By integrating the equilibrium equations for the stresses over the cross-section,
show that
P,1 + p = 0 (51)
V,1 + q = 0 . (52)
Provide suitable definitions for the p and q and argue why they are appropriate.
2. Define the moment resultant on the cross-section as
Z
M = − x2 σ11 dA . (53)
A
Consider the first moment of the equilibrium equations for the stresses and show
M,1 + V + m = 0 (54)
Provide a suitable definition for m and argue why Rit is appropriate. [The first
moment of any quantity f , in this context, is simply A x2 f dA.]
23. Virtual infinitesimal rotations Consider the weak equilibrium equations for a body
subject to arbitrary body forces and surface tractions. Assume there are no displacement
boundary conditions; i.e. ∂Ru = ∅. Now, consider a test function (virtual displacement)
of the form
δui = eijk δ ω̌j xk
(an infinitesimal rotation). Note, δ ω̌j is arbitrary and constant (not a function of po-
sition). If you use this test function in the weak equilibrium (virtual work) equations,
what important principle of mechanics do you recover?
24. Local balance of energy Consider a body R that is being deformed in time. The
global statement of energy (or power) balance/conservation is given as
Z Z Z Z
d 1 d
ρvi vi dV + ρe dV = bi vi dV + ti vi dA , ∀R0t ⊂ Rt
dt R0t 2 dt R0t 0
Rt 0
∂Rt
where new here is e, the internal energy of the body per unit mass. The first term on
the left-hand side is the time rate of change of the kinetic energy; the second term is
the time rate of change of the internal energy. The first integral on the right-hand side
Page 6
is the power of the body forces (given per unit volume) and the second integral is the
power of the surface tractions. Show that the local form of this balance law is given by
where dij , the rate of deformation tensor, is given by dij = 21 (vi,j + vj,i ). Note ρ is the
current/spatial density and vi is the velocity field.
Page 7